Free thermal convection and mixed convection are considered as potential mechanisms for mass and heat transport in sedimentary basins. Mixed convection occurs when horizontal flows (forced convection) are superimposed on thermally driven flows. In cross section, mixed convection is characterized by convection cells that migrate laterally in the direction of forced convective flow. Two-dimensional finite-element simulations of variable-density groundwater flow and heat transport in a horizontal porous layer were performed to determine critical mean Rayleigh numbers for the onset of free convection, using both isothermal and semi-conductive boundaries. Additional simulations imposed a varying lateral fluid flux on the free-convection pattern. Results from these experiments indicate that forced convection becomes dominant, completely eliminating buoyancy-driven circulation, when the total forced-convection fluid flux exceeds the total flux possible due to free convection. Calculations of the thermal rock alteration index (RAI=q·∇T) delineate the patterns of potential diagenesis produced by fluid movement through temperature gradients. Free convection produces a distinct pattern of alternating positive and negative RAIs, whereas mixed convection produces a simpler layering of positive and negative values and in general less diagenetic alteration.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater ecoregions of North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","usgsCitation":"Walsh, S.J., 1999, Conservation of aquatic karst Biotas: shedding light on troubled waters, chap. of Freshwater ecoregions of North America, p. 106-108.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"106","endPage":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314692,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.islandpress.org/book/freshwater-ecoregions-of-north-america"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a360bbe4b0b28f1183bbe7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Abell, Robin","contributorId":152400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abell","given":"Robin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, David N.","contributorId":66305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589419,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dinerstein, Eric","contributorId":59920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinerstein","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589420,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hurley, Patrick M.","contributorId":12121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurley","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589421,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diggs, James T.","contributorId":152401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diggs","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589422,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eichbaum, William","contributorId":152402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eichbaum","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589423,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Walters, Steven","contributorId":152403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walters","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589424,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wettengel, Wesley","contributorId":152404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wettengel","given":"Wesley","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589425,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Allnutt, Tom","contributorId":152405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allnutt","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589426,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Loucks, Colby J.","contributorId":152406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loucks","given":"Colby","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589427,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hedao, Prashant","contributorId":152407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hedao","given":"Prashant","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589428,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Taylor, Caroline","contributorId":152408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Caroline","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589429,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":12}],"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Stephen J. 0000-0002-1009-8537 swalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-8537","contributorId":1456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Stephen","email":"swalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020996,"text":"70020996 - 1999 - Protocol and practice in the adaptive management of waterfowl harvests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70020996","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1323,"text":"Conservation Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Protocol and practice in the adaptive management of waterfowl harvests","docAbstract":"Waterfowl harvest management in North America, for all its success, historically has had several shortcomings, including a lack of well-defined objectives, a failure to account for uncertain management outcomes, and inefficient use of harvest regulations to understand the effects of management. To address these and other concerns, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service began implementation of adaptive harvest management in 1995. Harvest policies are now developed using a Markov decision process in which there is an explicit accounting for uncontrolled environmental variation, partial controllability of harvest, and structural uncertainty in waterfowl population dynamics. Current policies are passively adaptive, in the sense that any reduction in structural uncertainty is an unplanned by-product of the regulatory process. A generalization of the Markov decision process permits the calculation of optimal actively adaptive policies, but it is not yet clear how state-specific harvest actions differ between passive and active approaches. The Markov decision process also provides managers the ability to explore optimal levels of aggregation or \"management scale\" for regulating harvests in a system that exhibits high temporal, spatial, and organizational variability. Progress in institutionalizing adaptive harvest management has been remarkable, but some managers still perceive the process as a panacea, while failing to appreciate the challenges presented by this more explicit and methodical approach to harvest regulation. Technical hurdles include the need to develop better linkages between population processes and the dynamics of landscapes, and to model the dynamics of structural uncertainty in a more comprehensive fashion. From an institutional perspective, agreement on how to value and allocate harvests continues to be elusive, and there is some evidence that waterfowl managers have overestimated the importance of achievement-oriented factors in setting hunting regulations. Indeed, it is these unresolved value judgements, and the lack of an effective structure for organizing debate, that present the greatest threat to adaptive harvest management as a viable means for coping with management uncertainty. Copyright ?? 1999 by The Resilience Alliance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"11955449","usgsCitation":"Johnson, F., and Williams, K., 1999, Protocol and practice in the adaptive management of waterfowl harvests: Conservation Ecology, v. 3, no. 1.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f7fe4b0c8380cd7f7d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, F.","contributorId":59576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, K.","contributorId":40365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020994,"text":"70020994 - 1999 - Data set incongruence and correlated character evolution: An example of functional convergence in the hind-limbs of stifftail diving ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:46:21.70157","indexId":"70020994","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3510,"text":"Systematic Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Data set incongruence and correlated character evolution: An example of functional convergence in the hind-limbs of stifftail diving ducks","docAbstract":"The unwitting inclusion of convergent characters in phylogenetic estimates poses a serious problem for efforts to recover phylogeny. Convergence is not inscrutable, however, particularly when one group of characters tracks phylogeny and another set tracks adaptive history. In such cases, convergent characters may be correlated with one or a few functional anatomical units and readily identifiable by using comparative methods. Stifftail ducks (Oxyurinae) offer one such opportunity to study correlated character evolution and function in the context of phylogenetic reconstruction. Morphological analyses place stifftail ducks as part of a large clade of diving ducks that includes the sea ducks (Mergini), Hymenolaimus, Merganetta, and Tachyeres, and possibly the pochards (Aythyini). Molecular analyses, on the other hand, place stifftails far from other diving ducks and suggest, moreover, that stifftails are polyphyletic. Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences of eight stifftail species traditionally supposed to form a clade were compared with each other and with sequences from 50 other anseriform and galliform species. Stifftail ducks are not the sister group of sea ducks but lie outside the typical ducks (Anatinae). Of the four traditional stifftail genera, monophyly of Oxyura and its sister group relationship with Nomonyx are strongly supported. Heteronetta probably is the sister group of that clade, but support is weak. Biziura is not a true stifftail. Within Oxyura, Old World species (O. australis, O. leucocephala, O. maccoa) appear to form a clade, with New World species (O. jamaicensis, O. vittata) branching basally. Incongruence between molecules and morphology is interpreted to be the result of adaptive specialization and functional convergence in the hind limbs of Biziura and true stifftails. When morphological characters are divided into classes, only hind-limb characters are significantly in conflict with the molecular tree. Likewise, null models of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution based on patterns of codon-degeneracy and chemical dissimilarity indicate that the nucleotide and amino acid changes postulated by the molecular tree are more plausible than those postulated by the morphological tree. These findings teach general lessons about the utility of highly adaptive characters (in particular those related to foraging ecology) and underscore the problems that convergence can pose for attempts to recover phylogeny. They also demonstrate how the concept of natural data partitions and simple models of evolution (e.g., parsimony, likelihood, neutrality) can be used to test the accuracy of independent phylogenetic estimates and provide arguments in favor of one tree topology over another.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1080/106351599259979","issn":"10635157","usgsCitation":"McCracken, K.G., Harshman, J., Mcclellan, D.A., and Afton, A., 1999, Data set incongruence and correlated character evolution: An example of functional convergence in the hind-limbs of stifftail diving ducks: Systematic Biology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 683-714, https://doi.org/10.1080/106351599259979.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"714","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495734,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/106351599259979","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdb7e4b0c8380cd4e93b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCracken, K. G.","contributorId":7431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCracken","given":"K.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harshman, J.","contributorId":15785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harshman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mcclellan, D. A.","contributorId":81654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcclellan","given":"D.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021754,"text":"70021754 - 1999 - Hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Europa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021754","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Europa","docAbstract":"Spatially resolved infrared and ultraviolet wavelength spectra of Europa's leading, anti-jovian quadrant observed from the Galileo spacecraft show absorption features resulting from hydrogen peroxide. Comparisons with laboratory measurements indicate surface hydrogen peroxide concentrations of about 0.13 percent, by number, relative to water ice. The inferred abundance is consistent with radiolytic production of hydrogen peroxide by intense energetic particle bombardment and demonstrates that Europa's surface chemistry is dominated by radiolysis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.283.5410.2062","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Carlson, R.W., Anderson, M., Johnson, R., Smythe, W.D., Hendrix, A., Barth, C., Soderblom, L., Hansen, G.B., McCord, T.B., Dalton, J., Clark, R.N., Shirley, J., Ocampo, A., and Matson, D.L., 1999, Hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Europa: Science, v. 283, no. 5410, p. 2062-2064, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5410.2062.","startPage":"2062","endPage":"2064","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206282,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5410.2062"},{"id":229297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"283","issue":"5410","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a334fe4b0c8380cd5eed1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, R. W.","contributorId":85331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, M.S.","contributorId":105461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, R.E.","contributorId":77218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smythe, W. D.","contributorId":90878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smythe","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hendrix, A.R.","contributorId":94060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendrix","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barth, C.A.","contributorId":26468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barth","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hansen, G. B.","contributorId":98478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McCord, T. B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Dalton, J.B.","contributorId":77251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalton","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Shirley, J.H.","contributorId":65243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirley","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Ocampo, A.C.","contributorId":33456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ocampo","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Matson, D. L.","contributorId":59940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70021740,"text":"70021740 - 1999 - Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021740","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Fire Clay coal bed in the Central Appalachian basin region contains a laterally-persistent tonstein that is found in the coal throughout most of its areal extent. The tonstein contains an array of minerals, including sanidine, ??-quartz, anatase and euhedral zircon, thhat constitutes strong evidence for a volcanic origin of the parting. For this study, five samples of the tonstein and four sets of coal samples underlying the tonstein were collected from five sites in eastern Kentucky. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis of the tonstein and underlying coal collected from four sites in eastern Kentucky show that although Zr concentrations are high in the tonstein (570-1820 ppm on a coal-ash basis (cab)), they are highest in the coal directly underlying the tonstein (2870-4540 ppm (cab)). A similar enrichment pattern is observed in the concentration of Y plus the sum of the rare earth elements (Y + ??REE): total Y + ??REE concentrations in the five tonstein samples range from 511 to 565 ppm (cab). However, Y + ??REE contents are highest in the coals directly underlying the tonsteins: values range from 1965 to 4198 ppm (cab). Scanning electron microscopy of samples from coal which directly underlies two of the tonstein samples show that REE-rich phosphate, tentatively identified as monazite, commonly infills cracks in clays and cells in clarain and vitrain. Zircon is rare and commonly subhedral. On the basis of coal chemistry and grain morphology, we suggest that volcanic components in the tonstein were leached by ground water. The leachate, rich in Y and REE precipitated as authigenic mineral phases in the underlying coal.The Fire Clay coal bed in the Central Appalachian basin region contains a laterally-persistent tonstein that is found in the coal throughout most of its areal extent. The tonstein contains an array of minerals, including sanidine, ??-quartz, anatase and euhedral zircon, that constitutes strong evidence for a volcanic origin of the parting. For this study, five samples of the tonstein and four sets of coal samples underlying the tonstein were collected from five sites in eastern Kentucky. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis of the tonstein and underlying coal collected from four sites in eastern Kentucky show that although Zr concentrations are high in the tonstein (570-1820 ppm on a coal-ash basis (cab)), they are highest in the coal directly underlying the tonstein (2870-4540 ppm (cab)). A similar enrichment pattern is observed in the concentration of Y plus the sum of the rare earth elements (Y+???REE): total Y+???REE concentrations in the five tonstein samples range from 511 to 565 ppm (cab). However, Y+???REE contents are highest in the coals directly underlying the tonsteins: values range from 1965 to 4198 ppm (cab). Scanning electron microscopy of samples from coal which directly underlies two of the tonstein samples show that REE-rich phosphate, tentatively identified as monazite, commonly infills cracks in clays and cells in clarain and vitrain. Zircon is rare and commonly subhedral. On the basis of coal chemistry and grain morphology, we suggest that volcanic components in the tonstein were leached by ground water. The leachate, rich in Y and REE precipitated as authigenic mineral phases in the underlying coal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Ruppert, L., and Eble, C., 1999, Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 39, no. 1-3, p. 141-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3.","startPage":"141","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3"},{"id":229628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a446fe4b0c8380cd66ade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021735,"text":"70021735 - 1999 - Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-26T21:32:59.428106","indexId":"70021735","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona","docAbstract":"Under recent regulatory designation of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) occurring east and south of the Colorado River constitute the Sonoran population, whereas those to the west and north form the Mojave population. These management units, distinguished by significant genetic, morphometric, and ecological differences, represent deep phylogenetic subdivisions within G. agassizii and are of high conservation value. We provide genetic and morphological profiles for an unusual tortoise population inhabiting the Black Mountains of Arizona, some 40 km east of the Colorado River. Both mitochondrial (mt) DNA and morphometric analyses revealed predominately Mojavean features: ten of eleven Black Mountain tortoises possessed Mojave mtDNA markers, and 24 of 37 animals exhibited Mojave morphometric phenotypes. Our results indicate west-to-east movement of tortoises across the Colorado River, though how or when a Mojave lineage became established in the Black Mountains is difficult to ascertain. Active dispersal, river meander, and human transport (early or modern peoples) serve as plausible explanations. Future management of the Black Mountain tortoises should emphasize the population's Mojavean affinities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.2307/1565541","issn":"00221511","usgsCitation":"McLuckie, A., Lamb, T., Schwalbe, C., and Mccord, R., 1999, Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona: Journal of Herpetology, v. 33, no. 1, p. 36-44, https://doi.org/10.2307/1565541.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229558,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1564e4b0c8380cd54dc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLuckie, A.M.","contributorId":78107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLuckie","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamb, T.","contributorId":29360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwalbe, C.R.","contributorId":35259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mccord, R.D.","contributorId":71717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mccord","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021734,"text":"70021734 - 1999 - A sampling plan for conduit-flow karst springs: Minimizing sampling cost and maximizing statistical utility","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021734","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sampling plan for conduit-flow karst springs: Minimizing sampling cost and maximizing statistical utility","docAbstract":"Analytical data for nitrate and triazines from 566 samples collected over a 3-year period at Pleasant Grove Spring, Logan County, KY, were statistically analyzed to determine the minimum data set needed to calculate meaningful yearly averages for a conduit-flow karst spring. Results indicate that a biweekly sampling schedule augmented with bihourly samples from high-flow events will provide meaningful suspended-constituent and dissolved-constituent statistics. Unless collected over an extensive period of time, daily samples may not be representative and may also be autocorrelated. All high-flow events resulting in a significant deflection of a constituent from base-line concentrations should be sampled. Either the geometric mean or the flow-weighted average of the suspended constituents should be used. If automatic samplers are used, then they may be programmed to collect storm samples as frequently as every few minutes to provide details on the arrival time of constituents of interest. However, only samples collected bihourly should be used to calculate averages. By adopting a biweekly sampling schedule augmented with high-flow samples, the need to continuously monitor discharge, or to search for and analyze existing data to develop a statistically valid monitoring plan, is lessened.Analytical data for nitrate and triazines from 566 samples collected over a 3-year period at Pleasant Grove Spring, Logan County, KY, were statistically analyzed to determine the minimum data set needed to calculate meaningful yearly averages for a conduit-flow karst spring. Results indicate that a biweekly sampling schedule augmented with bihourly samples from high-flow events will provide meaningful suspended-constituent and dissolved-constituent statistics. Unless collected over an extensive period of time, daily samples may not be representative and may also be autocorrelated. All high-flow events resulting in a significant deflection of a constituent from base-line concentrations should be sampled. Either the geometric mean or the flow-weighted average of the suspended constituents should be used. If automatic samplers are used, then they may be programmed to collect storm samples as frequently as every few minutes to provide details on the arrival time of constituents of interest. However, only samples collected bihourly should be used to calculate averages. By adopting a biweekly sampling schedule augmented with high-flow samples, the need to continuously monitor discharge, or to search for and analyze existing data to develop a statistically valid monitoring plan, is lessened.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00064-7","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Currens, J., 1999, A sampling plan for conduit-flow karst springs: Minimizing sampling cost and maximizing statistical utility: Engineering Geology, v. 52, no. 1-2, p. 121-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00064-7.","startPage":"121","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206357,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00064-7"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e569e4b0c8380cd46d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Currens, J.C.","contributorId":72036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currens","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008026,"text":"1008026 - 1999 - Effects of avian cholera on survival of Lesser Snow geese Anser caerulescens: An experimental approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:28:20","indexId":"1008026","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1052,"text":"Bird Study","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effects of avian cholera on survival of Lesser Snow geese Anser caerulescens: An experimental approach","title":"Effects of avian cholera on survival of Lesser Snow geese Anser caerulescens: An experimental approach","docAbstract":"Avian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, is one of the most important diseases affecting waterfowl in North America but little is known about the epizootiology of this disease or its impacts on annual survival rates. We ringed Lesser Snow Geese Anser caerulescens nesting at Wrangel Island, Russia and Banks Island, Canada with metal rings and individually coded plastic neck-collars or radio-transmitters to determine survival, movement and cause of death. We vaccinated half of the neck-collared and radiotagged geese to provide protection from avian cholera for up to one year following ringing and thus experimentally determine the impacts of this disease on survival. We found that vaccination did not reduce short-term survival of the experimental birds, compared with control geese. Neck-collared geese vaccinated in 1993 at Wrangel Island had higher survival during winter 1993–94 than control birds. In contrast, we found similar survival during winter 1994–95 between vaccinated and control geese neck-collared in 1994 at Wrangel and Banks Islands. Survival of radiotagged geese on wintering areas during 1994–95 was consistent with the vaccination versus control results for neck-collared geese during the same winter. However, we found that radiotagged geese that were vaccinated had better survival than control geese during winter 1995–96. We believe that harvest and avian cholera are the two principal causes of mortality for Lesser Snow Geese wintering in the Pacific Flyway and that avian cholera may be one of the factors affecting these populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00063659909477250","usgsCitation":"Samuel, M.D., Takekawa, J.Y., Baranyuk, V.V., and Orthmeyer, D.L., 1999, Effects of avian cholera on survival of Lesser Snow geese Anser caerulescens: An experimental approach: Bird Study, v. 46, p. 239-247, https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659909477250.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"247","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6249b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuel, Michael D. msamuel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"Michael","email":"msamuel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":316577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baranyuk, Vasily V.","contributorId":75482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baranyuk","given":"Vasily","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orthmeyer, Dennis L.","contributorId":52646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orthmeyer","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":316579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021739,"text":"70021739 - 1999 - Health impacts of domestic coal use in China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021739","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Health impacts of domestic coal use in China","docAbstract":"Domestic coal combustion has had profound adverse effects on the health of millions of people worldwide. In China alone several hundred million people commonly burn raw coal in unvented stoves that permeate their homes with high levels of toxic metals and organic compounds. At least 3,000 people in Guizhou Province in southwest China are suffering from severe arsenic poisoning. The primary source of the arsenic appears to be consumption of chili peppers dried over fires fueled with high-arsenic coal. Coal samples in the region were found to contain up to 35,000 ppm arsenic. Chili peppers dried over high-arsenic coal fires adsorb 500 ppm arsenic on average. More than 10 million people in Guizhou Province and surrounding areas suffer from dental and skeletal fluorosis. The excess fluorine is caused by eating corn dried over burning briquettes made from high-fluorine coals and high-fluorine clay binders. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during coal combustion are believed to cause or contribute to the high incidence of esophageal and lung cancers in parts of China. Domestic coal combustion also has caused selenium poisoning and possibly mercury poisoning. Better knowledge of coal quality parameters may help to reduce some of these health problems. For example, information on concentrations and distributions of potentially toxic elements in coal may help delineate areas of a coal deposit to be avoided. Information on the modes of occurrence of these elements and the textural relations of the minerals and macerals in coal may help predict the behavior of the potentially toxic components during coal combustion.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., Belkin, H., and Zheng, B., 1999, Health impacts of domestic coal use in China, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 96, no. 7, p. 3427-3431, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427.","startPage":"3427","endPage":"3431","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479497,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":206397,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427"},{"id":229627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fdce4b0c8380cd5d14f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zheng, B.","contributorId":51489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008039,"text":"1008039 - 1999 - Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T16:23:38.201966","indexId":"1008039","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska","title":"Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska","docAbstract":"Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including non-ortho PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in sea otter liver tissue from California, southeast Alaska, and the western Aleutian archipelago collected between 1988 and 1992. Average total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane concentrations for California otters (850 μg/kg wet weight) were over 20 times higher than in Aleutian otters (40 μg/kg) and over 800 times higher than otters from southeast Alaska (1 μg/kg). Levels for total PCBs in Aleutian otters (310 μg/kg) were 1.7 times higher than levels in California otters (190 μg/kg) and 38 times higher than otters from southeast Alaska (8 μg/kg). Levels for PCDD and PCDF were extremely low in all otter populations. Levels of PCBs in Aleutian and Californian otters are abnormally high when compared with southeast Alaskan otters. The source of PCBs to the Aleutian Islands remains unclear and vital to understanding the potential impacts to sea otters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620180313","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Jarman, W.M., Estes, J.A., Simon, M., and Norstrom, R.J., 1999, Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, p. 452-458, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180313.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"452","endPage":"458","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae27a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C.E.","contributorId":98270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarman, Walter M.","contributorId":21895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarman","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6950,"text":"U CA Santa Cruz Long Marine Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":316610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simon, M.","contributorId":15976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Norstrom, R. J.","contributorId":69936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Norstrom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1008042,"text":"1008042 - 1999 - Beaded-chain collars: a new method to radiotag kangaroo rats for short-term studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1008042","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beaded-chain collars: a new method to radiotag kangaroo rats for short-term studies","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Harker, M., Rathbun, G.B., and Langtimm, C., 1999, Beaded-chain collars: a new method to radiotag kangaroo rats for short-term studies: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, p. 314-317.","productDescription":"p. 314-317","startPage":"314","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63dcba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harker, M.","contributorId":37290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harker","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langtimm, C.A. 0000-0001-8499-5743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":71133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langtimm","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014075,"text":"1014075 - 1999 - Effects of migration distance on whole-body and tissue-specific energy use American shad (Alosa sapidissima)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:09","indexId":"1014075","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of migration distance on whole-body and tissue-specific energy use American shad (Alosa sapidissima)","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"00-004/TF","usgsCitation":"Leonard, J.B., and McCormick, S., 1999, Effects of migration distance on whole-body and tissue-specific energy use American shad (Alosa sapidissima): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 56, no. 7, p. 1159-1171.","productDescription":"p. 1159-1171","startPage":"1159","endPage":"1171","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611bc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leonard, J. B. K.","contributorId":40159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":319735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70045672,"text":"70045672 - 1999 - Field guide to the continental Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton basin, Colorado and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-03T11:56:12","indexId":"70045672","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1724,"text":"GSA Field Guides","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field guide to the continental Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton basin, Colorado and New Mexico","docAbstract":"This guide consists of three general sections: an introduction that includes discussions of Raton basin stratigraphy and the Cretaceous Tertiary (K-T) boundary; descriptions of the geology along the route from Denver, Colorado, to Raton, New Mexico; and descriptions of several K-T sites in the Raton basin. Much of the information is from previous articles and field guides by the authors together with R. M. Flores and from road logs co-authored with Glenn R. Scott, both of the U.S.Geological Survey.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Field Guides","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.135","usgsCitation":"Pillmore, C.L., Nichols, D.J., and Fleming, 1999, Field guide to the continental Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton basin, Colorado and New Mexico: GSA Field Guides, v. 1, p. 135-155, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.135.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"31","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":271608,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271607,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-0001-9.135"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado;New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.25,36.5 ], [ -105.25,37.5 ], [ -104.25,37.5 ], [ -104.25,36.5 ], [ -105.25,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517f966be4b0e41721f7a368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pillmore, C. L.","contributorId":46093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pillmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, D. J.","contributorId":55466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleming","contributorId":128273,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Fleming","id":535487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021540,"text":"70021540 - 1999 - Dissolved sulfide distributions in the water column and sediment pore waters of the Santa Barbara Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:56:58","indexId":"70021540","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved sulfide distributions in the water column and sediment pore waters of the Santa Barbara Basin","docAbstract":"Dissolved sulfide concentrations in the water column and in sediment pore waters were measured by square-wave voltammetry (nanomolar detection limit) during three cruises to the Santa Barbara Basin in February 1995, November–December 1995, and April 1997. In the water column, sulfide concentrations measured outside the basin averaged 3 ± 1 nM (n= 28) in the 0 to 600 m depth range. Inside the basin, dissolved sulfides increased to reach values of up to 15 nM at depths >400 m. A suite of box cores and multicores collected at four sites along the northeastern flank of the basin showed considerable range in surficial (<0.5 cm) pore-water sulfide concentrations: <0.008, 0.01, 0.02, to as much as 0.4 μM at the 340, 430, 550, and 590 m sites, respectively. At a core depth of 10 cm, however, pore–water sulfides exhibited an even wider range: 0.005, 0.05, 0.1, and 100 μM at the same sites, respectively. The sulfide flux into the deep basin, estimated from water-column profiles during three cruises, suggests a fairly consistent input of 100–300 nmole m−2 h−1. In contrast, sulfide fluxes estimated from pore-water sulfide gradients at the sediment water interface were much more variable (−4 to 13,000 nmole m−2 h−1). Dissolved silicate profiles show clear indications of irrigation at shallow sites (340 and 430 m) in comparison to deeper basin sites (550 and 590 m) with low (<10 μM) bottom-water dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Pore-water profiles indicate ammonia generation at all sites, but particularly at the deep-basin 590 m site with concentrations increasing with sediment depth to >400 μM at 10 cm. Decreases in water-column nitrate below the sill depth indicate nitrate consumption (−55 to −137 μmole m−2 h−1) similar to nearby Santa Monica Basin. Peaks in pore-water iron concentrations were generally observed between 2 and 5 cm depth with shallowest peaks at the 590 m site. These observations, including observations of the benthic microfauna, suggest that the extent to which the sulfide flux, sustained by elevated pore-water concentrations, reaches the water column may be modulated by the abundance of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria in addition to iron redox and precipitation reactions.
We analyzed seismograms from 21 earthquakes (ML 2.0-4.9) recorded by digital seismographs we deployed in urban Seattle to determine site response and earthquake stress drops. The seismometers were situated on a wide variety of geologic units, including artificial fill (e.g., Kingdome, Harbor Island), Pleistocene age soils (glacial till and outwash deposits of Seattle's hills), modified land (downtown Seattle, Space Needle), and Tertiary sedimentary rock. Two mainshock-aftershock sequences were recorded: the June 1997 Bremerton sequence (mainshock ML 4.9) and the February 1997 South Seattle sequence (mainshock ML 3.5), along with other events in the Puget Sound region. We developed a new inversion procedure to estimate site response, source corner frequencies, and seismic moments from the S-wave spectra. This inversion uses corner frequencies determined from spectral ratios of mainshock-aftershock pairs as constraints. The site responses found from the inversion are not relative to the rock site but are relative to an idealized site with a flat frequency response. The response of the rock site is also found from the inversion. The inversion results show high response for the sites on artificial fill, more moderate amplification for most sites on stiff Pleistocene soils or modified land, and low response for the rock site. Some sites display resonances, such as a strong 2-Hz resonance at our site near the Kingdome, which is caused by the surficial layers of fill and younger alluvium. The sites in West Seattle exhibit high amplification, even though they are on relatively stiff soils of glacial outwash. This may be partly caused by basin surface waves produced by conversion of incident S waves. This high response in West Seattle is consistent with damage reports from the 1949 (mb 7.1) and 1965 (mb 6.5) earthquakes. Stress-drop estimates for the events we recorded were generally low, between 0.4 and 25 bars, although some of the events may have had higher stress drops that could not be resolved because of the limited passband. We calculated a stress drop of 24 bars for the Bremerton mainshock and 10 bars for the South Seattle mainshock.
The principal bedrock aquifer system across much of Indiana consists of carbonate rocks of Silurian and Devonian age. The Silurian-Devonian aquifer system is used extensively for irrigation in northwestern Indiana and is approximately 170 m thick. Reef and nonreef carbonate aquifers in northwestern Indiana were assessed using hydrogeology (lithology, geophysical logs, aquifer tests) and geochemistry (major ions and stable isotopes).
The study showed differences in water quantity and quality between the reef and nonreef aquifers. The reef aquifer had few shales, abundant fossiliferous material (up to 100 m thick), and high porosities (10 to 15%). The nonreef aquifer had abundant shales, less fossiliferous material (a few meters thick), and low porosities. Total transmissivities at the reef sites were 697 m2/d, (meters squared per day) and 4831 m2/d, compared to 46 m2/d at the nonreef site. Flowpaths in the nonreef aquifer were associated with fractures and poorly connected moldic porosity with larger fractures and better connected vuggy porosity in the reef aquifer. Water chemistry data for the nonreef aquifer showed mean concentrations of sodium (235 mg/L [milligrams per liter]), sulfate (160 mg/L), sul-fide (13 mg/L), fluoride (2.7 mg/L), and dissolved solids (635 mg/L) approximately two to five times larger when compared to mean concentrations in the reef aquifer. Ground water at the nonreef site was classified as a sodium-bicarbonate type while that at the reef sites was calcium-magnesium bicarbonate. The oxygen/deuterium isotope data indicates recharge from modern precipitation and not Pleistocene-age recharge.
Only a small proportion of land can realistically be protected as nature reserves and thus conservation efforts also must focus on the ecological value of agroecosystems and developed areas surrounding nature reserves. In this study, avian communities were surveyed in 11 habitat types in central Panama, across a gradient from extensive forest to intensive agricultural land uses, to examine patterns of species richness and abundance and community composition. Wooded habitats, including extensive and fragmented forests, shade coffee plantations, and residential areas supported the most species and individuals. Nearctic-Neotropical migratory species were most numerous in lowland forest fragments, shade coffee, and residential areas. Introduced Pinus caribbea and sugar cane plantations supported the fewest species compared to all other habitats. Cattle pastures left fallow for less than two years supported more than twice as many total species as actively grazed pastures, such that species richness in fallow pastures was similar to that found in wooded habitats. Community similarities were relatively low among all habitat types (none exceeding the observed 65% similarity between extensive and fragmented lowland forests), but communities in shade coffee and residential areas were 43% and 54′% similar to lowland forest fragments, respectively. Fallow pastures and residential areas shared 60% of their species. Bird communities in shade coffee and residential areas were characterized by higher proportions of frugivorous and nectarivorous species than in native forests. These same guilds also were better represented in fallow than in grazed pastures. Raptors and piscivorous species were most prevalent in cattle pastures and rice fields. These results, though based upon only species richness and abundance, demonstrate that many human-altered habitats have potential ecological value for birds, and conservation efforts in tropical areas should focus greater attention on enhancement of agricultural and developed lands as wildlife habitat. To understand the true conservation value of these modified lands will require examination not only of numbers but also of the types of species supported by these habitats, their reproductive output and survival rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00505.x","usgsCitation":"Petit, L.J., Petit, D.R., Christian, D.G., and Powell, H.D., 1999, Bird communities of natural and modified habitats in Panama: Ecography, v. 22, no. 3, p. 292-304, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00505.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Panama","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.8333,\n 9.1667\n ],\n [\n -80.8333,\n 8.4833\n ],\n [\n -79.3833,\n 8.4833\n ],\n [\n -79.3833,\n 9.1667\n ],\n [\n -80.8333,\n 9.1667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1aae4b0c8380cd4ad86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petit, L. J.","contributorId":22053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petit, D. R.","contributorId":97865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christian, D. G.","contributorId":20102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christian","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powell, Hugo D. W.","contributorId":43298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"Hugo","email":"","middleInitial":"D. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021755,"text":"70021755 - 1999 - Explaining spatial variability in mean annual runoff in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T15:40:59.04032","indexId":"70021755","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1249,"text":"Climate Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Explaining spatial variability in mean annual runoff in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"The hydrologic concepts needed in a water-balance model to estimate the spatial variation in mean annual runoff for the 344 climate divisions in the conterminous United States (U.S.) were determined. The concepts that were evaluated were the climatic supply of water (precipitation), climatic demand for water (potential evapotranspiration), seasonality in supply and demand, and soil-moisture-storage capacity. Most (91%) of the spatial variability in mean annual runoff for the climate divisions in the conterminous U.S. was explained by the spatial variability of mean annual precipitation minus mean annual potential evapotranspiration. When soil-moisture-storage capacity and seasonality in supply and demand were added to the water balance, the explained variance in mean annual runoff increased slightly, and the error in estimated mean annual runoff decreased significantly. Adding soil-moisture-storage capacity and seasonality in supply and demand provided the most improvement in areas where seasonal supply and demand are out of phase.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/cr011149","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D.M., and McCabe, G.J., 1999, Explaining spatial variability in mean annual runoff in the conterminous United States: Climate Research, v. 11, no. 2, p. 149-159, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr011149.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"159","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489821,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr011149","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n 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