Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) were determined for white sturgeons (Acipenser transmontanus) fed purified diets containing different carbohydrates. White sturgeons were fed, at a rate of 1.0% body weight!d, diets containing one of nine carbohydrates, and feces were collected by manual stripping following a 2‐week feeding period; chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3) was used as an external indicator. The ADCs of carbohydrates, lipid, and protein were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by carbohydrate source. The ADCs of carbohydrates ranked as follows: glucose, galactose, and maltose > dextrin > fructose and sucrose > lactose and raw corn starch > cellulose. Inclusion of dietary fructose and lactose significantly reduced lipid digestibility (P < 0.05). Although protein indigestibility was significantly affected, all ADCs were greater than 92%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057%3C0137:ADCOCF%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Herold, M., Hung, S.S., and Fynn-Aikins, K., 1995, Apparent digestibility coefficients of carbohydrates for white sturgeon: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 57, no. 2, p. 137-140, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057%3C0137:ADCOCF%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herold, M.A.","contributorId":48140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herold","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hung, S. S. O.","contributorId":76275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hung","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fynn-Aikins, K.","contributorId":34080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fynn-Aikins","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019204,"text":"70019204 - 1995 - Rhenium-osmium concentration and isotope systematics in group IIAB iron meteorites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T12:18:58.400287","indexId":"70019204","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rhenium-osmium concentration and isotope systematics in group IIAB iron meteorites","docAbstract":"Rhenium and osmium abundances, and osmium isotopic compositions were measured by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry in thirty samples, including replicates, of five IIA and eight IIB iron meteorites. Concentrations in HA irons range from 4800 ppb Re and 66000 ppb Os (Negrillos) to 160 ppb Re and 800 ppb Os (Lombard). In the IIB subgroup, concentrations vary from 28 ppb Re and 180 ppb Os (Navajo) down to 0.8 ppb Re and 9 ppb Os (São Julião de Moreira and Santa Luzia). Log plots of Os vs. Re abundances for HA and IIB irons describe straight lines that approximately converge on Lombard, which has the lowest Re and Os abundances and highest 187Re/188Os measured in a IIA iron to date. The linear HA trend may be exactly reproduced by fractional crystallization with constant kRe and kOs, but is not well fitted using variable partition coefficients. The IIB iron trend, however, cannot be entirely explained by simple fractional crystallization. One explanation is that small amounts of Re and Os were added to the asteroid core during the final stages of crystallization. Another possibility is that diffusional enrichment of Os may have occurred in samples most depleted in Re and Os.
The combined Re-Os isotopic data for HA irons give the following results: slope = 0.07803 ± 0.00076; intercept = 0.09609 ± 0.00045; age = 4584 ± 43 Ma (neglecting the uncertainty in the decay constant of ±3%). Four IIB iron meteorites (Mount Joy, Central Missouri, DRPA 78009, Santa Luzia) also plot within the analytical uncertainty of the HA isochron. These results are consistent with rapid (probably <50 Ma) core segregation, differentiation, and crystallization in the IIAB parent.
Several IIB irons (Navajo, Sandia Mountains, Smithsonian Iron, and perhaps São Julião de Moreira) lie beyond analytical uncertainty above the IIA iron isochron, averaging 8 ± 2% higher in 187Os/188Os. These irons may have crystallized significantly after the HA irons and Mount Joy, but only if the 187Re/188Os of the melt was ≥2.2. There is no evidence for a IIA iron crystallizing in equilibrium with a melt having such a high ratio. Alternatively, the osmium isotopic systematics of these irons may have been slightly disturbed long after crystallization at ca. 3.3 Ga ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(95)00109-D","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Morgan, J.W., Horan, M., Walker, R., and Grossman, J.N., 1995, Rhenium-osmium concentration and isotope systematics in group IIAB iron meteorites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, no. 11, p. 2331-2344, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00109-D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2331","endPage":"2344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226587,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad35e4b0c8380cd86e5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horan, M.F.","contributorId":75282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horan","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018828,"text":"70018828 - 1995 - A summary of the effects of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T00:22:38.13734","indexId":"70018828","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A summary of the effects of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"During 1989 and 1990 a series of 12 gravity cores, and 150 surface grab samples were collected in Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho to determine trace element concentrations, partitioning and surface and subsurface distribution patterns in the bed sediments of the lake. In addition, selected subsamples from one core were analyzed for 117Cs activity to begin to establish a trace element geochemical history for the lake. The intent was to try and relate the trace element concentrations and distributions in the sediment column to past and present mining and mining related activities in the area.
Substantial portions of the surface and near-surface sediments in Lake Coeur d'Alene are markedly enriched in Ag, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb and Zn, and somewhat enriched in Cu, Fe and Mn. Surface distribution patterns, as well as variations in the thickness of the trace element-rich subsurface sediments, indicate that the source of much of this enriched material is the Coeur d'Alene River. The similarity between the trace element-rich surface and subsurface sediments with respect to: their location, their bulk chemistry, and their trace element partitioning indicate that the sources and/or concentrating mechanisms causing the trace element enrichment in the lake sediments probably have been the same throughout their depositional history. An estimated 75 million metric tons of trace element-rich sediments have been deposited on or in the lakebed.
Based on a Mt. St. Helens' ash layer from the 1980 eruption, ages estimated from 137Cs activity, and the presence of 80 discernible and presumably annual layers in a core collected near the Coeur d'Alene River delta, indicate that the deposition of trace element-rich sediments began, at least in the Coeur d'Alene River delta, some time between 1895 and 1910, dates consistent with the onset of mining and ore-processing activities that began in the area in the 1880's.
We examined diel feeding chronology of six fish species in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania. Ephemeropteran nymphs were the major prey of redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus; 70.5%) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu; 59.7%) during each of six 4-h intervals over a 24-h period. The main dietary component of mimic shiner (Notropis volucellus) was chironomids (42.3%), whereas spotfin shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera) mainly ate terrestrial invertebrates (50.2%). Juvenile white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) exhibited substantial diel variation in diet composition with some prey taxa composing the entire diet during some 4-h intervals and being completely absent from the diet during other periods. Bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) contained mostly detritus (75.5%). Interspecific diel diet overlap (Cγ) was low among the six species except for smallmouth bass-redbreast sunfish (0.735). Mimic shiner ([xbar] = 0.302) had the highest diet overlap with other species and bluntnose minnow ([xbar] = 0.134) had the least similar. Smallmouth bass, redbreast sunfish, white sucker, and spotfin shiner all had diurnal feeding peaks. Peak food consumption of mimic shiner and bluntnose minnow occurred at midnight. Our results indicate that because of diel variation in diet composition and feeding periodicity for these six species, dietary analysis conducted at only one interval would not provide an accurate representation of the diet of these species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1995.9663412","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., and Dropkin, D.S., 1995, Diel feeding chronology of six fish species in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 10, no. 1, p. 11-18, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663412.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Juniata River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.78732299804688,\n 40.406176423413704\n ],\n [\n -77.003173828125,\n 40.406176423413704\n ],\n [\n -77.003173828125,\n 40.65147128144057\n ],\n [\n -77.78732299804688,\n 40.65147128144057\n ],\n [\n -77.78732299804688,\n 40.406176423413704\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d94c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dropkin, D. S.","contributorId":87084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dropkin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018891,"text":"70018891 - 1995 - Interseismic deformation along the San Andreas Fault in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T12:15:00.218353","indexId":"70018891","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interseismic deformation along the San Andreas Fault in southern California","docAbstract":"Eight trilateration networks located along the San Andreas fault in southern California have been surveyed 8 to 19 times within a 14- to 17-year interval between 1971 and 1992. The data, measurements of distances between the same 10 to 32 pairs of geodetic monuments within a network in each of the surveys, have been corrected for coseismic offsets from nearby earthquakes calculated from dislocation models. The corrected data, a total of 2027 measurements, are displayed in the form of plots of measured distance versus time for each of the 167 lines measured. The hypothesis that the interseismic deformation is steady is tested by examining whether deviations from linear fits to the data in the plots are within the range expected for observational error. A significant deviation from steady deformation is found only for the network located neax Palmdale, California. In that network, many of the measurements made in the survey of early 1982 deviate from the trend defined by the measurements in other surveys. The deviations are not of the form (fixed proportional error) one would generally expect from systematic survey error. If the survey of early 1982 is excluded, the remaining data at Palmdale are consistent with steady deformation. Thus the apparent strain event observed near Palmdale in 1982 was transient.
The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of herbicide active and inactive ingredients (primarily volatile organic compounds) at four selected sites in Iowa representing drain tiles, observation wells, or lysimeters. Water samples were collected monthly and bi-monthly before and after herbicide applications in 1991, respectively. They were analyzed for seven herbicides and 32 volatile organic compounds using methods recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Commercially available herbicide formulations also were obtained and analyzed for volatile organic compounds.
\nHerbicides were detected in 50% of water samples, ranging from 78% of water samples from the Ames site to 25% from the Walnut Creek site. Among herbicides detected, listed in decreasing order of frequency, were atrazine > alachlor > cyanazine > metolachlor > metribuzin. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 11% of water samples. Among the compounds detected, listed in decreasing order of frequency, were xylene > toluene > acetone. One sample contained a detectable amount of aliphatic compound(s), with the empirical formula of C8H18. Results from the Deer Creek site showed that herbicides were detected primarily in the top layer (1.2 m), whereas xylene and other alkylbenzenes were detected at 2.1 m or deeper. Apparently, physico-chemical and other factors are separating herbicides and volatile organic compounds in the shallow unsaturated zone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF00482591","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., Liszewski, M., Buchmiller, R., and Cherryholmes, K., 1995, Occurrence of active and inactive herbicide ingredients at selected sites in Iowa: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 83, no. 1-2, p. 21-35, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00482591.","startPage":"21","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482591"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.217706,43.50055],[-91.216035,43.481142],[-91.233367,43.455168],[-91.200359,43.412701],[-91.198953,43.389835],[-91.21477,43.365874],[-91.20662,43.352524],[-91.132813,43.32803],[-91.107237,43.313645],[-91.07371,43.274746],[-91.071698,43.261014],[-91.058644,43.257679],[-91.066398,43.239293],[-91.12217,43.197255],[-91.1462,43.152405],[-91.1562,43.142945],[-91.175253,43.134665],[-91.179457,43.067427],[-91.156562,42.978226],[-91.14543,42.958211],[-91.14988,42.941955],[-91.1438,42.922877],[-91.146177,42.90985],[-91.100565,42.883078],[-91.097656,42.859871],[-91.091837,42.851225],[-91.09406,42.830813],[-91.078665,42.827678],[-91.069549,42.769628],[-91.060261,42.761847],[-91.065783,42.753387],[-91.056297,42.747341],[-91.051275,42.737001],[-91.035418,42.73734],[-91.026786,42.724228],[-91.000128,42.716189],[-90.977735,42.696816],[-90.949213,42.685573],[-90.923634,42.6855],[-90.88743,42.67247],[-90.731132,42.643437],[-90.706303,42.634169],[-90.692031,42.610366],[-90.686975,42.591774],[-90.661527,42.567999],[-90.654127,42.5499],[-90.643927,42.540401],[-90.636927,42.513202],[-90.655927,42.491703],[-90.654027,42.478503],[-90.624328,42.458904],[-90.567968,42.440389],[-90.560439,42.432897],[-90.555018,42.416138],[-90.477279,42.383794],[-90.462619,42.367253],[-90.443874,42.355218],[-90.416535,42.325109],[-90.430884,42.27823],[-90.419326,42.254467],[-90.400653,42.239293],[-90.391108,42.225473],[-90.356964,42.205445],[-90.328273,42.201047],[-90.282173,42.178846],[-90.234919,42.165431],[-90.209479,42.15268],[-90.197342,42.128163],[-90.167533,42.122475],[-90.161159,42.106372],[-90.168358,42.075779],[-90.164485,42.042105],[-90.151579,42.030633],[-90.140061,42.003252],[-90.146225,41.981329],[-90.164135,41.956178],[-90.163847,41.944934],[-90.152659,41.933058],[-90.153584,41.906614],[-90.181401,41.844647],[-90.181973,41.80707],[-90.278633,41.767358],[-90.310708,41.742214],[-90.317668,41.72269],[-90.313435,41.698082],[-90.334525,41.679559],[-90.343452,41.646959],[-90.339528,41.598633],[-90.343228,41.587833],[-90.41283,41.565333],[-90.461432,41.523533],[-90.500633,41.518033],[-90.540935,41.526133],[-90.591037,41.512832],[-90.602137,41.506032],[-90.605937,41.494232],[-90.655839,41.462132],[-90.750142,41.449632],[-90.846558,41.455141],[-90.930016,41.421404],[-90.979815,41.434321],[-91.027787,41.423603],[-91.043988,41.415897],[-91.05101,41.387556],[-91.06652,41.365246],[-91.074841,41.305578],[-91.092034,41.286911],[-91.114186,41.250029],[-91.113648,41.241401],[-91.07298,41.207151],[-91.041536,41.166138],[-91.027214,41.163373],[-91.007586,41.166183],[-90.99496,41.160624],[-90.946627,41.096632],[-90.949383,41.072711],[-90.942253,41.034702],[-90.945949,41.006495],[-90.958142,40.979767],[-90.952233,40.954047],[-90.965344,40.921633],[-91.009536,40.900565],[-91.021562,40.884021],[-91.044653,40.868356],[-91.05643,40.848387],[-91.092993,40.821079],[-91.097649,40.805575],[-91.091703,40.779708],[-91.110424,40.745528],[-91.115735,40.725168],[-91.11194,40.697018],[-91.123928,40.669152],[-91.185428,40.638071],[-91.253074,40.637962],[-91.306524,40.626231],[-91.339719,40.613488],[-91.359873,40.601805],[-91.379752,40.57445],[-91.401482,40.559458],[-91.406373,40.551831],[-91.404125,40.539127],[-91.384531,40.530948],[-91.369059,40.512532],[-91.364211,40.500043],[-91.364915,40.484168],[-91.381769,40.442555],[-91.372554,40.4012],[-91.381958,40.387632],[-91.419422,40.378264],[-91.441243,40.386255],[-91.452458,40.375501],[-91.463895,40.375659],[-91.465116,40.385257],[-91.484507,40.3839],[-91.490977,40.393484],[-91.487829,40.403866],[-91.498093,40.401926],[-91.522333,40.409648],[-91.527057,40.416689],[-91.519012,40.431298],[-91.529132,40.434272],[-91.533548,40.440804],[-91.523271,40.450061],[-91.526155,40.458625],[-91.552691,40.458769],[-91.574746,40.465664],[-91.590817,40.492292],[-91.621353,40.510072],[-91.618028,40.53403],[-91.6219,40.542292],[-91.6887,40.55739],[-91.691557,40.564867],[-91.686357,40.580875],[-91.716769,40.59853],[-91.729115,40.61364],[-92.686693,40.589809],[-94.294813,40.571341],[-94.632032,40.571186],[-95.765645,40.585208],[-95.753148,40.59284],[-95.748626,40.603355],[-95.768926,40.621264],[-95.776251,40.647463],[-95.795489,40.662384],[-95.822913,40.66724],[-95.842801,40.677496],[-95.852615,40.702262],[-95.883178,40.717579],[-95.888907,40.731855],[-95.879027,40.753081],[-95.84662,40.768619],[-95.835232,40.779151],[-95.834523,40.787778],[-95.845342,40.811324],[-95.837186,40.835347],[-95.847084,40.854174],[-95.847785,40.864328],[-95.838735,40.872191],[-95.815933,40.879846],[-95.809474,40.891228],[-95.813458,40.901693],[-95.836438,40.921642],[-95.839743,40.93278],[-95.829074,40.975688],[-95.838908,40.986484],[-95.867286,41.001599],[-95.869486,41.009399],[-95.859918,41.025403],[-95.859654,41.035695],[-95.882415,41.060411],[-95.862587,41.088399],[-95.865888,41.117898],[-95.882088,41.143998],[-95.883489,41.154898],[-95.871912,41.168122],[-95.846188,41.166698],[-95.841288,41.174998],[-95.856788,41.187098],[-95.90969,41.184398],[-95.91829,41.186698],[-95.92599,41.195698],[-95.924891,41.211198],[-95.910891,41.231798],[-95.921891,41.264598],[-95.913991,41.271398],[-95.928691,41.281398],[-95.927491,41.298397],[-95.90589,41.300897],[-95.90429,41.293497],[-95.912491,41.279498],[-95.90249,41.273398],[-95.87689,41.285097],[-95.871489,41.295797],[-95.883089,41.316697],[-95.92569,41.322197],[-95.946891,41.334096],[-95.956691,41.345496],[-95.954891,41.351796],[-95.93549,41.360596],[-95.92879,41.370096],[-95.93689,41.396387],[-95.929721,41.411331],[-95.933169,41.42943],[-95.919865,41.447922],[-95.922529,41.455766],[-95.936801,41.46519],[-95.962329,41.46281],[-96.011757,41.476212],[-96.019542,41.486617],[-95.997903,41.504789],[-95.992599,41.514174],[-95.999529,41.538679],[-96.005079,41.544004],[-96.019686,41.545743],[-96.027289,41.541081],[-96.034305,41.512853],[-96.040701,41.507076],[-96.05369,41.508859],[-96.07307,41.525052],[-96.08822,41.530595],[-96.09409,41.539265],[-96.093613,41.558271],[-96.081152,41.577289],[-96.085771,41.585746],[-96.109387,41.596871],[-96.117558,41.609999],[-96.116233,41.621574],[-96.100701,41.635507],[-96.095046,41.647365],[-96.099837,41.66103],[-96.120983,41.677861],[-96.121401,41.688522],[-96.111968,41.697773],[-96.082429,41.698159],[-96.073063,41.705004],[-96.079682,41.717962],[-96.10261,41.728016],[-96.106425,41.73789],[-96.102772,41.746339],[-96.079915,41.757895],[-96.077543,41.777824],[-96.064537,41.793002],[-96.075548,41.807811],[-96.107592,41.820685],[-96.110246,41.84885],[-96.142045,41.868865],[-96.148826,41.888132],[-96.161756,41.90182],[-96.160767,41.908044],[-96.136743,41.920826],[-96.144583,41.941544],[-96.133318,41.955732],[-96.1289,41.969727],[-96.141228,41.978063],[-96.156538,41.980137],[-96.184243,41.976696],[-96.192141,41.984461],[-96.183568,41.999987],[-96.194556,42.008662],[-96.215225,42.006701],[-96.223896,41.995456],[-96.236487,41.996428],[-96.241932,42.006965],[-96.223611,42.022652],[-96.223822,42.033346],[-96.238392,42.041088],[-96.261132,42.038974],[-96.271427,42.044988],[-96.279342,42.07028],[-96.267636,42.096177],[-96.2689,42.11359],[-96.279203,42.12348],[-96.310085,42.132523],[-96.319528,42.146647],[-96.342395,42.160491],[-96.349688,42.172043],[-96.348066,42.194747],[-96.35987,42.210545],[-96.358141,42.214088],[-96.336323,42.218922],[-96.323723,42.229887],[-96.330004,42.240224],[-96.328905,42.254734],[-96.336003,42.264806],[-96.365792,42.285875],[-96.369212,42.308344],[-96.375307,42.318339],[-96.407998,42.337408],[-96.417786,42.351449],[-96.417093,42.361443],[-96.408436,42.376092],[-96.41498,42.393442],[-96.413609,42.407894],[-96.387608,42.432494],[-96.380707,42.446394],[-96.385407,42.473094],[-96.396107,42.484095],[-96.409408,42.487595],[-96.474409,42.491895],[-96.476909,42.497795],[-96.473339,42.503537],[-96.477454,42.509589],[-96.490089,42.512441],[-96.49297,42.517282],[-96.479909,42.524195],[-96.476952,42.556079],[-96.498041,42.558153],[-96.498709,42.57087],[-96.489328,42.5708],[-96.485796,42.575001],[-96.49545,42.579474],[-96.494777,42.585741],[-96.499885,42.588539],[-96.509468,42.61273],[-96.517048,42.615343],[-96.525671,42.609312],[-96.531604,42.615148],[-96.518542,42.62035],[-96.516338,42.630435],[-96.537881,42.646446],[-96.542366,42.660736],[-96.559281,42.657903],[-96.556461,42.663939],[-96.566684,42.675942],[-96.576381,42.671302],[-96.575299,42.682665],[-96.596405,42.688514],[-96.59908,42.697296],[-96.61017,42.694568],[-96.629625,42.705102],[-96.624446,42.714294],[-96.624704,42.725497],[-96.631931,42.725086],[-96.638621,42.734921],[-96.630485,42.750378],[-96.620548,42.753534],[-96.620272,42.757124],[-96.632212,42.761512],[-96.633168,42.768325],[-96.61949,42.784034],[-96.604559,42.783034],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.590757,42.808255],[-96.596008,42.815044],[-96.585699,42.818041],[-96.577937,42.827645],[-96.581604,42.837521],[-96.571353,42.837155],[-96.565605,42.830434],[-96.560572,42.839373],[-96.552092,42.836057],[-96.549513,42.839143],[-96.554709,42.846142],[-96.545502,42.849956],[-96.54146,42.857682],[-96.550439,42.863171],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.537851,42.878475],[-96.540396,42.888877],[-96.526563,42.893755],[-96.542847,42.903737],[-96.537354,42.908791],[-96.541689,42.922576],[-96.525536,42.935511],[-96.516203,42.933769],[-96.52012,42.938183],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.505028,42.970844],[-96.515922,42.972886],[-96.520773,42.980385],[-96.512237,42.985937],[-96.509986,42.995126],[-96.49782,42.998143],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.499187,43.019213],[-96.510995,43.024701],[-96.509146,43.03668],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.510256,43.049917],[-96.490365,43.050789],[-96.476905,43.062383],[-96.463094,43.062981],[-96.458201,43.067554],[-96.454188,43.083379],[-96.462636,43.089614],[-96.460516,43.09494],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.450361,43.142237],[-96.458854,43.143356],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.464896,43.182034],[-96.473834,43.189804],[-96.470781,43.205099],[-96.475571,43.221054],[-96.496454,43.223652],[-96.519273,43.21769],[-96.535741,43.22764],[-96.56044,43.224219],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.571194,43.238961],[-96.552963,43.247281],[-96.552591,43.257769],[-96.582904,43.26769],[-96.586317,43.274319],[-96.577588,43.2788],[-96.580346,43.298204],[-96.553087,43.29286],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.526004,43.309999],[-96.534913,43.336473],[-96.524289,43.347214],[-96.527345,43.368109],[-96.521323,43.374607],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.524044,43.394762],[-96.529152,43.397735],[-96.537116,43.395063],[-96.573579,43.419228],[-96.569628,43.427527],[-96.575181,43.431756],[-96.592905,43.43317],[-96.602608,43.449649],[-96.600039,43.45708],[-96.584603,43.46961],[-96.586364,43.478251],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.590452,43.494298],[-96.598396,43.495074],[-96.598929,43.500441],[-91.217706,43.50055]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"83","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6bc7e4b0c8380cd748a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, W.","contributorId":76003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liszewski, M.","contributorId":41156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liszewski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buchmiller, R.","contributorId":12988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cherryholmes, K.","contributorId":67672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherryholmes","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019068,"text":"70019068 - 1995 - An earthquake instability model based on faults containing high fluid-pressure compartments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019068","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An earthquake instability model based on faults containing high fluid-pressure compartments","docAbstract":"It has been proposed that large strike-slip faults such as the San Andreas contain water in seal-bounded compartments. Arguments based on heat flow and stress orientation suggest that in most of the compartments, the water pressure is so high that the average shear strength of the fault is less than 20 MPa. We propose a variation of this basic model in which most of the shear stress on the fault is supported by a small number of compartments where the pore pressure is relatively low. As a result, the fault gouge in these compartments is compacted and lithified and has a high undisturbed strength. When one of these locked regions fails, the system made up of the neighboring high and low pressure compartments can become unstable. Material in the high fluid pressure compartments is initially underconsolidated since the low effective confining pressure has retarded compaction. As these compartments are deformed, fluid pressure remains nearly unchanged so that they offer little resistance to shear. The low pore pressure compartments, however, are overconsolidated and dilate as they are sheared. Decompression of the pore fluid in these compartments lowers fluid pressure, increasing effective normal stress and shear strength. While this effect tends to stabilize the fault, it can be shown that this dilatancy hardening can be more than offset by displacement weakening of the fault (i.e., the drop from peak to residual strength). If the surrounding rock mass is sufficiently compliant to produce an instability, slip will propagate along the fault until the shear fracture runs into a low-stress region. Frictional heating and the accompanying increase in fluid pressure that are suggested to occur during shearing of the fault zone will act as additional destabilizers. However, significant heating occurs only after a finite amount of slip and therefore is more likely to contribute to the energetics of rupture propagation than to the initiation of the instability. We present results of a one-dimensional dynamic Burridge-Knopoff-type model to demonstrate various aspects of the fluid-assisted fault instability described above. In the numerical model, the fault is represented by a series of blocks and springs, with fault rheology expressed by static and dynamic friction. In addition, the fault surface of each block has associated with it pore pressure, porosity and permeability. All of these variables are allowed to evolve with time, resulting in a wide range of phenomena related to fluid diffusion, dilatancy, compaction and heating. These phenomena include creep events, diffusion-controlled precursors, triggered earthquakes, foreshocks, aftershocks, and multiple earthquakes. While the simulations have limitations inherent to 1-D fault models, they demonstrate that the fluid compartment model can, in principle, provide the rich assortment of phenomena that have been associated with earthquakes. ?? 1995 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00879597","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., and Byerlee, J., 1995, An earthquake instability model based on faults containing high fluid-pressure compartments: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 145, no. 3-4, p. 717-745, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00879597.","startPage":"717","endPage":"745","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205777,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879597"},{"id":226723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea24e4b0c8380cd48675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019046,"text":"70019046 - 1995 - Fluid-inclusion evidence for past temperature fluctuations in the Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T10:37:23","indexId":"70019046","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion evidence for past temperature fluctuations in the Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Heating and freezing data were obtained for fluid inclusions in hydrothermal quartz, calcite, and anhydrite from several depths in three scientific observation holes drilled along the lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Compositions of the inclusion fluids range from dilute meteoric water to highly modified sea water concentrated by boiling. Comparison of measured drill-hole temperatures with fluid-inclusion homogenization-temperature (Th) data indicates that only about 15% of the fluid inclusions could have formed under the present thermal conditions. The majority of fluid inclusions studied must have formed during one or more times in the past when temperatures fluctuated in response to the emplacement of nearby dikes and their subsequent cooling. The fluid-inclusion data indicate that past temperatures in SOH-4 well were as much as 64°C hotter than present temperatures between 1000 and 1500 m depth and they were a maximum of 68°C cooler than present temperatures below 1500 m depth. Similarly, the data show that past temperatures near the bottoms of SOH-1 and SOH-2 wells were up to 45 and 59°C, respectively, cooler than the present thermal conditions; however, the remainder of fluid-inclusion Th values for these two drill holes suggest that the temperatures of the trapped waters were nearly the same as the present temperatures at these slightly shallower depths. Several hydrothermal minerals (erionite, mordenite, truscottite, smectite, chlorite-smectite, chalcedony, anhydrite, and hematite), occurring in the drill holes at higher temperatures than they are found in geothermal drill holes of Iceland or other geothermal areas, provide additional evidence for a recent heating trend.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(95)00034-8","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., Keith, T.E., and Trusdell, F., 1995, Fluid-inclusion evidence for past temperature fluctuations in the Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii: Geothermics, v. 24, no. 5-6, p. 639-659, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(95)00034-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"659","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a127ae4b0c8380cd5430b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000692,"text":"1000692 - 1995 - Lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T12:19:46.103484","indexId":"1000692","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Huron","docAbstract":"Efforts to restore lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Huron after their collapse in the 1940s were underway in the early 1970s with completion of the first round oflampricide applications in tributary streams and the stocking of several genotypes. We assess results of rehabilitation and establish a historical basis for comparison by quantifying the catch of spawning lake trout from Michigan waters in 1929-1932. Sixty-eight percent of this catch occurred in northern waters (MH-1) and most of the rest (15%) was from remote reefs in the middle of the main basin. Sea lampreys (Petromyzon mari-nus) increased in the early 1980s in the main basin and depressed spawning populations of lake trout. This increase was especially severe in northern waters and appeared to be associated with untreated populations in the St. Marys River. Excessive commercial fishing stemming from unresolved treaty rights also contributed to loss of spawning fish in northern Michigan waters. Seneca-strain lake trout did not appear to be attacked by sea lampreys until they reached a size > 532 mm. At sizes > 632 mm, Seneca trout were 40-fold more abundant than the Marquette strain in matched-planting experiments. Natural reproduction past the fry stage has occurred in Thunder Bay and South Bay, but prospects for self-sustaining populations of lake trout in the main basin are poor because sea lampreys are too abundant, only one side of the basin is stocked, and stocking is deferred to allow commercial gillnetting in areas where most of the spawning occurred historically. Backcross lake trout, a lake trout x splake (S. fontinalis x S. namaycush) hybrid, did not reproduce in Georgian Bay, but this genotype is being replaced with pure-strain lake trout, whose early performance appears promising.
Vocalizations of the California sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) were recorded from wild and captive adults and young and analyzed spectrographically. Parameters measured from the sonagrams included fundamental frequency, duration, maximum frequency, intercall interval, and the location and amplitude of energy peaks. We identified 10 basic vocal categories, one of which consisted of graded signals. The contexts for each call, when known or suspected, are described. Discriminant analysis of the spectrographic parameters for the scream call showed significant differences among individuals for adult females and young. Using only the parameters quantified, each call was assigned correctly to the individual that produced it with 80% accuracy for mothers and 75% for young, thus, indicating that the potential exists for individual vocal recognition in the sea otter. The sea otter's vocal repertoire is similar in complexity to that of certain pinnipeds, but may be less complex than that of several species of social cetaceans and primates. In general, the sea otter's vocal patterns have characteristics thought to be most suitable for short-range communication among familiar individuals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1382352","usgsCitation":"McShane, L., Estes, J.A., Riedman, M.L., and Staedler, M., 1995, Repertoire, structure, and individual variation of vocalizations in the sea otter: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 76, p. 414-427, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382352.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131310,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63403d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McShane, L.J.","contributorId":105671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McShane","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riedman, Marianne L.","contributorId":89079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riedman","given":"Marianne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Staedler, M. M.","contributorId":101603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staedler","given":"M. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1003660,"text":"1003660 - 1995 - Probable epizootic chlamydiosis in wild California (Larus californicus) and ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) gulls in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:22:54","indexId":"1003660","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probable epizootic chlamydiosis in wild California (Larus californicus) and ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) gulls in North Dakota","docAbstract":"During the summer of 1986, more than 400 California gulls (Larus californicus) and ring-billed gulls (Larvus delawarensis), primarily fledglings, died on an island in Lake Sakakawea near New Town, North Dakota (USA). Mortality was attributed largely to chlamydiosis. Necropsy findings in nine carcasses included splenomegaly (n = 9), hepatomegaly (n = 4), and pericarditis (n = 1). Livers from three California gulls and two ring-billed gulls, and spleens from the same five birds plus a third ring-billed gull were positive for Chlamydia psittaci by the direct immunofluorescence test. Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from separate pools of liver and spleen from one California gull and one ring-billed gull. This is believed to be the first record of epizootic chlamydiosis in gulls and the second report of epizootic chlamydial mortality in wild birds in North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-31.3.424","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., and Pearson, J., 1995, Probable epizootic chlamydiosis in wild California (Larus californicus) and ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) gulls in North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 31, no. 3, p. 424-427, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.3.424.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"424","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.3.424","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.095458984375,\n 49.0306652257167\n ],\n [\n -97.174072265625,\n 49.05227025601607\n ],\n [\n -96.99829101562499,\n 48.69821216562637\n ],\n [\n -97.05322265625,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -96.932373046875,\n 47.923704717745686\n ],\n [\n -96.866455078125,\n 47.7097615426664\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 47.62097541515849\n ],\n [\n -96.712646484375,\n 46.965259400349275\n ],\n [\n -96.65771484375,\n 46.475699386607516\n ],\n [\n -96.52587890625,\n 46.28622391806708\n ],\n [\n -96.492919921875,\n 45.98932892799953\n ],\n [\n -96.51489257812499,\n 45.90529985724796\n ],\n [\n -104.08447265624999,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -104.095458984375,\n 49.0306652257167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearson, J.E.","contributorId":85139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018826,"text":"70018826 - 1995 - Chemically diverse, sporadic volcanism at seamounts offshore southern and Baja California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:42:50.133073","indexId":"70018826","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemically diverse, sporadic volcanism at seamounts offshore southern and Baja California","docAbstract":"Compositions of lavas from seven small to medium-sized seamounts, between lat 34.0°N and 30.5°N offshore southern and Baja California, include low-K2O tholeiitic, transitional, and mildly to moderately alkalic basalt and their differentiates. The low-K2O tholeiites resemble primitive (>9% MgO) mid-oceanic-ridge basalt (MORB) with low incompatible element abundances and very depleted, concave-downward, chondrite-normalized rare-earth-element (REE) patterns and lower 87Sr/86Sr and higher 143Nd/144Nd ratios than typical MORB from the East Pacific Rise. The seamounts with these MORB-like lavas are inferred to have formed at or near the spreading center.
Transitional and mildly to moderately alkalic basalts have higher abundances of incompatible elements and steeper slopes for chondrite-normalized REE patterns with light REE enrichment up to 150 times chondrites. The alkalic compositions indicate more variably enriched mantle sources than those of most seamounts presently located near the East Pacific Rise, but the compositions are within the mantle array defined by other ocean-island basalts. Volcanic rocks from the upper part of Rocas Alijos, a much larger and morphologically more complex edifice than the northern seamounts, located offshore central Baja California at lat ∼25°N, are all highly differentiated trachyte and trachyandesite.
Based on 40Ar/39Ar laser fusion techniques, MORB-like lava from one of the northern edifices is as old as the underlying oceanic crust (>20 Ma), indicating that it originated at a spreading center. Other seamount lava ages are much younger than the oceanic crust on which they reside, ranging from 16.8 ± 0.3 to <7 Ma for some of the northern seamounts to 270 ± 16 ka for the trachyte from Rocas Alijos. Similar highly evolved lavas cap fossil spreading centers like Guadalupe and Socorro Islands, but Rocas Alijos, based on magnetic anomalies, is not an abandoned spreading center but may instead have formed on a leaky transform fault.
Some of the seamounts with transitional and alkalic lavas may have formed as part of a short, age-progressive chain formed by a short-lived mantle plume. Many others, aligned along abandoned spreading centers or faults and fracture zones which are abundant in the tectonically complex region offshore southern and peninsular California, may have resulted from upwelling mantle diapirs in response to localized extension. Some of the episodes of volcanism appear to have been contemporaneous with volcanism in the continental borderland and coastal southern California, suggesting linkage between extension along the continental margin and the seamount province farther offshore. The data available for the abundant volcanic edifices of varying sizes, shapes, and orientations in this region suggest that the seamounts formed from multiple episodes of chemically diverse volcanism, tapping variably enriched, heterogeneous mantle, which occurred sporadically from early Miocene to late Pleistocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0554:CDSVAS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Davis, A.S., Gunn, S., Bohrson, W., Gray, L., and Hein, J., 1995, Chemically diverse, sporadic volcanism at seamounts offshore southern and Baja California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, no. 5, p. 554-570, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0554:CDSVAS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"554","endPage":"570","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226609,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Baja California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.83747175388358,\n 34.53395613447239\n ],\n [\n -120.83747175388358,\n 20.72556757224477\n ],\n [\n -105.28083112888335,\n 20.72556757224477\n ],\n [\n -105.28083112888335,\n 34.53395613447239\n ],\n [\n -120.83747175388358,\n 34.53395613447239\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5a1e4b0c8380cd4c31a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunn, S.H.","contributorId":65236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunn","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohrson, W.A.","contributorId":102092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohrson","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, L.-B.","contributorId":10171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"L.-B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019054,"text":"70019054 - 1995 - Slug tests in unconfined formations: An assessment of the bouwer and rice technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T23:50:32.234855","indexId":"70019054","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slug tests in unconfined formations: An assessment of the bouwer and rice technique","docAbstract":"The slug test is one of the most common techniques for the in situ estimation of hydraulic conductivity in unconfined flow systems. Recently, a mathematical model describing the flow of ground water in response to a slug test in an unconfined flow system has been proposed. This model incorporates the effects of partial penetration, anisotropy, an upper constant-head boundary, and, in its most complete form, well skins of either higher or lower permeability than the formation itself. This model is useful in identifying conditions when conventional approaches (i.e., the Bouwer and Rice model) introduce large errors into parameter estimates. For slug tests performed in homogeneous, isotropic formations that would be classified as aquifers, the Bouwer and Rice model provides estimates within 30% of actual field values. In less-permeable, clay-rich formations, however, estimates may overpredict formation conductivity by more than 100%. The Bouwer and Rice model introduces the largest error (can easily exceed an order of magnitude) in the presence of a low-permeability skin. Uncertainty about anisotropy can also be the source of considerable error. The semianalytical solution to the mathematical model described here can be employed for parameter estimation under conditions when the Bouwer and Rice model introduces unacceptably large errors into parameter estimates. This solution can be rapidly evaluated, allowing easy incorporation into an automated well-test analysis package and/or ready generation of type curves.
Five radiocarbon ages, all determined by accelerator mass spectrometry, have been obtained for two pre-bomb bivalves from Lake Michigan and one from Lake Huron. After correcting those ages for the fractionation of14C in calcite and for the radioactively inert CO2 in the atmosphere, we find residual ages, caused by the hard water effect, of about 250 years for Lake Michigan and 440 years for Lake Huron.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00682596","usgsCitation":"Rea, D.K., and Colman, S.M., 1995, Radiocarbon ages of pre-bomb clams and the hard-water effect in Lakes Michigan and Huron: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 14, p. 89-91, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00682596.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"91","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/43072>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":296166,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron, Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.275634765625,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -86.24267578124999,\n 44.692088041727786\n ],\n [\n -86.077880859375,\n 44.91035917458495\n ],\n [\n -85.78124999999999,\n 45.01141864227728\n ],\n [\n -85.6494140625,\n 45.18978009667531\n ],\n [\n -85.53955078125,\n 45.19752230305682\n ],\n [\n -85.572509765625,\n 44.95702412512118\n ],\n [\n -85.4296875,\n 44.941473354802504\n ],\n [\n -85.341796875,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -85.39672851562499,\n 45.31352900692258\n ],\n [\n -85.01220703125,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 45.47554027158593\n ],\n [\n -85.177001953125,\n 45.606352077118316\n ],\n [\n -85.0341796875,\n 45.66780526567164\n ],\n [\n -85.111083984375,\n 45.775186183521036\n ],\n [\n -84.92431640625,\n 45.78284835197676\n ],\n [\n -84.79248046875,\n 45.82114340079471\n ],\n [\n -84.85839843749999,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -85.29785156249999,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -85.60546874999999,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -86.04492187499999,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -86.39648437499997,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n -86.59423828124999,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -86.74804687499999,\n 45.67548217560647\n ],\n [\n -86.50634765624999,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -86.79199218749999,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -86.96777343749999,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -86.96777343749999,\n 45.89000815866184\n ],\n [\n -87.27539062499999,\n 45.42929873257377\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -87.84667968749997,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -88.06640624999999,\n 44.653024159812\n ],\n [\n -88.06640624999999,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -87.53906249999999,\n 44.809121700077355\n ],\n [\n -87.40722656249999,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -87.23144531249999,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -86.96777343749999,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -86.74804687499999,\n 45.36758436884978\n ],\n [\n -87.05566406249999,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -87.31933593749999,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -87.53906249999999,\n 44.43377984606822\n ],\n [\n -87.45117187499999,\n 44.18220395771566\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046874997,\n 44.008620115415354\n ],\n [\n -87.71484374999999,\n 43.89789239125797\n ],\n [\n -87.64892578124999,\n 43.739352079154706\n ],\n [\n -87.75878906249999,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -87.89062499999999,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -87.84667968749997,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -87.71484374999999,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -87.75878906249999,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -87.75878906249999,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -87.80273437499999,\n 42.19596877629178\n ],\n [\n -87.67089843749999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -87.53906249999999,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -87.49511718749999,\n 41.72213058512578\n ],\n [\n -87.31933593749999,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -86.92382812499999,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -86.57226562499999,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -86.33056640624999,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -86.22070312499999,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -86.22070312499999,\n 42.97250158602597\n ],\n [\n -86.30859374999999,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n -86.50634765624999,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -86.52832031249999,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -86.41845703124999,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -86.45141601562497,\n 43.91372326852401\n ],\n [\n -86.48437499999999,\n 43.99281450048989\n ],\n [\n -86.275634765625,\n 44.33956524809713\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.69360351562499,\n 45.7905094675247\n ],\n [\n -84.56176757812499,\n 45.71385093029218\n ],\n [\n -84.38598632812499,\n 45.65244828675087\n ],\n [\n -84.21020507812499,\n 45.606352077118316\n ],\n [\n -84.12231445312499,\n 45.56021795715051\n ],\n [\n -84.12231445312499,\n 45.483243508682186\n ],\n [\n -84.01245117187499,\n 45.46783598133372\n ],\n [\n -83.85864257812499,\n 45.49864682342608\n ],\n [\n -83.77075195312499,\n 45.43700828867386\n ],\n [\n -83.63891601562499,\n 45.390735154248866\n ],\n [\n -83.46313476562499,\n 45.34442410452238\n ],\n [\n -83.35327148437499,\n 45.236217535866\n ],\n [\n -83.33129882812499,\n 45.14330473948828\n ],\n [\n -83.26538085937499,\n 45.01918507438176\n ],\n [\n -83.39721679687499,\n 45.0657615477031\n ],\n [\n -83.44116210937497,\n 45.01918507438176\n ],\n [\n -83.41918945312499,\n 44.92591837128864\n ],\n [\n -83.28735351562499,\n 44.86365630540608\n ],\n [\n -83.26538085937499,\n 44.73892994307365\n ],\n [\n -83.26538085937499,\n 44.645208223744035\n ],\n [\n -83.24340820312499,\n 44.52001001133984\n ],\n [\n -83.30932617187497,\n 44.34742225636393\n ],\n [\n -83.37524414062499,\n 44.3002644115815\n ],\n [\n -83.46313476562499,\n 44.26880478856614\n ],\n [\n -83.50708007812499,\n 44.20583500104181\n ],\n [\n -83.59497070312499,\n 44.03232064275081\n ],\n [\n -83.68286132812497,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -83.81469726562499,\n 43.98491011404692\n ],\n [\n -83.85864257812499,\n 43.88997537383687\n ],\n [\n -83.90258789062499,\n 43.74728909225906\n ],\n [\n -83.88061523437499,\n 43.651975487311844\n ],\n [\n -83.66088867187499,\n 43.60426186809616\n ],\n [\n -83.59497070312499,\n 43.68376352427332\n ],\n [\n -83.44116210937497,\n 43.76315996157264\n ],\n [\n -83.33129882812499,\n 43.87413818147471\n ],\n [\n -83.19946289062497,\n 43.96909818325171\n ],\n [\n -83.04565429687499,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -82.73803710937499,\n 44.03232064275081\n ],\n [\n -82.58422851562497,\n 43.858296779161826\n ],\n [\n -82.56225585937499,\n 43.715534726205114\n ],\n [\n -82.54028320312499,\n 43.44494295526122\n ],\n [\n -82.47436523437499,\n 43.1090040242731\n ],\n [\n -82.40844726562499,\n 42.99661231842139\n ],\n [\n -82.27661132812499,\n 43.01268088642032\n ],\n [\n -82.16674804687499,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -82.03491210937499,\n 43.17313537107136\n ],\n [\n -81.83715820312499,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -81.72729492187499,\n 43.39706523932022\n ],\n [\n -81.705322265625,\n 43.874138181474734\n ],\n [\n -81.77124023437499,\n 44.09547572946637\n ],\n [\n -81.63940429687499,\n 44.190082025040525\n ],\n [\n -81.52954101562499,\n 44.378839759088585\n ],\n [\n -81.39770507812499,\n 44.44162421758805\n ],\n [\n -81.33178710937499,\n 44.58264281958417\n ],\n [\n -81.33178710937499,\n 44.73892994307365\n ],\n [\n -81.39770507812499,\n 44.941473354802504\n ],\n [\n -81.50756835937499,\n 45.034714778688596\n ],\n [\n -81.59545898437499,\n 45.1278045274732\n ],\n [\n -81.72729492187499,\n 45.18978009667531\n ],\n [\n -81.66137695312499,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -81.46362304687499,\n 45.236217535866\n ],\n [\n -81.30981445312499,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -81.24389648437499,\n 45.205263456162385\n ],\n [\n -81.30981445312499,\n 45.14330473948828\n ],\n [\n -81.22192382812499,\n 45.08127861241874\n ],\n [\n -81.17797851562499,\n 44.98811302615805\n ],\n [\n -81.04614257812499,\n 44.92591837128864\n ],\n [\n -80.95825195312499,\n 44.95702412512118\n ],\n [\n -80.82641601562499,\n 44.86365630540608\n ],\n [\n -80.84838867187499,\n 44.73892994307365\n ],\n [\n -80.89233398437497,\n 44.58264281958417\n ],\n [\n -80.80444335937499,\n 44.692088041727786\n ],\n [\n -80.65063476562497,\n 44.73892994307365\n ],\n [\n -80.49682617187499,\n 44.61393394730626\n ],\n [\n -80.23315429687499,\n 44.50434127765392\n ],\n [\n -80.03540039062499,\n 44.50434127765392\n ],\n [\n -79.96948242187499,\n 44.59829048984008\n ],\n [\n -79.99145507812499,\n 44.66083904265618\n ],\n [\n -80.07934570312499,\n 44.72332018895825\n ],\n [\n -80.23315429687499,\n 44.81691551782855\n ],\n [\n -80.21118164062499,\n 44.89479576469787\n ],\n [\n -80.01342773437499,\n 44.86365630540608\n ],\n [\n -79.79370117187499,\n 44.80132682904856\n ],\n [\n -79.68383789062497,\n 44.770136812197144\n ],\n [\n -79.92553710937497,\n 44.95702412512118\n ],\n [\n -80.145263671875,\n 45.127804527473224\n ],\n [\n -80.2001953125,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -80.38696289062499,\n 45.40616374516014\n ],\n [\n -80.60668945312499,\n 45.68315803253306\n ],\n [\n -80.78247070312499,\n 45.897654534346884\n ],\n [\n -81.00219726562499,\n 45.91294412737392\n ],\n [\n -81.44165039062499,\n 45.92822950933615\n ],\n [\n -81.72729492187499,\n 45.98932892799953\n ],\n [\n -81.83715820312499,\n 45.897654534346884\n ],\n [\n -81.81518554687499,\n 45.805828539928356\n ],\n [\n -81.63940429687499,\n 45.882360730184025\n ],\n [\n -81.57348632812499,\n 45.7905094675247\n ],\n [\n -81.66137695312499,\n 45.69850658738846\n ],\n [\n -81.63940429687499,\n 45.544831492424606\n ],\n [\n -81.83715820312499,\n 45.46783598133372\n ],\n [\n -82.23266601562499,\n 45.637087095718734\n ],\n [\n -82.62817382812499,\n 45.775186183521036\n ],\n [\n -83.08959960937499,\n 45.85176048817254\n ],\n [\n -83.24340820312499,\n 45.91294412737392\n ],\n [\n -83.13354492187499,\n 45.94351068030584\n ],\n [\n -82.89184570312499,\n 46.004593255744794\n ],\n [\n -82.38647460937499,\n 46.01985337287631\n ],\n [\n -82.14477539062499,\n 46.05036097561633\n ],\n [\n -81.79321289062499,\n 46.05036097561633\n ],\n [\n -81.77124023437499,\n 46.11132565729794\n ],\n [\n -82.32055664062499,\n 46.172222978455395\n ],\n [\n -82.80395507812499,\n 46.141782737592315\n ],\n [\n -83.19946289062497,\n 46.172222978455395\n ],\n [\n -83.52905273437499,\n 46.18743678432541\n ],\n [\n -83.70483398437499,\n 46.18743678432541\n ],\n [\n -83.99047851562499,\n 46.11132565729794\n ],\n [\n -83.90258789062499,\n 46.01985337287631\n ],\n [\n -83.74877929687499,\n 46.03510927947334\n ],\n [\n -83.72680664062499,\n 46.126556302418514\n ],\n [\n -83.55102539062497,\n 46.08085173686784\n ],\n [\n -83.33129882812499,\n 46.004593255744794\n ],\n [\n -83.28735351562499,\n 45.86706271481545\n ],\n [\n -83.59497070312499,\n 45.897654534346884\n ],\n [\n -83.85864257812499,\n 45.92822950933615\n ],\n [\n -84.05639648437499,\n 45.94351068030584\n ],\n [\n -84.25415039062499,\n 45.9587876403564\n ],\n [\n -84.42993164062499,\n 45.92822950933615\n ],\n [\n -84.53979492187499,\n 46.004593255744794\n ],\n [\n -84.64965820312497,\n 46.004593255744794\n ],\n [\n -84.73754882812499,\n 45.9587876403564\n ],\n [\n -84.69360351562499,\n 45.86706271481545\n ],\n [\n -84.69360351562499,\n 45.7905094675247\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546c7629e4b0f4a3478a618d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rea, David K.","contributorId":26823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rea","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7007,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019571,"text":"70019571 - 1995 - Structural controls of Holocene reactivation of the Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma, from magnetic studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:30:42.123685","indexId":"70019571","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural controls of Holocene reactivation of the Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma, from magnetic studies","docAbstract":"Holocene reactivation of the aseismic Meers fault in southwestern Oklahoma illustrates the limitation of using the historical seismic record for identifying hazardous faults in the central United States. The 26- to 37-km-long fault scarp is one of the few known scamps recording Holocene movement in the central and eastern United States. Two documented late Holocene slip events, each with about 2.5 m of net slip and estimated Ms ranging from 6¾ to 7¼, identify the Meers fault as a potentially hazardous fault.
During Carboniferous and Early Permian tectonism, the Meers fault displaced rocks of sharply contrasting magnetic properties. Analysis of aeromagnetic data and twelve ground-magnetic profiles provides a detailed look at the fault within the magnetic basement. Because subsequent reactivation has been minor and of an opposite sense, the pronounced magnetic anomaly associated with the Meers fault reflects Paleozoic structures in the magnetic basement. The location of the Holocene fault scarp corresponds to the strong horizontal magnetic gradient caused by Paleozoic offset of magnetic basement, indicating that the Paleozoic fault controlled Holocene displacement. Two features apparent in both sets of magnetic data are splays of the Meers fault northwest of the Holocene scarp and dikelike bodies immediately south of the fault.
Magnetic susceptibility measurements and rock magnetic data from unoriented core penetrating a dikelike body were incorporated into models of the ground-magnetic profiles. In most cases, secondary faults mapped or visible on low-sun-angle photographs correspond to faults modeled from magnetic data. This correlation shows that preexisting structures probably controlled secondary faulting. However, secondary faults at the southeastern end of the 26-km long continuous fault scarp, previously interpreted from low-sun-angle photography, are not apparent in the magnetic data.
Of importance to seismic hazard evaluation, the magnetic models show that the northwestern splays probably begin at the northwestern end of the reactivated segment and may indicate a persistent rupture propagation barrier to the west. In addition, the models show the dip of the Meers fault to be nearly vertical to about 0.5 km depth. This dip is consistent with the nearly straight fault trace, results of trenching studies, interpretation of shallow seismicreflection data, and regional gravity and aeromagnetic models. In the present-day strike-slip regional stress field, the observed up-to-the-north Holocene displacement suggests that either the fault continues to dip steeply at depth or the regional stress field is approaching a normal-faulting stress regime. If the former is true, the scarcity of near-vertical faults with similar orientation within the area of the southern Oklahoma aulacogen implies that few are likely candidates for reactivation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0098:SCOHRO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jones-Cecil, M., 1995, Structural controls of Holocene reactivation of the Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma, from magnetic studies: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, no. 1, p. 98-112, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0098:SCOHRO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bdae4b08c986b31d11a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones-Cecil, M.","contributorId":33471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones-Cecil","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019087,"text":"70019087 - 1995 - Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:20:46","indexId":"70019087","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water","docAbstract":"Chloride was highly concentrated relative to seawater in matrix porewater but was comparatively dilute in macropores. Concentration differences in pore-size classes declined with depth until indistinguishable below 10 cm. The segregated chloride distribution can be explained if recharge to the sediment occurred by downward infiltration in macropores and discharge occurred by an upward flux in matrix pores to satisfy evapotranspiration. Without disturbance by the downward infiltration flux in macropores, upward advection of chloride in matrix pores and evapoconcentration increased chloride concentrations in matrix pores to a level well above the concentration in seawater. The resulting high concentrations of chloride in matrix pores induced a large diffusive efflux of chloride into surface water that was sufficient to balance new input of chloride by infiltration of seawater in macropores (0.085 mmol Cl cm -2 day-1). Transport models that were constrained by water balance measurements at the field site explained both the exponential form of the vertical distribution of chloride in matrix pores and the rate of change in storage of chloride in sediment porewater over a one month period.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)02562-P","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J., and Nuttle, W., 1995, Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water: Journal of Hydrology, v. 164, no. 1-4, p. 109-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02562-P.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12a8e4b0c8380cd543ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, J. W. 0000-0002-2654-9873","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":39725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nuttle, W.K.","contributorId":76268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuttle","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008432,"text":"1008432 - 1995 - Formation and regression of the corpus luteum of the American alligator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-07T13:26:31","indexId":"1008432","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2394,"text":"Journal of Morphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation and regression of the corpus luteum of the American alligator","docAbstract":"Luteal morphology of the American alligator is unique when compared to other reptiles but is similar to that of its phylogenetic relatives, the birds. The theca is extensively hypertrophied, but the granulosa never fills the cavity formed following the ovulation of the ovum. The formation of the corpus luteum (CL) is correlated with elevated plasma progesterone concentrations, which decline dramatically after oviposition with the onset of luteolysis. Unlike those of most other reptiles, the central luteal cell mass is composed of two cell types; one presumably is derived from the granulosa, whereas the other is from the theca interna. Both cell types are present throughout gravidity but only one cell type is seen during mid to late luteolysis. A significant decline in luteal volume occurs following oviposition and continues throughout the post-oviposition period. The fastest decline in luteal volume occurs in the month immediately after oviposition; this rate then slows. Luteolysis appears to continue for a year or more following oviposition, as distinct structures of luteal origin can still be identified in animals 9 months after oviposition. The size of persistent CL can be used to determine whether a given female oviposited during the previous nesting season. Females with CL having volumes greater than 0.2 cm2 or CL diameters greater than 0.4 cm were active the previous season.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jmor.1052240111","usgsCitation":"Guillette, L., Woodward, A., You-Xiang, Q., Cox, M., Matter, J., and Gross, T., 1995, Formation and regression of the corpus luteum of the American alligator: Journal of Morphology, v. 224, p. 97-110, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240111.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"224","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de30a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guillette, L. J.","contributorId":99094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guillette","given":"L. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, A.R.","contributorId":81061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"You-Xiang, Q.","contributorId":13188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"You-Xiang","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, M.C.","contributorId":11997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matter, J.H.","contributorId":79845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matter","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019086,"text":"70019086 - 1995 - Giant blocks in the South Kona landslide, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:37:00.78565","indexId":"70019086","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Giant blocks in the South Kona landslide, Hawaii","docAbstract":"A large field of blocky sea-floor hills, up to 10 km long and 500 m high, are gigantic slide blocks derived from the west flank of Mauna Loa volcano on the island of Hawaii. These megablocks are embedded in the toe of the South Kona landslide, which extends ∼80 km seaward from the present coastline to depths of nearly 5 km. A 10–15-km-wide belt of numerous, smaller, 1–3-km-long slide blocks separates the area of giant blocks from two submarine benches at depths of 2600 and 3700 m depth that terminate seaward 20 to 30 km from the shoreline. Similar giant blocks are found on several other major submarine Hawaiian landslides, including those north of Oahu and Molokai, but the South Kona blocks are the first to be examined in detail using high-resolution bathymetry, dredging, and submersible diving. Dredging of two of the giant blocks brought up pillowed tholeiitic lava. Observations from the U.S. Navy submersible Sea Cliff on the asymmetrically steep eastern flank of one block 10 km long and 300 m high revealed a succession of fractured massive basalt, laminar lava flows, hyaloclastite, and pillow lavas. Chemical analyses of dredged lava identified 19 units that overlap compositionally with lavas from the south rift-zone ridge of Mauna Loa. Sulfur content indicates that most of the lavas were erupted in subaerial and shallow submarine (<200 m depth) sites, but some were erupted in deeper submarine sites. These results indicate that the megablocks were carried by a late Pleistocene giant landslide 40–80 km west from the ancestral shoreline of Mauna Loa volcano before growth of the midslope benches by later slump movement.
Data from a four-year study of five aquatic insect species,Hydropsyche betteni, H. morosa, H. bronta, Isonychia bicolor, andEphoron leucon, were utilized to evaluate the impact of a 60-year flood and a few lesser floods. The survey began in August, 1984 and was terminated in October, 1987 with the 60-year flood occurring in November, 1985. Four sampling sites were established on the South River and six quantitative samples were taken each month from each site. Gauging stations on the South River provided accurate discharge data for the sampling sites and useful historical data. Densities for the five species were utilized in the evaluation of the floods. The importance of timing is pointed out, that is, floods that occur very close together or near the end of the life cycle of an insect make it difficult to evaluate floods as disturbances. The importance of life history traits, such as behavior and egg diapause, are discussed in respect to floods. Densities were reduced to less than 50% of their average values immediately after the 60-year flood for the threeHydropsyche spp. and at three sites forI. bicolor. Ephoron leucon showed no response to the 60-year flood. Densities of the four impacted species returned to previous levels in the following generation. The 60-year flood was considered a disturbance in the near term but not for more than one generation.
Sliding on faults in much of the continental crust likely occurs at hydrothermal conditions, i.e., at elevated temperature and elevated pressure of aqueous pore fluids, yet there have been few relevant laboratory studies. To measure the strength, sliding behavior, and friction constitutive properties of faults at hydrothermal conditions, we slid laboratory granite faults containing a layer of granite powder (simulated gouge). Velocity stepping experiments were performed at temperatures of 23° to 600°C, pore fluid pressures PH2O of 0 (“dry”) and 100 MPa (“wet”), effective normal stress of 400 MPa, and sliding velocities V of 0.01 to 1 μm/s (0.32 to 32 m/yr). Conditions were similar to those in earlier tests on dry granite to 845°C by Lockner et al. (1986). The mechanical results define two regimes. The first regime includes dry granite up to at least 845° and wet granite below 250°C. In this regime the coefficient of friction is high (μ = 0.7 to 0.8) and depends only modestly on temperature, slip rate, and PH2O. The second regime includes wet granite above ∼350°C. In this regime friction decreases considerably with increasing temperature (temperature weakening) and with decreasing slip rate (velocity strengthening). These regimes correspond well to those identified in sliding tests on ultrafine quartz. We infer that one or more fluid-assisted deformation mechanisms are activated in the second, hydrothermal, regime and operate concurrently with cataclastic flow. Slip in the first (cool and/or dry) regime is characterized by pervasive shearing and particle size reduction. Slip in the second (hot and wet) regime is localized primarily onto narrow shear bands adjacent to the gouge-rock interfaces. Weakness of these boundary shears may result either from an abundance of phyllosilicates preferentially aligned for easy dislocation glide, or from a dependence of strength on gouge particle size. Major features of the granite data set can be fit reasonably well by a rate- and temperature-dependent, three-regime friction constitutive model (Chester, this issue). We extrapolate the experimental data and model fit in order to estimate steady state shear strength versus depth along natural, slipping faults for sliding rates as low as 31 mm/yr. We do this for two end-member cases. In the first case, pore pressure is assumed hydrostatic at all depths. Shallow crustal strength in this case is similar to that calculated in previous work from room temperature friction data, while at depths below about 9–13 km (depending on slip rate), strength becomes less sensitive to depth but sensitive to slip rate. In the second case, pore pressure is assumed to be near-lithostatic at depths below ∼5 km. Strength is low at all depths in this case (<20 MPa, in agreement with observations of “weak” faults such as the San Andreas). The predicted depth of transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening lies at about 13 km depth for a slip rate of 31 mm/yr, in rough agreement with the seismic-aseismic transition depth observed on mature continental faults. These results highlight the importance of fluid-assisted deformation processes active in faults at depth and the need for laboratory studies on the roles of additional factors such as fluid chemistry, large displacements, higher concentrations of phyllosilicates, and time-dependent fault healing.
The record flood on the upper Mississippi River basin during the summer of 1993 provided a rare opportunity for collection of data on streambed scour at bridges and for testing of scour data collection equipment under extreme hydraulic conditions. Real-time scour measurements at bridges are categorized into one of three classes according to their objective: inspection measurements, limited-detail measurements, and detailed measurements. All three types of measurements were made during the 1993 flood. Recent advances in technology and improved application of existing technology allow hydraulic and channel bathymetry data to be collected more accurately, in greater detail, and more efficiently than previously possible. Two limited-detail and two detailed data sets are presented. The observed depths of scour are consistently less than the depths of pier scour estimated by use of recommended procedures. Additional data processing, analysis, and visualization are required to characterize and understand complex processes measured by use of state-of-the-art instrumentation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transportation Research Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","issn":"03611981","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.S., Landers, M.N., and Fischer, E.E., 1995, Scour measurements at bridge sites during 1993 Upper Mississippi River Basin flood: Transportation Research Record, no. 1483, p. 47-55.","startPage":"47","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River basin","issue":"1483","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b87abe4b08c986b3165d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landers, Mark N. 0000-0002-3014-0480 landers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3014-0480","contributorId":1103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"Mark","email":"landers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fischer, Edward E. edf@usgs.gov","contributorId":1063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Edward","email":"edf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":381157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}