{"pageNumber":"3387","pageRowStart":"84650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184914,"records":[{"id":1001889,"text":"1001889 - 1999 - Do mini-refuges supply wintering northern pintails with important diurnal roost sites?: Response to Rave","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T10:44:29","indexId":"1001889","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do mini-refuges supply wintering northern pintails with important diurnal roost sites?: Response to Rave","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Cox, R.R., and Afton, A., 1999, Do mini-refuges supply wintering northern pintails with important diurnal roost sites?: Response to Rave: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 4, p. 901-903.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"901","endPage":"903","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d7de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cox, R. R. Jr.","contributorId":57006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020917,"text":"70020917 - 1999 - Effect of illite particle shape on cesium sorption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T18:17:09","indexId":"70020917","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of illite particle shape on cesium sorption","docAbstract":"<p>Samples containing illite and illite-smectite, having different crystal shapes (plates, “barrels”, and filaments), were selected for sorption experiments with cesium. There is a positive correlation between total surface area and Cs-sorption capacity, but no correlation between total surface area and the distribution coefficient, K<sub>d</sub>. Generally K<sub>d</sub> increases with the edge surface area, although “hairy” (filamentous) illite does not fit this pattern, possibly because elongation of crystals along one axis reduces the number of specific sorption sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470610","usgsCitation":"Rajec, P., Sucha, V., Eberl, D.D., Srodon, J., and Elsass, F.E., 1999, Effect of illite particle shape on cesium sorption: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 47, no. 6, p. 755-760, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470610.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"755","endPage":"760","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05ebe4b0c8380cd51016","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rajec, Pavol","contributorId":92451,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rajec","given":"Pavol","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sucha, Vladimir","contributorId":48340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sucha","given":"Vladimir","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, Dennis D.","contributorId":68388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Srodon, Jan","contributorId":50780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Srodon","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elsass, Francoise E.","contributorId":9910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elsass","given":"Francoise","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":93816,"text":"93816 - 1999 - Habitat management plan for butterfly species at Homestead National Monument","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:57","indexId":"93816","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Habitat management plan for butterfly species at Homestead National Monument","language":"English","publisher":"Iowa State University","publisherLocation":"Ames, IA","usgsCitation":"Mahady, S., and Debinski, D., 1999, Habitat management plan for butterfly species at Homestead National Monument, 10 pp.","productDescription":"10 pp.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mahady, S.","contributorId":98248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahady","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Debinski, D.","contributorId":19902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Debinski","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001728,"text":"1001728 - 1999 - The Grasslands Ecosystem Initiative","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T13:37:21","indexId":"1001728","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1462,"text":"Ecological Restoration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Grasslands Ecosystem Initiative","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Restoration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D.H., and Larson, D., 1999, The Grasslands Ecosystem Initiative: Ecological Restoration, v. 17, p. 174-175.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"174","endPage":"175","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, D.L. 0000-0001-5202-0634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":69501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001766,"text":"1001766 - 1999 - Le Conte's sparrows breeding in Conservation Reserve Program fields: precipitation and patterns of population change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T11:32:27","indexId":"1001766","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Le Conte's sparrows breeding in Conservation Reserve Program fields: precipitation and patterns of population change","docAbstract":"The climate of the North American Great Plains is highly dynamic, with great year-to-year variability in precipitation and periodic, often extreme, wet and dry cycles (Bragg 1995). Drought is a major force of ecological disturbance on the Great Plains and has played a key role in directing the evolution of the grassland biota of this region (Knopf and Samson 1997). Although grassland birds may differ in their responses to enviromenental variations (Rotenberry and Wiens 1991), climatic variability and concomitant unpredictability of resources strongly influence populations of grassland birds across space and time (Wiens 1974, 1986; Cody 1985). Not surprisingly, breeding bird populations on the Great Plains are highly dynamic, exhibiting considerable annual variation in composition, abundance, and distribution (Johnson and Grier 1988, George et al. 1992, Zimmerman 1992, Igl and Johnson 1997). Recently, interest in grassland birds has increased with the recognition that many species are declining both continentally (Droege and Sauer 1994) and globally (Goriup 1988). Identification of the specific factors associated with grassland bird declines in North America, however, remains largely enigmatic (Herkert 1997), and it is complicated by the considerable annual fluctuations in grassland bird distribution and abundance (Igl and Johnson 1997). Although there is evidence that land-use changes on the breeding grounds may have contributed to grassland bird declines (e.g., Igl and Johnson 1997), there also is an indication that long-term drought conditions may have influenced recent population changes of some breeding birds on the Great Plains (Droege and Sauer 1989, Peterjohn and Sauer 1993, Bethke and Nudds 1995, Igl and Johnson 1997).  Le Conte's Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii) is a secretive grassland bird that breeds in central and southern Canada and the northcentral United States (Murray 1969). It winters primarily in the southern United States (Peterson 1980, 1990). Like populations of many grassland breeding birds in North America (Fretwell 1986, Igl and Johnson 1997), Le Conte's Sparrow populations exhibit numerical highs and lows depending on local moisture conditions (Peabody 1901, Stewart 1975, Knapton 1979, Zimmer 1979, Madden 1996). This observation, however, is based largely on anecdotal evidence or short-term observations. Long-term studies of Le Conte's Sparrow populations are limited. Le Conte's Sparrow is poorly represented on the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) because of small sample sizes, poor coverage in the northern portion of its breeding range, and the species' furtive behavior (Sauer et al. 1995). Moreover, dramatic fluctuations in Le Conte's Sparrow abundance tend to obscure the species' long-term population trends on the BBS (Sauer et al. 1995).  In this paper we examine long-term population changes of Le Conte's Sparrows breeding in perennial grassland fields enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) on the northern Great Plains. We discuss patterns of population change of Le Conte's Sparrows associated with changes in precipitation and moisture conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Igl, L.D., and Johnson, D.H., 1999, Le Conte's sparrows breeding in Conservation Reserve Program fields: precipitation and patterns of population change: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 19, p. 178-186.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"186","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328595,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/84"}],"volume":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70182769,"text":"70182769 - 1999 - Changes in proximate composition and somatic energy content for Pacific sand lance (<i>Ammodytes hexapterus</i>) from Kachemak Bay, Alaska relative to maturity and season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T17:13:02","indexId":"70182769","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2277,"text":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in proximate composition and somatic energy content for Pacific sand lance (<i>Ammodytes hexapterus</i>) from Kachemak Bay, Alaska relative to maturity and season","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mean dry-weight energy values of adult Pacific sand lance (</span><i>Ammodytes hexapterus</i><span>) peaked in spring and early summer (20.91 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> for males, 21.08 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> for females), then declined by about 25% during late summer and fall (15.91 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> for males, 15.74 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> for females). Late summer declines in energy density paralleled gonadal development. Gender differences in energy density (males&lt;females) were only apparent from August to October. Adult sand lance spawn in October, entering the winter with close to their minimum whole body energy content. Juvenile sand lance exhibited a relatively constant protein to lipid ratio until they reached 80 mm fork length. Thereafter, relative proportions of protein remained constant while lipid proportions increased significantly. Dry weight energy densities of juveniles increased from a minimum 16.67 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> to a maximum of 19.68 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and (per g) are higher than adults in late summer. The seasonal food value of adult sand lance to predators varies markedly, but maximum energetic value coincides with important feeding periods for marine mammals, fish, and seabirds.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00102-1","usgsCitation":"Robards, M.D., Anthony, J.A., Rose, G.A., and Piatt, J.F., 1999, Changes in proximate composition and somatic energy content for Pacific sand lance (<i>Ammodytes hexapterus</i>) from Kachemak Bay, Alaska relative to maturity and season: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 242, no. 2, p. 245-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00102-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"258","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336339,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet, Kachemak Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.31396484375,\n              58.65979930575396\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.99658203125,\n              58.65979930575396\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.99658203125,\n              61.47026680312171\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.31396484375,\n              61.47026680312171\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.31396484375,\n              58.65979930575396\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"242","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a43e4b01ccd54ff3fce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, Jill A.","contributorId":18161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"Jill","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, George A.","contributorId":184159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rose","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015936,"text":"1015936 - 1999 - Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-13T02:47:21.739472","indexId":"1015936","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears <i>Ursus arctos</i> in Idaho","title":"Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho","docAbstract":"<p><span>Informed management of large carnivores depends on the timely and useful presentation of relevant information. We describe an approach to evaluating carnivore habitat that uses pre-existing qualitative and quantitative information on humans and carnivores to generate coarse-scale maps of habitat suitability, habitat productivity, potential reserves, and areas of potential conflict. We use information pertinent to the contemplated reintroduction of grizzly bears&nbsp;</span><i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i><span>&nbsp;into central Idaho to demonstrate our approach. The approach uses measures of human numbers, their estimated distribution, road and trail access, and abundance and quality of bear foods to create standardized indices that are analogues of death and birth rates, respectively; the first subtracted from the second indicates habitat suitability (</span><i>HS</i><span>). We calibrate&nbsp;</span><i>HS</i><span>&nbsp;to sightings of grizzly bears in two ecosystems in northern Idaho and develop an empirical model from these same sightings based on piece-wise treatment of the variables contained in&nbsp;</span><i>HS</i><span>. Depending on whether the empirical model or&nbsp;</span><i>HS</i><span>&nbsp;is used, we estimate that there is 14 800 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;of suitable habitat in two blocks or 37 100 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;in one block in central Idaho, respectively. Both approaches show suitable habitat in the current Evaluation Area and in an area of southeastern Idaho centered on the Palisades Reservoir. Areas of highly productive habitat are concentrated in northern and western Idaho and in the Palisades area. Future conflicts between humans and bears are most likely to occur on the western and northern margins of suitable habitat in central Idaho, rather than to the east, where opposition to reintroduction of grizzly bears is currently strongest.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00057-3","usgsCitation":"Merrill, T., Mattson, D., Wright, R., and Quigley, H.B., 1999, Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho: Biological Conservation, v. 87, no. 2, p. 231-248, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00057-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479612,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(98)00057-3","text":"External 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,{"id":70181824,"text":"70181824 - 1999 - Hybridization and the phylogenetic relationship between polecats and domestic ferrets in Britain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T14:34:36","indexId":"70181824","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hybridization and the phylogenetic relationship between polecats and domestic ferrets in Britain","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ferrets (</span><i>Mustela furo</i><span>) were domesticated from polecats (</span><i>M. putorius, M. eversmannii</i><span>) over 2000 years ago. Following their introduction to Britain, they escaped and hybridized with native European polecats (</span><i>M. putorius</i><span>). Native polecats declined to the point of near extinction prior to World War I, but have recently begun to expand from a Welsh refugium. Concern has arisen as to the extent of polecat/ferret introgression, and in particular, whether the expanding population is of mainly hybrid origin. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA sequencing was used to investigate polecat genetic diversity in Britain. Two geographically distinct lineages were found, where one may be ancestral to the British polecat, and the other to the domestic ferret. The ancestral distribution of each lineage, or assortative mating is sufficient to explain the observed pattern. A further comparison between the distribution of the polecat phenotype and mitochondrial haplotype implies that the current population expansion may be mediated by dispersing male polecats hybridizing with female feral ferrets. However, the wild source of the ferret remains obscure. Relatively recent speciation from European mink (</span><i>M. lutreola</i><span>) and black-footed ferrets (</span><i>M. nigripes</i><span>), and/or the effects of hybridization result in an unresolved molecular phylogeny.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00067-6","usgsCitation":"Davison, A., Birks, J.D., Griffiths, H.I., Kitchener, A., Biggins, D., and Butlin, R.K., 1999, Hybridization and the phylogenetic relationship between polecats and domestic ferrets in Britain: Biological Conservation, v. 87, no. 2, p. 155-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00067-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a4253ae4b0c825128ad47a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davison, A.","contributorId":181582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davison","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Birks, J. D. S.","contributorId":181583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Birks","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffiths, H. I.","contributorId":181584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffiths","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kitchener, A. C.","contributorId":181585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kitchener","given":"A. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Biggins, D.","contributorId":79823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Butlin, R. K.","contributorId":181586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butlin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":7000005,"text":"7000005 - 1999 - Dinosaurs, facts and fiction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:51","indexId":"7000005","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Dinosaurs, facts and fiction","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000005","usgsCitation":"Litwin, R.J., Weems, R.E., and Holtz, T.R., 1999, Dinosaurs, facts and fiction: General Interest Publication, Pamphlet; 1 folded sheet (10 p.) : ill., maps ; 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000005.","productDescription":"Pamphlet; 1 folded sheet (10 p.) : ill., maps ; 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18580,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dinosaurs/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litwin, Ronald J. 0000-0002-8661-1296 rlitwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-1296","contributorId":2478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litwin","given":"Ronald","email":"rlitwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":343948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weems, Robert E. 0000-0002-1907-7804 rweems@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1907-7804","contributorId":2663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"Robert","email":"rweems@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":343949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holtz, Thomas R. Jr.","contributorId":72351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtz","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180725,"text":"70180725 - 1999 - The toxic equivalents approach for fish and wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T10:59:44","indexId":"70180725","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1913,"text":"Human and Ecological Risk Assessment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The toxic equivalents approach for fish and wildlife","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10807039991289608","usgsCitation":"Tillitt, D.E., 1999, The toxic equivalents approach for fish and wildlife: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, v. 5, no. 1, p. 25-32, https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039991289608.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a02551e4b099f50d3e04dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70180893,"text":"70180893 - 1999 - Additional records of bats from the middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T16:21:23","indexId":"70180893","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Additional records of bats from the middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico","docAbstract":"<p> The resident and migratory bat fauna of the middle Rio Grande Valley in central New Mexico is inadequately known. Many of the specimen records from this valley are from Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, ca. 20 km S of Socorro, Socorro Co. Findley et al. (1975) reported Myotis lucifugus, M. yumanensis, Lasiurus cinereus, and Tadarida brasiliensis from the refuge to which Reith (1982) added Antrozous pallidus. During June and July 1994, we netted nine nights and conducted visual searches of known roosts to capture 67 bats of seven species as part of a baseline survey of bats on the refuge. We surveyed artificial wetlands in the transitional zone between riparian forest and adjacent desert-grassland, within ca. 2 km of the Rio Grande. Nearby agricultural fields and ponds managed primarily for use by waterfowl provided numerous sites suitable for foraging and drinking by bats. We report four new species records for the refuge, one of&nbsp; which is also a new county record. Voucher material is deposited in the Biological Survey Collection, Fort Collins (BS/FC), now housed in the Museum of Southwestern Biology (MSB), University of New Mexico.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","usgsCitation":"Valdez, E.W., Stuart, J.N., and Bogan, M., 1999, Additional records of bats from the middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 44, no. 3, p. 398-400.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"398","endPage":"400","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58999945e4b0efcedb71a0be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valdez, Ernest W. 0000-0002-7262-3069 ernie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-3069","contributorId":3600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdez","given":"Ernest","email":"ernie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuart, James N.","contributorId":65012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogan, Michael A.","contributorId":27128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"Michael A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180393,"text":"70180393 - 1999 - Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in <i>The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180393,"text":"70180393 - 1999 - Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in <i>The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska</i>","indexId":"70180393","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"CC","title":"Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in <i>The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":21986,"text":"ofr9834 - 1999 - The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska","indexId":"ofr9834","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":21986,"text":"ofr9834 - 1999 - The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska","indexId":"ofr9834","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:17:25","indexId":"70180393","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-34","chapter":"CC","title":"Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in <i>The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks are potential hydrocarbon reservoir facies for four plays in the 1002 area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. These rocks include several units in the pre-Carboniferous basement and the Carboniferous Lisburne Group. Data from exploratory wells west of the 1002 area, outcrops south of the 1002 area, seismic lines, and well logs are synthesized herein to infer carbonate lithofacies, extent, and reservoir character beneath the northeastern Arctic coastal plain.</p><p>A chiefly shallow-water basement carbonate succession of Late Proterozoic through Early Devonian age (Katakturuk Dolomite, Nanook Limestone, and Mount Copleston Limestone) is interpreted to be present beneath much of the south-central 1002 area; it reaches 3,700 m thick in outcrop and is the primary reservoir for the Deformed Franklinian Play. A more heterogeneous lithologic assemblage of uncertain age forms basement in the northwestern part of the 1002 area; well data define three subunits that contain carbonate intervals 5- 50 m thick. These strata are prospective reservoirs for the Undeformed Franklinian Play and could also be reservoirs for the Niguanak- Aurora Play. Regional lithologic correlations suggest a Cambrian-Late Proterozoic(?) age for subunits one and two, and a slightly younger, later Cambrian-Silurian age for subunit three. Seismic and well data indicate that subunit one overlies subunit two and is overlain by subunit three. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Lisburne Group, a predominantly carbonate platform succession as much as 1 km thick, is projected beneath the southernmost part of the 1002 area and is a potential reservoir for the Ellesmerian Thrust-belt and Niguanak-Aurora Plays.</p><p>Carbonate rocks in the 1002 area probably retain little primary porosity but may have locally well developed secondary porosity. Measured reservoir parameters in basement carbonate strata are low (porosity generally ≤ 5%; permeability ≤ 0.2 md) but drill-stem tests found locally reasonable flow rates (4,220-4,800 bpd) and, in the Flaxman Island area, recovered gas and condensate from these rocks. The Lisburne Group has produced up to 50,000 bbl of oil/ day from the Lisburne field at Prudhoe Bay. Reservoir parameters of the Lisburne in northeastern Alaska range from low (porosities ≤ 5% in most limestones) to good (porosities average 6.5-10% in some dolostones). Reservoir quality in Carboniferous and older carbonate strata in the 1002 area should be greatest where these rocks are highly fractured and (or) truncated by the Lower Cretaceous Unconformity.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area, Alaska (Open File Report 98-34)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70180393","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., 1999, Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in <i>The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-34, CC-33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70180393.","productDescription":"CC-33 p.","startPage":"CC-1","endPage":"CC-33","numberOfPages":"57","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334268,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334267,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0034/"},{"id":334266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0034/CC.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"ANWR, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -142.00927734375,\n              69.84246157021256\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.71514892578125,\n              69.69524461137115\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.91015625,\n              69.60259197307883\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.02276611328125,\n              69.57768853364969\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.909912109375,\n              69.5776885336496\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.909912109375,\n              69.64944636884633\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.613037109375,\n              69.64944636884633\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.613037109375,\n              69.69333832362335\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.2554931640625,\n              69.69333832362335\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.2554931640625,\n              69.72001075967263\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.4422607421875,\n              69.8225761110076\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.4312744140625,\n              69.85854556489717\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.1236572265625,\n              70.02434079930296\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.0247802734375,\n              70.04309814378463\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.865478515625,\n              70.16460963678996\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.04150390625,\n              70.01683312770945\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.580078125,\n              70.02434079930296\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.6737060546875,\n              70.15715255172064\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.9705810546875,\n              70.13849806648298\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.5421142578125,\n              70.01307827710367\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.1246337890625,\n              69.8736722051942\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.00927734375,\n              69.84246157021256\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publicComments":"Originally published in a 2-CD-ROM set; the file is now available online.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588f0d76e4b072a7ac08c12b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70180395,"text":"70180395 - 1999 - Rock, stream sediment, and heavy-mineral concentrate geochemical data from Unga and western Popof Islands, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: Chapter 6 in <i>A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180395,"text":"70180395 - 1999 - Rock, stream sediment, and heavy-mineral concentrate geochemical data from Unga and western Popof Islands, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: Chapter 6 in <i>A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska</i>","indexId":"70180395","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"6","title":"Rock, stream sediment, and heavy-mineral concentrate geochemical data from Unga and western Popof Islands, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: Chapter 6 in <i>A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":21825,"text":"ofr99136 - 1999 - Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska","indexId":"ofr99136","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":21825,"text":"ofr99136 - 1999 - Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska","indexId":"ofr99136","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Geological and geophysical setting of the gold-silver vein systems of Unga Island, southwestern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T08:17:13","indexId":"70180395","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-136","chapter":"6","title":"Rock, stream sediment, and heavy-mineral concentrate geochemical data from Unga and western Popof Islands, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: Chapter 6 in <i>A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>The data reported here was collected during the 1982-1988 mineral resource assessment of the Port Moller and adjacent quadrangles (see Wilson and others, 1996). Analytical data for virtually all of the samples reported here has been previously published in a series of U.S.G.S. Open-File reports, including Angeloni and others (1985), Arbogast and others (1987), and Wilson and others (1987). Induction-coupled plasma (ICP) data is reported here for the first time on stream sediment samples resulting from analyses conducted by S.E. Church in the early 1990's. We have selected a subset of the Port Moller assessment data for inclusion in this report.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska (Open-File Report 99-136)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/70180395","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., Church, S.E., and Bailey, E., 1999, Rock, stream sediment, and heavy-mineral concentrate geochemical data from Unga and western Popof Islands, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: Chapter 6 in <i>A geological and geophysical study of the gold-silver vein system of Unga Island, Southwestern Alaska</i> (Version 1.3): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-136, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70180395.","productDescription":"7 p.","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334274,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-136/chapters/c6_geochemistry/6_gochem.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Peninsula, Popof Island, Unga Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.77392578125,\n              55.407188641599014\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.576171875,\n              55.43057190604551\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.40863037109372,\n              55.380670870827416\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.26855468749997,\n              55.36818576460152\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.29876708984375,\n              55.246249384919125\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.52947998046875,\n              55.11294279005422\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.8673095703125,\n              55.09723033442451\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.927734375,\n              55.229023057406344\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.9002685546875,\n              55.374428810207625\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.77392578125,\n              55.407188641599014\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.3","publicComments":"Originally published in a CD-ROM; the file is now available online.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588f0d76e4b072a7ac08c127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, Stan E. schurch@usgs.gov","contributorId":803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Stan","email":"schurch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, Elizabeth","contributorId":61011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021809,"text":"70021809 - 1999 - The search for a source rock for the giant Tar Sand triangle accumulation, southeastern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T16:49:21.418653","indexId":"70021809","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The search for a source rock for the giant Tar Sand triangle accumulation, southeastern Utah","docAbstract":"<p>A large proportion (about 36%) of the world’s oil resource is contained in accumulations of heavy oil or tar. In these large deposits of degraded oil, the oil in place represents only a fraction of what was present at the time of accumulation. In many of these deposits, the source of the oil is unknown, and the oil is thought to have migrated over long distances to the reservoirs. The Tar Sand triangle in southeastern Utah contains the largest tar sand accumulation in the United States, with 6.3 billion bbl of heavy oil estimated to be in place. The deposit is thought to have originally contained 13-16 billion bbl prior to the biodegradation, water washing, and erosion that have taken place since the middle-late Tertiary. The source of the oil is unknown.</p><p>The tar is primarily contained within the Lower Permian White Rim Sandstone, but extends into permeable parts of overlying and underlying beds. Oil is interpreted to have migrated into the White Rim sometime during the Tertiary when the formation was at a depth of approximately 3500 m. This conclusion is based on integration of fluid inclusion analysis, time-temperature reconstruction, and apatite fission-track modeling for the White Rim Sandstone. Homogenization temperatures cluster around 85-90°C for primary fluid inclusions in authigenic, nonferroan dolomite in the White Rim. The fluid inclusions are associated with fluorescent oil-bearing inclusions, indicating that dolomite precipitation was coeval with oil migration. Burial reconstruction suggests that the White Rim Sand stone reached its maximum burial depth from 60 to 24 Ma, and that maximum burial was followed by unroofing from 24 to 0 Ma. Time-temperature modeling indicates that the formation experienced temperatures of 85-90°C from about 35 to 40 Ma during maximum burial. Maximum formation temperatures of about 105-110°C were reached at about 24 Ma, just prior to unroofing.</p><p>Thermal modeling is used to examine the history of potential source rocks for the White Rim oil. The most attractive potential sources for White Rim oil include beds within one or more of the following formations: the Proterozoic Chuar Group, which is present in the subsurface southwest of the Tar Sand triangle; the Mississippian Delle Phosphatic Member of the Deseret Limestone and equivalent formations, the Permian Kaibab Limestone, the Sinbad Limestone Member of the Triassic Moenkopi Formation, and the Jurassic Arapien Shale, Twin Creek Limestone, and Carmel Formation, which are present west of the Tar Sand triangle; the Pennsylvanian Paradox Formation in the Paradox basin east of the Tar Sand triangle; and the Permian Park City Formation northwest of the Tar Sand triangle. Each formation has a high total organic carbon content and is distributed over a wide enough geographic area to have provided a huge volume of oil. Source beds in all of the formations reached thermal maturity at times prior to or during the time that migration into the White Rim is interpreted to have occurred. Based on all available data, the most likely source for the Tar Sand triangle appears to be the Mississippian Delle Phosphatic Member of the Deseret Limestone. Secondary migration out of the Delle is interpreted to have occurred during the Cretaceous, during Sevier thrusting. Subsequent tertiary migration into the Tar Sand triangle reservoir is interpreted to have occurred later, during middle Tertiary Laramide deformation.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/00AA9BD8-1730-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Huntoon, J.E., Hansley, P., and Naeser, N.D., 1999, The search for a source rock for the giant Tar Sand triangle accumulation, southeastern Utah: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 83, no. 3, p. 467-495, https://doi.org/10.1306/00AA9BD8-1730-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"495","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229563,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.40307140277676,\n              38.245591077835826\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.40307140277676,\n              37.840235115054426\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.91648969374877,\n              37.840235115054426\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.91648969374877,\n              38.245591077835826\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.40307140277676,\n              38.245591077835826\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafbfe4b08c986b324a00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntoon, J. E.","contributorId":98060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntoon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansley, P. L.","contributorId":82299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansley","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, N. D.","contributorId":74510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022090,"text":"70022090 - 1999 - Improved method for the determination of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon in natural water by silver filter filtration, wet chemical oxidation, and infrared spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T18:40:02.793711","indexId":"70022090","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved method for the determination of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon in natural water by silver filter filtration, wet chemical oxidation, and infrared spectrometry","docAbstract":"<p><span>Precision and accuracy are reported for the first time for the analysis of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon by silver membrane filtration followed by wet chemical oxidation. A water sample is pressure filtered through a 0.45‐μm‐pore‐size, 47‐mm‐diameter silver membrane filter. The silver membrane filter then is cut into ribbons and placed in a flame‐sealable glass ampule. The organic material trapped on the membrane filter strips is acidified, purged with oxygen to remove inorganic carbonates and volatile organic compounds, and oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>) using phosphoric acid and potassium persulfate in the sealed glass ampule. The resulting CO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is measured by a nondispersive infrared CO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>detector. The amount of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is proportional to the concentration of chemically oxidizable nonpurgeable organic carbon in the environmental water sample. The quantitation and method detection limit for routine analysis is 0.2 mg/L. The average percent recovery in five representative matrices was 97 ± 11%. The errors associated with sampling and sample preparation of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon are also described.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900052","usgsCitation":"Burkhardt, M.R., Brenton, R.W., Kammer, J.A., Jha, V.K., O’Mara-Lopez, P.G., and Woodworth, M.T., 1999, Improved method for the determination of nonpurgeable suspended organic carbon in natural water by silver filter filtration, wet chemical oxidation, and infrared spectrometry: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 329-334, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900052.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"334","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900052","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a395ee4b0c8380cd618cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkhardt, Mark R.","contributorId":27872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brenton, Ronald W.","contributorId":124579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenton","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kammer, James A.","contributorId":20759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammer","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jha, Virenda K.","contributorId":124578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jha","given":"Virenda","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Mara-Lopez, Peggy G.","contributorId":33347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Mara-Lopez","given":"Peggy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Woodworth, Mark T. woodwort@usgs.gov","contributorId":3452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodworth","given":"Mark","email":"woodwort@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":392320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022075,"text":"70022075 - 1999 - Effects of ration and temperature on growth of age-0 Atlantic sturgeon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T15:54:35.177024","indexId":"70022075","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2885,"text":"North American Journal of Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of ration and temperature on growth of age-0 Atlantic sturgeon","docAbstract":"<p><span>Our objective was to gain insight into the optimum temperature and ration for growth of age‐0 Atlantic sturgeon&nbsp;</span><i>Acipenser oxyrinchus</i><span>&nbsp;in culture. We conducted two trials, each for 8 weeks. Trial 1 started with 60‐g fish, trial 2 started with 0.3‐g fish. Water temperatures of 15, 17, and 19°C were used separately in each trial. Rations (dry food: wet weight of fish) for 60‐g fish were 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of biomass per day; for 0.3‐g fish, rations were 3, 5, and 7% of biomass per day. We set up three tank replicates, of equal fish biomass, at each combination of temperature and ration. The highest growth rate in trial 1 (for 60‐g fish) was 0.014/d at 15°C and the 1.5% ration, although this growth rate was not significantly different from the growth rate at 17°C and 1.5% ration or at 17°C and 1.0% ration. The highest growth rate in trial 2 (for 0.3‐g fish) was 0.067/d at 19°C and the 7.0% ration. Instantaneous growth at these conditions was significantly different from all other combinations of temperature and ration. Although these results may not completely define the temperature and ration under which fish could achieve maximum growth rate, they provide a solid starting point for further development of Atlantic sturgeon culture.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0051:EORATO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"15222055","usgsCitation":"Kelly, J., and Arnold, D., 1999, Effects of ration and temperature on growth of age-0 Atlantic sturgeon: North American Journal of Aquaculture, v. 61, no. 1, p. 51-57, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0051:EORATO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07a8e4b0c8380cd51780","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, J.L.","contributorId":61596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arnold, D.E.","contributorId":61375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022074,"text":"70022074 - 1999 - Integrated numerical modeling for basin-wide water management: The case of the Rattlesnake Creek basin in south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70022074","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated numerical modeling for basin-wide water management: The case of the Rattlesnake Creek basin in south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"The objective of this article is to develop and implement a comprehensive computer model that is capable of simulating the surface-water, ground-water, and stream-aquifer interactions on a continuous basis for the Rattlesnake Creek basin in south-central Kansas. The model is to be used as a tool for evaluating long-term water-management strategies. The agriculturally-based watershed model SWAT and the ground-water model MODFLOW with stream-aquifer interaction routines, suitably modified, were linked into a comprehensive basin model known as SWATMOD. The hydrologic response unit concept was implemented to overcome the quasi-lumped nature of SWAT and represent the heterogeneity within each subbasin of the basin model. A graphical user-interface and a decision support system were also developed to evaluate scenarios involving manipulation of water fights and agricultural land uses on stream-aquifer system response. An extensive sensitivity analysis on model parameters was conducted, and model limitations and parameter uncertainties were emphasized. A combination of trial-and-error and inverse modeling techniques were employed to calibrate the model against multiple calibration targets of measured ground-water levels, streamflows, and reported irrigation amounts. The split-sample technique was employed for corroborating the calibrated model. The model was run for a 40 y historical simulation period, and a 40 y prediction period. A number of hypothetical management scenarios involving reductions and variations in withdrawal rates and patterns were simulated. The SWATMOD model was developed as a hydrologically rational low-flow model for analyzing, in a user-friendly manner, the conditions in the basin when there is a shortage of water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00289-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., Koelliker, J., Govindaraju, R., Birdie, T., Ramireddygari, S., and Perkins, S., 1999, Integrated numerical modeling for basin-wide water management: The case of the Rattlesnake Creek basin in south-central Kansas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 214, no. 1-4, p. 179-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00289-3.","startPage":"179","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206622,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00289-3"},{"id":230401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"214","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c6ae4b0c8380cd62d04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.A.","contributorId":18032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koelliker, J.K.","contributorId":49940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koelliker","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Govindaraju, R.S.","contributorId":15365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Govindaraju","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Birdie, T.","contributorId":60805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birdie","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ramireddygari, S.R.","contributorId":63191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramireddygari","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perkins, S.P.","contributorId":12211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022073,"text":"70022073 - 1999 - Standing crop and sediment production of reef-dwelling foraminifera on O'ahu, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70022073","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2990,"text":"Pacific Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standing crop and sediment production of reef-dwelling foraminifera on O'ahu, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Most of O'ahu's nearshore and beach sands are highly calcareous and of biogenic origin. The pale-colored constituent grains are the eroded remains of carbonate shells and skeletons produced by marine organisms living atop the island's fringing reefs and in the shallow waters near shore. Previous studies have shown that the tests of symbiont-bearing benthic foraminifera compose a substantial portion (up to one-fourth) of these organically produced sands. We sampled a variety of reef flat and slope habitats to obtain standing-crop data and production estimates for several sand-producing genera of reef-dwelling foraminifera. We found that modern communities of these shelled protists occur in dense numbers islandwide, reaching densities up to 105 individuals per square meter of suitable substrate in the more productive habitats. Further research on the contribution of foraminifera to beach, nearshore, and offshore sands is planned for O'ahu and neighboring islands to describe their roles in the sediment budget more completely.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pacific Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00308870","usgsCitation":"Harney, J., Hallock, P., Fletcher, C., and Richmond, B.M., 1999, Standing crop and sediment production of reef-dwelling foraminifera on O'ahu, Hawai'i: Pacific Science, v. 53, no. 1, p. 61-73.","startPage":"61","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96b9e4b08c986b31b696","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harney, J.N.","contributorId":77693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harney","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallock, P.","contributorId":91263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hallock","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fletcher, C.H. III","contributorId":85721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"C.H.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richmond, B. M.","contributorId":67902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022055,"text":"70022055 - 1999 - A new multistage groundwater transport inverse method: presentation, evaluation, and implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-20T15:34:00","indexId":"70022055","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new multistage groundwater transport inverse method: presentation, evaluation, and implications","docAbstract":"<p><span>More computationally efficient methods of using concentration data are needed to estimate groundwater flow and transport parameters. This work introduces and evaluates a three‐stage nonlinear‐regression‐based iterative procedure in which trial advective‐front locations link decoupled flow and transport models. Method accuracy and efficiency are evaluated by comparing results to those obtained when flow‐ and transport‐model parameters are estimated simultaneously. The new method is evaluated as conclusively as possible by using a simple test case that includes distinct flow and transport parameters, but does not include any approximations that are problem dependent. The test case is analytical; the only flow parameter is a constant velocity, and the transport parameters are longitudinal and transverse dispersivity. Any difficulties detected using the new method in this ideal situation are likely to be exacerbated in practical problems. Monte‐Carlo analysis of observation error ensures that no specific error realization obscures the results. Results indicate that, while this, and probably other, multistage methods do not always produce optimal parameter estimates, the computational advantage may make them useful in some circumstances, perhaps as a precursor to using a simultaneous method.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900114","usgsCitation":"Anderman, E.R., and Hill, M.C., 1999, A new multistage groundwater transport inverse method: presentation, evaluation, and implications: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 4, p. 1053-1063, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900114.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1053","endPage":"1063","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479539,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900114","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4abe4b0c8380cd4681e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderman, Evan R.","contributorId":95505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderman","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022054,"text":"70022054 - 1999 - Seismic subduction of the Nazca Ridge as shown by the 1996-97 Peru earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022054","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic subduction of the Nazca Ridge as shown by the 1996-97 Peru earthquakes","docAbstract":"By rupturing more than half of the shallow subduction interface of the Nazca Ridge, the great November 12, 1996 Peruvian earthquake contradicts the hypothesis that oceanic ridges subduct aseismically. The mainshock's rupture has a length of about 200 km and has an average slip of about 1.4 m. Its moment is 1.5 x 1028 dyne-cm and the corresponding M(w) is 8.0. The mainshock registered three major episodes of moment release as shown by a finite fault inversion of teleseismically recorded broadband body waves. About 55% of the mainshock's total moment release occurred south of the Nazca Ridge, and the remaining moment release occurred at the southern half of the subduction interface of the Nazca Ridge. The rupture south of the Nazca Ridge was elongated parallel to the ridge axis and extended from a shallow depth to about 65 km depth. Because the axis of the Nazca Ridge is at a high angle to the plate convergence direction, the subducting Nazca Ridge has a large southwards component of motion, 5 cm/yr parallel to the coast. The 900-1200 m relief of the southwards sweeping Nazca Ridge is interpreted to act as a 'rigid indenter,' causing the greatest coupling south of the ridge's leading edge and leading to the large observed slip. The mainshock and aftershock hypocenters were relocated using a new procedure that simultaneously inverts local and teleseismic data. Most aftershocks were within the outline of the Nazca Ridge. A three-month delayed aftershock cluster' occurred at the northern part of the subducting Nazca Ridge. Aftershocks were notably lacking at the zone of greatest moment release, to the south of the Nazca Ridge. However, a lone foreshock at the southern end of this zone, some 140 km downstrike of the mainshock's epicenter, implies that conditions existed for rupture into that zone. The 1996 earthquake ruptured much of the inferred source zone of the M(w) 7.9-8.2 earthquake of 1942, although the latter was a slightly larger earthquake. The rupture zone of the 1996 earthquake is immediately north of the seismic gap left by the great earthquakes (M(w) ~8.8-9.1) of 1868 and 1877. The M(w) 8.0 Antofagasta earthquake of 1995 occurred at the southern end of this great seismic gap. The M(w) 8.2 deep-focus Bolivian earthquake of 1994 occurred directly downdip of the 1868 portion of that gap. The recent occurrence of three significant earthquakes on the periphery of the great seismic gap of the 1868 and 1877 events, among other factors, may signal an increased seismic potential for that zone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Spence, W., Mendoza, C., Engdahl, E., Choy, G.L., and Norabuena, E., 1999, Seismic subduction of the Nazca Ridge as shown by the 1996-97 Peru earthquakes: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 154, no. 3-4, p. 753-776.","startPage":"753","endPage":"776","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b6be4b08c986b3177fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spence, W.","contributorId":7721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mendoza, C.","contributorId":82059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engdahl, E.R.","contributorId":22906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Norabuena, E.","contributorId":6619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norabuena","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70175688,"text":"70175688 - 1999 - Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:45:03","indexId":"70175688","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop","conferenceDate":"February 16-18, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, Utah","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Assessment of the Consequences of Climate Change","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Wagner, F.H., and Baron, J., 1999, Proceedings of the Rocky Mountain/Great Basin regional climate-change workshop, 151 p.","productDescription":"151 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc6ae4b03fd6b7d94c78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Frederic H.","contributorId":9610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022046,"text":"70022046 - 1999 - An aerial sightability model for estimating ferruginous hawk population size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-29T23:11:01.042274","indexId":"70022046","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An aerial sightability model for estimating ferruginous hawk population size","docAbstract":"Most raptor aerial survey projects have focused on numeric description of visibility bias without identifying the contributing factors or developing predictive models to account for imperfect detection rates. Our goal was to develop a sightability model for nesting ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) that could account for nests missed during aerial surveys and provide more accurate population estimates. Eighteen observers, all unfamiliar with nest locations in a known population, searched for nests within 300 m of flight transects via a Maule fixed-wing aircraft. Flight variables tested for their influence on nest-detection rates included aircraft speed, height, direction of travel, time of day, light condition, distance to nest, and observer experience level. Nest variables included status (active vs. inactive), condition (i.e., excellent, good, fair, poor, bad), substrate type, topography, and tree density. A multiple logistic regression model identified nest substrate type, distance to nest, and observer experience level as significant predictors of detection rates (P < 0.05). The overall model was significant (??26 = 124.4, P < 0.001, n = 255 nest observations), and the correct classification rate was 78.4%. During 2 validation surveys, observers saw 23.7% (14/59) and 36.5% (23/63) of the actual population. Sightability model predictions, with 90% confidence intervals, captured the true population in both tests. Our results indicate standardized aerial surveys, when used in conjunction with the predictive sightability model, can provide unbiased population estimates for nesting ferruginous hawks.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management","doi":"10.2307/3802489","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Ayers, L., and Anderson, S., 1999, An aerial sightability model for estimating ferruginous hawk population size: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 1, p. 85-97, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802489.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9e5e4b0c8380cd484fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayers, L.W.","contributorId":80383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.H.","contributorId":33667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022045,"text":"70022045 - 1999 - Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022045","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source","docAbstract":"Variations in the local tsunami wave field are examined in relation to heterogeneous slip distributions that are characteristic of many shallow subduction zone earthquakes. Assumptions inherent in calculating the coseismic vertical displacement field that defines the initial condition for tsunami propagation are examined. By comparing the seafloor displacement from uniform slip to that from an ideal static crack, we demonstrate that dip-directed slip variations significantly affect the initial cross-sectional wave profile. Because of the hydrodynamic stability of tsunami wave forms, these effects directly impact estimates of maximum runup from the local tsunami. In most cases, an assumption of uniform slip in the dip direction significantly underestimates the maximum amplitude and leading wave steepness of the local tsunami. Whereas dip-directed slip variations affect the initial wave profile, strike-directed slip variations result in wavefront-parallel changes in amplitude that are largely preserved during propagation from the source region toward shore, owing to the effects of refraction. Tests of discretizing slip distributions indicate that small fault surface elements of dimensions similar to the source depth can acceptably approximate the vertical displacement field in comparison to continuous slip distributions. Crack models for tsunamis generated by shallow subduction zone earthquakes indicate that a rupture intersecting the free surface results in approximately twice the average slip. Therefore, the observation of higher slip associated with tsunami earthquakes relative to typical subduction zone earthquakes of the same magnitude suggests that tsunami earthquakes involve rupture of the seafloor, whereas rupture of deeper subduction zone earthquakes may be imbedded and not reach the seafloor.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., and Dmowska, R., 1999, Local tsunamis and distributed slip at the source: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 154, no. 3-4, p. 485-512.","startPage":"485","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48e8e4b0c8380cd68204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dmowska, R.","contributorId":37907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dmowska","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022043,"text":"70022043 - 1999 - Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:09:49","indexId":"70022043","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades","docAbstract":"<p><span>Crater Lake caldera is at the north end of the Klamath graben, where this N10°W-trending major Basin and Range structure impinges upon the north-south–trending High Cascades volcanic arc. East-facing normal faults, typically 10–15 km long, form the West Klamath Lake fault zone, which bounds the graben on its west side. The fault zone terminates on the south near the epicentral area of the September 1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes. It continues north past Crater Lake as the Annie Spring fault, which is within ∼1 km of the west caldera rim, and Red Cone Spring fault. We have determined a long-term vertical slip rate of 0.3 mm/yr for these two faults using high-precision K-Ar and&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar age measurements on offset lava flows ranging in age from ca. 35 to 300 ka. Holocene offset reported by Hawkins et al. and epicenters of eight M</span><sub>W</sub><span>&nbsp;2 earthquakes in 1994 and 1995 indicate that the West Klamath Lake fault zone is active. Empirical relations between earthquake magnitudes and scarp heights or fault lengths suggest that the fault zone is capable of producing earthquakes as large as M</span><sub>W</sub><span>&nbsp;7¼. Earthquakes on these or other faults of the zone could trigger landslides and rockfalls from the walls of the caldera, possibly resulting in large waves on Crater Lake.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0043:LQSRAS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Lanphere, M.A., and Champion, D., 1999, Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades: Geology, v. 27, no. 1, p. 43-46, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0043:LQSRAS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4537e4b0c8380cd67123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, D.E.","contributorId":70402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022013,"text":"70022013 - 1999 - Recrystallization and anatexis along the plutonic-volcanic contact of the Turkey Creek caldera, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T12:58:10.219537","indexId":"70022013","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recrystallization and anatexis along the plutonic-volcanic contact of the Turkey Creek caldera, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Unusual geologic and geochemical relations are preserved along the contact between intracaldera tuff and a resurgent intrusion within the 26.9 Ma Turkey Creek caldera of southeast Arizona. Thick intracaldera tuff is weakly argillically altered throughout, except in zones within several hundred meters of its contact with the resurgent intrusion, where the groundmass of the tuff has been variably converted to granophyre and unaltered sanidine phenocrysts are present. Dikes of similarly granophyric material originate at the tuff-resurgent intrusion contact and intrude overlying intracaldera megabreccia and tuff. Field relations indicate that the resurgent intrusion is a laccolith and that it caused local partial melting of adjacent intracaldera tuff. Geochemical and petrographic relations indicate that small volumes of partially melted intracaldera tuff assimilated and mixed with dacite of the resurgent intrusion along their contact, resulting in rocks that have petrographic and compositional characteristics transitional between those of tuff and dacite. Some of this variably contaminated, second-generation magma coalesced, was mobilized, and was intruded into overlying intracaldera rocks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0143:RAAATP>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Bray, D., and Pallister, J., 1999, Recrystallization and anatexis along the plutonic-volcanic contact of the Turkey Creek caldera, Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 1, p. 143-153, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0143:RAAATP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Turkey Creek caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.9244036605549,\n              32.5000106686156\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.9244036605549,\n              31.437545697056535\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.13338803555492,\n              31.437545697056535\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.13338803555492,\n              32.5000106686156\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.9244036605549,\n              32.5000106686156\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a359e4b0e8fec6cdb837","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bray, du","contributorId":28749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"du","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pallister, J.S.","contributorId":46534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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