Through the use of an extensive data base of geophysical well logs, parasequence-scale subdivisions within a late Paleozoic synorogenic clastic wedge resolve cycles of sequential subsidence of a foreland basin, sediment progradation, subsidence of a carbonate shelf edge, diachronously subsiding discrete depositional centers, and basinwide transgression. Although temporal resolution of biostratigraphic markers is less precise in Paleozoic successions than in younger basins, parasequence-scale subdivisions provide more detailed resolution within marker-defined units in Paleozoic strata. As an example, the late Paleozoic Black Warrior basin in the foreland of the Ouachita thrust belt is filled with a synorogenic clastic wedge, the lower part of which intertongues with the fringe of a cratonic carbonate facies in the distal part of the basin. The stratal geometry of one tongue of the carbonate facies (lower tongue of Bangor Limestone) defines a ramp that grades basinward into a thin black shale. An overlying tongue of the synorogenic clastic wedge (lower tongue of Parkwood Formation) consists of cyclic delta and delta-front deposits, in which parasequences are defined by marine-flooding surfaces above coarsening- and shallowing-upward successions of mudstone and sandstone. Within the lower Parkwood tongue, two genetic stratigraphic sequences (A and B) are defined by parasequence offlap and downlap patterns and are bounded at the tops by basinwide maximum-flooding surfaces. The distribution of parasequences within sequences A and B indicates two cycles of sequential subsidence (deepening) and progradation, suggesting subsidence during thrust advance and progradation during thrust quiescence. Parasequence stacking in sequences A and B also indicates diachronous differential tectonic subsidence of two discrete depositional centers within the basin. The uppermost sequence (C) includes reworked sandstones and an overlying shallow-marine limestone, a vertical succession that reflects no tectonic subsidence, a very minor or null sediment supply, and basinwide transgression. The temporal resolution at parasequence scale significantly improves the resolution of the tectonic history of the thrust belt-foreland basin system.
A model for trace metals that considers in-stream transport, metal oxide precipitation-dissolution, and pH-dependent sorption is presented. Linkage between a surface complexation submodel and the stream transport equations provides a framework for modeling sorption onto static and/or dynamic surfaces. A static surface (e.g., an iron- oxide-coated streambed) is defined as a surface with a temporally constant solid concentration. Limited contact between solutes in the water column and the static surface is considered using a pseudokinetic approach. A dynamic surface (e.g., freshly precipitated metal oxides) has a temporally variable solid concentration and is in equilibrium with the water column. Transport and deposition of solute mass sorbed to the dynamic surface is represented in the stream transport equations that include precipitate settling. The model is applied to a pH-modification experiment in an acid mine drainage stream. Dissolved copper concentrations were depressed for a 3 hour period in response to the experimentally elevated pH. After passage of the pH front, copper was desorbed, and dissolved concentrations returned to ambient levels. Copper sorption is modeled by considering sorption to aged hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) on the streambed (static surface) and freshly precipitated HFO in the water column (dynamic surface). Comparison of parameter estimates with reported values suggests that naturally formed iron oxides may be more effective in removing trace metals than synthetic oxides used in laboratory studies. The model's ability to simulate pH, metal oxide precipitation-dissolution, and pH-dependent sorption provides a means of evaluating the complex interactions between trace metal chemistry and hydrologic transport at the field scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900259","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K.E., 1999, Reactive solute transport in streams: A surface complexation approach for trace metal sorption: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 12, p. 3829-3840, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900259.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3829","endPage":"3840","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900259","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9589e4b0c8380cd81a9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":390548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021533,"text":"70021533 - 1999 - A goodness-of-fit test for capture-recapture model Mt under closure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-14T18:22:40.222924","indexId":"70021533","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A goodness-of-fit test for capture-recapture model Mt under closure","title":"A goodness-of-fit test for capture-recapture model Mt under closure","docAbstract":"A new, fully efficient goodness-of-fit test for the time-specific closed-population capture-recapture model Mt is presented. This test is based on the residual distribution of the capture history data given the maximum likelihood parameter estimates under model Mt, is partitioned into informative components, and is based on chi-square statistics. Comparison of this test with Leslie's test (Leslie, 1958, Journal of Animal Ecology, 27, 84–86) for model Mt, using Monte Carlo simulations, shows the new test generally outperforms Leslie's test. The new test is frequently computable when Leslie's test is not, has Type I error rates that are closer to nominal error rates than Leslie's test, and is sensitive to behavioral variation and heterogeneity in capture Probabilities. Leslie's test is not sensitive to behavioral variation in capture probabilities but, when computable, has greater power to detect heterogeneity than the new test.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00366.x","issn":"0006341X","usgsCitation":"Stanley, T., and Burnham, K., 1999, A goodness-of-fit test for capture-recapture model Mt under closure: Biometrics, v. 55, no. 2, p. 366-375, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00366.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"366","endPage":"375","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479589,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.1999.00366.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229245,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e40be4b0c8380cd46396","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, T.R.","contributorId":61379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, K.P.","contributorId":63760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021629,"text":"70021629 - 1999 - Utility of EXAFS in characterization and speciation of mercury-bearing mine wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T16:55:11.011611","indexId":"70021629","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2473,"text":"Journal of Synchrotron Radiation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Utility of EXAFS in characterization and speciation of mercury-bearing mine wastes","docAbstract":"Extensive mining of large mercury deposits located in the California Coast Range has resulted in mercury contamination of both the local environment and water supplies. The solubility, dispersal, and ultimate fate of mercury are all affected by its chemical speciation, which can be most readily determined in a direct fashion using EXAFS spectroscopy. EXAFS spectra of mine wastes collected from several mercury mines in the California Coast Range with mercury concentrations ranging from 230 to 1060 mg/kg (ppm) have been analyzed using a spectral database of mercury minerals and sorbed mercury complexes. While some calcines have been found to consist almost exclusively of mercuric sulfide, HgS, others contain additional, more soluble mercury phases, indicating a greater potential for the release of mercury into solution. This experimental approach can provide a quantitative measurement of the mercury compounds present and may serve as an indicator of the bioavailability and toxicity levels of mercury mine wastes.","language":"English","publisher":"Scripts","doi":"10.1107/S0909049598016197","issn":"09090495","usgsCitation":"Kim, C., Rytuba, J.J., and Brown, G.E., 1999, Utility of EXAFS in characterization and speciation of mercury-bearing mine wastes: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, v. 6, no. 3, p. 648-650, https://doi.org/10.1107/S0909049598016197.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"648","endPage":"650","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479557,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107/s0909049598016197","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229551,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0cbe4b08c986b32a309","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, C.S.","contributorId":54365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rytuba, J. J.","contributorId":83082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Gordon E. Jr.","contributorId":10166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021534,"text":"70021534 - 1999 - Tectonics of Atlantic Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021534","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1813,"text":"Geoscience Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics of Atlantic Canada","docAbstract":"The tectonic history of Atlantic Canada is summarized according to a model of multiple ocean opening-closing cycles. The modern North Atlantic Ocean is in the opening phase of its cycle. It was preceded by an early Paleozoic lapetus Ocean whose cycle led to formation of the Appalachian Orogen. lapetus was preceded by the Neoproterozoic Uranus Ocean whose cycle led to formation of the Grenville Orogen. The phenomenon of coincident, or almost coincident orogens and modern continental margins that relate to repeated ocean opening-closing cycles is called the Accordion Effect. An understanding of the North Atlantic Ocean and its continental margins provides insights into the nature of lapetus and the evolution of the Appalachian Orogen. Likewise, an understanding of lapetus and the Appalachian Orogen raises questions about Uranus and the development of the Grenville Orogen. Modern tectonic patterns in the North Atlantic may have been determined by events that began before 1000 m.y.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoscience Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03150941","usgsCitation":"Williams, H., Dehler, S., Grant, A., and Oakey, G., 1999, Tectonics of Atlantic Canada: Geoscience Canada, v. 26, no. 2, p. 51-70.","startPage":"51","endPage":"70","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba489e4b08c986b3203fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, H.","contributorId":51486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dehler, S.A.","contributorId":64413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dehler","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grant, A.C.","contributorId":21307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oakey, G.N.","contributorId":84103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakey","given":"G.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021535,"text":"70021535 - 1999 - Potential impacts on Colorado Rocky Mountain weather due to land use changes on the adjacent Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-02T16:21:35.999866","indexId":"70021535","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential impacts on Colorado Rocky Mountain weather due to land use changes on the adjacent Great Plains","docAbstract":"Evidence from both meteorological stations and vegetational successional studies suggests that summer temperatures are decreasing in the mountain-plain system in northeast Colorado, particularly since the early 1980s. These trends are coincident with large changes in regional land cover. Trends in global, Northern Hemisphere and continental surface temperatures over the same period are insignificant. These observations suggest that changes in the climate of this mountain-plain system may be, in some part, a result of localized forcing mechanisms. In this study the effects of land use change on the northern Colorado plains, where large regions of grasslands have been transformed into both dry and irrigated agricultural lands, on regional weather is examined in an effort to understand this local deviation from larger-scale trends. We find with high-resolution numerical simulations of a 3-day summer period using a regional atmospheric-land surface model that replacing grasslands with irrigated and dry farmland can have impacts on regional weather and therefore climate which are not limited to regions of direct forcing. Higher elevations remote from regions of land use change are affected as well. Specifically, cases with altered landcover had cooler, moister boundary layers, and diminished low-level upslope winds over portions of the plains. At higher elevations, temperatures also were lower as was low-level convergence. Precipitation and cloud cover were substantially affected in mountain regions. We advance the hypothesis that observed land use changes may have already had a role in explaining part of the observed climate record in the northern Colorado mountain-plain system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JD900118","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Chase, T., Pielke, R., Kittel, T., Baron, J., and Stohlgren, T., 1999, Potential impacts on Colorado Rocky Mountain weather due to land use changes on the adjacent Great Plains: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 104, no. D14, p. 16673-16690, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900118.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"16673","endPage":"16690","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487282,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900118","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229247,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"D14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f42e4b0c8380cd7aa08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, T.N.","contributorId":7860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittel, T.G.F.","contributorId":21500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"T.G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021628,"text":"70021628 - 1999 - The chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of the George Ashley Block pegmatite body","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021628","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of the George Ashley Block pegmatite body","docAbstract":"The George Ashley Block (GAB) is a rockslide block located in the Pala pegmatite district of Southern California. It is layered, asymmetric, pocket containing, and peraluminous. The GAB consists of quartz (42 vol%), Na-rich plagioclase (27%), potassium feldspar (24%), muscovite (7%), Mn-rich garnet (2%), biotite (1%), and a trace of tourmaline and gahnite. It contains only small amounts of the incompatible elements that characterize differentiated pegmatite bodies. P2O5, MnO, and F are present in amounts of < 1 wt% each; B, Be, Ce, Li, Nb, Nd, and Th are < 100 ppm each. More than 90% of the garnet grains in the GAB are zoned toward Mn-rich rims, and a symmetrical change in garnet-core composition occurs across the body. The mean X site contents for garnet (in at%) are 57% Fe, 40% Mn, 3.1% Mg, and 0.4% Ca. The Mn contents of garnet range from 30 to 55 at%; Fe contents vary inversely with Mn and range from about 66 to 43 at%. It is concluded that the bulk chemistry yields little information about fractionation, but the garnet, muscovite, and biotite mineral chemistry is more useful. There may have been two separate injections of magma to form the GAB.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Kleck, W., and Foord, E., 1999, The chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of the George Ashley Block pegmatite body: American Mineralogist, v. 84, no. 5-6, p. 695-707.","startPage":"695","endPage":"707","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa32e4b08c986b32275e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleck, W.D.","contributorId":79764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleck","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021537,"text":"70021537 - 1999 - High-pressure size exclusion chromatography analysis of dissolved organic matter isolated by tangential-flow ultra filtration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T07:41:48","indexId":"70021537","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-pressure size exclusion chromatography analysis of dissolved organic matter isolated by tangential-flow ultra filtration","docAbstract":"A 1,000-Dalton tangential-flow ultrafiltration (TFUF) membrane was used to isolate dissolved organic matter (DOM) from several freshwater environments. The TFUF unit used in this study was able to completely retain a polystyrene sulfonate 1,800-Dalton standard. Unaltered and TFUF-fractionated DOM molecular weights were assayed by high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The weight-averaged molecular weights of the retentates were larger than those of the raw water samples, whereas the filtrates were all significantly smaller and approximately the same size or smaller than the manufacturer-specified pore size of the membrane. Moreover, at 280 nm the molar absorptivity of the DOM retained by the ultrafilter is significantly larger than the material in the filtrate. This observation suggests that most of the chromophoric components are associated with the higher molecular weight fraction of the DOM pool. Multivalent metals in the aqueous matrix also affected the molecular weights of the DOM molecules. Typically, proton-exchanged DOM retentates were smaller than untreated samples. This TFUF system appears to be an effective means of isolating aquatic DOM by size, but the ultimate size of the retentates may be affected by the presence of metals and by configurational properties unique to the DOM phase.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1999.44.5.1316","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Everett, C., Chin, Y., and Aiken, G., 1999, High-pressure size exclusion chromatography analysis of dissolved organic matter isolated by tangential-flow ultra filtration: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 44, no. 5, p. 1316-1322, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.5.1316.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1316","endPage":"1322","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.5.1316","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30f7e4b0c8380cd5daf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Everett, C.R.","contributorId":90059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chin, Y.-P.","contributorId":84911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"Y.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021627,"text":"70021627 - 1999 - Nutrient concentrations and fluxes in tributaries to the Swan-Canning estuary, Western Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021627","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient concentrations and fluxes in tributaries to the Swan-Canning estuary, Western Australia","docAbstract":"In Western Australia, catchment nutrient availability on an areal basis is primarily controlled by the disposal of animal waste and the type and rate of fertilizer application, particularly in coastal areas. The coastal areas receive notably higher rainfall and have more intense horticulture and animal production than inland areas, and are undergoing rapid urbanization, particularly adjacent to the estuary. Also, the surficial aquifers on the coastal plain are generally sandy having a low nutrient retention capacity and rapidly transmit soluble and colloidal material through the subsurface. In the Swan-Canning basin, high air and soil temperatures and seasonally arid conditions cause rapid mineralization of nitrogen and phosphorus. The nutrients are subsequently available for transport during the onset of seasonal wet weather, which typically begins during the period from late April to June. In addition to the rapid mobility of nutrients in streamwater from agricultural areas during the wet season, drains in urban areas, which typically have high nutrient concentrations, also are an important source of nutrients as the drains flow directly to the estuary throughout the year.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1999 IUGG 99, the XXII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics","conferenceDate":"18 July 1999 through 30 July 1999","conferenceLocation":"Birmingham, UK","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX, United States","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., and Donohue, R., 1999, Nutrient concentrations and fluxes in tributaries to the Swan-Canning estuary, Western Australia: IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 257, p. 87-94.","startPage":"87","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"257","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a697ae4b0c8380cd73d42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donohue, R.","contributorId":20925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donohue","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001136,"text":"2001136 - 1999 - Miscellaneous herpesviruses of birds","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001136,"text":"2001136 - 1999 - Miscellaneous herpesviruses of birds","indexId":"2001136","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Miscellaneous herpesviruses of birds"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T13:58:09","indexId":"2001136","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Miscellaneous herpesviruses of birds","docAbstract":"Herpesviruses other than duck plague and inclusion body disease of cranes (see Chapters 16 and 17 in this Section) have been isolated from many groups of wild birds. The diseases that these viruses cause have been described, but their comparative taxonomy and host ranges require additional study. All of these DNA viruses are classified in the family Herpesviridae, but they belong to various taxonomic subfamilies. The mechanisms for transmitting avian herpesviruses appear to be direct bird-to-bird contact and exposure to a virus-contaminated environment. The virus is transmitted to raptors and owls when they feed on infected prey that serve as a source of virus exposure. The development of disease carriers among birds that survive infection is typical of herpesvirus. Stress induced by many different factors is often associated with the onset of virus shedding by carrier birds resulting in the occurrence and spread of clinical disease.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hansen, W., 1999, Miscellaneous herpesviruses of birds: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15567,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=169","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, W.","contributorId":82815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021626,"text":"70021626 - 1999 - The distribution of, and relation among, mercury and methylmercury, organic carbon, carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus, in periphyton of the south Florida ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:20:45","indexId":"70021626","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3609,"text":"Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution of, and relation among, mercury and methylmercury, organic carbon, carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus, in periphyton of the south Florida ecosystem","docAbstract":"Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.
In this paper we present a method for measuring profiles of turbulence quantities using a broadband acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP). The method follows previous work on the continental shelf and extends the analysis to develop estimates of the errors associated with the estimation methods. ADCP data was collected in an unstratified channel and the results of the analysis are compared to theory. This comparison shows that the method provides an estimate of the Reynolds stresses, which is unbiased by Doppler noise, and an estimate of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) which is biased by an amount proportional to the Doppler noise. The noise in each of these quantities as well as the bias in the TKE match well with the theoretical values produced by the error analysis. The quantification of profiles of Reynolds stresses simultaneous with the measurement of mean velocity profiles allows for extensive analysis of the turbulence of the flow. In this paper, we examine the relation between the turbulence and the mean flow through the calculation of u*, the friction velocity, and Cd the coefficient of drag. Finally, we calculate quantities of particular interest in turbulence modeling and analysis, the characteristic lengthscales, including a lengthscale which represents the stream-wise scale of the eddies which dominate the Reynolds stresses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998JC900095","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Stacey, M., Monismith, S., and Burau, J., 1999, Measurements of Reynolds stress profiles in unstratified tidal flow: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 104, no. C5, p. 10933-10949, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900095.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"10933","endPage":"10949","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"C5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5326e4b0c8380cd6c8e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stacey, M.T.","contributorId":82874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021621,"text":"70021621 - 1999 - Crystal growth mechanisms in miarolitic cavities in the Lake George ring complex and vicinity, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021621","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystal growth mechanisms in miarolitic cavities in the Lake George ring complex and vicinity, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Crystal Peak area of the Pikes Peak batholith, near Lake George in central Colorado, is world-renowned for its crystals of amazonite (the blue-green variety of microcline) and smoky quartz. Such crystals, collected from individual miarolitic pegmatites, have a remakably small variation in crystal size within each pegmatite, and the shapes of plots of their crystal size distributions (CSDs) are invariably lognormal or close to lognormal in all cases. These observations are explained by a crystal growth mechanism that was governed initially by surface-controlled kinetics, during which crystals tended to grow larger in proportion to their size, thereby establishing lognormal CSDs. Surface-controlled growth was followed by longer periods of supply controlled growth, during which growth rate was predominantly size-independent, consequently preserving the lognormal shapes of the CSDs and the small size variation. The change from surface- to supply controlled growth kinetics may have resulted from an increasing demand for nutrients that exceeded diffusion limitations of the system. The proposed model for crystal growth in this locality appears to be common in the geologic record, and can be used with other information, such as isotopic data, to deduce physico-chemical conditions during crystal formation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Kile, D.E., and Eberl, D.D., 1999, Crystal growth mechanisms in miarolitic cavities in the Lake George ring complex and vicinity, Colorado: American Mineralogist, v. 84, no. 5-6, p. 718-724.","startPage":"718","endPage":"724","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcfbe4b0c8380cd4e562","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021620,"text":"70021620 - 1999 - Structure and metamorphism of the Franciscan Complex, Mt. Hamilton area, Northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T15:39:14","indexId":"70021620","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and metamorphism of the Franciscan Complex, Mt. Hamilton area, Northern California","docAbstract":"Truncation of metamorphic isograds and fold axes within coherent terranes of Franciscan metagraywacke by intervening zones of melange indicate that the melange is tectonic and formed after the subduction-related metamorphism and folding. These relations are expressed in two terranes of blueschist-facies rocks of the Franciscan Complex in the Mt. Hamilton area, northern California-the Jurassic Yolla Bolly terrane and the structurally underlying Cretaceous Burnt Hills terrane. Local preservation in both terranes of basal radiolarian chert and oceanic basalt beneath continent-derived metagraywacke and argillite demonstrates thrust repetition within the coherent terranes, although these relations are scarce near Mt. Hamilton. The metagraywackes range from albite-pumpellyite blueschists to those containing well-crystallized jadeitic pyroxene, and a jadeite-in isograd can be defined in parts of the area. Primary bedding defines locally coherent structural orientations and folds within the metagraywacke units. These units are crosscut by thin zones of tectonic melange containing blocks of high-grade blueschist, serpentinite, and other exotic rocks, and a broader, but otherwise identical melange zone marks the discordant boundary between the two terranes.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206819909465150","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Blake, M., and Wentworth, C., 1999, Structure and metamorphism of the Franciscan Complex, Mt. Hamilton area, Northern California: International Geology Review, v. 41, no. 5, p. 417-424, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819909465150.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"424","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mt. Hamilton Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.552001953125,\n 36.27085020723902\n ],\n [\n -120.860595703125,\n 36.27085020723902\n ],\n [\n -120.860595703125,\n 39.410733055084954\n ],\n [\n -124.552001953125,\n 39.410733055084954\n ],\n [\n -124.552001953125,\n 36.27085020723902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c15e4b08c986b31d284","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blake, M.C. Jr.","contributorId":27094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"M.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wentworth, C. 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M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001147,"text":"2001147 - 1999 - Woodcock reovirus","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001147,"text":"2001147 - 1999 - Woodcock reovirus","indexId":"2001147","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Woodcock reovirus"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T13:49:04","indexId":"2001147","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Woodcock reovirus","docAbstract":"This chapter provides information on a recently identified disease of the American woodcock. Little is known about the disease or the virus that causes it. It has been included in this Manual to enhance awareness that such a disease exists and to stimulate additional interest in further investigations to define the importance of woodcock reovirus. More information about this disease is needed because it is not known whether or not this virus is a factor in the decline of woodcock populations within the United States.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Docherty, D.E., 1999, Woodcock reovirus: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"186","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15541,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=197","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7257","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Docherty, D. E.","contributorId":83469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021617,"text":"70021617 - 1999 - Environmental enrichment of brown capuchins (Cebus apella): Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures of effectiveness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021617","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":731,"text":"American Journal of Primatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental enrichment of brown capuchins (Cebus apella): Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures of effectiveness","docAbstract":"No consensus exists about the quantity and variety of environmental enrichment needed to achieve an acceptable level of psychological well-being among singly housed primates. Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures were used to evaluate the effectiveness of four levels of toy and foraging enrichment provided to eight wild-caught, singly housed adult male brown capuchins (Cebus apella). The 16-week-long study comprised six conditions and began with a 4-week-long preexperimental and ended with a 4-week-long postexperimental period during which the subjects were maintained at baseline enrichment levels. During the intervening 8 weeks, the subjects were randomly assigned to a sequence of four 2-week-long experimental conditions: control (baseline conditions), toy (the addition of two plastic toys to each cage), box (access to a foraging box with food treats hidden within crushed alfalfa), and box and toy (the addition of two plastic toys and access to a foraging box). Behavioral responses to changes in enrichment were rapid and extensive. Within-subject repeated-measure ANOVAs with planned post hoc contrasts identified highly significant reductions in abnormal and undesirable behaviors (and increases in normal behaviors) as the level of enrichment increased from control to toy to box to box and toy. No significant behavioral differences were found between the control and pre- and postexperimental conditions. Plasma and fecal cortisol measures revealed a different response to changing enrichment levels. Repeated-measure ANOVA models found significant changes in both these measures across the six conditions. The planned post hoc analyses, however, while finding dramatic increases in cortisol titers in both the pre- and postexperimental conditions relative to the control condition, did not distinguish cortisol responses among the four enrichment levels. Linear regressions among weekly group means in behavioral and cortisol measures (n = 16) found that plasma cortisol was significantly predicted by the proportions of both normal and abnormal behaviors; as the proportion of normal behaviors increased, the plasma cortisol measures decreased. Plasma cortisol weekly group means were also significantly and positively predicted by fecal cortisol weekly group means, but no behavioral measure significantly predicted fecal cortisol weekly group means. In sum, these findings argue strongly that access to a variety of toy and foraging enrichment positively affects behavioral and physiological responses to stress and enhances psychological well-being in singly housed brown capuchins.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Journal of Primatology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<49::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-6","issn":"02752565","usgsCitation":"Boinski, S., Swing, S., Gross, T., and Davis, J., 1999, Environmental enrichment of brown capuchins (Cebus apella): Behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures of effectiveness: American Journal of Primatology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 49-68, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<49::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-6.","startPage":"49","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206307,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<49::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"id":229358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09bae4b0c8380cd52038","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boinski, S.","contributorId":55986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boinski","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swing, S.P.","contributorId":17784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swing","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, J.K.","contributorId":14969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021564,"text":"70021564 - 1999 - Variability in bacterial community structure during upwelling in the coastal ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70021564","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability in bacterial community structure during upwelling in the coastal ocean","docAbstract":"Over the last 30 years, investigations at the community level of marine bacteria and phytoplankton populations suggest they are tightly coupled. However, traditional oceanographic approaches cannot assess whether associations between specific bacteria and phytoplankton exist. Recently, molecular based approaches have been implemented to characterize specific members of different marine bacterial communities. Yet, few molecular-based studies have examined coastal upwelling situations. This is important since upwelling systems provide a unique opportunity for analyzing the association between specific bacteria and specific phytoplankton in the ocean. It is widely believed that upwelling can lead to changes in phytoplankton populations (blooms). Thus, if specific associations exist, we would expect to observe changes in the bacterial population triggered by the bloom. In this paper, we present preliminary data from coastal waters off New Jersey that confirm a shift in bacterial communities during a 1995 upwelling event recorded at a long-term earth observatory (LEO-15) in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Using PCR amplification and cloning, specific bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA sequences were found which were present in upwelling samples during a phytoplankton bloom, but were not detected in non-bloom samples (surface seawater, offshore sites or sediment samples) collected at the same time or in the same area. These findings are consistent with the notion of specific associations between bacteria and phytoplankton in the ocean. However, further examination of episodic events, such as coastal upwelling, are needed to confirm the existence of specific associations. Additionally, experiments need to be performed to elucidate the mechanisms leading to the specific linkages between a group of bacteria and a group of phytoplankton.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1003734310515","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Kerkhof, L., Voytek, M., Sherrell, R.M., Millie, D., and Schofield, O., 1999, Variability in bacterial community structure during upwelling in the coastal ocean: Hydrobiologia, v. 401, p. 139-148, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003734310515.","startPage":"139","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206218,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003734310515"},{"id":229139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"401","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc128e4b08c986b32a477","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kerkhof, L.J.","contributorId":77314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerkhof","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voytek, M.A.","contributorId":44272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sherrell, Robert M.","contributorId":84101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sherrell","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Millie, D.","contributorId":41170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millie","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schofield, O.","contributorId":16182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021616,"text":"70021616 - 1999 - Hypothesis of historical effects from selenium on endangered fish in the Colorado River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T14:34:42","indexId":"70021616","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1913,"text":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hypothesis of historical effects from selenium on endangered fish in the Colorado River basin","docAbstract":"Anthropogenic selenium contamination of aquatic ecosystems was first associated with cooling reservoirs of coal-fired power plants in the late 1970s, and later with drainage water from agricultural irrigation activities in the 1980s. In the 1990s, selenium contamination has been raised as a concern in the recovery of currently endangered fish in the Colorado River system. Widespread contamination from seleniferous drain waters from agriculture has been documented in the upper and lower Colorado River basins. Historically, irrigation started in the upper Colorado River basin in the late 1880s. In the 1930s, selenium concentrations in various drains, tributaries, and major rivers in the upper and lower Colorado River basins were in the 100 s and 1000 s of µg/L. Native fish inhabiting large rivers such as the Colorado pikeminnow and razorback sucker were abundant before 1890, but became rare after 1910 to 1920, before the influence of mainstem reservoirs in the upper and lower Colorado River. A hypothesis is presented that selenium contamination of the tributaries and major rivers of the Colorado River basin in the 1890 to 1910 period caused the decline of the endangered fish and continues to inhibit their recovery.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10807039.1999.10518884","issn":"10807039","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S.J., 1999, Hypothesis of historical effects from selenium on endangered fish in the Colorado River basin: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, v. 5, no. 6, p. 1153-1180, https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.1999.10518884.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1153","endPage":"1180","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268080,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.1999.10518884"}],"volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37bfe4b0c8380cd6111a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, S. J.","contributorId":27817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021615,"text":"70021615 - 1999 - Multiple stresses from a single agent: Diverse responses to the experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021615","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple stresses from a single agent: Diverse responses to the experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"A single stress, acidification with sulfuric acid, was applied to Little Rock Lake in a whole-ecosystem manipulation. We documented a wide range of responses to the acidification, including increases in the concentrations of various chemicals, shifts in microbial processes and a major increase in water clarity to UV-B radiation. Each of these changes could in itself be considered as a separate ecosystem stress that is distinct from the intended manipulation. Acidification in Little Rock Lake was accompanied by a number of substantial changes in the occurrence of organisms. A series of detailed investigations indicates that the mechanisms underlying these organismal changes are varied but cannot usually be tied to the direct effects of acidification. Overall, our results demonstrate how multiple stresses can arise from a single agent operating on an ecosystem and suggest that singly operating stresses may actually be quite rare.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Frost, T., Montz, P., Kratz, T., Badillo, T., Brezonik, P., Gonzalez, M., Rada, R., Watras, C., Webster, K., Wiener, J., Williamson, C., and Morris, D., 1999, Multiple stresses from a single agent: Diverse responses to the experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 44, no. 3 II, p. 784-794.","startPage":"784","endPage":"794","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3 II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a607ee4b0c8380cd714d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frost, T.M.","contributorId":65794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montz, P.K.","contributorId":108052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montz","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kratz, T.K.","contributorId":51684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratz","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Badillo, T.","contributorId":48128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Badillo","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brezonik, P.L.","contributorId":27001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brezonik","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gonzalez, M.J.","contributorId":25890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rada, R.G.","contributorId":7651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rada","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Watras, C.J.","contributorId":13917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watras","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Webster, K.E.","contributorId":63753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Williamson, C.E.","contributorId":71122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Morris, D.P.","contributorId":35260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ]}