{"pageNumber":"3376","pageRowStart":"84375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184914,"records":[{"id":70022046,"text":"70022046 - 1999 - An aerial sightability model for estimating ferruginous hawk population size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-29T23:11:01.042274","indexId":"70022046","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An aerial sightability model for estimating ferruginous hawk population size","docAbstract":"Most raptor aerial survey projects have focused on numeric description of visibility bias without identifying the contributing factors or developing predictive models to account for imperfect detection rates. Our goal was to develop a sightability model for nesting ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) that could account for nests missed during aerial surveys and provide more accurate population estimates. Eighteen observers, all unfamiliar with nest locations in a known population, searched for nests within 300 m of flight transects via a Maule fixed-wing aircraft. Flight variables tested for their influence on nest-detection rates included aircraft speed, height, direction of travel, time of day, light condition, distance to nest, and observer experience level. Nest variables included status (active vs. inactive), condition (i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, bad), substrate type, topography, and tree density. A multiple logistic regression model identified nest substrate type, distance to nest, and observer experience level as significant predictors of detection rates (P < 0.05). The overall model was significant (??26 = 124.4, P < 0.001, n = 255 nest observations), and the correct classification rate was 78.4%. During 2 validation surveys, observers saw 23.7% (14/59) and 36.5% (23/63) of the actual population. Sightability model predictions, with 90% confidence intervals, captured the true population in both tests. Our results indicate standardized aerial surveys, when used in conjunction with the predictive sightability model, can provide unbiased population estimates for nesting ferruginous hawks.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management","doi":"10.2307/3802489","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Ayers, L., and Anderson, S., 1999, An aerial sightability model for estimating ferruginous hawk population size: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 1, p. 85-97, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802489.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9e5e4b0c8380cd484fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayers, L.W.","contributorId":80383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.H.","contributorId":33667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022009,"text":"70022009 - 1999 - Foreshock occurrence rates before large earthquakes worldwide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70022009","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foreshock occurrence rates before large earthquakes worldwide","docAbstract":"Global rates of foreshock occurrence involving shallow M ??? 6 and M ??? 7 mainshocks and M ??? 5 foreshocks were measured, using earthquakes listed in the Harvard CMT catalog for the period 1978-1996. These rates are similar to rates ones measured in previous worldwide and regional studies when they are normalized for the ranges of magnitude difference they each span. The observed worldwide rates were compared to a generic model of earthquake clustering, which is based on patterns of small and moderate aftershocks in California, and were found to exceed the California model by a factor of approximately 2. Significant differences in foreshock rate were found among subsets of earthquakes defined by their focal mechanism and tectonic region, with the rate before thrust events higher and the rate before strike-slip events lower than the worldwide average. Among the thrust events a large majority, composed of events located in shallow subduction zones, registered a high foreshock rate, while a minority, located in continental thrust belts, measured a low rate. These differences may explain why previous surveys have revealed low foreshock rates among thrust events in California (especially southern California), while the worldwide observations suggest the opposite: California, lacking an active subduction zone in most of its territory, and including a region of mountain-building thrusts in the south, reflects the low rate apparently typical for continental thrusts, while the worldwide observations, dominated by shallow subduction zone events, are foreshock-rich.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Reasenberg, P., 1999, Foreshock occurrence rates before large earthquakes worldwide: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 155, no. 2-4, p. 355-379.","startPage":"355","endPage":"379","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1323e4b0c8380cd54538","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021936,"text":"70021936 - 1999 - Sulfur-bearing coatings on fly ash from a coal-fired power plant: Composition, origin, and influence on ash alteration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-28T18:30:32.95995","indexId":"70021936","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur-bearing coatings on fly ash from a coal-fired power plant: Composition, origin, and influence on ash alteration","docAbstract":"

Fly ash samples collected from two locations in the exhaust stream of a coal-fired power plant differ markedly with respect to the abundance of thin (≈0.1 μm) sulfur-rich surface coatings that are observable by scanning electron microscopy. The coatings, tentatively identified as an aluminum-potassium-sulfate phase, probably form upon reaction between condensed sulfuric acid aerosols and glass surfaces, and are preferentially concentrated on ash exposed to exhaust stream gases for longer. The coatings are highly soluble and if sufficiently abundant, can impart an acidic pH to solutions initially in contact with ash. These observations suggest that proposals for ash use and predictions of ash behavior during disposal should consider the transient, acid-generating potential of some ash fractions and the possible effects on initial ash leachability and alteration.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00146-X","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Fishman, N., Rice, C.A., Breit, G.N., and Johnson, R., 1999, Sulfur-bearing coatings on fly ash from a coal-fired power plant: Composition, origin, and influence on ash alteration: Fuel, v. 78, no. 2, p. 187-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00146-X.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"196","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229458,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9de8e4b08c986b31db7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishman, N.S.","contributorId":59441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, C. A.","contributorId":106116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breit, G. N.","contributorId":94664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, R.D.","contributorId":62360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021939,"text":"70021939 - 1999 - Effects of hydraulic roughness on surface textures of gravel‐bed rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-20T15:28:15","indexId":"70021939","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of hydraulic roughness on surface textures of gravel‐bed rivers","docAbstract":"

Field studies of forest gravel‐bed rivers in northwestern Washington and southeastern Alaska demonstrate that bed‐surface grain size is responsive to hydraulic roughness caused by bank irregularities, bars, and wood debris. We evaluate textural response by comparing reach‐average median grain size (D50) to that predicted from the total bank‐full boundary shear stress (т0bf), representing a hypothetical reference condition of low hydraulic roughness. For a given т0bf, channels with progressively greater hydraulic roughness have systematically finer bed surfaces, presumably due to reduced bed shear stress, resulting in lower channel competence and diminished bed load transport capacity, both of which promote textural fining. In channels with significant hydraulic roughness, observed values D50 can be up to 90% smaller than those predicted from т0bf. We find that wood debris plays an important role at our study sites, not only providing hydraulic roughness but also influencing pool spacing, frequency of textural patches, and the amplitude and wavelength of bank and bar topography and their consequent roughness. Our observations also have biological implications. We find that textural fining due to hydraulic roughness can create usable salmonid spawning gravels in channels that otherwise would be too coarse.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900138","usgsCitation":"Buffington, J.M., and Montgomery, D.R., 1999, Effects of hydraulic roughness on surface textures of gravel‐bed rivers: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 11, p. 3507-3521, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900138.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3507","endPage":"3521","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a071fe4b0c8380cd5157d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buffington, John M.","contributorId":124575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buffington","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montgomery, David R.","contributorId":67389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021977,"text":"70021977 - 1999 - Degradation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in a freshwater tidal wetland: Field and laboratory evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70021977","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degradation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in a freshwater tidal wetland: Field and laboratory evidence","docAbstract":"Degradation reactions controlling the fate of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (PCA) in a freshwater tidal wetland that is a discharge area for a contaminated aquifer were investigated by a combined field and laboratory study. Samples from nested piezometers and porous-membrane sampling devices (peepers) showed that PCA concentrations decreased and that less chlorinated daughter products formed as the groundwater became increasingly reducing along upward flow paths through the wetland sediments. The cis and trans isomers of 1,2-dichloroethylene (12DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) were the predominant daughter products detected from degradation of PCA in the field and in microcosms constructed under methanogenic conditions. Significantly lower ratios of cis-12DCE to trans-12DCE were produced by PCA degradation than by degradation of trichloroethylene, a common co-contaminant with PCA. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (112TCA) and 1,2-dichloroethane (12DCA) occurred simultaneously with 12DCE, indicating simultaneous hydrogenolysis and dichloroelimination of PCA. From an initial PCA concentration of about 1.5 ??mol/L, concentrations of PCA and its daughter products decreased to below detection within a 1.0-m vertical distance in the wetland sediments and within 34 days in the microcosms. The results indicate that natural attenuation of PCA through complete anaerobic biodegradation can occur in wetlands before sensitive surface water receptors are reached.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es980503t","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M., and Olsen, L., 1999, Degradation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in a freshwater tidal wetland: Field and laboratory evidence: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 2, p. 227-234, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980503t.","startPage":"227","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206209,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980503t"},{"id":229124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-12-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe55e4b0c8380cd4ec97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, M.M.","contributorId":29002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"M.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, L.D.","contributorId":97520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021978,"text":"70021978 - 1999 - Streamflow trends in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:20:47.998826","indexId":"70021978","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Streamflow trends in the United States","docAbstract":"

Secular trends in streamflow are evaluated for 395 climate-sensitive streamgaging stations in the conterminous United States using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Trends are calculated for selected quantiles of discharge, from the 0th to the 100th percentile, to evaluate differences between low-, medium-, and high-flow regimes during the twentieth century. Two general patterns emerge; trends are most prevalent in the annual minimum (Q0) to median (Q50) flow categories and least prevalent in the annual maximum (Q100) category; and, at all but the highest quantiles, streamflow has increased across broad sections of the United States. Decreases appear only in parts of the Pacific Northwest and the Southeast. Systematic patterns are less apparent in the Q100 flow. Hydrologically, these results indicate that the conterminous U.S. is getting wetter, but less extreme.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998GL900291","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Lins, H., and Slack, J.R., 1999, Streamflow trends in the United States: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, no. 2, p. 227-230, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GL900291.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479620,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998gl900291","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229125,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b25e4b08c986b31cce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lins, H.F.","contributorId":81508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"H.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. R.","contributorId":40205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022078,"text":"70022078 - 1999 - Mapping the rupture process of moderate earthquakes by inverting accelerograms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:22:25.69788","indexId":"70022078","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping the rupture process of moderate earthquakes by inverting accelerograms","docAbstract":"

We present a waveform inversion method that uses recordings of small events as Green's functions to map the rupture growth of moderate earthquakes. The method fits P and S waveforms from many stations simultaneously in an iterative procedure to estimate the subevent rupture time and amplitude relative to the Green's function event. We invert the accelerograms written by two moderate Parkfield earthquakes using smaller events as Green's functions. The first earthquake (M = 4.6) occurred on November 14, 1993, at a depth of 11 km under Middle Mountain, in the assumed preparation zone for the next Parkfield main shock. The second earthquake (M = 4.7) occurred on December 20, 1994, some 6 km to the southeast, at a depth of 9 km on a section of the San Andreas fault with no previous microseismicity and little inferred coseismic slip in the 1966 Parkfield earthquake. The inversion results are strikingly different for the two events. The average stress release in the 1993 event was 50 bars, distributed over a geometrically complex area of 0.9 km2. The average stress release in the 1994 event was only 6 bars, distributed over a roughly elliptical area of 20 km2. The ruptures of both events appear to grow spasmodically into relatively complex shapes: the inversion only constrains the ruptures to grow more slowly than the S wave velocity but does not use smoothness constraints.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB02412","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hellweg, M., and Boatwright, J., 1999, Mapping the rupture process of moderate earthquakes by inverting accelerograms: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B4, p. 7319-7328, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB02412.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"7319","endPage":"7328","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479640,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb02412","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5086e4b0c8380cd6b748","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hellweg, M.","contributorId":11344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellweg","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boatwright, J.","contributorId":87297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021979,"text":"70021979 - 1999 - Late Pleistocene channel-levee development on Monterey submarine fan, central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T16:49:28.913951","indexId":"70021979","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pleistocene channel-levee development on Monterey submarine fan, central California","docAbstract":"

Much of the modern upper (proximal) Monterey fan is a channel–levee complex, the Upper Turbidite Sequence (UTS), that was deeply eroded after the channel breached a volcanic ridge to reach a deeper base level. Ages of sediment samples collected with the ALVIN submersible from the deepest outcrop within the channel–levee system, 390 m below the adjacent western levee crest, indicate that the UTS deposits accumulated at ≥1 m ka−1 during the last 500 ka. Neogene and Early Pleistocene sediment accumulation on the fan prior to the UTS was much slower (<0.03 m ka−1), and underlying turbidite systems(?) had substantially different morphologic expression(s).

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s003670050066","usgsCitation":"Normark, W.R., 1999, Late Pleistocene channel-levee development on Monterey submarine fan, central California: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 18, no. 3, p. 179-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050066.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489138,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1232699","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229157,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey fan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.6856342263831,\n 37.10209851973849\n ],\n [\n -123.7968195975298,\n 37.10209851973849\n ],\n [\n -123.7968195975298,\n 35.299385520898596\n ],\n [\n -121.6856342263831,\n 35.299385520898596\n ],\n [\n -121.6856342263831,\n 37.10209851973849\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a450de4b0c8380cd66fcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022129,"text":"70022129 - 1999 - Conditions for bubble elongation in cold ice-sheet ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-06T23:56:04.895529","indexId":"70022129","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conditions for bubble elongation in cold ice-sheet ice","docAbstract":"

Highly elongated bubbles are sometimes observed in ice-sheet ice. Elongation is favored by rapid ice deformation, and opposed by diffusive processes. We use simple models to show that vapor transport dominates diffusion except possibly very close to the melting point, and that latent-heat effects are insignificant. Elongation is favored by larger bubbles at pore close-off, but is nearly independent of bubble compression below close-off. The simple presence of highly elongated bubbles indicates only that a critical ice-strain rate has been exceeded for significant time, and provides no information on possible disruption of stratigraphic continuity by ice deformation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/S0022143000003129","issn":"00221430","usgsCitation":"Alley, R.B., and Fitzpatrick, J.J., 1999, Conditions for bubble elongation in cold ice-sheet ice: Journal of Glaciology, v. 45, no. 149, p. 147-153, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000003129.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479479,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003129","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"149","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9b5e4b0c8380cd4d73c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, R. B.","contributorId":49533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J. J.","contributorId":95078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021952,"text":"70021952 - 1999 - Seismic tomography as a tool for measuring stress in mines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021952","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic tomography as a tool for measuring stress in mines","docAbstract":"Spokane Research Center personnel have been investigating the use of seismic tomography to monitor the behavior of a rock mass, detect hazardous ground conditions and assess the mechanical integrity of a rock mass affected by mining. Seismic tomography can be a valuable tool for determining relative stress in deep, >1,220-m (>4,000-ft), underground pillars. If high-stress areas are detected, they can be destressed prior to development or they can be avoided. High-stress areas can be monitored with successive seismic surveys to determine if stress decreases to a level where development can be initiated safely. There are several benefits to using seismic tomography to identify high stress in deep underground pillars. The technique is reliable, cost-effective, efficient and noninvasive. Also, investigators can monitor large rock masses, as well as monitor pillars during the mining cycle. By identifying areas of high stress, engineers will be able to assure that miners are working in a safer environment.Spokane Research Center personnel have been investigating the use of seismic tomography to monitor the behavior of a rock mass, detect hazardous ground conditions and assess the mechanical integrity of a rock mass affected by mining. Seismic tomography can be a valuable tool for determining relative stress in deep, >1,200-m (>4,000-ft), underground pillars. If high-stress areas are detected, they can be destressed prior to development or they can be avoided. High-stress areas can be monitored with successive seismic surveys to determine if stress decreases to a level where development can be initiated safely. There are several benefits to using seismic tomography to identify high stress in deep underground pillars. The technique is reliable, cost-effective, efficient and noninvasive. Also, investigators can monitor large rock masses, as well as monitor pillars during the mining cycle. By identifying areas of high stress. engineers will be able to assure that miners are working in a safer environment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Soc for Mining","publisherLocation":"Metallurgy & Exploration Inc, Littleton, CO, United States","issn":"00265187","usgsCitation":"Scott, D.F., Williams, T., Denton, D., and Friedel, M., 1999, Seismic tomography as a tool for measuring stress in mines: Mining Engineering, v. 51, no. 1, p. 77-80.","startPage":"77","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b6ee4b08c986b317818","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Douglas F.","contributorId":80726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, T.J.","contributorId":80446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denton, D.K.","contributorId":43858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denton","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friedel, M.J.","contributorId":90823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedel","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022128,"text":"70022128 - 1999 - Analysis of the tsunami generated by the MW 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T01:52:47.797085","indexId":"70022128","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the tsunami generated by the MW 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake","docAbstract":"

We examine possible sources of a small tsunami produced by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, recorded at a single tide gauge station situated at the opening to San Francisco Bay. Coseismic vertical displacement fields were calculated using elastic dislocation theory for geodetically constrained horizontal slip along a variety of offshore fault geometries. Propagation of the ensuing tsunami was calculated using a shallow-water hydrodynamic model that takes into account the effects of bottom friction. The observed amplitude and negative pulse of the first arrival are shown to be inconsistent with small vertical displacements (∼4–6 cm) arising from pure horizontal slip along a continuous right bend in the San Andreas fault offshore. The primary source region of the tsunami was most likely a recently recognized 3 km right step in the San Andreas fault that is also the probable epicentral region for the 1906 earthquake. Tsunami models that include the 3 km right step with pure horizontal slip match the arrival time of the tsunami, but underestimate the amplitude of the negative first-arrival pulse. Both the amplitude and time of the first arrival are adequately matched by using a rupture geometry similar to that defined for the 1995 Mw (moment magnitude) 6.9 Kobe earthquake: i.e., fault segments dipping toward each other within the stepover region (83° dip, intersecting at 10 km depth) and a small component of slip in the dip direction (rake = −172°). Analysis of the tsunami provides confirming evidence that the 1906 San Francisco earthquake initiated at a right step in a right-lateral fault and propagated bilaterally, suggesting a rupture initiation mechanism similar to that for the 1995 Kobe earthquake.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0015:AOTTGB>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., and Zoback, M., 1999, Analysis of the tsunami generated by the MW 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake: Geology, v. 27, no. 1, p. 15-18, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0015:AOTTGB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb41e4b0c8380cd48cf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022045,"text":"70022045 - 1999 - Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022045","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source","docAbstract":"Variations in the local tsunami wave field are examined in relation to heterogeneous slip distributions that are characteristic of many shallow subduction zone earthquakes. Assumptions inherent in calculating the coseismic vertical displacement field that defines the initial condition for tsunami propagation are examined. By comparing the seafloor displacement from uniform slip to that from an ideal static crack, we demonstrate that dip-directed slip variations significantly affect the initial cross-sectional wave profile. Because of the hydrodynamic stability of tsunami wave forms, these effects directly impact estimates of maximum runup from the local tsunami. In most cases, an assumption of uniform slip in the dip direction significantly underestimates the maximum amplitude and leading wave steepness of the local tsunami. Whereas dip-directed slip variations affect the initial wave profile, strike-directed slip variations result in wavefront-parallel changes in amplitude that are largely preserved during propagation from the source region toward shore, owing to the effects of refraction. Tests of discretizing slip distributions indicate that small fault surface elements of dimensions similar to the source depth can acceptably approximate the vertical displacement field in comparison to continuous slip distributions. Crack models for tsunamis generated by shallow subduction zone earthquakes indicate that a rupture intersecting the free surface results in approximately twice the average slip. Therefore, the observation of higher slip associated with tsunami earthquakes relative to typical subduction zone earthquakes of the same magnitude suggests that tsunami earthquakes involve rupture of the seafloor, whereas rupture of deeper subduction zone earthquakes may be imbedded and not reach the seafloor.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., and Dmowska, R., 1999, Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 154, no. 3-4, p. 485-512.","startPage":"485","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48e8e4b0c8380cd68204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dmowska, R.","contributorId":37907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dmowska","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000698,"text":"1000698 - 1999 - Spatial patterns in PCB concentrations of Lake Michigan lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T11:36:05","indexId":"1000698","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial patterns in PCB concentrations of Lake Michigan lake trout","docAbstract":"

Most of the PCB body burden in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of the Great Lakes is from their food. PCB concentrations were determined in lake trout from three different locations in Lake Michigan during 1994–1995, and lake trout diets were analyzed at all three locations. The PCB concentrations were also determined in alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), bloater (Coregonus hoyi), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), five species of prey fish eaten by lake trout in Lake Michigan, at three nearshore sites in the lake. Despite the lack of significant differences in the PCB concentrations of alewife, rainbow smelt, bloater, slimy sculpin, and deepwater sculpin from the southeastern nearshore site near Saugatuck (Michigan) compared with the corresponding PCB concentrations from the northwestern nearshore site near Sturgeon Bay (Wisconsin), PCB concentrations in lake trout at Saugatuck were significantly higher than those at Sturgeon Bay. The difference in the lake trout PCB concentrations between Saugatuck and Sturgeon Bay could be explained by diet differences. The diet of lake trout at Saugatuck was more concentrated in PCBs than the diet of Sturgeon Bay lake trout, and therefore lake trout at Saugatuck were more contaminated in PCBs than Sturgeon Bay lake trout. These findings were useful in interpreting the long-term monitoring series for contaminants in lake trout at both Saugatuck and the Wisconsin side of the lake.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70723-9","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Desorcie, T.J., Stedman, R.M., Brown, E.H., Eck, G.W., Schmidt, L., Hesselberg, R.J., Chernyak, S.M., and Passino-Reader, D.R., 1999, Spatial patterns in PCB concentrations of Lake Michigan lake trout: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 25, no. 1, p. 149-159, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70723-9.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"159","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4812e4b07f02db4d92da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Desorcie, Timothy J. 0000-0002-9965-1668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-1668","contributorId":23480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desorcie","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stedman, Ralph M.","contributorId":60578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stedman","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Edward H. Jr.","contributorId":33251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eck, Gary W.","contributorId":106053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eck","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmidt, Larry J.","contributorId":51238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Larry J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hesselberg, Robert J.","contributorId":36074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesselberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chernyak, Sergei M.","contributorId":98668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chernyak","given":"Sergei","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Passino-Reader, Dora R.","contributorId":50839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino-Reader","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":22887,"text":"ofr99235 - 1999 - Fracture trace mapping of the Eldridge-Wilde well field, Pinellas County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T19:26:51.992658","indexId":"ofr99235","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-235","title":"Fracture trace mapping of the Eldridge-Wilde well field, Pinellas County, Florida","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99235","usgsCitation":"Diodato, D.M., 1999, Fracture trace mapping of the Eldridge-Wilde well field, Pinellas County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-235, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99235.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414646,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23478.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154198,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0235/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52294,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0235/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Pinellas County","otherGeospatial":"Eldridge-Wilde well field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.678,\n 28.175\n ],\n [\n -82.678,\n 28.135\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.135\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.175\n ],\n [\n -82.678,\n 28.175\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a90e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diodato, D. M.","contributorId":12512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diodato","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001148,"text":"2001148 - 1999 - Avian influenza","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001148,"text":"2001148 - 1999 - Avian influenza","indexId":"2001148","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Avian influenza"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T13:50:34","indexId":"2001148","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Avian influenza","docAbstract":"

Wild birds, especially waterfowl and shorebirds, have long been a focus for concern by the poultry industry as a source for influenza infections in poultry. Human health concerns have also been raised. For these reasons, this chapter has been included to provide natural resource managers with basic information about avian influenza viruses.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hansen, W., 1999, Avian influenza: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"184","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15565,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=193","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64af10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, W.","contributorId":82815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021929,"text":"70021929 - 1999 - Sedimentary record of anthropogenic and biogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T18:01:45","indexId":"70021929","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary record of anthropogenic and biogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"

Dated sediment cores collected from Richardson and San Pablo Bays in San Francisco Bay were used to reconstruct a history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination. The sedimentary record of PAHs in Richardson Bay shows that anthropogenic inputs have increased since the turn of the century, presumably as a result of increasing urbanization and industrialization around the Bay Area. Concentrations range from about 0.04-6.3 ??g g-1. The dominant origin of the PAHs contributing to this modern contamination is from combustion processes. Depth profiles in San Pablo Bay indicate higher concentrations of PAHs since the 1950s than during the late 1800s, also presumably resulting from an increase in urbanization and industrialization. Total PAHs in San Pablo Bay range from about 0.04-1.3 ??g g-1. The ratios of methylphenanthrenes/phenanthrene and (methylfluoranthenes + methylpyrenes)/fluoranthene were sensitive indicators of anthropogenic influences in the estuary. Variations in the ratio of 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene/2,6-dimethylphenanthrene indicate a gradual replacement of wood by fossil-fuel as the main combustion source of PAHs in. San Francisco Bay sediments. The profile of perylene may be an indicator of eroding peat from marshlands.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00087-5","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Pereira, W.E., Hostettler, F.D., Luoma, S.N., VanGeen, A., Fuller, C.C., and Anima, R.J., 1999, Sedimentary record of anthropogenic and biogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in San Francisco Bay, California: Marine Chemistry, v. 64, no. 1-2, p. 99-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00087-5.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 37.29153547292737\n ],\n [\n -121.78344726562499,\n 37.29153547292737\n ],\n [\n -121.78344726562499,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 38.30718056188316\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 37.29153547292737\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a35e4b08c986b3170b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":778896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fuller, Christopher C. 0000-0002-2354-8074 ccfuller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2354-8074","contributorId":1831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Christopher","email":"ccfuller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anima, R. J.","contributorId":106115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021609,"text":"70021609 - 1999 - Reminiscences of the editor of the Kansas Geological Survey Computer Contributions, 1966-1970 and a byte","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021609","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reminiscences of the editor of the Kansas Geological Survey Computer Contributions, 1966-1970 and a byte","docAbstract":"A brief history of the Kansas Geological Survey's Computer Contributions is presented along with the people involved in development of the first geological computer freeware.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(98)00135-6","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Merriam, D.F., 1999, Reminiscences of the editor of the Kansas Geological Survey Computer Contributions, 1966-1970 and a byte: Computers & Geosciences, v. 25, no. 4, p. 321-334, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(98)00135-6.","startPage":"321","endPage":"334","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206262,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(98)00135-6"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6d6e4b0c8380cd8509b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021464,"text":"70021464 - 1999 - Autocorrelation of location estimates and the analysis of radiotracking data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-30T11:11:35.439806","indexId":"70021464","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Autocorrelation of location estimates and the analysis of radiotracking data","docAbstract":"

The wildlife literature has been contradictory about the importance of autocorrelation in radiotracking data used for home range estimation and hypothesis tests of habitat selection. By definition, the concept of a home range involves autocorrelated movements, but estimates or hypothesis tests based on sampling designs that predefine a time frame of interest, and that generate representative samples of an animal's movement during this time frame, should not be affected by length of the sampling interval and autocorrelation. Intensive sampling of the individual's home range and habitat use during the time frame of the study leads to improved estimates for the individual, but use of location estimates as the sample unit to compare across animals is pseudoreplication. We therefore recommend against use of habitat selection analysis techniques that use locations instead of individuals as the sample unit. We offer a general outline for sampling designs for radiotracking studies.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management","doi":"10.2307/3802819","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Otis, D.L., and White, G.C., 1999, Autocorrelation of location estimates and the analysis of radiotracking data: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 3, p. 1039-1044, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802819.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1039","endPage":"1044","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229242,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eef0e4b0c8380cd4a052","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otis, David L.","contributorId":64396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021976,"text":"70021976 - 1999 - Transect across the West Antarctic rift system in the Ross Sea, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70021976","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transect across the West Antarctic rift system in the Ross Sea, Antarctica","docAbstract":"In 1994, the ACRUP (Antarctic Crustal Profile) project recorded a 670-km-long geophysical transect across the southern Ross Sea to study the velocity and density structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of the West Antarctic rift system. Ray-trace modeling of P- and S-waves recorded on 47 ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) records, with strong seismic arrivals from airgun shots to distances of up to 120 km, show that crustal velocities and geometries vary significantly along the transect. The three major sedimentary basins (early-rift grabens), the Victoria Land Basin, the Central Trough and the Eastern Basin are underlain by highly extended crust and shallow mantle (minimum depth of about 16 km). Beneath the adjacent basement highs, Coulman High and Central High, Moho deepens, and lies at a depth of 21 and 24 km, respectively. Crustal layers have P-wave velocities that range from 5.8 to 7.0 km/s and S-wave velocities from 3.6 to 4.2 km/s. A distinct reflection (PiP) is observed on numerous OBS from an intra-crustal boundary between the upper and lower crust at a depth of about 10 to 12 km. Local zones of high velocities and inferred high densities are observed and modeled in the crust under the axes of the three major sedimentary basins. These zones, which are also marked by positive gravity anomalies, may be places where mafic dikes and sills pervade the crust. We postulate that there has been differential crustal extension across the West Antarctic rift system, with greatest extension beneath the early-rift grabens. The large amount of crustal stretching below the major rift basins may reflect the existence of deep crustal suture zones which initiated in an early stage of the rifting, defined areas of crustal weakness and thereby enhanced stress focussing followed by intense crustal thinning in these areas. The ACRUP data are consistent with the prior concept that most extension and basin down-faulting occurred in the Ross Sea during late Mesozoic time, with relatively small extension, concentrated in the western half of the Ross Sea, during Cenozoic time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00155-3","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Trey, H., Cooper, A.K., Pellis, G., Della, V.B., Cochrane, G., Brancolini, G., and Makris, J., 1999, Transect across the West Antarctic rift system in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Tectonophysics, v. 301, no. 1-2, p. 61-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00155-3.","startPage":"61","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206208,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00155-3"},{"id":229123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"301","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb6c9e4b08c986b326e94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trey, H.","contributorId":35890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trey","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, A. K.","contributorId":50149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pellis, G.","contributorId":66871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellis","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Della, Vedova B.","contributorId":15779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Della","given":"Vedova","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cochrane, G.","contributorId":101832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brancolini, Giuliano","contributorId":29150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brancolini","given":"Giuliano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Makris, J.","contributorId":86510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Makris","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1014959,"text":"1014959 - 1999 - Time course of salinity adaptation a strongly euryhaline estuarine teleost, Fundulus Heteroclitus: A multivariable approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T14:03:51.040388","indexId":"1014959","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2275,"text":"Journal of Experimental Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time course of salinity adaptation a strongly euryhaline estuarine teleost, Fundulus Heteroclitus: A multivariable approach","docAbstract":"

Freshwater-adapted killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) were transferred directly from soft fresh water to full-strength sea water for periods of 1 h, 3 h, 8 h and 1, 2, 7, 14 and 30 days. Controls were transferred to fresh water for 24 h. Measured variables included: blood [Na+], osmolality, glucose and cortisol levels, basal and stimulated rates of ion transport and permeability of in vitro opercular epithelium, gill Na+/K+-ATPase and citrate synthase activity and chloride cell ultrastructure. These data were compared with previously published killifish cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (kfCFTR) expression in the gills measured over a similar time course. Plasma cortisol levels peaked at 1 h, coincident with a rise in plasma [Na+]. At 8 h after transfer to sea water, a time at which previous work has shown kfCFTR expression to be elevated, blood osmolality and [Na+] were high, and cortisol levels and opercular membrane short-circuit current (Isc; a measure of Cl− secretion rate) were low. The 24 h group, which showed the highest level of kfCFTR expression, had the highest plasma [Na+] and osmolality, elevated plasma cortisol levels, significantly lower opercular membrane resistance, an increased opercular membrane ion secretion rate and collapsed tubule inclusions in mitochondria-rich cells, but no change in gill Na+/K+-ATPase and citrate synthase activity or plasma glucose levels. Apparently, killifish have a rapid (<1 h) cortisol response to salinity coupled to subsequent (8–48 h) expression of kfCFTR anion channel proteins in existing mitochondria-rich cells that convert transport from ion uptake to ion secretion.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1242/jeb.202.11.1535","usgsCitation":"Marshall, W., Emberley, T., Singer, T., Bryson, S., and McCormick, S., 1999, Time course of salinity adaptation a strongly euryhaline estuarine teleost, Fundulus Heteroclitus: A multivariable approach: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 202, p. 1535-1544, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.11.1535.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1535","endPage":"1544","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"202","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, W.S.","contributorId":38730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emberley, T.R.","contributorId":51936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emberley","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singer, T.D.","contributorId":31933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bryson, S.E.","contributorId":55596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":24385,"text":"ofr99354 - 1999 - Alaska resource data file: Big Delta quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-03T15:26:51.151509","indexId":"ofr99354","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-354","title":"Alaska resource data file: Big Delta quadrangle","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99354","usgsCitation":"Rombach, C., 1999, Alaska resource data file: Big Delta quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-354, 145 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99354.","productDescription":"145 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157156,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0354/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":420260,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19764.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1737,"rank":4,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53482,"rank":3,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0354/ofr99354.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":489464,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0354/ofr99354.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Big Delta quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 65\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688469","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rombach, Cameron","contributorId":16455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021491,"text":"70021491 - 1999 - From in situ coal to the final coal product: A case study of the Danville Coal Member (Indiana)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021491","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From in situ coal to the final coal product: A case study of the Danville Coal Member (Indiana)","docAbstract":"A surface coal mine operation and preparation plant in southwestern Indiana was sampled to examine variations in coal quality and coal petrography parameters for the Danville Coal Member of the Dugger Formation (Pennsylvanian-Desmoinesian, Westphalian D). Representative samples from in situ coal, preparation plant feeds, and a final coal product were collected in order to compare coal quality, coal petrography, trace element concentrations, and ash chemistry of the coal to those of the product. Coal quality parameters of the in situ samples and various feeds, coarse refuse, and final product were variable. The quality of the final coal product was best predicted by the coal quality of the clean coal feed (from the middle portions of the seam). Some trace element contents, especially lead and arsenic, varied between the coal feeds and the product. Lead contents increased in the feeds and product compared to the channel sample of the raw coal, possibly due to contamination in the handling process.A surface coal mine operation and preparation plant in southwestern Indiana was sampled to examine variations in coal quality and coal petrography parameters for the Danville Coal Member of the Dugger Formation (Pennsylvanian-Desmoinesian, Westphalian D). Representative samples from in situ coal, preparation plant feeds, and a final coal product were collected in order to compare coal quality, coal petrography, trace element concentrations, and ash chemistry of the coal to those of the product. Coal quality parameters of the in situ samples and various feeds, coarse refuse, and final product were variable. The quality of the final coal product was best predicted by the coal quality of the clean coal feed (from the middle portions of the seam). Some trace element contents, especially lead and arsenic, varied between the coal feeds and the product. Lead contents increased in the feeds and product compared to the channel sample of the raw coal, possibly due to contamination in the handling process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00013-0","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., and Padgett, P., 1999, From in situ coal to the final coal product: A case study of the Danville Coal Member (Indiana): International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 41, no. 1-2, p. 107-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00013-0.","startPage":"107","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206228,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00013-0"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13f9e4b0c8380cd54852","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Padgett, P.L.","contributorId":107869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padgett","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68524,"text":"ha744B - 1999 - Altitude of the top of the Minnekahta Limestone in the Black Hills area, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-01T13:18:17.149527","indexId":"ha744B","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"744","chapter":"B","title":"Altitude of the top of the Minnekahta Limestone in the Black Hills area, South Dakota","docAbstract":"

This map is a product of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, which was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and groundwater in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoli, 1992). This long-term study is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water development District, which represents various local and county cooperators. This map is part of a series of 1:100,000-scale maps for the study. The maps include a hydrogeologic map, structure-contour maps (altitudes of the tops of formations) for five formations that contain major aquifers in the study area, and potentiometric maps for these five major aquifers (the Inyan Kara. Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers).
The study area consists of the topographically defined Black Hills and adjacent areas located in western South Dakota. The Black Hills area is an elongated, dome-shaped feature, about 125 miles long and 60 miles wide, which was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980). The oldest geologic units in the study area are Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills. Surrounding the Precambrian core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, and shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills. The bedrock sedimentary units typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees near the outcrops, and decrease with distance from the uplift. Many of the sedimentary units contain aquifers, both within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these aquifers occurs from infiltration of precipitation upon the outcrops and, in some cases, from infiltration of streamflow (Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). Artesian conditions generally exist within these aquifers where an upper confining layer is present. Flowing wells and artesian springs that originate from confined aquifers are common around the periphery of the Black Hills.
The purpose of this map is to show the altitude of the top(structure contours) of the Minnekahta limestone within the area of the Black Hills Hydrology Study. The depth to the top of the Minnekahta Limestone can be estimated at a specific site by subtracting the altitude of the top of the formation from the topographic elevation. However, caution is urged in determining the depth to the top of the formation in areas on the map where the contours are approximately located.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha744B","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.M., and Redden, J., 1999, Altitude of the top of the Minnekahta Limestone in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 744, 2 Plates: 36.50 x 48.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha744B.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 36.50 x 48.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420379,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25583.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":90122,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/744b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90123,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/744b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185607,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Black Hills area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.05,\n 44.778\n ],\n [\n -104.05,\n 43.132\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 43.132\n ],\n [\n -103,\n 44.778\n ],\n [\n -104.05,\n 44.778\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686a5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":278396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Redden, Jack A.","contributorId":107347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redden","given":"Jack A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68530,"text":"ha744E - 1999 - Altitude of the top of the Deadwood Formation in the Black Hills area, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T18:45:01.847733","indexId":"ha744E","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"744","chapter":"E","title":"Altitude of the top of the Deadwood Formation in the Black Hills area, South Dakota","docAbstract":"

This map is a product of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, which was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoll, 1992). This long-term study is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District, which represents various local and county cooperators. This map is part of a series of 1:100,000-scale maps for the study. The maps include a hydrogeologic map, structure-contour maps (altitudes of the tops of formations) for five formations that contain major aquifers in the study area, and potentiometric maps for these five major aquifers (the Inyan Kara, Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers).
The study area consists of the topographically defined Black Hills and adjacent areas located in western South Dakota. The Black Hills area is an elongated, dome-shaped feature, about 125 miles long and 60 miles wide, which was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980). The oldest geologic units in the study area are Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills. Surrounding the Precambrian core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, and shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills. The bedrock sedimentary units typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees near the outcrops, and decrease with distance from the uplift. Many of the sedimentary units contain aquifers, both within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these aquifers occurs from infiltration of precipitation upon the outcrops and, in some cases, from infiltration of streamflow (Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). Artesian conditions generally exist within these aquifers where an upper confining layer is present. Flowing wells and artesian springs that originate from confined aquifers are common around the periphery of the Black Hills.
The purpose of this map is to show the altitude of the top (structure contours) of the Deadwood Formation within the area of the Black Hills Hydrology Study. The depth to the top of the Deadwood Formation can be estimated at a specific site by subtracting the altitude of the top of the formation from the topographic elevation, However, caution is urged in determining the depth to the top of the formation in areas on the map where the contours are approximately located.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha744E","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.M., and Redden, J., 1999, Altitude of the top of the Deadwood Formation in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 744, 2 Plates: 36.50 x 48.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha744E.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 36.50 x 48.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420376,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25585.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":90134,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/744e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90133,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/744e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185712,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Black Hills area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.05,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -104.05,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -103.25,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -103.25,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -104.05,\n 44\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686a54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":278404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Redden, Jack A.","contributorId":107347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redden","given":"Jack A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1004130,"text":"1004130 - 1999 - Epizootic podoknemidokoptiasis in American robins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T16:09:28.896535","indexId":"1004130","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epizootic podoknemidokoptiasis in American robins","docAbstract":"

Epizootics of scaly leg disease caused by infection with the submacroscopic mite Knemidokoptes jamaicensis (Acari: Knemidokoptidae) in migratory American robins (Turdus migratorius) from a residential area of Tulsa (Oklahoma, USA) are documented during the winters (December through February) of 1993–94 and 1994–95. Estimates of 60 to >80% of the birds in several different flights arriving in the area had lesions consistent with knemidokoptic mange. Epizootic occurrence of K. jamaicensis also is confirmed incidentally in American robins from Georgia (USA) in 1995 and 1998 and in Florida (USA) in 1991. These are the first confirmed epizootics of scaly leg attributed to infections with mites specifically identified as K. jamaicensis in North America. Severity of observed lesions in American robins ranged from scaly hyperkeratosis of the feet and legs to extensive proliferative lesions with loss of digits or the entire foot in some birds. Histologically, there was severe diffuse hyperkeratosis of the epidermis which contained numerous mites and multifocal aggregates of degranulating to degenerating eosinophilic heterophils; there was mild to severe superficial dermatitis with aggregates of eosinophilic heterophils and some mononuclear cells. Based on limited data from affected captive birds in Florida, we questioned the efficacy of ivermectin as an effective acaricide for knemidokoptiasis and propose that conditions associated with captivity may exacerbate transmission of this mite among caged birds. While knemidokoptic mange apparently can result in substantial host morbidity and possibly mortality, the ultimate impact of these epizootics on American robin populations presently is unknown.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-35.1.1","usgsCitation":"Pence, D.B., Cole, R.A., Brugger, K.E., and Fischer, J.R., 1999, Epizootic podoknemidokoptiasis in American robins: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 35, no. 1, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.1.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479477,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.1.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134321,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia, Oklahoma","city":"Tulsa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.7373046875,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -82.94677734375,\n 35.11990857099681\n ],\n [\n -82.94677734375,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -83.232421875,\n 34.75966612466248\n ],\n [\n -82.8369140625,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 34.21634468843465\n ],\n [\n -82.06787109374999,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -81.62841796875,\n 33.44977658311846\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 32.93492866908233\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 32.26855544621479\n ],\n [\n -80.826416015625,\n 31.840232667909365\n ],\n [\n -81.177978515625,\n 31.456782472114313\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 31.05293398570514\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -81.243896484375,\n 30.059585699708215\n ],\n [\n -81.15600585937499,\n 29.716681287231072\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 28.786918085420226\n ],\n [\n -80.39794921875,\n 28.188243641850313\n ],\n [\n -80.33203125,\n 27.664068965384516\n ],\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 27.078691552927534\n ],\n [\n -79.95849609375,\n 26.745610382199022\n ],\n [\n -79.95849609375,\n 26.31311263768267\n ],\n [\n -79.95849609375,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 25.264568475331583\n ],\n [\n -80.39794921875,\n 24.86650252692691\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 24.686952411999155\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 24.44714958973082\n ],\n [\n -81.84814453125,\n 24.367113562651276\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 24.507143283102856\n ],\n [\n -81.9140625,\n 24.647017162630366\n ],\n [\n -81.54052734375,\n 24.746831298412058\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 24.86650252692691\n ],\n [\n -81.4306640625,\n 25.085598897064777\n ],\n [\n -81.54052734375,\n 25.50278454875533\n ],\n [\n -81.93603515625,\n 25.859223554761407\n ],\n [\n -82.11181640625,\n 26.09625490696853\n ],\n [\n -82.33154296875,\n 26.52956523826758\n ],\n [\n -82.55126953124999,\n 26.843677401113002\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 27.35225293806387\n ],\n [\n -82.85888671875,\n 27.741884632507087\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 28.246327971048842\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 28.555576049185973\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 28.748396571187406\n ],\n [\n -83.03466796874999,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -83.29833984375,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -83.73779296875,\n 29.821582720575016\n ],\n [\n -84.0234375,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -84.1552734375,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -84.5068359375,\n 29.707139348134145\n ],\n [\n -84.6826171875,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -84.96826171874999,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -85.517578125,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -85.6494140625,\n 29.897805610155874\n ],\n [\n -85.84716796875,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n -86.19873046875,\n 30.088107753367257\n ],\n [\n -86.8359375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -87.4072265625,\n 30.164126343161097\n ],\n [\n -87.69287109375,\n 30.164126343161097\n ],\n [\n -87.64892578125,\n 30.41078179084589\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 30.637912028341123\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 30.977609093348686\n ],\n [\n -87.64892578125,\n 31.109388560814963\n ],\n [\n -85.166015625,\n 31.12819929911196\n ],\n [\n -85.18798828125,\n 31.653381399664\n ],\n [\n -85.23193359375,\n 32.15701248607008\n ],\n [\n -85.2978515625,\n 32.56533316084101\n ],\n [\n -85.517578125,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -85.62744140625,\n 34.542762387234845\n ],\n [\n -85.7373046875,\n 35.06597313798418\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.95596313476562,\n 36.289670126842225\n ],\n [\n -96.05072021484375,\n 36.274171699242515\n ],\n [\n -96.09466552734375,\n 36.22765795501122\n ],\n [\n -96.14410400390625,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -96.16195678710938,\n 36.14341987311765\n ],\n [\n -96.1688232421875,\n 36.107924111286465\n ],\n [\n -96.16607666015625,\n 36.075742215627\n ],\n [\n -96.13037109375,\n 36.04354714510159\n ],\n [\n -96.08917236328125,\n 36.002451555546465\n ],\n [\n -96.0260009765625,\n 35.97356075349624\n ],\n [\n -95.96420288085938,\n 35.957999786220704\n ],\n [\n -95.90789794921875,\n 35.957999786220704\n ],\n [\n -95.8502197265625,\n 35.954664894270834\n ],\n [\n -95.77606201171875,\n 35.9635576265708\n ],\n [\n -95.74722290039062,\n 35.97356075349624\n ],\n [\n -95.70053100585938,\n 36.00134056648954\n ],\n [\n -95.67306518554686,\n 36.023557373379276\n ],\n [\n -95.67031860351562,\n 36.07241230197147\n ],\n [\n -95.67718505859375,\n 36.11125252076159\n ],\n [\n -95.70465087890625,\n 36.14341987311765\n ],\n [\n -95.712890625,\n 36.154509006695\n ],\n [\n -95.72250366210938,\n 36.16892253622745\n ],\n [\n -95.73211669921875,\n 36.18111652966563\n ],\n [\n -95.76507568359375,\n 36.20882309283712\n ],\n [\n -95.78292846679688,\n 36.22876574685929\n ],\n [\n -95.80215454101562,\n 36.24205802497115\n ],\n [\n -95.811767578125,\n 36.24981081019096\n ],\n [\n -95.83099365234375,\n 36.26199220445664\n ],\n [\n -95.855712890625,\n 36.27638594874375\n ],\n [\n -95.86532592773438,\n 36.28081425933675\n ],\n [\n -95.90103149414062,\n 36.289670126842225\n ],\n [\n -95.93673706054688,\n 36.289670126842225\n ],\n [\n -95.95596313476562,\n 36.289670126842225\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65db3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pence, Danny B.","contributorId":64624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pence","given":"Danny","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622 rcole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":2873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"rcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":315246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brugger, Kristin E.","contributorId":29783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brugger","given":"Kristin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fischer, John R.","contributorId":100326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}