{"pageNumber":"338","pageRowStart":"8425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":70180326,"text":"70180326 - 1995 - Mutational analyses of molecularly cloned satellite tobacco mosaic virus during serial passage in plants: Evidence for hotspots of genetic change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:43:24","indexId":"70180326","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5281,"text":"RNA","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mutational analyses of molecularly cloned satellite tobacco mosaic virus during serial passage in plants: Evidence for hotspots of genetic change","docAbstract":"

The high level of genetic diversity and rapid evolution of viral RNA genomes are well documented, but few studies have characterized the rate and nature of ongoing genetic change over time under controlled experimental conditions, especially in plant hosts. The RNA genome of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) was used as an effective model for such studies because of advantageous features of its genome structure and because the extant genetic heterogeneity of STMV has been characterized previously. In the present study, the process of genetic change over time was studied by monitoring multiple serial passage lines of STMV populations for changes in their consensus sequences. A total of 42 passage lines were initiated by inoculation of tobacco plants with a helper tobamovirus and one of four STMV RNA inocula that were transcribed from full-length infectious STMV clones or extracted from purified STMV type strain virions. Ten serial passages were carried out for each line and the consensus genotypes of progeny STMV populations were assessed for genetic change by RNase protection analyses of the entire 1,059-nt STMV genome. Three different types of genetic change were observed, including the fixation of novel mutations in 9 of 42 lines, mutation at the major heterogeneity site near nt 751 in 5 of the 19 lines inoculated with a single genotype, and selection of a single major genotype in 6 of the 23 lines inoculated with mixed genotypes. Sequence analyses showed that the majority of mutations were single base substitutions. The distribution of mutation sites included three clusters in which mutations occurred at or very near the same site, suggesting hot spots of genetic change in the STMV genome. The diversity of genetic changes in sibling lines is clear evidence for the important role of chance and random sampling events in the process of genetic diversification of STMV virus populations.

","language":"English","publisher":"RNA society ","usgsCitation":"Kurath, G., and Dodds, J., 1995, Mutational analyses of molecularly cloned satellite tobacco mosaic virus during serial passage in plants: Evidence for hotspots of genetic change: RNA, v. 1, p. 491-500.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"491","endPage":"500","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://rnajournal.cshlp.org/content/1/5/491.abstract"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa7e4b08c8121c90964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":100522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodds, J.A.","contributorId":178835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodds","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187027,"text":"70187027 - 1995 - Soil moisture sensors for continuous monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T13:00:33","indexId":"70187027","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil moisture sensors for continuous monitoring","docAbstract":"

Certain physical and chemical properties of soil vary with soil water content. The relationship between these properties and water content is complex and involves both the pore structure and constituents of the soil solution. One of the most economical techniques to quantify soil water content involves the measurement of electrical resistance of a dielectric medium that is in equilibrium with the soil water content. The objective of this research was to test the reliability and accuracy of fiberglass soil-moisture electrical resistance sensors (ERS) as compared to gravimetric sampling and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). The response of the ERS was compared to gravimetric measurements at eight locations on the USDA-ABS Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed. The comparisons with TDR sensors were made at three additional locations on the same watershed. The high soil rock content (>45 percent) at seven locations resulted in consistent overestimation of soil water content by the ERS method. Where rock content was less than 10 percent, estimation of soil water was within 5 percent of the gravimetric soil water content. New methodology to calibrate the ERS sensors for rocky soils will need to be developed before soil water content values can be determined with these sensors. (KEY TERMS: soil moisture; soil water; infiltration; instrumentation; soil moisture sensors.)

","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Publishing Ltd","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03274.x","usgsCitation":"Amer, S., Keefer, T.O., Weltz, M., Goodrich, D.C., and Bach, L., 1995, Soil moisture sensors for continuous monitoring: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 30, no. 1, p. 69-83, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03274.x.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.16815185546875,\n 31.596082850911525\n ],\n [\n -109.83856201171874,\n 31.596082850911525\n ],\n [\n -109.83856201171874,\n 31.78480055729565\n ],\n [\n -110.16815185546875,\n 31.78480055729565\n ],\n [\n -110.16815185546875,\n 31.596082850911525\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f877c4e4b0b7ea54521c50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amer, Saud A. samer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amer","given":"Saud A.","email":"samer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":349,"text":"International Water Resources Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, T. O.","contributorId":191138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keefer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weltz, M.A.","contributorId":77732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weltz","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goodrich, David C.","contributorId":65552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodrich","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6758,"text":"USDA-ARS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":691968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bach, Leslie","contributorId":176552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bach","given":"Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70181825,"text":"70181825 - 1995 - Reproduction, preweaning survival, and survival of adult sea otters at Kodiak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T14:56:10","indexId":"70181825","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproduction, preweaning survival, and survival of adult sea otters at Kodiak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Radiotelemetry methods were used to examine the demographic characteristics of sea otters inhabiting the leading edge of an expanding population on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Fifteen male and 30 female sea otters were instrumented and followed from 1986 to 1990. Twenty-one percent of females were sexually mature (had pupped) at age 2, 57% by age 3, 88% by age 4, and 100% by age 5. Fifteen females produced 26 pups, an overall reproduction rate of 94% for mature females. The reproduction rate was 17, 45, 66, and 100% for 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds, respectively. Eighty-five percent of observed pups survived to weaning (120 days), and the percentage of pups weaned ranged from 34% for pups of 2-year-olds to 100% for pups of 5-year-olds. At least three of four known pup losses occurred within a month of parturition. The mean pup dependency period for weaned pups was 153 days and the mean gestation period was 218 days. No synchrony in pupping activity was observed. Mean annual survival of adults was high. Estimates of survival ranged from 89 to 96% for females and 86 to 91% for males. Human harvest was the primary source of known mortality of adults. Our estimates of reproductive rates and survival of adults are at the high end of those reported for sea otters, but preweaning survival stands out as being particularly high. Abundant food resources and the availability of protected water presumably contributed to the high reproductive success observed in this recently established sea otter population.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z95-138","usgsCitation":"Monson, D., and DeGange, A.R., 1995, Reproduction, preweaning survival, and survival of adult sea otters at Kodiak Island, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 73, p. 1161-1169, https://doi.org/10.1139/z95-138.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1161","endPage":"1169","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335381,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island","volume":"73","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42547e4b0c825128ad4c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":668718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeGange, Anthony R. tdegange@usgs.gov","contributorId":139765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGange","given":"Anthony","email":"tdegange@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":668719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182707,"text":"70182707 - 1995 - Brood amalgamation in the Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis: process and function","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T14:38:16","indexId":"70182707","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brood amalgamation in the Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis: process and function","docAbstract":"

Alloparental care in birds generally involves nonbreeding adults that help at nests or breeding adults that help raise young in communal nests. A less often reported form involves the amalgamation of broods, where one or more adults care for young that are not their own. We observed this phenomenon among Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis broods in western Alaska during 1990–1992. Amalgamation of broods generally involved the formation of temporary and extended associations. Temporary associations were formed by the incidental convergence of broods soon after they left their nests. During this period, parents defended distinct brood-rearing areas, were antagonistic to conspecifics and remained together for less than 3 days. Extended associations formed when chicks were 1–2 weeks old. Here, parents and their broods occupied distinct, but adjacent, brood-rearing areas and moved around as a unit. Whether a brood participated in either temporary or extended associations or remained solitary appeared to depend on brood density in the immediate area and on hatching date. When chicks were 3–4 weeks old, aggregations of up to ten broods formed wherein young mixed and parents defended a common brood-rearing area. All broods (n = 48) that survived to fledging joined such aggregations. Alloparental care involved only antipredator defence and was not associated with activities such as feeding and brooding. Most female parents abandoned their broods shortly after the young could fly and when aggregations were forming. The female parent of a pair always deserted its young before or on the same day as the male parent and, in every aggregation, one or two males continued to tend young for about 5 days longer than other male parents. In most cases, adults deserted the young 2–6 days before the young departed the area when about 38 days old. Bristle-thighed Curlews also formed temporary associations with American and Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica and Pluvialis fulva, Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus, Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica, Western Sandpiper Cal-idris mauri and Long-tailed Skua Stercorarius longicaudus. Curlews and other larger bodied species commonly attack-mobbed predators together, whereas smaller bodied species generally gave alarm calls and circled the predators. For all species, the intensity of antipredator defence by attending adults gradually decreased as young became older and aggregations formed. We suggest that amalgamation of broods among Bristle-thighed Curlew enhances predator defence, aids in the process of flock formation for migrating young, and allows females and some males to desert their young earlier.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1995.tb03267.x","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., Gill, R., Tibbitts, T.L., and Handel, C.M., 1995, Brood amalgamation in the Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis: process and function: Ibis, v. 137, no. 4, p. 559-569, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1995.tb03267.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"569","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kougarok River drainage","volume":"137","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b2a59de4b01ccd54fca165","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":673379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tibbitts, T. Lee 0000-0002-0290-7592 ltibbitts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-7592","contributorId":140455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"T.","email":"ltibbitts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":673381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17424,"text":"ofr95125 - 1995 - National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:26","indexId":"ofr95125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-125","title":"National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1993","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThis report, one in a series of annual reports, provides current information about the National Research Program (NRP) of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Water Resources Division (WRD) during fiscal year 1993. Organized by NRP's six research disciplines, the volume contains a summary of the problem, objective, approach, and progress for each project that was active during fiscal year 1993. It also contains bibliographic information that, because of the long-term nature of the program, covers a 5-year period. The bibliographic information does not include abstracts or informal reports. Rather it contains those reports that are readily available in the form of journal articles, USGS publications, book chapters, or books.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr95125","usgsCitation":"Nichols, M.L., and Friedman, L., 1995, National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-125, viii, 435 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95125.","productDescription":"viii, 435 p.","temporalStart":"1992-10-01","temporalEnd":"1993-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46566,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69875e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Martha L. (compiler)","contributorId":11634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Martha","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Linda C.","contributorId":98702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Linda C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199487,"text":"70199487 - 1995 - Comparative ecology of prickly sculpin, Cottus asper, and coastrange sculpin, C. aleuticus, in the Eel River, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T11:19:50","indexId":"70199487","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T11:19:07","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative ecology of prickly sculpin, Cottus asper, and coastrange sculpin, C. aleuticus, in the Eel River, California","docAbstract":"

We documented species' distributions, size structure of populations, abundance in mainstem and tributary streams, habitat use, and diets of prickly sculpin, Cottus asper, and coastrange sculpin, C. aleuticus, in the Eel River drainage of California, to determine the processes allowing coexistence of these very similar fishes. We observed prickly sculpins at 43 sites and coastrange sculpins at 34. The species co-occurred at 26 sites. Young-of-year coastrange sculpins were only observed within 42 km of the ocean, but young-of-year prickly sculpins were present throughout the species range. Mean, maximum, and minimum lengths of coastrange sculpins were positively correlated with distance from the ocean but no significant relationships were found for prickly sculpins. Absolute abundance of both species was highest in mainstem habitat (prickly sculpins = 0.6 sculpins m−2 and coastrange sculpins = 0.4 sculpins m−2) . Tributary densities of both species tended to be less than 0.1 sculpins m−2. The species inhabited very similar habitats and had very similar diets. Coastrange sculpin populations in upstream areas were maintained by immigration from downstream areas in contrast with prickly sculpin populations that produced young-of-year fish throughout their range. Densities were probably not high enough for interspecific interactions to be important. The factors limiting the upstream distribution of the species may include high water temperatures, stability of the stream bed, and behavior of the fish. In the past, the range of sculpins within the Eel River drainage probably fluctuated with changing physical conditions. Recent introductions of exotic species that compete with and prey upon sculpins, and ongoing human activities in the drainage could result in major reductions in the distribution and abundance of one or both species.

","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF00001462","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., Matern, S.A., and Moyle, P.B., 1995, Comparative ecology of prickly sculpin, Cottus asper, and coastrange sculpin, C. aleuticus, in the Eel River, California: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 42, no. 4, p. 329-343, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00001462.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"343","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357484,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eel River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.30755615234375,\n 40.6639728763869\n ],\n [\n -124.1510009765625,\n 40.617079816381285\n ],\n [\n -124.13177490234375,\n 40.52423878069866\n ],\n [\n -124.07821655273436,\n 40.509622849596695\n ],\n [\n -124.07409667968749,\n 40.48247052458949\n ],\n [\n -123.97384643554688,\n 40.46680072360456\n ],\n [\n -123.91891479492186,\n 40.42917828232078\n ],\n [\n -123.75411987304688,\n 40.324561023141236\n ],\n [\n -123.63327026367188,\n 40.233411907115055\n ],\n [\n -123.63327026367188,\n 40.175725518346916\n ],\n [\n -123.77883911132811,\n 40.2973339321302\n ],\n [\n -123.92166137695311,\n 40.32560799973207\n ],\n [\n -123.95599365234375,\n 40.395718433470364\n ],\n [\n -124.11392211914062,\n 40.452172276813535\n ],\n [\n -124.17022705078124,\n 40.50544628405211\n ],\n [\n -124.17709350585938,\n 40.575369444618396\n ],\n [\n -124.32678222656249,\n 40.63167229840464\n ],\n [\n -124.30755615234375,\n 40.6639728763869\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c1111b0e4b034bf6a81286b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matern, Scott A.","contributorId":175067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matern","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moyle, Peter B.","contributorId":117099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moyle","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":745565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70045808,"text":"70045808 - 1994 - Strontium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-06T13:06:22","indexId":"70045808","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium","docAbstract":"Production figures are not published for stronium carbonate because there is only one company producing strontium carbonate domestically. Strontium carbonate is produced in the U.S. from imported celestite. Consumption can be estimated from trade data published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Consumption is estimated at approximately 24.5 kt of strontium. The largest end-use of strontium carbonate is in the production of faceplate glass for color television picturetubes. Other applications and markets for strontium are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Ober, J., 1994, Strontium: Mining Engineering, v. 46, p. 547-548.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"548","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5188d4e8e4b023d2d75b9aad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ober, J.A.","contributorId":76351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ober","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":478380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006933,"text":"70006933 - 1994 - Decline in a population of spectacled eiders nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-09T19:44:50","indexId":"70006933","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T19:16:33","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2901,"text":"Northwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decline in a population of spectacled eiders nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"The number of spectacled eiders nesting on two study areas near the Kashunuk River, on the central Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta, Alaska, declined by over 75% in the last 20 years. Nesting densities have remained low, but have not significantly declined since 1985. There has been no decrease in the reproductive effort of individual females as indicated by average clutch sizes. There has been a significant decline in the proportion of nests located on islands on one of the two study areas. Nesting success declined significantly during the 1970's. Success was not monitored in recent years, but has likely been low, based on the poor nesting success and declining numbers of cackling Canada geese and black brant nesting on the area. Nest predation by arctic foxes severely limited the productivity of cackling Canada geese, and foxes were likely the major predators of eider nests. Persistent high predation rates may lead to local extirpation in highly philopatric species such as eiders.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","publisherLocation":"Olympia, WA","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Ely, C.R., Dau, C., and Babcock, C., 1994, Decline in a population of spectacled eiders nesting on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Northwestern Naturalist, v. 75, no. 3, p. 81-87.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258249,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3536829","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe08e4b0c8380cd4eaa3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dau, Christian","contributorId":85029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dau","given":"Christian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Babcock, Christopher","contributorId":60490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006750,"text":"70006750 - 1994 - Hepatic cadmium, metal-binding proteins and bioaccumulation in bluegills exposed to aqueous cadmium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T15:43:36","indexId":"70006750","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T13:54:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hepatic cadmium, metal-binding proteins and bioaccumulation in bluegills exposed to aqueous cadmium","docAbstract":"

We examined sublethal responses of juvenile bluegills Lepomis macrochirus to aqueous cadmium in two 28-d tests (test I, 0.0-8.4 μg Cd per liter; test II, 0.0-32.3 μg Cd per liter) in an intermittent-flow diluter. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two replicates in each of eight treatments (seven Cd exposures and one water control with 25 fish per replicate). Cadmium did not affect the growth of test fish. The mean whole-body concentrations of Cd in exposed fish were 1.8- to 44-fold those in controls in the two tests. Mean concentrations of hepatic nonthionein cytosolic Cd (not bound by metal-binding proteins, MBP) in all Cd treatments greatly exceeded those in controls, and mean concentrations of hepatic MBP in all treatments except one (0.8 μg Cd per liter in test I) exceeded those in controls. Nonthionein cytosolic Cd, hepatic MBP, and whole-body Cd in bluegills were linearly related to exposure concentrations within the range 0 to 20 μg Cd per liter. Much of the total Cd-binding capacity of hepatic MBP per fish was occupied by Cd after the 28-d exposures, although additional Cd-binding capacity remained unoccupied by Cd in fish in all treatments. The mean total Cd-binding capacity of hepatic MBP per fish, which ranged from 1.7 to 14 nmol Cd in test I and from 0.8 to 24 nmol Cd in test II, increased in a concentration-response manner at exposure concentrations below 13 μg/L. Nonthionein cytosolic Cd was the most sensitive indicator of Cd exposure, based on an LOEC of 0.8 μg Cd per liter.

","language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","publisherLocation":"Brussels, Belgium","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620130403","usgsCitation":"Cope, W., Atchison, G., and Wiener, J., 1994, Hepatic cadmium, metal-binding proteins and bioaccumulation in bluegills exposed to aqueous cadmium: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 4, p. 553-562, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620130403.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"562","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":260052,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620130403","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a305be4b0c8380cd5d596","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cope, W.G.","contributorId":71918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atchison, G.J.","contributorId":59406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atchison","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006753,"text":"70006753 - 1994 - Cadmium, metal-binding proteins, and growth in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirusLepomis macrochirusWe exposed juvenile bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) to ~1000 mg∙L−1 of continuously suspended river sediment in a 28-d test with six treatments (randomized block with one sediment-free control and five sediments ranging from 1.3 to 21.4 μg Cd∙g dry weight−1). Each treatment had three replicates, each with 25 fish. Growth was reduced by exposure to suspended sediment, probably due to physical effects of sediment on feeding and to toxicity in the treatment with the greatest concentrations of metals. Mean whole-body concentrations of cadmium (0.04–0.14 μg∙g wet weight−1) were correlated with cadmium concentration in filtered water (8–72 ng∙L−1), suspended sediment (0.61–16.8 μg∙L−1), and bulk sediment. The concentration of hepatic nonthionein cytosolic cadmium (cadmium not bound by metal-binding proteins, MBP) in fish exposed to the two most contaminated sediments exceeded that in controls. The mean concentration of hepatic MBP was correlated with cadmium concentration in filtered water, suspended sediment, bulk sediment, and whole fish. Whole-body cadmium concentration was the most sensitive indicator of cadmium exposure, with lowest observed effect concentrations of 1.9 μg Cd∙L−1 for suspended sediment and 13 ng Cd∙L−1 for filtered water. Sediment-associated cadmium was less available than waterborne cadmium for uptake by fish.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f94-135","usgsCitation":"Cope, W., Wiener, J.G., Steingraeber, M.T., and Atchison, G.J., 1994, Cadmium, metal-binding proteins, and growth in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirusAlthough these two similarly-sized species are sympatric throughout much of their breeding range, there are few published records of hybridization between Roseate (Sterna dougallii) and Common (S. hirundo) Terns. Records include at least five from Europe (Witherby and Ticehurst 1908, Perry 1972, Robbins 1974, Burggraeve 1977, van den Berg 1980) and only one from North America (Hays 1975), but we are aware of several unpublished records of hybridization at colonies in Massachusetts (I. Nisbet, pers. comm.) and New York (J. Burger, pers. comm.). Differences in sexual display probably serve as the principal barrier to hybridization (Palmer 1941 ), and in the northeastem United States where both species breed, Common Terns tend to nest in more open areas while Roseate Terns tend to nest in or under cover (Hays 1975, Nisbet 1981, Spendelow 1982, Burger and Gochfeld 1988).

From 1984 through 1993, we recorded several instances of interbreeding in a mixed colony of several thousand Common Terns and a few hundred Roseates at the Falkner Island Unit of the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge. This 2-ha island is located at 41 °13'N and 72° 39'W in Long Island Sound, approximately 5 km off the coast of Guilford, Connecticut. Spendelow (1982) briefly described the island and the areas used by the nesting terns; a more detailed description of the island is in Helander (1988). The mixed pair we observed in 1993 nested in a subcolony of about 25 pairs of Roseates on the southeast section of the island's rocky beach, where we put out 30 boxes to create more protected nest sites for Roseate Terns. Here we present a summary of their successful nesting, which we followed almost daily from several days prior to the laying of the first egg until departure of these birds from the colony site.

","language":"English","publisher":"Connecticut Ornithological Association","usgsCitation":"Zingo, J.M., Church, C.A., and Spendelow, J.A., 1994, Two hybrid common x roseate terns fledge at Falkner Island, Connecticut: The Connecticut Warbler, v. 14, no. 2, p. 50-55.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"50","endPage":"55","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351961,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ctbirding.org/publications/%EF%BB%BFthe-connecticut-warbler/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","otherGeospatial":"Falkner Island, Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.65630006790161,\n 41.20958263665998\n ],\n [\n -72.65151500701904,\n 41.20958263665998\n ],\n [\n -72.65151500701904,\n 41.21441719916228\n ],\n [\n -72.65630006790161,\n 41.21441719916228\n ],\n [\n -72.65630006790161,\n 41.20958263665998\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623a69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zingo, James M.","contributorId":79572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zingo","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, Christopher A.","contributorId":141002,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Church","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spendelow, Jeffrey A. 0000-0001-8167-0898 jspendelow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":4355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jspendelow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222729,"text":"5222729 - 1994 - Sources of variation in loss rates of color bands applied to adult roseate terns (Sterna dougallii) in the western North Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T17:20:25","indexId":"5222729","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:40","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of variation in loss rates of color bands applied to adult roseate terns (Sterna dougallii) in the western North Atlantic","docAbstract":"

A model-based analysis was done to test several hypotheses concerning the rates of loss of butt-ended color bands placed on adult Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii) in the western North Atlantic. These birds were captured and color banded from 1987-1991 at four colony sites, and recaptured from 1989-1992 as part of a study of the population dynamics of this species. Two types of color bands, Darvic and celluloid, were used, but only one band type was used for each individual bird. Each bird was given three color bands. The estimated probability that a bird with all color bands present during one breeding season still had all color bands during the next breeding season was 0.87. The analysis provided no evidence that colony site, cohort, calendar year of banding, age of color band, or whether or not the bands were heat-sealed closed, were important sources of variation in band-retention probabilities.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088820","usgsCitation":"Spendelow, J., Burger, J., Nisbet, I., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Hays, H., Cormons, G., and Gochfeld, M., 1994, Sources of variation in loss rates of color bands applied to adult roseate terns (Sterna dougallii) in the western North Atlantic: The Auk, v. 111, no. 4, p. 881-887, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088820.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"881","endPage":"887","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e75c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spendelow, J. A. 0000-0001-8167-0898","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":72478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burger, J.","contributorId":25894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nisbet, I.C.T.","contributorId":54942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nisbet","given":"I.C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hays, H.","contributorId":43872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cormons, G.D.","contributorId":78030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cormons","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gochfeld, M.","contributorId":88309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gochfeld","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":5222632,"text":"5222632 - 1994 - Puerto Rican parrots and potential limitations of the metapopulation approach to species conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-23T17:03:44","indexId":"5222632","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Puerto Rican parrots and potential limitations of the metapopulation approach to species conservation","docAbstract":"

Population viability analyses for a number of endangered species have incorporated a metapopulation approach. The risk assessments of these viability analyses have indicated that some extant populations should be subdivided into numerous subgroups with exchange of individuals among them in order to reduce the chance of catastrophic loss of the species. However, routine application of a policy of extensive subdivision may have detrimental consequences for certain endangered species. We examine the Puerto Rican Parrot as a case history in which this policy is ill-advised. In 1989, a population viability analysis was conducted for the parrot. The document recommended subdivision of the existing small captive flock into three groups. One of these captive flocks would consist of individuals transferred to a multi-species facility in the continental United States. Subsequently, individuals from this facility would be exchanged with the insular captive population(s) and the relict wild flock. For two reasons, implementation of this recommendation might have led to serious repercussions. First, this parrot, like many endangered species, has gone through a genetic bottleneck and may have a heightened susceptibility to disease. Multi-species facilities are a high-risk environment favoring the transmission of pathogens, especially when the facilities are located outside the natural ranges of a particular species. Second, the parrot is a K-selected species for which mate selection is idiosyncratic. This type of species often proves difficult to breed in captivity in small groups. Part of the problem in mate selection may be reduced by a policy allowing frequent transfers of individuals among facilities, but such movements increase the chances of spreading disease in the metapopulation. Thus, population viability analyses need to acknowledge that proliferation of captive subgroups accompanied by exchanges of individuals can in themselves carry substantial risks that must be weighed against the presumed benefits of subdivision.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08010114.x","usgsCitation":"Wilson, M.H., Kepler, C.B., Snyder, N.F., Derrickson, S.R., Dein, F.J., Wiley, J.W., Wunderle, J.M., Lugo, A.E., Graham, D.L., and Toone, W.D., 1994, Puerto Rican parrots and potential limitations of the metapopulation approach to species conservation: Conservation Biology, v. 8, no. 1, p. 114-123, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08010114.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"114","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288593,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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Josh fjdein@usgs.gov","contributorId":62696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dein","given":"F.","email":"fjdein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Josh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wiley, James W.","contributorId":39886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wunderle, Joseph M. Jr.","contributorId":25653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wunderle","given":"Joseph","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lugo, Ariel E.","contributorId":10111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lugo","given":"Ariel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Graham, David L.","contributorId":99651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Toone, William D.","contributorId":22052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toone","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":5222754,"text":"5222754 - 1994 - Estimating breeding proportions and testing hypotheses about costs of reproduction with capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T15:13:49","indexId":"5222754","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:12:52","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating breeding proportions and testing hypotheses about costs of reproduction with capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"

The proportion of animals in a population that breeds is an important determinant of population growth rate. Usual estimates of this quantity from field sampling data assume that the probability of appearing in the capture or count statistic is the same for animals that do and do not breed. A similar assumption is required by most existing methods used to test ecologically interesting hypotheses about reproductive costs using field sampling data. However, in many field sampling situations breeding and nonbreeding animals are likely to exhibit different probabilities of being seen or caught. In this paper, we propose the use of multistate capture-recapture models for these estimation and testing problems. This methodology permits a formal test of the hypothesis of equal capture/sighting probabilities for breeding and nonbreeding individuals. Two estimators of breeding proportion (and associated standard errors) are presented, one for the case of equal capture probabilities and one for the case of unequal capture probabilities. The multistate modeling framework also yields formal tests of hypotheses about reproductive costs to future reproduction or survival or both fitness components. The general methodology is illustrated using capture-recapture data on female meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Resulting estimates of the proportion of reproductively active females showed strong seasonal variation, as expected, with low breeding proportions in midwinter. We found no evidence of reproductive costs extracted in subsequent survival or reproduction. We believe that this methodological framework has wide application to problems in animal ecology concerning breeding proportions and phenotypic reproductive costs.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/1941610","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Hines, J., Pollock, K.H., Hinz, R.L., and Link, W., 1994, Estimating breeding proportions and testing hypotheses about costs of reproduction with capture-recapture data: Ecology, v. 75, no. 7, p. 2052-2065, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941610.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2052","endPage":"2065","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d3e4b07f02db548b6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinz, Robert L.","contributorId":43454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Link, William A. wlink@usgs.gov","contributorId":145491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William A.","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017768,"text":"70017768 - 1994 - Tuffaceous ephemeral lake deposits on an alluvial plain, Middle Tertiary of central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T16:35:18.399586","indexId":"70017768","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tuffaceous ephemeral lake deposits on an alluvial plain, Middle Tertiary of central California","docAbstract":"

The Oligocene and Miocene Valley Springs Formation is one element in the middle to late Cenozoic alluvial fill of the Central Valley of California and represents a large fluvial depositional system that extended westward from sediment-filled palaeovalleys in the high Sierra Nevada to a piedmont alluvial plain under the present Central Valley. The Valley Springs Formation consists largely of tuffaceous mudrock, tuffaceous sandstone, polymict conglomerate and rhyodacitic tuff. The most prominent lithofacies in the formation is yellowish grey or greyish yellow, tuffaceous mudstone and claystone characterized by crude, commonly wavy layering or bedding, an irregular fracture, and common clay-lined partings, fissures, and small branching tubules.

Petrographic and X-ray diffraction analyses of the composition, texture, fabric, mineralogy and organic content of an 8 m thick section of the tuffaceous mudrock lithofacies have provided evidence for an origin quite different from the earlier interpretations of this lithofacies as altered tuffs. Numerous rounded mudstone or claystone clasts in a detrital mud matrix, together with abundant freshwater microfossils (megaspores, chrysophyte cysts, diatoms and sponge spicules), indicates that the lithofacies is a mostly epiclastic sedimentary deposit. Root traces, fissuring, orientated clay skins lining pores and secondary surfaces, and mineralogical data are evidence of periodic exposure and desiccation.

The tuffaceous mudrock lithofacies of the Valley Springs Formation, interpreted in the context of the middle to lower regions of a piedmont alluvial system, most probably represents a complex of ephemeral lake and marsh environments on a low gradient alluvial plain. The inferred abundance of shallow lakes, ponds and marshes implies a climate that was wetter than the semi-arid climate of the region today.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01402.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Bartow, J.A., 1994, Tuffaceous ephemeral lake deposits on an alluvial plain, Middle Tertiary of central California: Sedimentology, v. 41, no. 2, p. 215-232, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01402.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"232","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228627,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.1677807940197,\n 38.36543609402932\n ],\n [\n -121.1677807940197,\n 38.087802066777584\n ],\n [\n -120.81250786161195,\n 38.087802066777584\n ],\n [\n -120.81250786161195,\n 38.36543609402932\n ],\n [\n -121.1677807940197,\n 38.36543609402932\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8b4e4b08c986b327a12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartow, J. Alan","contributorId":84373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170452,"text":"70170452 - 1994 - Black bears in Arkansas: Characteristics of a successful translocation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-20T17:51:09","indexId":"70170452","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-29T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Black bears in Arkansas: Characteristics of a successful translocation","docAbstract":"

In 1958, the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission began translocating black bears (Ursus americanus) from Minnesota to the Interior Highlands (Ozark and Ouachita mountains) of Arkansas where bears had been extirpated early in this century. This project continued for 11 years with little public imput, during which time an estimated 254 bears were released. We estimate there are now >2,500 bears in the Interior Highlands of Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, making it one of the most successful translocations of a Carnivora. Factors that contributed to the success include use of wild-captured animals, elimination of major factors associated with extirpation, release into prime habitats within the former range, multiple release sites, release of 20–40 animals/year for eight years, and release of mostly males prior to release of mostly females. Studies on two allopatric populations demonstrate that they are now diverging in some demographic characteristics, including litter size, cub survivorship, and adult sex-ratio. Translocation of black bears to the Interior Highlands is successful in terms of numbers of animals, but it will not be truly successful until people accept black bears as part of the regional fauna. To that end, those associated with management and research of bears in Arkansas are now focussing on public education and control of nuisance bears.

","language":"English","publisher":"The American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.2307/1382549","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.G., and Clark, J.D., 1994, Black bears in Arkansas: Characteristics of a successful translocation: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 75, no. 2, p. 309-320, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382549.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"320","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","county":"Crawford county, Franklin county, Johnson county, Montgomery county, Scott county","otherGeospatial":"Muddy Creek Wildlife Management Area, Ouachita National Forest, Ozark National Forest, Piney Creek Wildlife Management Area, White Rock Wildlife Management Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.3173828125,\n 34.732584206123626\n ],\n [\n -95.3173828125,\n 37.58811876638322\n ],\n [\n -91.131591796875,\n 37.58811876638322\n ],\n [\n -91.131591796875,\n 34.732584206123626\n ],\n [\n -95.3173828125,\n 34.732584206123626\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5718a836e4b0ef3b7caba4ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kimberly G.","contributorId":80200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30055,"text":"wri944114 - 1994 - Quality of water and chemistry of bottom sediment in the Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1986-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri944114","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4114","title":"Quality of water and chemistry of bottom sediment in the Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1986-92","docAbstract":"Data were collected on physical properties and chemistry of 4 surface water, l4 ground water, and 4 bottom sediment sites in the Rillito Creek basin where artificial recharge of surface runoff is being considered. Concentrations of suspended sediment in streams generally increased with increases in streamflow and were higher during the summer. The surface water is a calcium and bicarbonate type, and the ground water is calcium sodium and bicarbonate type. Total trace ek=nents in surface water that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels for drinking-water standards were barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and nickel. Most unfiltered samples for suspended gross alpha as uranium, and unadjusted gross alpha plus gross beta in surface water exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the State of Arizona drinking-water standards. Comparisons of trace- element concentrations in bottom sediment with those in soils of the western conterminous United States generally indicate similar concentrations for most of the trace elements, with the exceptions of scandium and tin. The maximum concentration of total nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen in three ground- samples and total lead in one ground-water sample exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels for drinking- water standards, respectively. Seven organochlorine pesticides were detected in surface-water samples and nine in bottom-sediment samples. Three priority pollutants were detected in surface water, two were detected in ground water, and eleven were detected in bottom sediment. Low concentrations of oil and grease were detected in surface-water and bottom- sediment samples.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944114","usgsCitation":"Tadayon, S., and Smith, C., 1994, Quality of water and chemistry of bottom sediment in the Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1986-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4114, v, 90 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944114.","productDescription":"v, 90 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4114/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58865,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68635d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, C.F.","contributorId":81129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44732,"text":"wri944126 - 1994 - Potential for, and possible effects of, artificial recharge in Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:59","indexId":"wri944126","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4126","title":"Potential for, and possible effects of, artificial recharge in Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Rapid population growth in Carson Valley, west- central Nevada, requires a dependable municipal water source. Artificial recharge of aquifers using available flow of the Carson River is one way to increase the amount of water in underground storage and maintain a dependable ground-water supply. Ground water can be artificially recharged by routing excess surface water or, after proper treatment, routing wastewater to infiltration basins or injection wells. Withdrawal wells would remove stored water when needed. As a first step, maps showing areas in Carson Valley with high, low, moderate and unknown potential for artificial recharge were developed on the basis of the distribution of geologic units, depth to water, specific yield, infiltration rate, and location of natural recharge and discharge. For recharge by means of infiltration, areas totaling 5,700 acres have high potential, 23,900 acres have moderate potential, and 6,200 acres have low potential. For recharge through injection, areas totaling 7,800 acres have high potential and 43,500 acres have moderate potential; 23,000 acres have unknown potential because data are lacking on subsurface conditions. A ground-water-flow model was used to assess the possible results of artificial recharge. Simulations with no accompanying ground-water withdrawal show that, when recharge by injection is simulated near the valley floor, heads in the semiconfined aquifer increase over much of the valley, floor; only about 20 percent of the recharged water is stored in the aquifer after 5 years and as much as 80 percent is lost to streamflow and evapotranspiration. When recharge is simulated on the eastern side of the valley, 80 percent of the recharged water remains in storage after 5 years. When recharge is simulated near the valley floor, more water is lost to discharge than when recharge is on the eastern side of the valley. When recharge is applied for long periods without accompanying withdrawal, recharged water moves downgradient to discharge areas. The recharge water that discharges to the surface-water system could in turn replenish base flow of the Carson River and benefit downstream users.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri944126","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., and Peltz, L.A., 1994, Potential for, and possible effects of, artificial recharge in Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4126, 87 p.; 7 maps on 4 sheets : col. ; 37 x 27 cm., sheets 61 x 102 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944126.","productDescription":"87 p.; 7 maps on 4 sheets : col. ; 37 x 27 cm., sheets 61 x 102 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99323,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4126/report.pdf","size":"108","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99324,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4126/plate-1.pdf","size":"5233","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99325,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4126/plate-2.pdf","size":"5671","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99326,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4126/plate-3.pdf","size":"6154","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":99327,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4126/plate-4.pdf","size":"5942","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4126/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peltz, Lorri A.","contributorId":29401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peltz","given":"Lorri","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12701,"text":"US Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":230335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162176,"text":"70162176 - 1994 - Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T14:18:30.111944","indexId":"70162176","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis?","docAbstract":"

Humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) are common forms of organic matter in marine sediments, and are routinely ingested by deposit- and suspension-feeding animals. These compounds may be a sink for metals, implying that once metals are bound to humic substances they are no longer available to food webs. A series of experiments was conducted to quantitatively examine this premise using 2 estuarine bivalves from San Francisco Bay, USA: the suspension feeder Potarnocorbula arnurensis and the facultative deposit feeder Macoma balthica. HA and FA, isolated from marine sediments, were bound as organic coatings to either hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) or silica particles. Cd and Cr(II1) were adsorbed to the organic coatings or directly to uncoated HFO and silica particles. Pulse-chase laboratory feeding expenments using 109Cd and 51Cr(III) were then conducted to determine absorption efficiencies of Cd and Cr for individual specimens using each of the particle types. The results demonstrated that: (1) absorption of Cr(I1I) from all types of non-living particles was consistently low (< 11%). Ingested Cd showed greater bioavailability than Cr(IIl), perhaps due to differences in metal chemistry. (2) Bivalves absorbed Cd bound to uncoated HFO or silica particles (i.e. with no HA or FA present). (3) The presence of organic coatings on particles reduced Cd bioavailabhty compared with uncoated particles. (4) Both geochemical and biological conditions affected the food chain transfer of Cd. The data suggest that in marine systems inorganic and organic-coated particles are predominantly a sink for Cr in sediments. In the transfer of Cd to consumer animals, inorganic particles and humic substances can act as a link (although not a highly efficient one) under oxidized conditions.

","language":"English","publisher":"Inter Research Science Publishers","doi":"10.3354/meps108133","usgsCitation":"Decho, A.W., and Luoma, S.N., 1994, Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis?: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 108, p. 133-145, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"145","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490143,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4cde4b0fbd3f7fa4c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan W.","contributorId":22107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70195809,"text":"70195809 - 1994 - Landsat TM image maps of the Shirase and Siple Coast ice streams, West Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T13:57:09","indexId":"70195809","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat TM image maps of the Shirase and Siple Coast ice streams, West Antarctica","docAbstract":"

Fifteen 1: 250000 and one 1: 1000 000 scale Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image mosaic maps are currently being produced of the West Antarctic ice streams on the Shirase and Siple Coasts. Landsat TM images were acquired between 1984 and 1990 in an area bounded approximately by 78°-82.5°S and 120°- 160° W. Landsat TM bands 2, 3 and 4 were combined to produce a single band, thereby maximizing data content and improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The summed single band was processed with a combination of high- and low-pass filters to remove longitudinal striping and normalize solar elevation-angle effects. The images were mosaicked and transformed to a Lambert conformal conic projection using a cubic-convolution algorithm. The projection transformation was controled with ten weighted geodetic ground-control points and internal image-to-image pass points with annotation of major glaciological features. The image maps are being published in two formats: conventional printed map sheets and on a CD-ROM.

","language":"English","publisher":"International Glaciological Society","doi":"10.3189/172756494794587087","usgsCitation":"Ferrigno, J.G., Mullins, J.L., Stapleton, J.A., Bindschadler, R., Scambos, T.A., Bellisime, L.B., Bowell, J., and Acosta, A., 1994, Landsat TM image maps of the Shirase and Siple Coast ice streams, West Antarctica: Annals of Glaciology, v. 20, p. 407-412, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494794587087.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"412","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494794587087","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":352185,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ross Sea","volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff22fee4b0da30c1bfd62d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":730000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mullins, Jerry L.","contributorId":24439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stapleton, Jo Anne","contributorId":34908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapleton","given":"Jo","email":"","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bindschadler, Robert","contributorId":11112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bindschadler","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scambos, Ted A.","contributorId":57367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scambos","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bellisime, Lynda B.","contributorId":202888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bellisime","given":"Lynda","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bowell, Jo-Ann","contributorId":103722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowell","given":"Jo-Ann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Acosta, Alex V. aacosta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acosta","given":"Alex V.","email":"aacosta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":412,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":730007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70017181,"text":"70017181 - 1994 - The south pole region of the moon as seen by Clementine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T16:49:50.986605","indexId":"70017181","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The south pole region of the moon as seen by Clementine","docAbstract":"
The Clementine mission has provided the first comprehensive set of high-resolution images of the south pole region of the moon. Within 5° of latitude of the pole, an area of an estimated 30,000 square kilometers remained in shadow during a full lunar rotation and is a promising target for future exploration for ice deposits. The Schrödinger Basin (320 kilometers in diameter), centered at 75°S, is one of the two youngest, least modified, great multiring impact basins on the moon. A large maar-type volcano localized along a graben within the Schrödinger Basin probably erupted between 1 and 2 billion years ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.266.5192.1851","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, E., Robinson, M., and Eliason, E.M., 1994, The south pole region of the moon as seen by Clementine: Science, v. 266, no. 5192, p. 1851-1854, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5192.1851.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1851","endPage":"1854","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224533,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"266","issue":"5192","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb04ce4b08c986b324d83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, E.M.","contributorId":81499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, M.S.","contributorId":34934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eliason, E. M.","contributorId":93113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017391,"text":"70017391 - 1994 - Laboratory simulation of hydrothermal petroleum formation from sediment in Escanaba Trough, offshore from northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-12T17:04:56.243281","indexId":"70017391","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laboratory simulation of hydrothermal petroleum formation from sediment in Escanaba Trough, offshore from northern California","docAbstract":"

Petroleum associated with sulfide-rich sediment is present in Escanaba Trough at the southern end of the Gorda Ridge spreading axis offshore from northern California within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the U.S. This location and occurrence are important for evaluation of the mineral and energy resource potential of the seafloor under U.S. jurisdiction. In Escanaba Trough, petroleum is believed to be formed by hydrothermal processes acting on mainly terrigenous organic material in Quaternary, river-derived sediment. To attempt to simulate these processes in the laboratory, portions of a Pleistocene gray-green mud, obtained from ∼ 1.5 m below the seafloor at a water depth of ∼ 3250 m in Escanaba Trough, were heated in the presence of water in four hydrous-pyrolysis experiments conducted at temperatures ranging from 250 to 350°C and at a pressure of 350 bar for 1.0–4.5 days. Distributions of n-alkanes, isoprenoid hydrocarbons, triterpanes, and steranes in the heated samples were compared with those in a sample of hydrothermal petroleum from the same area. Mud samples heated for less than 4.5 days at less than 350°C show changes in some, but not all, molecular marker ratios of organic compounds that are consistent with those expected during hydrothermal petroleum formation. Our results suggest that the organic matter in this type of sediment serves as one possible source for some of the compounds found in the hydrothermal petroleum.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(94)90030-2","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Rapp, J., Hostettler, F.D., and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1994, Laboratory simulation of hydrothermal petroleum formation from sediment in Escanaba Trough, offshore from northern California: Organic Geochemistry, v. 22, no. 6, p. 935-945, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90030-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"935","endPage":"945","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Escanaba Trough, offshore from northern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -129.9551568342388,\n 42.10484697877368\n ],\n [\n -129.9551568342388,\n 40.363837398159575\n ],\n [\n -124.1586199301307,\n 40.363837398159575\n ],\n [\n -124.1586199301307,\n 42.10484697877368\n ],\n [\n -129.9551568342388,\n 42.10484697877368\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4116e4b0c8380cd652ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, John B.","contributorId":32028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}