{"pageNumber":"3384","pageRowStart":"84575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184914,"records":[{"id":2001113,"text":"2001113 - 1999 - Inclusion body disease of cranes","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001113,"text":"2001113 - 1999 - Inclusion body disease of cranes","indexId":"2001113","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Inclusion body disease of cranes"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T13:59:38","indexId":"2001113","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Inclusion body disease of cranes","docAbstract":"

In March 1978, a previously unidentified herpesvirus was isolated at the National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) from a die-off of captive cranes housed at the International Crane Foundation (ICF) in Baraboo, Wisconsin. Serological testing of this virus against other previously isolated avian herpesviruses does not result in cross-reactions, thereby supporting this agent’s status as a distinctly new virus. The NWHC assigned the descriptive name, “inclusion body disease of cranes” (IBDC) to this disease when reporting the outbreak in the scientific literature, because the disease is characterized by microscopic inclusions in cell nuclei throughout the liver and spleen.

Very little is known about how this disease is transmitted. As with duck plague and avian cholera, outbreaks are thought to be initiated by disease carriers within a population of birds. The disease likely spreads by direct contact between infected birds and other susceptible birds and by contact with a virus-contaminated environment. Findings of antibody in sera of cranes bled nearly 3 years before the deaths at ICF indicates that the IBDC virus can be maintained in a captive crane population for at least 2 years and 8 months without causing mortality. The IBDC virus has been isolated from the cloaca of antibody-positive cranes, which indicates the potential for fecal shedding of the virus.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Docherty, D.E., 1999, Inclusion body disease of cranes: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"156","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15540,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=165","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f573f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Docherty, D. E.","contributorId":83469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001092,"text":"2001092 - 1999 - Lead","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001092,"text":"2001092 - 1999 - Lead","indexId":"2001092","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Lead"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:45:23","indexId":"2001092","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Lead","docAbstract":"

Lead poisoning of waterfowl is neither a new disease nor a subject without controversy. The use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting within the United States has been prohibited and efforts are underway to ban the use of lead fishing sinkers and prohibit the use of lead shot for nonwaterfowl hunting. The first documented reports within the United States of lead-poisoned waterfowl were from Texas in 1874. Numerous other reports and studies added to those findings during the years and decades that followed. However, strong opposition to nontoxic shot requirements prevented full implementation of them until 1991. A full transition to nontoxic shot shells for all hunting and to nontoxic fishing sinkers and jig heads for fishing within the United States will not happen easily. The continued use of lead shot and lead fishing weights and the large amounts of these materials previously deposited in environments where birds feed assure that lead poisoning will remain a common bird disease for some time.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Lead: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"334","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15552,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=329","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8979","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001116,"text":"2001116 - 1999 - Chlamydiosis","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001116,"text":"2001116 - 1999 - Chlamydiosis","indexId":"2001116","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Chlamydiosis"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T14:10:00","indexId":"2001116","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Chlamydiosis","docAbstract":"

Chlamydiosis refers to an infection with organisms of the genus Chlamydia sp., which are bacteria that live within animal cells. Chlamydia psittaci is the species generally associated with this disease in birds. The severity of the disease differs by the strain of C. psittaci and the susceptibility of different species of birds. As a result, chlamydiosis may range from an inapparent infection to a severe disease with high mortality. The organism is excreted in the feces and nasal discharges of infected birds and can remain infective for several months. Infection commonly occurs from inhaling the bacteria in airborne particles from feces or respiratory exudates. Because of the organism’s resistance to drying, infected bird feces at roosts are especially hazardous.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., 1999, Chlamydiosis: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"114","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15542,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=123","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a1f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70194937,"text":"70194937 - 1999 - Soil respiration at the Amargosa Desert Research site: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70194937,"text":"70194937 - 1999 - Soil respiration at the Amargosa Desert Research site: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","indexId":"70194937","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Soil respiration at the Amargosa Desert Research site: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":31024,"text":"wri994018C - 1999 - U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)","indexId":"wri994018C","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C)"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T17:57:43","indexId":"70194937","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Soil respiration at the Amargosa Desert Research site: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","docAbstract":"

Automated opaque flux-chamber measurements of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux (soil respiration) into the atmosphere at the Amargosa Desert Research Site show seasonal and diel cycles of soil respiration that are closely linked with soil temperature and soil moisture. During 1998, soil respiration increased with soil warming through spring, reaching a maximum rate (not counting anomalously high values scattered through the record) of about 0.055 moles CO2 m-2 day-1 around Julian Day 120. Respiration rates then declined along with volumetric soil moisture content, tending to stay at or below about 0.02 moles CO2 per square meter per day (m-2 day -1) for the rest of the year, except after summer rainfalls when respiration sharply increased for short periods. The diel respiration pattern during dry spells is marked by a sharp rise in CO2 flux coincident with steeply rising soil temperatures in the morning, then dropping back to low levels about the time of maximum soil temperature. The reason for this pattern in unclear.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh Technical Meeting of the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","conferenceDate":"March 8-12, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Charleston, SC","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"West Trenton, NJ","usgsCitation":"Riggs, A.C., Striegl, R.G., and Maestas, F.B., 1999, Soil respiration at the Amargosa Desert Research site: A section in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999: Volume 3 (Part C) (WRI 99-4018C), 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"498","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350819,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/wri99-4018/Volume3/SectionD/3505_Riggs/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research site","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7192a8e4b0a9a2e9dbe02e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Morganwalp, David W. dwmorgan@usgs.gov","contributorId":5592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morganwalp","given":"David","email":"dwmorgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":726219,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726220,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Riggs, Alan C. ariggs@usgs.gov","contributorId":149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"Alan","email":"ariggs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":726209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maestas, Florentino B.","contributorId":20856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maestas","given":"Florentino","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2001114,"text":"2001114 - 1999 - Newcastle disease","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001114,"text":"2001114 - 1999 - Newcastle disease","indexId":"2001114","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Newcastle disease"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T13:52:00","indexId":"2001114","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Newcastle disease","docAbstract":"

Newcastle Disease (ND) in domestic poultry is a focus for concern throughout much of the world’s agricultural community because of severe economic losses that have occurred from illness, death, and reduced egg production following infection with pathogenic or disease causing strains. Prior to 1990, this disease had rarely been reported as a cause of mortality in the free-living native birds of the United States or Canada. Repeated large-scale losses of double-crested cormorants from ND in both countries has resulted in a need for enhanced awareness of ND as a disease of wild birds and, therefore, its inclusion within this Manual. Background information about ND in poultry is needed to provide a perspective for understanding the complexity of the disease agent, Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Some general information about ND in other avian species is also provided, but the primary focus for this chapter is the effect of NDV on double-crested cormorants.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Docherty, D.E., and Friend, M., 1999, Newcastle disease: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"179","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=187","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Docherty, D. E.","contributorId":83469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001099,"text":"2001099 - 1999 - Salmonellosis","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001099,"text":"2001099 - 1999 - Salmonellosis","indexId":"2001099","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Salmonellosis"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:14:16","indexId":"2001099","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Salmonellosis","docAbstract":"

Avian salmonellosis is caused by a group of bacteria of the genus salmonella. Approximately 2,300 different strains of salmonellae have been identified, and these are placed into groupings called “serovars” on the basis of their antigens or substances that induce immune response by the host, such as the production of specific antibody to the antigen. Current taxonomic nomenclature considers the 2,300 different serovars to be variants of two species, Salmonella enterica and S. bongori. S. enterica is further subdivided into six subspecies on the basis of biochemical characteristics. This results in complex nomenclature for each serovar, such as, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium. Readers should be aware of this convention for naming salmonellae because they will find this nomenclature in the current scientific literature. In this chapter, different serovars of salmonellae will be referred to by their previous, less complex nomenclature, such as S. typhimurium.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Salmonellosis: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"109","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15683,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=111","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001090,"text":"2001090 - 1999 - Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001090,"text":"2001090 - 1999 - Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides","indexId":"2001090","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:54:22","indexId":"2001090","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides","docAbstract":"

The insecticidal properties of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate compounds were first discovered in the 1930s, and the compounds were developed for pesticide use in the 1940s. They have been used increasingly since the 1970s when environmentally persistent organochlorine pesticides, such as DDT and dieldrin, were banned for use in the United States. Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides are generally short-lived in the environment (usually lasting only days to months instead of years) and, generally, chemical breakdown is accelerated as temperatures or pH or both increase.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Glaser, L., 1999, Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15564,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=299","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a6f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glaser, L.C.","contributorId":49298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glaser","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015970,"text":"1015970 - 1999 - Long-term prairie falcon population changes in relation to prey abundance, weather, land uses, and habitat conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-26T23:17:04","indexId":"1015970","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term prairie falcon population changes in relation to prey abundance, weather, land uses, and habitat conditions","docAbstract":"

We studied a nesting population of Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus) in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (NCA) from 1974-1997 to identify factors that influence abundance and reproduction. Our sampling period included two major droughts and associated crashes in Townsend's ground squirrel (Spermophilus townsendii) populations. The number of Prairie Falcon pairs found on long-term survey segments declined significantly from 1976-1997. Early declines were most severe at the eastern end of the NCA, where fires and agriculture have changed native shrubsteppe habitat. More recent declines occurred in the portion of canyon near the Orchard Training Area (OTA), where the Idaho Army National Guard conducts artillery firing and tank maneuvers. Overall Prairie Falcon reproductive rates were tied closely to annual indexes of ground squirrel abundance, but precipitation before and during the breeding season was related inversely to some measures of reproduction. Most reproductive parameters showed no significant trends over time, but during the 1990s, nesting success and productivity were lower in the stretch of canyon near the OTA than in adjacent areas. Extensive shrub loss, by itself, did not explain the pattern of declines in abundance and reproduction that we observed. Recent military training activities likely have interacted with fire and livestock grazing to create less than favorable foraging opportunities for Prairie Falcons in a large part of the NCA. To maintain Prairie Falcon populations in the NCA, managers should suppress wildfires, restore native plant communities, and regulate potentially incompatible land uses.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1370443","usgsCitation":"Steenhof, K., Kochert, M.N., Carpenter, L., and Lehman, R.N., 1999, Long-term prairie falcon population changes in relation to prey abundance, weather, land uses, and habitat conditions: The Condor, v. 101, no. 1, p. 28-41, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370443.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"41","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63ef72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steenhof, Karen karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","contributorId":30585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenhof","given":"Karen","email":"karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":323398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kochert, Michael N. 0000-0002-4380-3298 mkochert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-3298","contributorId":3037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochert","given":"Michael","email":"mkochert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carpenter, L.B.","contributorId":49317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lehman, Robert N.","contributorId":47746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021953,"text":"70021953 - 1999 - N2O emissions from a nitrogen-enriched river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021953","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"N2O emissions from a nitrogen-enriched river","docAbstract":"Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the South Platte River in Colorado were measured using closed chambers in the fall, winter, and summer of 1994- 1995. The South Platte River was enriched in inorganic N (9-800 ??M) derived from municipal wastewater effluent and groundwater return flows from irrigated agricultural fields. River water was as much as 2500% supersaturated with N2O, and median N2O emission rates from the river surface ranged from less than 90 to 32 600 ??g-N m-2 d-1. Seventy-nine percent of the variance in N2O emission rates was explained by concentrations of total inorganic N in river water and by water temperature. The estimated total annual N2O emissions from the South Platte River were 2 x 1013-6 x 1013 ??g-N yr-1. This amount of annual N2O emissions was similar to the estimated annual N2O emissions from all primary municipal wastewater treatment processes in the United States (1). Results from this study indicate that N-enriched rivers could be important anthropogenic sources of N2O to the atmosphere. However, N2O emission measurements from other N-enriched rivers are needed to better quantify this source.Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from the South Platte River in Colorado were measured using closed chambers in the fall, winter, and summer of 1994-1995. The South Platte River was enriched in inorganic N (9-800 ??M) derived from municipal wastewater effluent and groundwater return flows from irrigated agricultural fields. River water was as much as 2500% supersaturated with N2O, and median N2O emission rates from the river surface ranged from less than 90 to 32 600 ??g-N m-2 d-1. Seventy-nine percent of the variance in N2O emission rates was explained by concentrations of total inorganic N in river water and by water temperature. The estimated total annual N2O emissions from the South Platte River were 2??1013-6??1013 ??g-N yr-1. This amount of annual N2O emissions was similar to the estimated annual N2O emissions from all primary municipal wastewater treatment processes in the United States. Results from this study indicate that N-enriched rivers could be important anthropogenic sources of N2O to the atmosphere. However, N2O emission measurements from other N-enriched rivers are needed to better quantify this source.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","doi":"10.1021/es980645n","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., and Dennehy, K., 1999, N2O emissions from a nitrogen-enriched river: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 1, p. 21-25, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980645n.","startPage":"21","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206366,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es980645n"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-11-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a612fe4b0c8380cd7181a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dennehy, K.F.","contributorId":41841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"K.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001158,"text":"2001158 - 1999 - Barbiturates","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001158,"text":"2001158 - 1999 - Barbiturates","indexId":"2001158","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Barbiturates"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:37:11","indexId":"2001158","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Barbiturates","docAbstract":"

Barbiturate products are commonly used to euthanize domestic animals. The primary active component in euthanasia solutions is sodium pentobarbital, but some products also contain other minor ingredients (Fig. 48.1).

Euthanasia solutions are generally injected intravenously in domestic animals; therefore, after death, the solutions will be most concentrated in the blood and the highly vascularized organs, such as the liver or spleen, of the euthanized animal.

Euthanized carcasses that are available as carrion pose a hazard to scavenging birds and mammals. Large domestic animal carcasses, such as horses, that are not used for food or rendering but that are sufficiently valuable (monetarily or psychologically) to warrant veterinary services and euthanasia drugs are the most common sources of barbiturate poisoning in scavengers. In one instance in British Columbia, a single cow carcass was responsible for poisoning 29 bald eagles.

Circumstances that interfere with burial, such as frozen winter soil or bulky carcasses, result in euthanized carcasses being available for scavenger species. This problem could increase in the future if more stringent air-quality standards restrict carcass incineration.


","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Thomas, N., 1999, Barbiturates: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"350","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15570,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=361","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aa9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, N. J. 0000-0002-0161-0391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":49731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001115,"text":"2001115 - 1999 - Miscellaneous diseases","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001115,"text":"2001115 - 1999 - Miscellaneous diseases","indexId":"2001115","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Miscellaneous diseases"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:25:12","indexId":"2001115","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Miscellaneous diseases","docAbstract":"

This concluding chapter is intended to further inform the reader of the broad spectrum of causes affecting the health of wild birds by illustrating a variety of disease conditions that are not described elsewhere in this Manual. The information in this chapter is not intended to represent a comprehensive description of other causes for ill-health and death in wild birds. Instead, examples are provided of some less commonly reported conditions that, in some instances, illustrate larger health issues. Too little is known about these conditions to currently assess their biological significance as mortality factors in wild birds.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., and Thomas, N., 1999, Miscellaneous diseases: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"367","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15562,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=373","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd3a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, N. J. 0000-0002-0161-0391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":49731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001142,"text":"2001142 - 1999 - Recording and submitting specimen history data","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001142,"text":"2001142 - 1999 - Recording and submitting specimen history data","indexId":"2001142","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Recording and submitting specimen history data"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T14:11:21","indexId":"2001142","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Recording and submitting specimen history data","docAbstract":"

History can be defined as a chronological record of significant events. In wildlife disease investigations, determining the history or background of a problem is the first significant step toward establishing a diagnosis. The diagnostic process is often greatly expedited by a thorough history accompanying specimens submitted for laboratory evaluation. This information is also important for understanding the natural history or epizootiology of disease outbreaks, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain the history after the outbreak has occurred. Detailed field observations during the course of a die-off and an investigation of significant events preceding it also provide valuable information on which to base corrective actions. The most helpful information is that which is obtained at the time of the die-off event by a perceptive observer.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., 1999, Recording and submitting specimen history data: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"6","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15545,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=15","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6361ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001107,"text":"2001107 - 1999 - Avian cholera","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001107,"text":"2001107 - 1999 - Avian cholera","indexId":"2001107","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Avian cholera"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:16:42","indexId":"2001107","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Avian cholera","docAbstract":"

Avian cholera is a contagious disease resulting from infection by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. Several subspecies of bacteria have been proposed for P. multocida, and at least 16 different P. multocida serotypes or characteristics of antigens in bacterial cells that differentiate bacterial variants from each other have been recognized. The serotypes are further differentiated by other methods, including DNA fingerprinting. These evaluations are useful for studying the ecology of avian cholera (Fig. 7.1), because different serotypes are generally found in poultry and free-ranging migratory birds. These evaluations also show that different P. multocida serotypes are found in wild birds in the eastern United States than those that are found in the birds in the rest of the Nation (Fig. 7.2).

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Avian cholera: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15549,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=87","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ab2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001117,"text":"2001117 - 1999 - Polychlorinated biphenyls","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001117,"text":"2001117 - 1999 - Polychlorinated biphenyls","indexId":"2001117","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:48:20","indexId":"2001117","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls","docAbstract":"

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are industrial compounds with multiple industrial and commercial uses (Table 41.1). PCBs are chemically inert and stable when heated. These properties contribute greatly to PCBs having become environmental contaminants. The chemical inertness and heat stability properties that make PCBs desirable for industry also protect them from destruction when the products in which they are used are discarded. These same properties also enable PCB residues to persist in the environment for long periods of time and to be transported worldwide when contaminated particulate matter travels through waters, precipitation, wind, and other physical forces.

PCBs have a physical structure similar to DDT, and, like DDT, they are classified as aromatic hydrocarbons which contain one or more benzene rings. The presence of chlorine results in DDT, PCBs, and other compounds with similar structures commonly being referred to as chlorinated hydrocarbons. The toxicity of these compounds is associated with the amount of chlorine they contain. The trade name of Aroclor® for PCBs that were produced by a manufacturer in the United States contains a numerical designation that specifies the amount of chlorine present in a particular formulation. For example, Aroclor® 1221 contains 21 percent chlorine while Aroclor® 1254 contains 54 percent chlorine. The first two digits designate the number of carbons in the formulation. The chemical structure of PCBs results in the possibility of many different forms or isomers, (more commonly called congeners) of these compounds. PCBs in other countries have different trade names than Aroclor® (Table 41.2).

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., and Franson, J.C., 1999, Polychlorinated biphenyls: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"307","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15561,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=315","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6843ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001098,"text":"2001098 - 1999 - Mycoplasmosis","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001098,"text":"2001098 - 1999 - Mycoplasmosis","indexId":"2001098","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Mycoplasmosis"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T14:08:34","indexId":"2001098","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Mycoplasmosis","docAbstract":"

Mycoplasmosis is caused by infection with a unique group of bacteria that lack cell walls but possess distinctive plasma membranes. Mycoplasma are also the smallest self-replicating life-forms, and they are responsible for a variety of diseases in humans, animals, insects, and plants. These bacteria can cause acute and chronic diseases in hosts that they infect, and they are also implicated with other microbes as causes of disease when the immune system of the host has become impaired through concurrent infection by other disease agents or through other processes. This chapter focuses on mycoplasmal infections of birds, the most significant of which are caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), M. meleagridis (MM), and M. synoviae (MS). Only MG is of known importance for wild birds.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Mycoplasmosis: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"119","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15556,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=127","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b490d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001119,"text":"2001119 - 1999 - Salt","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001119,"text":"2001119 - 1999 - Salt","indexId":"2001119","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Salt"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:38:59","indexId":"2001119","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Salt","docAbstract":"

Animals become victims of salt poisoning or toxicosis when toxic levels of sodium and chloride accumulate in the blood after they ingest large amounts of salt or, in some species, are deprived of water. For birds, salt sources may include saline water and road salt.

Normally, the salt glands of birds (Fig. 47.1) excrete sodium and chloride to maintain the proper physiologic chemical balance. However, when there has been insufficient time for acclimation of the salt gland to the saline environment, or when salt gland function is compromised by exposure to certain pesticides or oil, the electrolyte balance of the blood may be upset by the excess sodium and chloride, resulting in toxicosis. Salt accumulation on the outside of the body, or salt encrustation, is a greater problem for waterbirds that use very saline waters than is salt toxicosis. Salt encrustation can lead to exertion, acute muscle degeneration, and eventual drowning during the struggle to escape entrapment.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., and Friend, M., 1999, Salt: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"348","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15577,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=359","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c8fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001143,"text":"2001143 - 1999 - Cyanide","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001143,"text":"2001143 - 1999 - Cyanide","indexId":"2001143","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Cyanide"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:40:32","indexId":"2001143","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Cyanide","docAbstract":"

Cyanide poisoning of birds is caused by exposure to cyanide in two forms: inorganic salts and hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN). Two sources of cyanide have been associated with bird mortalities: gold and silver mines that use cyanide in the extraction process and a predator control device called the M-44 sodium cyanide ejector, which uses cyanide as the toxic agent.

Most of the cyanide mortality documented in birds is a result of exposure to cyanide used in heap leach and carbonin-pulp mill gold or silver mining processes. At these mines, the animals are exposed when they ingest water that contains cyanide salts used in mining processes or, possibly, when they inhale HCN gas. In heap leach mining operations, the ore is placed on an impermeable pad over which a cyanide solution is sprayed or dripped. The cyanide solution dissolves and attaches to or “leaches out” the gold. The cyanide and gold solution is then drained to a plastic-lined pond, which is commonly called the pregnant pond. The gold is extracted, and the remaining solution is moved into another lined pond, which is commonly called the barren pond. The cyanide concentration in this pond is increased so that the solution is again suitable for use in the leaching process, and the solution is used again on the ore heap (Fig. 46.1). Bird use of the HCN-contaminated water in the ponds (Fig. 46.2) or contaminated water on or at the base of the heap leach pads (Fig. 46.3) can result in mortality.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Creekmore, L., 1999, Cyanide: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"345","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15539,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=353","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ebae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Creekmore, Lynn H.","contributorId":87251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creekmore","given":"Lynn H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001120,"text":"2001120 - 1999 - Disease control operations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001120,"text":"2001120 - 1999 - Disease control operations","indexId":"2001120","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Disease control operations"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:52:48","indexId":"2001120","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Disease control operations","docAbstract":"

Individual disease outbreaks have killed many thousands of animals on numerous occasions. Tens of thousands of migratory birds have died in single die-offs with as many as 1,000 birds succumbing in 1 day. The ability to successfully combat such explosive situations is highly dependent on the readiness of field personnel to deal with them. Because many disease agents can spread through wildlife populations very quickly, advance preparation is essential for preventing infected animals from spreading disease to additional species and locations. Carefully thought-out disease contingency plans should be developed as practical working documents for field personnel and updated as necessary. Well-designed plans can prove invaluable in minimizing wildlife losses and the costs associated with disease control activities.

Although requirements for disease control operations vary and must be tailored to each situation, all disease contingency planning involves general concepts and basic biological information. This chapter, which is intended to be a practical guide, identifies the major activities and needs of disease control operations, and relates them to disease contingency planning.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., and Franson, J.C., 1999, Disease control operations: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 22 p.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=31","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001097,"text":"2001097 - 1999 - Miscellaneous bacterial diseases","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001097,"text":"2001097 - 1999 - Miscellaneous bacterial diseases","indexId":"2001097","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Miscellaneous bacterial diseases"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T14:07:12","indexId":"2001097","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Miscellaneous bacterial diseases","docAbstract":"

Disease in free-ranging birds is caused by many other pathogenic bacteria in addition to those illustrated within this section. These other diseases are currently considered less important because of their infrequent occurrence, the small numbers of birds generally lost annually, or because they primarily result from infection by opportunistic pathogens and they require concurrent disease processes for them to become apparent. The following brief highlights about the more important of these diseases are included to acquaint readers with their existence and provide some basic information about their ecology.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Miscellaneous bacterial diseases: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"126","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15553,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=133","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001149,"text":"2001149 - 1999 - Oil","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001149,"text":"2001149 - 1999 - Oil","indexId":"2001149","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Oil"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:46:49","indexId":"2001149","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Oil","docAbstract":"

Each year, an average of 14 million gallons of oil from more than 10,000 accidental spills flow into fresh and saltwater environments in and around the United States. Most accidental oil spills occur when oil is transported by tankers or barges, but oil is also spilled during highway, rail, and pipeline transport, and by nontransportation-related facilities, such as refinery, bulk storage, and marine and land facilities (Fig. 42.1). Accidental releases, however, account for only a small percentage of all oil entering the environment; in heavily used urban estuaries, the total petroleum hydrocarbon contributions due to transportation activities may be 10 percent or less. Most oil is introduced to the environment by intentional discharges from normal transport and refining operations, industrial and municipal discharges, used lubricant and other waste oil disposal, urban runoff, river runoff, atmospheric deposition, and natural seeps. Oil-laden wastewater is often released into settling ponds and wetlands (Fig. 42.2). Discharges of oil field brines are a major source of the petroleum crude oil that enters estuaries in Texas.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Rocke, T., 1999, Oil: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"315","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15684,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=321","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691eca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":88680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001089,"text":"2001089 - 1999 - Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001089,"text":"2001089 - 1999 - Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides","indexId":"2001089","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:49:49","indexId":"2001089","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides","docAbstract":"

Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides (OCs) are diverse synthetic chemicals that belong to several groups, based on chemical structure. DDT is the best known of these insecticides. First synthesized in 1874, DDT remained obscure until its insecticidal properties became known in 1939, a discovery that earned a Nobel Prize in 1948. The means of synthesizing the cyclodiene group, the most toxic of the OCs, was discovered in 1928 and resulted in a Nobel Prize in 1950. The insecticidal properties of cyclodienes, which include aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin (Table 40.1), were discovered about 1945. OCs became widely used in the United States following World War II. Their primary uses included broad spectrum applications for agricultural crops and forestry and, to a lesser extent, human health protection by spraying to destroy mosquitoes and other potential disease carriers. These compounds also became widely used to combat insect carriers of domestic animal diseases.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., and Franson, J.C., 1999, Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"302","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15558,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=307","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e2707","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021404,"text":"70021404 - 1999 - Reinterpretation of the Burmester core, Bonneville basin, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70021404","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reinterpretation of the Burmester core, Bonneville basin, Utah","docAbstract":"Initial interpretation of the sediments from the Burmester core (Eardley et al. (1973). Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 211-216) indicated that 17 deep-lake cycles, separated by shallow-lake and soil-forming intervals, occurred in the Bonneville basin during the Brunhes Chron (the last 780 x 103 yr). Our re-examination of the core, along with new sedimentological, geochronological, and paleontological data, indicate that only four deep-lake cycles occurred during this period, apparently correlative with marine oxygen-isotope stages 2, 6, 12, and 16. This interpretation suggests that large lakes formed in the Bonneville basin only during the most extensive of the Northern Hemisphere glaciations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2058","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Oviatt, C.G., Thompson, R., Kaufman, D.S., Bright, J., and Forester, R.M., 1999, Reinterpretation of the Burmester core, Bonneville basin, Utah: Quaternary Research, v. 52, no. 2, p. 180-184, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2058.","startPage":"180","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206483,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2058"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a60be4b0e8fec6cdc082","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oviatt, Charles G.","contributorId":36580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oviatt","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaufman, D. S.","contributorId":18006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bright, Jordon","contributorId":63981,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bright","given":"Jordon","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":389753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1016198,"text":"1016198 - 1999 - Effects of fire on golden eagle territory occupancy and reproductive success","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T11:18:16.227735","indexId":"1016198","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of fire on golden eagle territory occupancy and reproductive success","docAbstract":"We examined effects of fire on golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) territory occupancy and reproductive success in southwestern Idaho because wildfires since 1980 have resulted in large-scale losses of shrub habitat in the Snake River Plain. Success (percentage of pairs that raised young) at burned territories declined after major fires (P = 0.004). Pairs in burned areas that could expand into adjacent vacant territories were as successful as pairs in unburned territories and more successful than pairs in burned territories that could not expand. Success at extensively burned territories was lowest 4-6 years after burning but increased 4-5 years later. The incidence and extent of fires did not help predict territories that would have low occupancy and success rates in postburn years. The presence of a vacant neighboring territory and the amount of agriculture and proportion of shrubs within 3 km of the nesting centroid best predicted probability of territory occupancy. Nesting success during preburn years best predicted the probability of a territory being successful in postburn years. Burned territories with high success rates during preburn years continued to have high success rates during postburn years, and those with low success in preburn years continued to be less successful after burning. In areas where much shrub habitat has been lost to fire, management for golden eagles should include active fire suppression and rehabilitation of burned areas.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Kochert, M.N., Steenhof, K., Marzluff, J., and Carpenter, L., 1999, Effects of fire on golden eagle territory occupancy and reproductive success: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 3, p. 773-780.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"780","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6158db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kochert, Michael N. 0000-0002-4380-3298 mkochert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-3298","contributorId":3037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochert","given":"Michael","email":"mkochert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steenhof, Karen karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","contributorId":30585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenhof","given":"Karen","email":"karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":323716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marzluff, J.M.","contributorId":15152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marzluff","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carpenter, L.B.","contributorId":49317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2001161,"text":"2001161 - 1999 - Avian pox","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001161,"text":"2001161 - 1999 - Avian pox","indexId":"2001161","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Avian pox"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T13:56:12","indexId":"2001161","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Avian pox","docAbstract":"

Avian pox is the common name for a mild-to-severe, slowdeveloping disease of birds that is caused by a large virus belonging to the avipoxvirus group, a subgroup of poxviruses. This group contains several similar virus strains; some strains have the ability to infect several groups or species of birds but others appear to be species-specific. Mosquitoes are common mechanical vectors or transmitters of this disease. Avian pox is transmitted when a mosquito feeds on an infected bird that has viremia or pox virus circulating in its blood, or when a mosquito feeds on virus-laden secretions seeping from a pox lesion and then feeds on another bird that is susceptible to that strain of virus. Contact with surfaces or exposure to air-borne particles contaminated with poxvirus can also result in infections when virus enters the body through abraded skin or the conjunctiva or the mucous membrane lining that covers the front part of the eyeball and inner surfaces of the eyelids of the eye.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hansen, W., 1999, Avian pox: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"169","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15566,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=175","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, W.","contributorId":82815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001109,"text":"2001109 - 1999 - Heartworm of swans and geese","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001109,"text":"2001109 - 1999 - Heartworm of swans and geese","indexId":"2001109","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Heartworm of swans and geese"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T12:06:38","indexId":"2001109","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Heartworm of swans and geese","docAbstract":"

Heartworm in swans and geese is caused by a filarial nematode or a roundworm of the superfamily Filarioidea which is transmitted to the bird by a biting louse. The nematode and the louse both are parasites. Sarconema eurycerca is the only one of several species of microfilaria or the first stage juvenile of the parasite found in the circulating blood of waterfowl that is known to be pathogenic or cause clinical disease.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Cole, R.A., 1999, Heartworm of swans and geese: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"234","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15534,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=245","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d5b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":39719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}