{"pageNumber":"3371","pageRowStart":"84250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184914,"records":[{"id":1007862,"text":"1007862 - 1999 - Comparison of post-fire seedling establishment between scrub communities in Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean climate ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T19:51:53.734853","indexId":"1007862","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of post-fire seedling establishment between scrub communities in Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean climate ecosystems","docAbstract":"

1 Both fire regimes and the conditions under which fires occur vary widely. Abiotic conditions (such as climate) in combination with fire season, frequency and intensity could influence vegetation responses to fire. A variety of adaptations facilitate post-fire recruitment in mediterranean climate ecosystems, but responses of other communities are less well known. We evaluated the importance of climate by comparing sites with mediterranean and subtropical climates.

2 We used paired burned and mature sites in chamise chaparral, mixed chaparral and coastal sage scrub (California), and rosemary scrub, sand pine scrub and sandhill (Florida), to test whether (i) patterns of pre-fire and post-fire seedling recruitment are more similar between communities within a region than between regions, and (ii) post-fire stimulation of seedling establishment is greater in regions with marked fire-induced contrasts in abiotic site characteristics.

3 Post-fire seedling densities were more similar among sites within climatic regions than between regions. Both seedling densities and proportions of species represented by seedlings after fires were generally higher in California.

4 The only site characteristic showing a pre-fire–post-fire contrast was percentage open canopy, and the effect was greater in California than in Florida. Soil properties were unaffected by fire.

5 Mediterranean climate ecosystems in other regions have nutrient-poor soils similar to our subtropical Florida sites, but show post-fire seedling recruitment patterns more similar to the nutrient-rich sites in California. Climate therefore appears to play a more major role than soil characteristics.

","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00419.x","usgsCitation":"Carrington, M., and Keeley, J., 1999, Comparison of post-fire seedling establishment between scrub communities in Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean climate ecosystems: Journal of Ecology, v. 87, p. 1025-1036, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00419.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1025","endPage":"1036","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130378,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae16b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrington, M.E.","contributorId":28930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrington","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021433,"text":"70021433 - 1999 - The idea of magma mixing: History of a struggle for acceptance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70021433","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The idea of magma mixing: History of a struggle for acceptance","docAbstract":"In 1851, chemist Robert Bunsen suggested that the mixing of two magmas, one mafic and the other felsic, in various proportions might account for the wide range of chemical compositions of igneous rocks. Based on flaws in several of its secondary provisions, the whole hypothesis was rejected by a succession of influential critics and remained in disrepute for a hundred years. Meanwhile, studies of composite dikes and sills indicated that, indeed, mafic and felsic magmas had coexisted at close quarters and had been emplaced in quick succession. This interpretation was also used by some investigators to explain the intimate association of mafic and felsic rock types in the commonly occurring igneous complexes. Others believed that the mafic components of these complexes were derived from geologically older mafic formations. By the early 1900s it had become apparent that mafic magmas crystallized at higher temperatures than felsic magmas. This knowledge was not immediately applied to the problem of magma mixing, however, due in part to the popularity of the newly validated process of fractional crystallization and to the implication that the diversity of igneous rocks could be accounted for by that process alone. Not until the 1950s was the attention of the geological community drawn to the fact that disparate magmas mix in a special manner: they mingle, the mafic magma being quenched to a fracturable solid upon contact with the cooler felsic magma. This explanation set in motion a series of studies of other igneous complexes, confirming the concept and adding other identifying features of the process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/314357","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, R., 1999, The idea of magma mixing: History of a struggle for acceptance: Journal of Geology, v. 107, no. 4, p. 421-432, https://doi.org/10.1086/314357.","startPage":"421","endPage":"432","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206448,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/314357"}],"volume":"107","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacd6e4b08c986b323796","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, R.E.","contributorId":107348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021831,"text":"70021831 - 1999 - On relating apparent stress to the stress causing earthquake fault slip","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:54:42.585611","indexId":"70021831","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On relating apparent stress to the stress causing earthquake fault slip","docAbstract":"

Apparent stress τa is defined as \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb11721:jgrb11721-math-0001\", where \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb11721:jgrb11721-math-0002\" is the average shear stress loading the fault plane to cause slip and η is the seismic efficiency, defined as Ea/ W, where Ea is the energy radiated seismically and W is the total energy released by the earthquake. The results of a recent study in which apparent stresses of mining-induced earthquakes were compared to those measured for laboratory stick-slip friction events led to the hypothesis that \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb11721:jgrb11721-math-0003\". This hypothesis is tested here against a substantially augmented data set of earthquakes for which \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb11721:jgrb11721-math-0002\" can be estimated, mostly from in situ stress measurements, for comparison with τa. The expanded data set, which includes earthquakes artificially triggered at a depth of 9 km in the German Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (KTB) borehole and natural tectonic earthquakes, covers a broad range of hypocentral depths, rock types, pore pressures, and tectonic settings. Nonetheless, over ∼14 orders of magnitude in seismic moment, apparent stresses exhibit distinct upper bounds defined by a maximum seismic efficiency of ∼0.06, consistent with the hypothesis proposed before. This behavior of τa and η can be expressed in terms of two parameters measured for stick-slip friction events in the laboratory: the ratio of the static to the dynamic coefficient of friction and the fault slip overshoot. Typical values for these two parameters yield seismic efficiencies of ∼0.06. In contrast to efficiencies for laboratory events for which η is always near 0.06, those for earthquakes tend to be less than this bounding value because Ea for earthquakes is usually underestimated due to factors such as band-limited recording. Thus upper bounds on \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb11721:jgrb11721-math-0004\" appear to be controlled by just a few fundamental aspects of frictional stick-slip behavior that are common to shallow earthquakes everywhere. Estimates of \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb11721:jgrb11721-math-0002\" from measurements of τa for suites of earthquakes, using \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb11721:jgrb11721-math-0003\", are found to be comparable in magnitude to estimates of shear stress on the basis of extrapolating in situ stress data to seismogenic depths.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998JB900083","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., 1999, On relating apparent stress to the stress causing earthquake fault slip: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B2, p. 3003-3011, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JB900083.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3003","endPage":"3011","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229410,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6da9e4b0c8380cd75264","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021431,"text":"70021431 - 1999 - Internal and external scope in willingness-to-pay estimates for threatened and endangered wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:42:34","indexId":"70021431","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Internal and external scope in willingness-to-pay estimates for threatened and endangered wildlife","docAbstract":"

Economic theory suggests willingness-to-pay (WTP) should be significantly higher for a comprehensive good than for a subset of that good. We tested this using both a split sample design (external scope test) and paired responses (internal scope test) for WTP for several endangered fish and wildlife species in the US. In the paired response case we corrected for correlation of willingness-to-pay responses using a bivariate probit model. Surprisingly, the independent split samples passed the scope test but the paired samples did not. As the results contradict each other, questions of validity for policy implications are raised. However, using either approach, the benefit of maintaining critical habitat for these species exceeds the costs.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/jema.1999.0277","usgsCitation":"Giraud, K., Loomis, J., and Johnson, R., 1999, Internal and external scope in willingness-to-pay estimates for threatened and endangered wildlife: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 56, no. 3, p. 221-229, https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1999.0277.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"229","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d2be4b0c8380cd6336b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giraud, K.L.","contributorId":14589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giraud","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loomis, J.B.","contributorId":55985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loomis","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, R.L.","contributorId":47305,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17860,"text":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":389848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008025,"text":"1008025 - 1999 - Studies of reproductive output of the desert tortoise at Joshua Tree National Park, the Mojave National Preserve, and comparative sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T13:32:52","indexId":"1008025","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3014,"text":"Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of reproductive output of the desert tortoise at Joshua Tree National Park, the Mojave National Preserve, and comparative sites","docAbstract":"

The stability of any population is a function of how many young are produced and how many survive to reproduce. Populations with low reproductive output and high mortality will decline until such time as deaths and births are at least balanced. Monitoring populations of sensitive species is particularly important to ensure that conditions do not favor decline or extinction.

Turtles, including tortoises, are characterized by life history traits that make them slow to adapt to rapid changes in mortality and habitat alteration. Long life spans (in excess of 50 years), late maturity, and widely variable nest success are traits that allowed turtles to outlive the dinosaurs, but they are poorly adapted for life in the rapidly changing modern world. Increased mortality of young and adults can seriously tip the delicate balance required for turtles to survive.

","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lovich, J., Medica, P., Avery, H., Meyer, K., Bowser, G., and Brown, A., 1999, Studies of reproductive output of the desert tortoise at Joshua Tree National Park, the Mojave National Preserve, and comparative sites: Park Science, v. 19, no. 1, p. 22-24.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329219,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dmg.gov/documents/STDY_Rprdctve_Output_DT_at_JTNP_MNP_Lovich_et_al_090199.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":131079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699fe2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovich, J.E.","contributorId":102411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medica, P.","contributorId":36491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avery, H.","contributorId":59758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avery","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, K.","contributorId":28204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowser, G.","contributorId":33670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowser","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, A.","contributorId":27825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1014808,"text":"1014808 - 1999 - The effect of migration distance and timing on metabolic enzyme activity in an anadromous clupeid, the American shad (Alosa sapidissima)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T15:26:04.742517","indexId":"1014808","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1651,"text":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of migration distance and timing on metabolic enzyme activity in an anadromous clupeid, the American shad (Alosa sapidissima)","docAbstract":"

The American shad (Alosa sapidissima) is a common anadromous fish species with ecological and economic importance on the east coast of North America. This iteroparous species undergoes an energetically costly upriver spawning migration in spring. To evaluate metabolic changes associated with this migration, we assessed the maximum activity of five metabolic enzymes (citrate synthase (CS), phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD), alanine aminotransferase (GPT)) in liver, red muscle and white muscle during upstream migration in two successive years in the Connecticut River. For aerobic capacity (CS), glycolytic capacity (LDH) and utilization of stored lipid and protein energy (HOAD and GPT), there is a general pattern of increasing activity with a subsequent decline at the most upriver sites. Red muscle CS activity increased by as much as 40% during the migration while white muscle CS activity was 120% higher in the river than in the ocean. In contrast, muscle anaerobic capacity, indicated by PFK, was low as fish entered the river and then increased 5-fold at the most upriver sites. White muscle HOAD increased ∼30% while red muscle HOAD and muscle GPT increased as much as 60%. There were interannual and sex-associated differences in enzyme activity during upstream migration and through time at a single location. In some cases interannual differences can be larger than those seen during upriver migration as in the case of red muscle CS where sampling years differed by 125%. These interannual differences may be a result of differing river conditions that affect migratory effort. We have demonstrated that American shad use tissue and sex-specific regulation of enzyme activity during migration and we suggest that American shad metabolically acclimate to upstream migration.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1023/A:1007751701668","usgsCitation":"Leonard, J.B., and McCormick, S., 1999, The effect of migration distance and timing on metabolic enzyme activity in an anadromous clupeid, the American shad (Alosa sapidissima): Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 163-179, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007751701668.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6677b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leonard, J. B. K.","contributorId":40159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014804,"text":"1014804 - 1999 - A review of early mortality syndrome (EMS) Great Lakes salmonids: relationship with thiamine deficiency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:31","indexId":"1014804","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":698,"text":"Ambio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of early mortality syndrome (EMS) Great Lakes salmonids: relationship with thiamine deficiency","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ambio","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"99-054/NF","usgsCitation":"Fitzsimons, J., Brown, S., Honeyfield, D., and Hnath, J., 1999, A review of early mortality syndrome (EMS) Great Lakes salmonids: relationship with thiamine deficiency: Ambio, v. 28, no. 1, p. 9-15.","productDescription":"p. 9-15","startPage":"9","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzsimons, J.D.","contributorId":50845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzsimons","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, S.B.","contributorId":107636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Honeyfield, D. C. 0000-0003-3034-2047","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-2047","contributorId":73136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honeyfield","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hnath, J.G.","contributorId":34852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hnath","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021430,"text":"70021430 - 1999 - Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at German broadband arrays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:07:47.976779","indexId":"70021430","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at German broadband arrays","docAbstract":"

Seismograms of earthquakes from the South Pacific recorded at a German broadband array and network show precursors to PKPdf. These precursors mainly originate from off-path scattering of PKPab or a nearby PKPbc to P (for receiver-side scattering) or from scattering of P to PKPab or PKPbc on the PKPdf path (for source-side scattering). Standard array processing techniques based on plane wave approximations (such as vespagram or frequency-wavenumber analysis) are inadequate for investigating these precursors since scattered waves cannot be approximated as plane waves for arrays and networks larger than 300 × 300 km for short-period waves. We therefore develop a migration method to estimate the location of scatterers in the mantle, at the core-mantle boundary and at the top of the outer core. With our method we are able to find isolated scatterers at the source side and the receiver side, although the depth of the scatterer is not well constrained. However, from looking at the first possible arrival time of precursors at different depth and the region where scattering can take place (scattering volume), we believe that the location of the scatterers is in the lowermost mantle. Since we have detected scatterers in regions where ultralow-velocity zones have been discovered recently, we think that the precursor energy possibly originates from scattering at partial melt at the base of the mantle. Comparing results from broadband and band-pass-filtered data the detection of small-scale structure of the ultralow-velocity zones becomes possible.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900128","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Thomas, C., Weber, M., Wicks, C., and Scherbaum, F., 1999, Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at German broadband arrays: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B7, p. 15073-15088, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900128.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15073","endPage":"15088","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489145,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900128","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b918fe4b08c986b319987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, C.","contributorId":7443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, M.","contributorId":93231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wicks, C.W.","contributorId":6615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scherbaum, F.","contributorId":20107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scherbaum","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008041,"text":"1008041 - 1999 - Reply to Garshelis and Johnson","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T13:22:29","indexId":"1008041","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to Garshelis and Johnson","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Science","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., 1999, Reply to Garshelis and Johnson: Science, v. 283.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"177","numberOfPages":"177","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"283","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014777,"text":"1014777 - 1999 - Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons II: The shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum, Lesueur, 1818)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T12:27:16.195588","indexId":"1014777","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons II: The shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum, Lesueur, 1818)","docAbstract":"
The fine structure of the sperm cell of the shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) was examined using transmission electron microscopy and selected metrics. The cell possesses a distinct acrosome, a defined head region, a midpiece, and a single flagellum. The mean length of the sperm cell body (acrosome + nucleus + midpiece) is approximately 9.71 µm, and the length of the flagellum is about 37 µm, resulting in a total cell length of about 46 µm. The sperm cell of the shortnose sturgeon is much longer and slightly wider than that of the Atlantic sturgeon. The nuclei of shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeon sperm cells are elongate trapezoids with the anterior (acrosome) end narrowest, the opposite of that of the Atlantic sturgeon. Although slightly smaller in total length and width than the sperm cells of the stellate and white sturgeons, that of the shortnose sturgeon is most similar to them in overall ultrastructure, as all three cells have three endonuclear canals. A structural connection of unknown function between the nuclear fossa and the proximal centriole, which is similar to the fibrous body in other species, is present in the shortnose sturgeon sperm cell. Our results suggest a more recent evolutionary link between the shortnose, white, and stellate sturgeons than between any of these and the Atlantic sturgeon. This is the first description of sperm cell ultrastructure in the shortnose sturgeon, an endangered species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z98-219","usgsCitation":"DiLauro, M.N., Kaboord, W., and Walsch, R., 1999, Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons II: The shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum, Lesueur, 1818): Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 77, no. 2, p. 321-330, https://doi.org/10.1139/z98-219.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiLauro, M. N.","contributorId":75475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLauro","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaboord, W.S.","contributorId":103622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaboord","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walsch, R.A.","contributorId":79062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsch","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008058,"text":"1008058 - 1999 - Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T16:05:59.947114","indexId":"1008058","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago","docAbstract":"

We studied productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA, during the summers of 1993 and 1994. Productivity on Adak, Tanaga, and Amchitka Islands ranged from 0.88 to 1.24 young produced per occupied site and was comparable to that of healthy populations in the lower 48 United States. However, productivity on Kiska Island was depressed, averaging 0.67 young per occupied site. The lower reproductive success on Kiska was associated with elevated levels of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and other organochlorine pesticides. Many of the organochlorine pesticides were elevated in bald eagle eggs from the four islands, but concentrations of these contaminants and Hg were significantly higher in eggs from Kiska Island than in eggs from the other islands. In contrast, polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations were higher in eggs from Adak, Amchitka, and Kiska (where military facilities have been installed) than in those from Tanaga (which has had little military activity). The most likely source of these contaminants in bald eagles was from their diets, which were variable spatially and temporally. Fish made up most (56%) of the eagles' diet on Adak and Tanaga Islands, followed by birds (25%) and mammals (19%). In contrast, birds comprised the majority (60%) of bald eagle diets on Amchitka and Kiska Islands, followed by mammals (30%) and fish (10%). The high proportion of seabirds in the diet of eagles from Kiska Island could be the major source of organochlorine and Hg contamination. Elevated concentrations of organochlorines in bald eagle eggs from the Aleutian Archipelago was surprising, because of the distance to agricultural areas. The results indicate that these contaminants can be transported long distances and affect wildlife populations in remote and pristine areas. We also discuss potential sources and transport mechanisms of these contaminants to the Aleutian Islands.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620180925","usgsCitation":"Anthony, R., Miles, A., Estes, J.A., and Isaacs, F., 1999, Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, no. 9, p. 2054-2062, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180925.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2054","endPage":"2062","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":130785,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, R.G.","contributorId":107641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miles, A.K. 0000-0002-3108-808X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-808X","contributorId":85902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"A.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Isaacs, F.B.","contributorId":39733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isaacs","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70196555,"text":"70196555 - 1999 - Mycotoxins","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70196555,"text":"70196555 - 1999 - Mycotoxins","indexId":"70196555","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Mycotoxins"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T14:36:21","indexId":"70196555","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Mycotoxins","docAbstract":"

Mycotoxins are toxins produced by molds (fungi) that, when they are ingested, can cause diseases called mycotoxicosis. These diseases are are not infectious. The effects on the animal are caused by fungal toxins in foods ingested, usually grains, and are not caused by infection with the fungus. Many different molds produce mycotoxins and many corresponding disease syndromes have been described for domestic animals. However, only two types of mycotoxin poisoning, aflatoxicosis and fusariotoxicosis, have been documented in free-ranging migratory birds.

Until recently, sickness or death caused by mycotoxins were rarely reported in migratory birds. Identification of mycotoxins as the cause of a mortality event can be difficult for a number of reasons. The effects may be subtle and difficult to detect or identify, or the effects may be delayed and the bird may have moved away from the contaminated food source before becoming sick or dying. Also, grain containing toxin-producing molds can be difficult or impossible to recognize because it may not appear overtly moldy.

Techniques to detect and quantify a variety of mycotoxins important to domestic animal and human health are available through many diagnostic laboratories that serve health needs for those species. These same techniques are applicable for wildlife. Further study and improved diagnostic technology is likely to result in identification of additional types of mycotoxins as causes of disease and death in waterfowl and other wildlife.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Creekmore, L.H., 1999, Mycotoxins: Information and Technology Report, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"270","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353450,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":353449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=279","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff12ece4b0da30c1bfd32d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Creekmore, Lynn H.","contributorId":202107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Creekmore","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":36346,"text":"USDA, APHIS, VS, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, CO 80526","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":733579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021176,"text":"70021176 - 1999 - Fault-slip distribution of the 1995 Colima-Jalisco, Mexico, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T00:59:33.617181","indexId":"70021176","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault-slip distribution of the 1995 Colima-Jalisco, Mexico, earthquake","docAbstract":"

Broadband teleseismic P waves have been analyzed to recover the rupture history of the large (MS 7.4) Colima-Jalisco, Mexico, shallow interplate thrust earthquake of 9 October 1995. Ground-displacement records in the period range of 1-60 sec are inverted using a linear, finite-fault waveform inversion procedure that allows a variable dislocation duration on a prescribed fault. The method is applied using both a narrow fault that simulates a line source with a dislocation window of 50 sec and a wide fault with a possible rise time of up to 20 sec that additionally allows slip updip and downdip from the hypocenter. The line-source analysis provides a spatio-temporal image of the slip distribution consisting of several large sources located northwest of the hypocenter and spanning a range of rupture velocities. The two-dimensional finite-fault inversion allows slip over this rupture-velocity range and indicates that the greatest coseismic displacement (3-4 m) is located between 70 and 130 km from the hypocenter at depths shallower than about 15 km. Slip in this shallow region consists of two major sources, one of which is delayed by about 10 sec relative to a coherent propagation of rupture along the plate interface. These two slip sources account for about one-third of the total P-wave seismic moment of 8.3 × 1027 dyne-cm (Mw 7.9) and may have been responsible for the local tsunami observed along the coast following the earthquake.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0890051338","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Mendoza, C., and Hartzell, S., 1999, Fault-slip distribution of the 1995 Colima-Jalisco, Mexico, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 89, no. 5, p. 1338-1344, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0890051338.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1338","endPage":"1344","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Colima-Jalisco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.78869116413276,\n 21.582530484506776\n ],\n [\n -106.78869116413276,\n 18.46571607739685\n ],\n [\n -102.24035132038269,\n 18.46571607739685\n ],\n [\n -102.24035132038269,\n 21.582530484506776\n ],\n [\n -106.78869116413276,\n 21.582530484506776\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f21e4b0c8380cd537ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendoza, C.","contributorId":82059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022096,"text":"70022096 - 1999 - General geology and geomorphology of the Mars Pathfinder landing site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-18T08:40:35","indexId":"70022096","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"General geology and geomorphology of the Mars Pathfinder landing site","docAbstract":"The Mars Pathfinder (MPF) spacecraft landed on relatively young (late Hesperian-early Amazonian; 3.1-0.7 Ga) plains in Chryse Planitia near the mouth of Ares Vallis. Images returned from the spacecraft reveal a complex landscape of ridges and troughs, large hills and crater rims, rocks and boulders of various sizes and shapes, and surficial deposits, indicating a complex, multistage geologic history of the landing site. After the deposition of one or more bedrock units, depositional and erosional fluvial processes shaped much of the present landscape. Multiple erosional events are inferred on the basis of observations of numerous channels, different orientations of many streamlined tails from their associated knobs and hills, and superposition of lineations and streamlines. Medium- and small-scale features, interpreted to be related to late-stage drainage of floodwaters, are recognized in several areas at the landing site. Streamlined knobs and hills seen in Viking orbiter images support this inference, as they seem to be complex forms, partly erosional and partly depositional, and may also indicate a series of scouring and depositional events that, in some cases, further eroded or partially buried these landforms. Although features such as these are cited as evidence for catastrophic flooding at Ares Vallis, some of these features may also be ascribed to alternative primary or secondary depositional processes, such as glacial or mass-wasting processes. Close inspection of the landing site reveals rocks that are interpreted to be volcanic in origin and others that may be conglomeratic. If such sedimentary rocks are confirmed, fluvial processes have had a greater significance on Mars than previously thought. For the last several hundred million to few billion years, eolian processes have been dominant. Dunes and dune-like features, ventifacts, and deflation and exhumation features around several rocks probably are the most recent landforms. The relatively pristine nature of the overall landscape at the MPF site suggests weathering and erosion processes on Mars are exceptionally slow.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/1998JE900021","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ward, A.W., Gaddis, L.R., Kirk, R.L., Soderblom, L.A., Tanaka, K.L., Golombek, M., Parker, T.J., Greeley, R., and Kuzmin, R., 1999, General geology and geomorphology of the Mars Pathfinder landing site: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E4, p. 8555-8571, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JE900021.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"8555","endPage":"8571","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998je900021","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"104","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1507e4b0c8380cd54c84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, A. W.","contributorId":8129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Golombek, M.P.","contributorId":52696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombek","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Parker, T. J.","contributorId":30776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Greeley, Ronald","contributorId":20833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kuzmin, R.O.","contributorId":14932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzmin","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70022095,"text":"70022095 - 1999 - The chemical and isotopic differentiation of an epizonal magma body: Organ Needle pluton, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-31T11:48:21.103603","indexId":"70022095","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemical and isotopic differentiation of an epizonal magma body: Organ Needle pluton, New Mexico","docAbstract":"

Major and trace element, and Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of whole rocks and mineral separates from the Oligocene, alkaline Organ Needle pluton (ONP), southern New Mexico, constrain models for the differentiation of the magma body parental to this compositionally zoned and layered epizonal intrusive body. The data reveal that the pluton is rimmed by lower εNd (∼ −5) and higher 87Sr/86Sr (∼0.7085) syenitic rocks than those in its interior (εNd ∼ −2, 87Sr/86Sr ∼0.7060) and that the bulk compositions of the marginal rocks become more felsic with decreasing structural depth. At the deepest exposed levels of the pluton, the εNd ∼ −5 lithology is a compositionally heterogeneous inequigranular syenite. Modal, compositional and isotopic data from separates of rare earth element (REE)-bearing major and accessory mineral phases (hornblende, titanite, apatite, zircon) demonstrate that this decoupling of trace and major elements in the inequigranular syenite results from accumulation of light REE (LREE)-bearing minerals that were evidently separated from silicic magmas as the latter rose along the sides of the magma chamber. Chemical and isotopic data for microgranular mafic enclaves, as well as for restite xenoliths of Precambrian granite wall rock, indicate that the isotopic distinction between the marginal and interior facies of the ONP probably reflects assimilation of the wall rock by εNd ∼ −2 mafic magmas near the base of the magma system. Fractional crystallization and crystal–liquid separation of the crustally contaminated magma at the base and along the margins of the chamber generated the highly silicic magmas that ultimately pooled at the chamber top.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petroj/40.4.653","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P., Farmer, G.L., McCurry, M., and Mertzman, S., 1999, The chemical and isotopic differentiation of an epizonal magma body: Organ Needle pluton, New Mexico: Journal of Petrology, v. 40, no. 4, p. 653-678, https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/40.4.653.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"653","endPage":"678","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/40.4.653","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa27e4b08c986b32272d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCurry, M.","contributorId":88097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCurry","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mertzman, S.A.","contributorId":86922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mertzman","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022078,"text":"70022078 - 1999 - Mapping the rupture process of moderate earthquakes by inverting accelerograms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:22:25.69788","indexId":"70022078","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping the rupture process of moderate earthquakes by inverting accelerograms","docAbstract":"

We present a waveform inversion method that uses recordings of small events as Green's functions to map the rupture growth of moderate earthquakes. The method fits P and S waveforms from many stations simultaneously in an iterative procedure to estimate the subevent rupture time and amplitude relative to the Green's function event. We invert the accelerograms written by two moderate Parkfield earthquakes using smaller events as Green's functions. The first earthquake (M = 4.6) occurred on November 14, 1993, at a depth of 11 km under Middle Mountain, in the assumed preparation zone for the next Parkfield main shock. The second earthquake (M = 4.7) occurred on December 20, 1994, some 6 km to the southeast, at a depth of 9 km on a section of the San Andreas fault with no previous microseismicity and little inferred coseismic slip in the 1966 Parkfield earthquake. The inversion results are strikingly different for the two events. The average stress release in the 1993 event was 50 bars, distributed over a geometrically complex area of 0.9 km2. The average stress release in the 1994 event was only 6 bars, distributed over a roughly elliptical area of 20 km2. The ruptures of both events appear to grow spasmodically into relatively complex shapes: the inversion only constrains the ruptures to grow more slowly than the S wave velocity but does not use smoothness constraints.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB02412","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hellweg, M., and Boatwright, J., 1999, Mapping the rupture process of moderate earthquakes by inverting accelerograms: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B4, p. 7319-7328, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB02412.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"7319","endPage":"7328","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479640,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb02412","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5086e4b0c8380cd6b748","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hellweg, M.","contributorId":11344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellweg","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022055,"text":"70022055 - 1999 - A new multistage groundwater transport inverse method: presentation, evaluation, and implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-20T15:34:00","indexId":"70022055","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new multistage groundwater transport inverse method: presentation, evaluation, and implications","docAbstract":"

More computationally efficient methods of using concentration data are needed to estimate groundwater flow and transport parameters. This work introduces and evaluates a three‐stage nonlinear‐regression‐based iterative procedure in which trial advective‐front locations link decoupled flow and transport models. Method accuracy and efficiency are evaluated by comparing results to those obtained when flow‐ and transport‐model parameters are estimated simultaneously. The new method is evaluated as conclusively as possible by using a simple test case that includes distinct flow and transport parameters, but does not include any approximations that are problem dependent. The test case is analytical; the only flow parameter is a constant velocity, and the transport parameters are longitudinal and transverse dispersivity. Any difficulties detected using the new method in this ideal situation are likely to be exacerbated in practical problems. Monte‐Carlo analysis of observation error ensures that no specific error realization obscures the results. Results indicate that, while this, and probably other, multistage methods do not always produce optimal parameter estimates, the computational advantage may make them useful in some circumstances, perhaps as a precursor to using a simultaneous method.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900114","usgsCitation":"Anderman, E.R., and Hill, M.C., 1999, A new multistage groundwater transport inverse method: presentation, evaluation, and implications: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 4, p. 1053-1063, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900114.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1053","endPage":"1063","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479539,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900114","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4abe4b0c8380cd4681e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderman, Evan R.","contributorId":95505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderman","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022054,"text":"70022054 - 1999 - Seismic subduction of the Nazca Ridge as shown by the 1996-97 Peru earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022054","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic subduction of the Nazca Ridge as shown by the 1996-97 Peru earthquakes","docAbstract":"By rupturing more than half of the shallow subduction interface of the Nazca Ridge, the great November 12, 1996 Peruvian earthquake contradicts the hypothesis that oceanic ridges subduct aseismically. The mainshock's rupture has a length of about 200 km and has an average slip of about 1.4 m. Its moment is 1.5 x 1028 dyne-cm and the corresponding M(w) is 8.0. The mainshock registered three major episodes of moment release as shown by a finite fault inversion of teleseismically recorded broadband body waves. About 55% of the mainshock's total moment release occurred south of the Nazca Ridge, and the remaining moment release occurred at the southern half of the subduction interface of the Nazca Ridge. The rupture south of the Nazca Ridge was elongated parallel to the ridge axis and extended from a shallow depth to about 65 km depth. Because the axis of the Nazca Ridge is at a high angle to the plate convergence direction, the subducting Nazca Ridge has a large southwards component of motion, 5 cm/yr parallel to the coast. The 900-1200 m relief of the southwards sweeping Nazca Ridge is interpreted to act as a 'rigid indenter,' causing the greatest coupling south of the ridge's leading edge and leading to the large observed slip. The mainshock and aftershock hypocenters were relocated using a new procedure that simultaneously inverts local and teleseismic data. Most aftershocks were within the outline of the Nazca Ridge. A three-month delayed aftershock cluster' occurred at the northern part of the subducting Nazca Ridge. Aftershocks were notably lacking at the zone of greatest moment release, to the south of the Nazca Ridge. However, a lone foreshock at the southern end of this zone, some 140 km downstrike of the mainshock's epicenter, implies that conditions existed for rupture into that zone. The 1996 earthquake ruptured much of the inferred source zone of the M(w) 7.9-8.2 earthquake of 1942, although the latter was a slightly larger earthquake. The rupture zone of the 1996 earthquake is immediately north of the seismic gap left by the great earthquakes (M(w) ~8.8-9.1) of 1868 and 1877. The M(w) 8.0 Antofagasta earthquake of 1995 occurred at the southern end of this great seismic gap. The M(w) 8.2 deep-focus Bolivian earthquake of 1994 occurred directly downdip of the 1868 portion of that gap. The recent occurrence of three significant earthquakes on the periphery of the great seismic gap of the 1868 and 1877 events, among other factors, may signal an increased seismic potential for that zone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Spence, W., Mendoza, C., Engdahl, E., Choy, G.L., and Norabuena, E., 1999, Seismic subduction of the Nazca Ridge as shown by the 1996-97 Peru earthquakes: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 154, no. 3-4, p. 753-776.","startPage":"753","endPage":"776","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b6be4b08c986b3177fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spence, W.","contributorId":7721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mendoza, C.","contributorId":82059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engdahl, E.R.","contributorId":22906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Norabuena, E.","contributorId":6619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norabuena","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70175688,"text":"70175688 - 1999 - Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:45:03","indexId":"70175688","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","conferenceTitle":"Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop","conferenceDate":"February 16-18, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, Utah","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Assessment of the Consequences of Climate Change","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Wagner, F.H., and Baron, J., 1999, Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop, 151 p.","productDescription":"151 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc6ae4b03fd6b7d94c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Frederic H.","contributorId":9610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022046,"text":"70022046 - 1999 - An aerial sightability model for estimating ferruginous hawk population size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-29T23:11:01.042274","indexId":"70022046","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An aerial sightability model for estimating ferruginous hawk population size","docAbstract":"Most raptor aerial survey projects have focused on numeric description of visibility bias without identifying the contributing factors or developing predictive models to account for imperfect detection rates. Our goal was to develop a sightability model for nesting ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) that could account for nests missed during aerial surveys and provide more accurate population estimates. Eighteen observers, all unfamiliar with nest locations in a known population, searched for nests within 300 m of flight transects via a Maule fixed-wing aircraft. Flight variables tested for their influence on nest-detection rates included aircraft speed, height, direction of travel, time of day, light condition, distance to nest, and observer experience level. Nest variables included status (active vs. inactive), condition (i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, bad), substrate type, topography, and tree density. A multiple logistic regression model identified nest substrate type, distance to nest, and observer experience level as significant predictors of detection rates (P < 0.05). The overall model was significant (??26 = 124.4, P < 0.001, n = 255 nest observations), and the correct classification rate was 78.4%. During 2 validation surveys, observers saw 23.7% (14/59) and 36.5% (23/63) of the actual population. Sightability model predictions, with 90% confidence intervals, captured the true population in both tests. Our results indicate standardized aerial surveys, when used in conjunction with the predictive sightability model, can provide unbiased population estimates for nesting ferruginous hawks.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management","doi":"10.2307/3802489","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Ayers, L., and Anderson, S., 1999, An aerial sightability model for estimating ferruginous hawk population size: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 1, p. 85-97, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802489.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9e5e4b0c8380cd484fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayers, L.W.","contributorId":80383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.H.","contributorId":33667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022045,"text":"70022045 - 1999 - Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022045","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source","docAbstract":"Variations in the local tsunami wave field are examined in relation to heterogeneous slip distributions that are characteristic of many shallow subduction zone earthquakes. Assumptions inherent in calculating the coseismic vertical displacement field that defines the initial condition for tsunami propagation are examined. By comparing the seafloor displacement from uniform slip to that from an ideal static crack, we demonstrate that dip-directed slip variations significantly affect the initial cross-sectional wave profile. Because of the hydrodynamic stability of tsunami wave forms, these effects directly impact estimates of maximum runup from the local tsunami. In most cases, an assumption of uniform slip in the dip direction significantly underestimates the maximum amplitude and leading wave steepness of the local tsunami. Whereas dip-directed slip variations affect the initial wave profile, strike-directed slip variations result in wavefront-parallel changes in amplitude that are largely preserved during propagation from the source region toward shore, owing to the effects of refraction. Tests of discretizing slip distributions indicate that small fault surface elements of dimensions similar to the source depth can acceptably approximate the vertical displacement field in comparison to continuous slip distributions. Crack models for tsunamis generated by shallow subduction zone earthquakes indicate that a rupture intersecting the free surface results in approximately twice the average slip. Therefore, the observation of higher slip associated with tsunami earthquakes relative to typical subduction zone earthquakes of the same magnitude suggests that tsunami earthquakes involve rupture of the seafloor, whereas rupture of deeper subduction zone earthquakes may be imbedded and not reach the seafloor.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., and Dmowska, R., 1999, Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 154, no. 3-4, p. 485-512.","startPage":"485","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48e8e4b0c8380cd68204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dmowska, R.","contributorId":37907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dmowska","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022043,"text":"70022043 - 1999 - Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:09:49","indexId":"70022043","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades","docAbstract":"

Crater Lake caldera is at the north end of the Klamath graben, where this N10°W-trending major Basin and Range structure impinges upon the north-south–trending High Cascades volcanic arc. East-facing normal faults, typically 10–15 km long, form the West Klamath Lake fault zone, which bounds the graben on its west side. The fault zone terminates on the south near the epicentral area of the September 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes. It continues north past Crater Lake as the Annie Spring fault, which is within ∼1 km of the west caldera rim, and Red Cone Spring fault. We have determined a long-term vertical slip rate of 0.3 mm/yr for these two faults using high-precision K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar age measurements on offset lava flows ranging in age from ca. 35 to 300 ka. Holocene offset reported by Hawkins et al. and epicenters of eight MW 2 earthquakes in 1994 and 1995 indicate that the West Klamath Lake fault zone is active. Empirical relations between earthquake magnitudes and scarp heights or fault lengths suggest that the fault zone is capable of producing earthquakes as large as MW 7¼. Earthquakes on these or other faults of the zone could trigger landslides and rockfalls from the walls of the caldera, possibly resulting in large waves on Crater Lake.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0043:LQSRAS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Lanphere, M.A., and Champion, D., 1999, Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades: Geology, v. 27, no. 1, p. 43-46, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0043:LQSRAS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4537e4b0c8380cd67123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, D.E.","contributorId":70402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022013,"text":"70022013 - 1999 - Recrystallization and anatexis along the plutonic-volcanic contact of the Turkey Creek caldera, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T12:58:10.219537","indexId":"70022013","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recrystallization and anatexis along the plutonic-volcanic contact of the Turkey Creek caldera, Arizona","docAbstract":"

Unusual geologic and geochemical relations are preserved along the contact between intracaldera tuff and a resurgent intrusion within the 26.9 Ma Turkey Creek caldera of southeast Arizona. Thick intracaldera tuff is weakly argillically altered throughout, except in zones within several hundred meters of its contact with the resurgent intrusion, where the groundmass of the tuff has been variably converted to granophyre and unaltered sanidine phenocrysts are present. Dikes of similarly granophyric material originate at the tuff-resurgent intrusion contact and intrude overlying intracaldera megabreccia and tuff. Field relations indicate that the resurgent intrusion is a laccolith and that it caused local partial melting of adjacent intracaldera tuff. Geochemical and petrographic relations indicate that small volumes of partially melted intracaldera tuff assimilated and mixed with dacite of the resurgent intrusion along their contact, resulting in rocks that have petrographic and compositional characteristics transitional between those of tuff and dacite. Some of this variably contaminated, second-generation magma coalesced, was mobilized, and was intruded into overlying intracaldera rocks.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0143:RAAATP>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Bray, D., and Pallister, J., 1999, Recrystallization and anatexis along the plutonic-volcanic contact of the Turkey Creek caldera, Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 1, p. 143-153, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0143:RAAATP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Turkey Creek caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.9244036605549,\n 32.5000106686156\n ],\n [\n -109.9244036605549,\n 31.437545697056535\n ],\n [\n -109.13338803555492,\n 31.437545697056535\n ],\n [\n -109.13338803555492,\n 32.5000106686156\n ],\n [\n -109.9244036605549,\n 32.5000106686156\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a359e4b0e8fec6cdb837","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bray, du","contributorId":28749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"du","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pallister, J.S.","contributorId":46534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022012,"text":"70022012 - 1999 - Determination of submicrogram-per-liter concentrations of caffeine in surface water and groundwater samples by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T16:52:31.261214","indexId":"70022012","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2143,"text":"Journal of AOAC International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of submicrogram-per-liter concentrations of caffeine in surface water and groundwater samples by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography","docAbstract":"

A method for determining submicrogram-per-liter concentrations of caffeine in surface water and groundwater samples has been developed. Caffeine is extracted from a 1 L water sample with a 0.5 g graphitized carbon-based solid-phase cartridge, eluted with methylene chloride-methanol (80 + 20, v/v), and analyzed by liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. The single-operator method detection limit for organic-free water samples was 0.02 μg/L. Mean recoveries and relative standard deviations were 93 ± 13% for organic- free water samples fortified at 0.04 μg/L and 84 ± 4% for laboratory reagent spikes fortified at 0.5 μg/L. Environmental concentrations of caffeine ranged from 0.003 to 1.44 μg/L in surface water samples and from 0.01 to 0.08 μg/L in groundwater samples.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jaoac/82.1.161","usgsCitation":"Burkhardt, M., Soliven, P., Werner, S., and Vaught, D., 1999, Determination of submicrogram-per-liter concentrations of caffeine in surface water and groundwater samples by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography: Journal of AOAC International, v. 82, no. 1, p. 161-166, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.1.161.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"166","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.1.161","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffcbe4b0c8380cd4f3d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkhardt, M.R.","contributorId":70410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soliven, P.P.","contributorId":72967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soliven","given":"P.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werner, S.L.","contributorId":82734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vaught, D.G.","contributorId":18798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaught","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022011,"text":"70022011 - 1999 - A Possible connection between the 1878 yellow fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Niño episode","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-13T09:53:40","indexId":"70022011","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Possible connection between the 1878 yellow fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Niño episode","docAbstract":"

One of the most severe outbreaks of yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, affected the southern United States in the summer of 1878. The economic and human toll was enormous, and the city of Memphis, Tennessee, was one of the most affected. The authors suggest that as a consequence of one of the strongest El Niño episodes on record—that which occurred in 1877-78—exceptional climate anomalies occurred in the United States (as well as in many other parts of the world), which may have been partly responsible for the widespread nature and severity of the 1878 yellow fever outbreak.

\n

This study documents some of the extreme climate anomalies that were recorded in 1877 and 1878 in parts of the eastern United States, with particular emphasis on highlighting the evolution of these anomalies, as they might have contributed to the epidemic. Other years with major outbreaks of yellow fever in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries also occurred during the course of El Niño episodes, a fact that appears not to have been noted before in the literature.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ameican Metrological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0021:APCBTY>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Diaz, H.F., and McCabe, G., 1999, A Possible connection between the 1878 yellow fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Niño episode: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 80, no. 1, p. 21-27, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0021:APCBTY>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0021:apcbty>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"555475abe4b0a92fa7e94f47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diaz, Henry F.","contributorId":68476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":1453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}