The San Andreas fault is the longest fault in California and one of the longest strike-slip faults anywhere in the world, yet we know little about many aspects of its behavior before, during, and after large earthquakes. We conducted a study to locate and to estimate magnitudes for the largest foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1857 M 7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake on the central and southern segments of the fault. We began by searching archived first-hand accounts from 1857 through 1862, by grouping felt reports temporally, and by assigning modified Mercalli intensities to each site. We then used a modified form of the grid-search algorithm of Bakun and Wentworth, derived from empirical analysis of modern earthquakes, to find the location and magnitude most consistent with the assigned intensities for each of the largest events. The result confirms a conclusion of Sieh that at least two foreshocks (“dawn” and “sunrise”) located on or near the Parkfield segment of the San Andreas fault preceded the mainshock. We estimate their magnitudes to be M ≈ 6.1 and M ≈ 5.6, respectively. The aftershock rate was below average but within one standard deviation of the number of aftershocks expected based on statistics of modern southern California mainshock-aftershock sequences. The aftershocks included two significant events during the first eight days of the sequence, with magnitudes M ≈ 6.25 and M ≈ 6.7, near the southern half of the rupture; later aftershocks included a M ≈ 6 event near San Bernardino in December 1858 and a M ≈ 6.3 event near the Parkfield segment in April 1860. From earthquake logs at Fort Tejon, we conclude that the aftershock sequence lasted a minimum of 3.75 years.
More computationally efficient methods of using concentration data are needed to estimate groundwater flow and transport parameters. This work introduces and evaluates a three‐stage nonlinear‐regression‐based iterative procedure in which trial advective‐front locations link decoupled flow and transport models. Method accuracy and efficiency are evaluated by comparing results to those obtained when flow‐ and transport‐model parameters are estimated simultaneously. The new method is evaluated as conclusively as possible by using a simple test case that includes distinct flow and transport parameters, but does not include any approximations that are problem dependent. The test case is analytical; the only flow parameter is a constant velocity, and the transport parameters are longitudinal and transverse dispersivity. Any difficulties detected using the new method in this ideal situation are likely to be exacerbated in practical problems. Monte‐Carlo analysis of observation error ensures that no specific error realization obscures the results. Results indicate that, while this, and probably other, multistage methods do not always produce optimal parameter estimates, the computational advantage may make them useful in some circumstances, perhaps as a precursor to using a simultaneous method.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900114","usgsCitation":"Anderman, E.R., and Hill, M.C., 1999, A new multistage groundwater transport inverse method: presentation, evaluation, and implications: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 4, p. 1053-1063, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900114.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1053","endPage":"1063","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479539,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900114","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4abe4b0c8380cd4681e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderman, Evan R.","contributorId":95505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderman","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021832,"text":"70021832 - 1999 - Characterization and inhibition of nitrite uptake in shortnose sturgeon fingerlings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-29T12:25:46.61708","indexId":"70021832","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization and inhibition of nitrite uptake in shortnose sturgeon fingerlings","docAbstract":"Efforts are underway to culture the endangered shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum for possible reintroduction. As part of a larger project to develop culture techniques for this species, the uptake of nitrite was evaluated in fingerlings (16.5 ± 4.85 g; mean ± SD). Plasma nitrite concentrations increased significantly with exposure time (0–5 d) and dose (0–4 mg nitrite-N/L). Shortnose sturgeon fingerlings were able to concentrate nitrite in their plasma to more than 63 times the environmental concentration. Chloride, as either sodium chloride or calcium chloride, partially inhibited nitrite uptake. However, calcium chloride was a better inhibitor. After previous exposure (2 d at 2.13 ± 0.080 mg nitrite-N/L) plasma nitrite-N decreased from 165.5 to 36.7 mg/L during a 3-d simultaneous exposure to 2.13 ± 0.080 mg nitrite-N/L and treatment with 40 mg chloride/L as calcium chloride. The addition of calcium chloride to the water appeared to be an effective means of preventing nitrite uptake and treating nitrite toxicity in hatchery-reared shortnose sturgeon fingerlings.
We compared two approaches to interpreting δD of cellulose nitrate in piñon pine needles (Pinus edulis) preserved in packrat middens from central New Mexico, USA. One approach was based on linear regression between modern δD values and climate parameters, and the other on a deterministic isotope model, modified from Craig and Gordon's terminal lake evaporation model that assumes steady-state conditions and constant isotope effects. One such effect, the net biochemical fractionation factor, was determined for a new species, piñon pine. Regressions showed that δD values in cellulose nitrate from annual cohorts of needles (1989–1996) were strongly correlated with growing season (May–August) precipitation amount, and δ13C values in the same samples were correlated with June relative humidity. The deterministic model reconstructed δD values of meteoric water used by plants after constraining relative humidity effects with δ13C values; growing season temperatures were estimated via modern correlations with δD values of meteoric water. Variations of this modeling approach have been applied to tree-ring cellulose before, but not to macrofossil cellulose, and comparisons to empirical relationships have not been provided. Results from fossil piñon needles spanning the last ∼40,000 years showed no significant trend in δD values of cellulose nitrate, suggesting either no change in the amount of summer precipitation (based on the transfer function) or δD values of meteoric water or temperature (based on the deterministic model). However, there were significant differences in δ13C values, and therefore relative humidity, between Pleistocene and Holocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00152-7","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Pendall, E., Betancourt, J.L., and Leavitt, S.W., 1999, Paleoclimatic significance of δD and δ13C values in pinon pine needles from packrat middens spanning the last 40,000 years: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 147, no. 1-2, p. 53-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00152-7.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206333,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00152-7"}],"volume":"147","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73cde4b0c8380cd77258","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pendall, Elise","contributorId":6637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendall","given":"Elise","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leavitt, Steven W.","contributorId":77312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavitt","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022014,"text":"70022014 - 1999 - Estimating effects of limiting factors with regression quantiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T15:04:39.480061","indexId":"70022014","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating effects of limiting factors with regression quantiles","docAbstract":"In a recent Concepts paper in Ecology, Thomson et al. emphasized that assumptions of conventional correlation and regression analyses fundamentally conflict with the ecological concept of limiting factors, and they called for new statistical procedures to address this problem. The analytical issue is that unmeasured factors may be the active limiting constraint and may induce a pattern of unequal variation in the biological response variable through an interaction with the measured factors. Consequently, changes near the maxima, rather than at the center of response distributions, are better estimates of the effects expected when the observed factor is the active limiting constraint. Regression quantiles provide estimates for linear models fit to any part of a response distribution, including near the upper bounds, and require minimal assumptions about the form of the error distribution. Regression quantiles extend the concept of one-sample quantiles to the linear model by solving an optimization problem of minimizing an asymmetric function of absolute errors. Rank-score tests for regression quantiles provide tests of hypotheses and confidence intervals for parameters in linear models with heteroscedastic errors, conditions likely to occur in models of limiting ecological relations. We used selected regression quantiles (e.g., 5th, 10th, ..., 95th) and confidence intervals to test hypotheses that parameters equal zero for estimated changes in average annual acorn biomass due to forest canopy cover of oak (Quercus spp.) and oak species diversity. Regression quantiles also were used to estimate changes in glacier lily (Erythronium grandiflorum) seedling numbers as a function of lily flower numbers, rockiness, and pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides fossor) activity, data that motivated the query by Thomson et al. for new statistical procedures. Both example applications showed that effects of limiting factors estimated by changes in some upper regression quantile (e.g., 90-95th) were greater than if effects were estimated by changes in the means from standard linear model procedures. Estimating a range of regression quantiles (e.g., 5-95th) provides a comprehensive description of biological response patterns for exploratory and inferential analyses in observational studies of limiting factors, especially when sampling large spatial and temporal scales.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0311:EEOLFW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cade, B.S., Terrell, J.W., and Schroeder, R.L., 1999, Estimating effects of limiting factors with regression quantiles: Ecology, v. 80, no. 1, p. 311-323, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0311:EEOLFW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"323","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b18e4b0c8380cd5257b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cade, Brian S. 0000-0001-9623-9849 cadeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-9849","contributorId":1278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"Brian","email":"cadeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Terrell, J. W.","contributorId":58339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schroeder, Richard L.","contributorId":10368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022015,"text":"70022015 - 1999 - Evaluation of the atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T07:10:11","indexId":"70022015","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater","docAbstract":"The atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow groundwater was evaluated over an area in southern New Jersey. Chloroform, methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE), 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and carbon disulfide (not a VOC) were detected frequently at low‐level concentrations in a network of 78 shallow wells in the surficial Kirkwood‐Cohansey aquifer system. The atmosphere was sampled for these compounds and only MTBE concentrations were high enough to potentially explain frequent detection in shallow groundwater. A mathematical model of reactive transport through the unsaturated zone is presented to explain how variations in unsaturated properties across the study area could explain differences in MTBE concentrations in shallow groundwater given the atmosphere as the source. Even when concentrations of VOCs in groundwater are low compared to regulatory concentration limits, it is critical to know the source. If the VOCs originate from a point source((), concentrations in groundwater could potentially increase over time to levels of concern as groundwater plumes evolve, whereas if the atmosphere is the source, then groundwater concentrations would be expected to remain at low‐level concentrations not exceeding those in equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations. This is the first analysis of VOC occurrence in shallow groundwater involving colocated atmosphere data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900030","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., Stackelberg, P.E., and Baker, R.J., 1999, Evaluation of the atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 127-136, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900030.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"136","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487376,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900030","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cdde4b0c8380cd52d15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stackelberg, Paul E. 0000-0002-1818-355X pestack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":1069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","email":"pestack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":731441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021834,"text":"70021834 - 1999 - Sediment, land use, and freshwater mussels: Prospects and problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T14:45:41","indexId":"70021834","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment, land use, and freshwater mussels: Prospects and problems","docAbstract":"The decline in freshwater mussel populations in many river basins throughout North America has been attributed, in part, to land-use modifications that cause changes in sediment regimes. However, the specific associations that mussels have with stream sediments are poorly understood, making it difficult to assess the impacts of changes in sedimentation rates on unionid mussels. Both bed and suspended materials, and concomitant changes in channel form associated with changes in sediment supply, may affect mussels in numerous ways at various stages in their life cycle. Considerable debate and uncertainty remains regarding the strength of associations between sediments and mussels, including whether increased sedimentation is a cause of recent mussel declines. It is important to be aware of appropriate procedures for sampling and analyzing fluvial sediments, and the nature of sediment sources, to adequately assess relationships between unionid mussels and fluvial sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468011","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Brim-Box, J., and Mossa, J., 1999, Sediment, land use, and freshwater mussels: Prospects and problems: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 18, no. 1, p. 99-117, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468011.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"117","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89fee4b08c986b316f94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brim-Box, J.","contributorId":37695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brim-Box","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mossa, J.","contributorId":35471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mossa","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021837,"text":"70021837 - 1999 - Chlorinated ethenes from groundwater in tree trunks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-04T10:25:09","indexId":"70021837","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chlorinated ethenes from groundwater in tree trunks","docAbstract":"The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether tree-core analysis could be used to delineate shallow groundwater contamination by chlorinated ethenes. Analysis of tree cores from bald cypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich], tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.), sweet gum (Liquidambar stryaciflua L.), oak (Quercus spp.), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) growing over shallow groundwater contaminated with cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) showed that those compounds also were present in the trees. The cores were collected and analyzed by headspace gas chromatography. Bald cypress, tupelo, and loblolly pine contained the highest concentrations of TCE, with lesser amounts in nearby oak and sweet gum. The concentrations of cDCE and TCE in various trees appeared to reflect the configuration of the chlorinated-solvent groundwater contamination plume. Bald cypress cores collected along 18.6-m vertical transects of the same trunks showed that TCE concentrations decline by 30−70% with trunk height. The ability of the tested trees to take up cDCE and TCE make tree coring a potentially cost-effective and simple approach to optimizing well placement at this site.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.1021/es980848b","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., Nietch, C., and Morris, J.T., 1999, Chlorinated ethenes from groundwater in tree trunks: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 3, p. 510-515, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980848b.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"510","endPage":"515","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206347,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980848b"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-12-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5c7e4b0c8380cd4c3f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":391367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nietch, C.T.","contributorId":29592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nietch","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, J. T.","contributorId":70422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morris","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021838,"text":"70021838 - 1999 - Genetic changes from artificial propagation of Pacific salmon affect the productivity and viability of supplemented populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:05:28","indexId":"70021838","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Genetic changes from artificial propagation of Pacific salmon affect the productivity and viability of supplemented populations","docAbstract":"Although several studies have shown genetic differences between hatchery and wild anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), none has provided compelling evidence that artificial propagation poses a genetic threat to conservation of naturally spawning populations. When the published studies and three studies in progress are considered collectively, however, they provide strong evidence that the fitness for natural spawning and rearing can be rapidly and substantially reduced by artificial propagation. This issue takes on great importance in the Pacific Northwest where supplementation of wild salmon populations with hatchery fish has been identified as an important tool for restoring these populations. Recognition of negative aspects may lead to restricted use of supplementation, and better conservation, better evaluation, and greater benefits when supplementation is used.","largerWorkTitle":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jmsc.1999.0455","issn":"10543139","usgsCitation":"Reisenbichler, R., and Rubin, S., 1999, Genetic changes from artificial propagation of Pacific salmon affect the productivity and viability of supplemented populations, in ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 56, no. 4, p. 459-466, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1999.0455.","startPage":"459","endPage":"466","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479517,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1999.0455","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206360,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1999.0455"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1566e4b0c8380cd54dcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reisenbichler, R.R.","contributorId":77356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisenbichler","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, S.P.","contributorId":98941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021839,"text":"70021839 - 1999 - Relation of macroinvertebrate community impairment to catchment characteristics in New Jersey streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T11:18:18.916419","indexId":"70021839","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation of macroinvertebrate community impairment to catchment characteristics in New Jersey streams","docAbstract":"ABSTRACT: The level of macroinvertebrate community impairment was statistically related to selected basin and water-quality characteristics in New Jersey streams. More than 700 ambient biomonitoring stations were chosen to evaluate potential and known anthropogenic effects. Macroinvertebrate communities were assessed with a modified rapid-bioassessment approach using three impairment ratings (nonimpaired, moderately impaired, and severely impaired). Maximum-likelihood multiple logistic-regression analysis was used to develop equations defining the probability of community impairment above predetermined impairment levels. Seven of the original 140 explanatory variables were highly related to the level of community impairment. Explanatory variables found to be most useful for predicting severe macroinvertebrate community impairment were the amount of urban land and total flow of municipal effluent. Area underlain by the Reading Prong physiographic region and amount of forested land were inversely related to severe impairment. Nonparametric analysis of variance on rank-transformed bioassessment scores was used to evaluate differences in level of impairment among physiographic regions and major drainage areas simultaneously. Rejection of the null hypothesis indicated that the levels of impairment among all six physiographic regions and five major drainage areas were not equal. Physiographic regions located in the less urbanized northwest portion of New Jersey were not significantly different from each other and had the lowest occurrence of severely impaired macroinvertebrate communities. Physiographic regions containing urban centers had a higher probability of exhibiting a severely impaired macroinvertebrate community. Analysis of major drainage areas indicates that levels of impairment in the Atlantic Coastal Rivers drainage area differed significantly from those in the Lower Delaware River drainage area.
Water-supply managers need adequate warning to protect water supplies if a contaminant is spilled in an upgradient tributary. The city of Lincoln draws water from alluvium associated with the Platte River near Ashland, eastern Nebraska. Using constant-rate injection methods and a conservative tracer, travel time and degree of mixing of contaminants in the Elkhorn and Platte Rivers were evaluated in 1995 and 1996. The results indicate that, for flows of 584 to 162 m3/s in the Platte River at Ashland with 13 to 28% of its flow contributed by the Elkhorn River, 8.2 to 13.2 h are required for the leading edge of a chemical plume to travel from the Elkhorn River at Waterloo to the Platte River at Ashland. The peak concentration of a chemical spilled as a slug in the Elkhorn River near Waterloo would pass the well field after 11.3 to 16.1 h. Existing empirical equations for calculation of travel time were shown to apply to reaches of streams studied, but underestimated the leading edge up to 14% and overestimated the plateau concentration up to 11% at Site 5. However, time of travel may be influenced by the relative contribution of a tributary. The plateau concentration of the chemical in the Platte River at Ashland was 45 to 60% of its concentration in the Elkhorn River. The degree of mixing of the tracer in the Platte River at Ashland increased from 53 to 65% as the relative contribution of the Elkhorn River increased.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Spatial accuracy assessment-Land information uncertainty in natural resources","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Chelsea, MI","usgsCitation":"Gesch, D., 1999, The effects of DEM generalization methods on derived hydrologic features, chap. of Spatial accuracy assessment-Land information uncertainty in natural resources, p. 255-262.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"255","endPage":"262","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336178,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b15444e4b01ccd54fc5edb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gesch, D.B. 0000-0002-8992-4933","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-4933","contributorId":26886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gesch","given":"D.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175688,"text":"70175688 - 1999 - Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:45:03","indexId":"70175688","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop","conferenceDate":"February 16-18, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, Utah","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Assessment of the Consequences of Climate Change","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Wagner, F.H., and Baron, J., 1999, Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop, 151 p.","productDescription":"151 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc6ae4b03fd6b7d94c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Frederic H.","contributorId":9610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021840,"text":"70021840 - 1999 - Nonlethal gill biopsy does not affect juvenile chinook salmon implanted with radio transmitters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T14:06:32","indexId":"70021840","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nonlethal gill biopsy does not affect juvenile chinook salmon implanted with radio transmitters","docAbstract":"Using gastric and surgical transmitter implantation, we compared radio-tagged juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (T(O)) with tagged fish also having a gill biopsy (T(B)) to determine biopsy effects on fish implanted with radio transmitters. We found no evidence during the 21-d period to suggest that a gill biopsy reduced survival, growth, or gross condition of the tagged-biopsy group, regardless of transmitter implantation technique. We recorded 100% survival of all treatment groups. Relative growth rates of T(O) and T(B) fish did not differ significantly. Leukocrit and lysozyme levels were not significantly different among groups, suggesting that no signs of infection were present. Our findings suggest that small chinook salmon can tolerate the combination of transmitter implantation and gill biopsy without compromising condition relative to fish receiving only the transmitter. We believe a gill biopsy can be used in field telemetry studies, especially when physiological data are needed in addition to behavioral data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0856:NGBDNA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Martinelli-Liedtke, T.L., Shively, R., Holmberg, G., Sheer, M., and Schrock, R., 1999, Nonlethal gill biopsy does not affect juvenile chinook salmon implanted with radio transmitters: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 19, no. 3, p. 856-859, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0856:NGBDNA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"856","endPage":"859","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a677ee4b0c8380cd73364","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martinelli-Liedtke, T. L.","contributorId":36704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinelli-Liedtke","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shively, R.S.","contributorId":79642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holmberg, G.S.","contributorId":17006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmberg","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sheer, M.B.","contributorId":107453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheer","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schrock, R. M.","contributorId":27218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrock","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021986,"text":"70021986 - 1999 - Tolerance of an albino fish to ultraviolet-B radiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T14:55:02","indexId":"70021986","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1564,"text":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tolerance of an albino fish to ultraviolet-B radiation","docAbstract":"We exposed albino and pigmented medakaOryzias latipes to simulated solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation to determine if albino medaka were less tolerant of UVB radiation than medaka pigmented with melanin. There was no difference in the number of albino and pigmented medaka that died during the exposure period. Spectrophotometric analyses of the outer dorsal skin layers from albino and pigmented medaka indicated that, prior to exposure, both groups of fish had similar amounts of an apparent colorless non-melanin photoprotective substance that appears to protect other fish species from UVB radiation. Our results indicate that albino medaka were as tolerant of UVB radiation as pigmented medaka because they had similar amounts of this photoprotective substance in the outer layers of the skin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02987550","issn":"09441344","usgsCitation":"Fabacher, D.L., Little, E.E., and Ostrander, G.K., 1999, Tolerance of an albino fish to ultraviolet-B radiation: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 6, no. 2, p. 69-71, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987550.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb42fe4b08c986b326228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fabacher, David L.","contributorId":6815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabacher","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostrander, Gary K.","contributorId":113895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostrander","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021841,"text":"70021841 - 1999 - Upper crust beneath the central Illinois basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T13:22:22.12689","indexId":"70021841","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper crust beneath the central Illinois basin, United States","docAbstract":"Newly available industry seismic reflection data provide critical information for understanding the structure and origin of the upper crust (0–12 km depth) beneath the central Illinois basin and the seismic-tectonic framework north of the New Madrid seismic zone in the central Mississippi Valley. Mapping of reflector sequences furnishes the first broad three-dimensional perspective of the structure of Precambrian basement beneath the central United States Midcontinent. The highly coherent basement reflectivity is expressed as a synformal wedge of dipping and subhorizontal reflections situated beneath the center of the Illinois basin that thickens and deepens to the northeast (e.g., 0 to ∼3 km thickness along a 123 km south to north line). The thickening trend of the wedge qualitatively mimics the northward thickening of the Late Cambrian Mt. Simon Sandstone; however, other Paleozoic units in the Illinois basin generally thicken southward into the basin center. The seismic data also reveal an anomalous subsequence defined by a spoon-shaped distribution of disrupted reflections located along the southern margin of the wedge. The boundaries of this subsequence are marked by distinct steeply dipping reflections (possible thrust faults?) that continue or project up to antiformal disruptions of lower Paleozoic marker reflectors, suggesting Paleozoic or possibly later tectonic reactivation of Precambrian structure. The areal extent of the subsequence appears to roughly correspond to an anomalous concentration of larger magnitude upper to middle crustal earthquakes. There are multiple hypotheses for the origin of the Precambrian reflectivity, including basaltic flows or sills interlayered with clastic sediments and/or emplaced within felsic igneous rocks. Such explanations are analogous to nearby Keweenawan rift-related volcanism and sedimentation, which initiated during Proterozoic rifting, and were followed eventually by reverse faulting along the rift margins caused by Grenville compression.
Among the solar wind-implanted volatiles present in the lunar regolith, ³He is possibly the most valuable resource because of its potential as a fusion fuel. The abundance of ³He in the lunar regolith at a given location depends on surface maturity, the amount of solar wind fluence, and titanium content, because ilmenite (FeTiO3) retains helium much better than other major lunar minerals. Surface maturity and TiO2 maps from Clementine multispectral data sets are combined here with a solar wind fluence model to produce a ³He abundance map of the Moon. Comparison of the predicted ³He values to landing site observations shows good correlation. The highest ³He abundances occur in the farside maria (due to greater solar wind fluence received) and in higher TiO2 nearside mare regions.
Major and trace element, and Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of whole rocks and mineral separates from the Oligocene, alkaline Organ Needle pluton (ONP), southern New Mexico, constrain models for the differentiation of the magma body parental to this compositionally zoned and layered epizonal intrusive body. The data reveal that the pluton is rimmed by lower εNd (∼ −5) and higher 87Sr/86Sr (∼0.7085) syenitic rocks than those in its interior (εNd ∼ −2, 87Sr/86Sr ∼0.7060) and that the bulk compositions of the marginal rocks become more felsic with decreasing structural depth. At the deepest exposed levels of the pluton, the εNd ∼ −5 lithology is a compositionally heterogeneous inequigranular syenite. Modal, compositional and isotopic data from separates of rare earth element (REE)-bearing major and accessory mineral phases (hornblende, titanite, apatite, zircon) demonstrate that this decoupling of trace and major elements in the inequigranular syenite results from accumulation of light REE (LREE)-bearing minerals that were evidently separated from silicic magmas as the latter rose along the sides of the magma chamber. Chemical and isotopic data for microgranular mafic enclaves, as well as for restite xenoliths of Precambrian granite wall rock, indicate that the isotopic distinction between the marginal and interior facies of the ONP probably reflects assimilation of the wall rock by εNd ∼ −2 mafic magmas near the base of the magma system. Fractional crystallization and crystal–liquid separation of the crustally contaminated magma at the base and along the margins of the chamber generated the highly silicic magmas that ultimately pooled at the chamber top.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petroj/40.4.653","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P., Farmer, G.L., McCurry, M., and Mertzman, S., 1999, The chemical and isotopic differentiation of an epizonal magma body: Organ Needle pluton, New Mexico: Journal of Petrology, v. 40, no. 4, p. 653-678, https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/40.4.653.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"653","endPage":"678","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487318,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/40.4.653","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa27e4b08c986b32272d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, P. L. 0000-0002-3653-6419","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":106565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCurry, M.","contributorId":88097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCurry","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mertzman, S.A.","contributorId":86922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mertzman","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}