The volcanic sequence of the Noril'sk area, northern Siberia, provides the most complete section of early Siberian flood-basalt volcanism. Paleomagnetic measurements for more than 4000 samples of lava and tuff indicate that nearly all of this >3500-m-thick sequence was laid down during one interval of normal magnetic polarity. Lavas of the lower third of this sequence are cut by the ore-bearing Noril'sk-I intrusion, which has an age of 251 Ma, identical to that of the Permian-Triassic boundary. Thus, the normal-polarity interval represented by this sequence is inferred to be the first of the Triassic Period. Eruption of this enormous volume of material in a relatively brief period coincident with the earth's greatest mass extinction requires that all aspects of Siberian flood-basalt volcanism be evaluated carefully as possibly contributing to that catastrophe.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206819409465508","usgsCitation":"Lind, E.N., Kropotov, S.V., Czamanske, G., Gromme, S., and Fedorenko, V., 1994, Paleomagnetism of the Siberian flood basalts of the Noril'sk area: A constraint on eruption duration: International Geology Review, v. 36, no. 12, p. 1139-1150, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819409465508.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1150","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Noril'sk Area, Siberia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 85.61237625670242,\n 70.05537378020097\n ],\n [\n 85.61237625670242,\n 68.76258851527353\n ],\n [\n 92.66652697123595,\n 68.76258851527353\n ],\n [\n 92.66652697123595,\n 70.05537378020097\n ],\n [\n 85.61237625670242,\n 70.05537378020097\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lind, Edward N.","contributorId":305686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lind","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kropotov, Sergey V.","contributorId":305687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kropotov","given":"Sergey","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Czamanske, Gerald K.","contributorId":104907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"Gerald K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gromme, Sherman","contributorId":59318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gromme","given":"Sherman","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fedorenko, V.A.","contributorId":59961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorenko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70180410,"text":"70180410 - 1994 - Are all prey created equal? A review and synthesis of differential predation on prey in substandard condition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T12:04:41","indexId":"70180410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are all prey created equal? A review and synthesis of differential predation on prey in substandard condition","docAbstract":"Our understanding of predator-prey interactions in fishes has been influenced largely by research assuming that the condition of the participants is normal. However, fish populations today often reside in anthropogenically altered environments and are subjected to many kinds of stressors, which may reduce their ecological performance by adversely affecting their morphology, physiology, or behaviour. One consequence is that either the predator or prey, or both, may be in a substandard condition at the time of an interaction. We reviewed the literature on predator-prey interactions in fishes where substandard prey were used as experimental groups. Although most of this research indicates that such prey are significantly more vulnerable to predation, prey condition has rarely been considered in ecological theory regarding predator-prey interactions. The causal mechanisms for increased vulnerability of substandard prey to predation include a failure to detect predators, lapses in decision-making, poor fast-start performance, inability to shoal effectively, and increased prey conspicuousness. Despite some problems associated with empirical predator-prey studies using substandard prey, their results can have theoretical and applied uses, such as in ecological modelling or justification of corrective measures to be implemented in the wild. There is a need for more corroborative field experimentation, a better understanding of the causal mechanisms behind differential predation, and increased incorporation of prey condition into the research of predator-prey modellers and theoreticians. If the concept of prey condition is considered in predator-prey interactions, our understanding of how such interactions influence the structure and dynamics of fish communities is likely to change, which should prove beneficial to aquatic ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01085.x","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M.G., Poe, T.P., Gadomski, D.M., and Petersen, J.H., 1994, Are all prey created equal? A review and synthesis of differential predation on prey in substandard condition: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 45, p. 81-96, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01085.x.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"81","endPage":"96","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef6e4b072a7ac0cad63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, Matthew G. mmesa@usgs.gov","contributorId":3423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"Matthew","email":"mmesa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poe, Thomas P.","contributorId":95008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gadomski, Dena M.","contributorId":178343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gadomski","given":"Dena","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petersen, James H. petersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":23231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"James","email":"petersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189442,"text":"70189442 - 1994 - Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral zoning of the Bulldog Mountain vein system, Creede District, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-13T09:32:16","indexId":"70189442","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral zoning of the Bulldog Mountain vein system, Creede District, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Bulldog Mountain vein system, Creede district, Colorado, is one of four major epithermal vein systems from which the bulk of the district's historical Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu production has come. Ores deposited along the vein system were discovered in 1965 and were mined from 1969 to 1985.Six temporally gradational mineralization stages have been identified along the Bulldog Mountain vein system, each with a characteristic suite of minerals deposited or leached and a characteristic distribution within the vein system; some of these stages are also strongly zoned within the vein system. Stage A was dominated by deposition of rhodochrosite along the lower levels of the Bulldog Mountain ore zone. Stage B in the northern parts of the ore zone is characterized by abundant fine-grained sphalerite and galena, with lesser tetrahedrite and minor chlorite and hematite. With increasing elevation to the south, stage B ores become progressively more barite and silver rich, with alternating barite and fine-grained sphalerite + galena generations; native silver + or - acanthite assemblages are also locally abundant within southern stage B barite sulfide ores, whereas chalcopyrite and other Cu and Ag sulfides and sulfosalts are present erratically in minor amounts. Stage C in the upper and northern portions of the ore zone is characterized by abundant quartz and fluorite, minor adularia, hematite, Mn siderite, sphalerite, and galena, and major leaching of earlier barite; to the south, some barite and sulfides may have been deposited. Stage D sphalerite and galena were deposited in the upper and northern portions of the ore zone; a barite- and silver-rich facies of this stage may also be present in the southern portions of the vein system. Late in stage D, mineralogically complex assemblages containing chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, polybasite, bornite, pyrargyrite, and a variety of other sulfides and sulfosalts were deposited in modest amounts throughout the vein system. This complex assemblage marked the transition to stage E. During stage E, the final sulfide stage, abundant botryoidal pyrite and marcasite with lesser stibnite, sphalerite, and sulfosalts were deposited primarily along the top of the Bulldog Mountain ore zone. Stage F, the final mineralization stage along the vein system, is marked by wire silver and concurrent leaching of earlier sulfides and sulfosalts; this stage may reflect the transition to a supergene environment.The sequence of mineralization stages identified in this study along the Bulldog Mountain system can be correlated with corresponding stages identified by other researchers along the OH and P veins, and the southern Amethyst vein system. Mineral zoning patterns identified along the Bulldog Mountain vein system also parallel larger scale zoning patterns across the central and southern Creede district.The complex variations in mineral assemblages documented in time and space along the Bulldog Mountain vein system were produced by the combined effects of many processes. Large-scale changes in vein mineralogy over time produced discrete mineralization stages. Short-term mineralogical fluctuations produced complex interbanding of mineralogically distinct generations. Fluid chemistry evolution within the vein system produced large-scale lateral zoning patterns within certain stages. Hypogene leaching substantially modified the distributions of some minerals. Finally, structural activity, mineral deposition, and mineral leaching modified fluid flow pathways repeatedly during mineralization, and so added to the complex mineral distribution patterns within the vein system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1883","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G.S., and Heald Whitehouse-Veaux, P., 1994, Mineralogy, paragenesis, and mineral zoning of the Bulldog Mountain vein system, Creede District, Colorado: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 1883-1905, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1883.","productDescription":"23 p. ","startPage":"1883","endPage":"1905","costCenters":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343767,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Bulldog Mountain Vein System, Creede District ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.9405746459961,\n 37.864656197887676\n ],\n [\n -106.94066047668457,\n 37.861200349653615\n ],\n [\n -106.93902969360352,\n 37.85794763857857\n ],\n [\n -106.93739891052246,\n 37.85645676469727\n ],\n [\n -106.93654060363768,\n 37.856050157496426\n ],\n [\n -106.93443775177002,\n 37.85730385582893\n ],\n [\n -106.93327903747559,\n 37.858896360803264\n ],\n [\n -106.93233489990234,\n 37.86021777498129\n ],\n [\n -106.93220615386963,\n 37.86140363932972\n ],\n [\n -106.93332195281982,\n 37.86296217488437\n ],\n [\n -106.93722724914551,\n 37.865537074460214\n ],\n [\n -106.93975925445557,\n 37.86770534116354\n ],\n [\n -106.94108963012695,\n 37.8686539377837\n ],\n [\n -106.94216251373291,\n 37.868586181287235\n ],\n [\n -106.9420337677002,\n 37.86655345742136\n ],\n [\n -106.9405746459961,\n 37.864656197887676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596886a5e4b0d1f9f05f5a11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heald Whitehouse-Veaux, Pamela","contributorId":194551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heald Whitehouse-Veaux","given":"Pamela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185431,"text":"70185431 - 1994 - Uranium(VI) adsorption to ferrihydrite: Application of a surface complexation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:56:48","indexId":"70185431","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium(VI) adsorption to ferrihydrite: Application of a surface complexation model","docAbstract":"A study of U(VI) adsorption by ferrihydrite was conducted over a wide range of U(VI) concentrations, pH, and at two partial pressures of carbon dioxide. A two-site (strong- and weak-affinity sites, FesOH and FewOH, respectively) surface complexation model was able to describe the experimental data well over a wide range of conditions, with only one species formed with each site type: an inner-sphere, mononuclear, bidentate complex of the type (FeO2)UO2. The existence of such a surface species was supported by results of uranium EXAFS spectroscopy performed on two samples with U(VI) adsorption density in the upper range observed in this study (10 and 18% occupancy of total surface sites). Adsorption data in the alkaline pH range suggested the existence of a second surface species, modeled as a ternary surface complex with UO2CO30 binding to a bidentate surface site. Previous surface complexation models for U(VI) adsorption have proposed surface species that are identical to the predominant aqueous species, e.g., multinuclear hydrolysis complexes or several U(VI)-carbonate complexes. The results demonstrate that the speciation of adsorbed U(VI) may be constrained by the coordination environment at the surface, giving rise to surface speciation for U(VI) that is significantly less complex than aqueous speciation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90243-7","usgsCitation":"Waite, T., Davis, J., Payne, T., Waychunas, G., and Xu, N., 1994, Uranium(VI) adsorption to ferrihydrite: Application of a surface complexation model: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 24, p. 5465-5478, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90243-7.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"5465","endPage":"5478","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ce4b0236b68f98ef2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, T.D.","contributorId":31116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Payne, T.E.","contributorId":31916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waychunas, G.A.","contributorId":90888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waychunas","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Xu, N.","contributorId":105060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185721,"text":"70185721 - 1994 - Spatial variability in biodegradation rates as evidenced by methane production from an aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T15:35:18.472394","indexId":"70185721","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial variability in biodegradation rates as evidenced by methane production from an aquifer","docAbstract":"Accurate predictions of carbon and energy cycling rates in the environment depend on sampling frequencies and on the spatial variability associated with biological activities. We examined the variability associated with anaerobic biodegradation rates at two sites in an alluvial sand aquifer polluted by municipal landfill leachate. In situ rates of methane production were measured for almost a year, using anaerobic wells installed at two sites. Methane production ranged from 0 to 560 μmol · m-2 · day-1 at one site (A), while a range of 0 to 120,000 μmol · m-2 · day-1 was measured at site B. The mean and standard deviations associated with methane production at site A were 17 and 57 μmol · m-2 · day-1, respectively. The comparable summary statistics for site B were 2,000 and 9,900 μmol · m-2 · day-1. The coefficients of variation at sites A and B were 340 and 490%, respectively. Despite these differences, the two sites had similar seasonal trends, with the maximal rate of methane production occurring in summer. However, the relative variability associated with the seasonal rates changed very little. Our results suggest that (i) two spatially distinct sites exist in the aquifer, (ii) methanogenesis is a highly variable process, (iii) the coefficient of variation varied little with the rate of methane production, and (iv) in situ anaerobic biodegradation rates are lognormally distributed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.60.10.3632-3639.1994","usgsCitation":"Adrian, N.R., Robinson, J.A., and Suflita, J.M., 1994, Spatial variability in biodegradation rates as evidenced by methane production from an aquifer: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 60, no. 10, p. 3632-3639, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.10.3632-3639.1994.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3632","endPage":"3639","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479322,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.10.3632-3639.1994","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","volume":"60","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7636e4b0ee37af29e4d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adrian, Neal R.","contributorId":189942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adrian","given":"Neal","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Joseph A.","contributorId":189941,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017201,"text":"70017201 - 1994 - Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T15:33:35.038301","indexId":"70017201","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5426,"text":"Hydrology Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"One hundred samples were collected from the surface of the Upper Fremont Glacier at equally spaced intervals defined by an 8,100 m2 snow grid to assess the significance of lateral variability in major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values. For the major ions, the largest concentration range within the snow grid was sodium (0.5056 mg/l) and the smallest concentration range was sulfate (0.125 mg/l). Del oxygen-18 values showed a range of 7.45 per mil. Comparison of the observed variability of each chemical constituent to the variability expected by measurement error indicated substantial lateral variability within the surface-snow layer. Results of the nested ANOVA indicate most of the variance for every constituent is in the values grouped at the two smaller geographic scales (between 506 m2 and within 506 m2 sections). Calcium and sodium concentrations and del oxygen-18 values displayed the largest amount of variance at the largest geographic scale (between 2,025 m2 sections) within the grid and ranged from 14 to 26 per cent of the total variance. The variance data from the snow grid were used to develop equations to evaluate the significance of both positive and negative concentration/value peaks of nitrate and del oxygen-18 with depth, in a 160 m ice core. Solving the equations indicates that both the nitrate and del oxygen-18 ice-core profiles have concentration/value trends that exceed the limits expected from lateral variability. Values of del oxygen-18 in the section from 110-150 m below the surface consistently vary outside the expected limits and possibly represents cooler temperatures during the Little Ice Age from about 1810 to 1725 A.D.
","language":"English","publisher":"IWA Publishing","doi":"10.2166/nh.1994.0015","issn":"00291277","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Schuster, P., and Reddy, M., 1994, Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA: Hydrology Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 371-388, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1994.0015.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"388","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490146,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1994.0015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Fremont Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.74140699033266,\n 43.39547302682709\n ],\n [\n -109.74140699033266,\n 43.03946312247234\n ],\n [\n -109.24483755572332,\n 43.03946312247234\n ],\n [\n -109.24483755572332,\n 43.39547302682709\n ],\n [\n -109.74140699033266,\n 43.39547302682709\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee5be4b0c8380cd49d01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, P. F.","contributorId":30197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70241944,"text":"70241944 - 1994 - Flow path studies in forested watersheds of headwater tributaries of Brush Brook, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-31T16:58:13.056996","indexId":"70241944","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T11:51:01","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow path studies in forested watersheds of headwater tributaries of Brush Brook, Vermont","docAbstract":"An investigation was undertaken into how headwater tributaries of Brush Brook, Vermont, could have average pH differences of almost two units (4.75 and 6.7). Sampling along four tributaries revealed that most of one tributary, below an area of seeps, had consistently higher pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+, and lower Al than other sites. Bedrock mapping showed numerous fractures in vicinity of the seeps. A portion of this tributary's watershed and a portion of an acid tributary's watershed were intensively mapped for soil depth. Sampling showed the widespread existence of dense basal till in the watershed of the acid tributary but none in that of the near-neutral stream. Lateral flow, found above the dense till, was chemically similar to that of the acid tributary and to solutions sampled from soil B horizons. There were no differences in the average pH of nonseep soils sampled from either watershed. Flow paths are hypothesized to be through the B horizons in the acid tributaries and from below the soil profile in the near-neutral tributary. The acid catchment should be more sensitive to environmental change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94WR01490","usgsCitation":"Ross, D., Bartlett, R.J., Magdoff, F.R., and Walsh, G.J., 1994, Flow path studies in forested watersheds of headwater tributaries of Brush Brook, Vermont: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 9, p. 2611-2618, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR01490.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2611","endPage":"2618","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Huntington","otherGeospatial":"Brush Brook","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.95627951628695,\n 44.34378885539806\n ],\n [\n -72.95627951628695,\n 44.293228172748\n ],\n [\n -72.87800451636414,\n 44.293228172748\n ],\n [\n -72.87800451636414,\n 44.34378885539806\n ],\n [\n -72.95627951628695,\n 44.34378885539806\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Donald S.","contributorId":178218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ross","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartlett, R. J.","contributorId":52350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magdoff, Frederick R.","contributorId":303869,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Magdoff","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":868330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000733,"text":"1000733 - 1994 - Problems of stock definition in estimating relative contributions of Atlantic striped bass to the coastal fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T17:28:19.438266","indexId":"1000733","displayToPublicDate":"1994-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Problems of stock definition in estimating relative contributions of Atlantic striped bass to the coastal fishery","docAbstract":"Stock contribution studies of mixed‐stock fisheries rely on the application of classification algorithms to samples of unknown origin. Although the performance of these algorithms can be assessed, there are no guidelines regarding decisions about including minor stocks, pooling stocks into regional groups, or sampling discrete substocks to adequately characterize a stock. We examined these questions for striped bass Morone saxatilis of the U.S. Atlantic coast by applying linear discriminant functions to meristic and morphometric data from fish collected from spawning areas. Some of our samples were from the Hudson and Roanoke rivers and four tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. We also collected fish of mixed‐stock origin from the Atlantic Ocean near Montauk, New York. Inclusion of the minor stock from the Roanoke River in the classification algorithm decreased the correct‐classification rate, whereas grouping of the Roanoke River and Chesapeake Bay stock into a regional (“southern”) group increased the overall resolution. The increased resolution was offset by our inability to obtain separate contribution estimates of the groups that were pooled. Although multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant differences among Chesapeake Bay substocks, increasing the number of substocks in the discriminant analysis decreased the overall correct‐classification rate, Although the inclusion of one, two, three, or four substocks in the classification algorithm did not greatly affect the overall correct‐classification rates, the specific combination of substocks significantly affected the relative contribution estimates derived from the mixed‐stock sample, Future studies of this kind must balance the costs and benefits of including minor stocks and would profit from examination of the variation in discriminant characters among all Chesapeake Bay substocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0766:POSDIE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Waldman, J.R., and Fabrizio, M.C., 1994, Problems of stock definition in estimating relative contributions of Atlantic striped bass to the coastal fishery: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 123, no. 5, p. 766-778, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0766:POSDIE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"778","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131498,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.64014265718913,\n 38.037240405344704\n ],\n [\n -76.64014265718913,\n 37.05558315556111\n ],\n [\n -75.75718981384003,\n 37.05558315556111\n ],\n [\n -75.75718981384003,\n 38.037240405344704\n ],\n [\n -76.64014265718913,\n 38.037240405344704\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldman, John R.","contributorId":46905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fabrizio, Mary C.","contributorId":77471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabrizio","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186234,"text":"70186234 - 1994 - Crustal velocity structure of the northern Yukon-Tanana upland, central Alaska: Results from TACT refraction/wide-angle reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T13:07:07.298084","indexId":"70186234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5355,"text":"Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal velocity structure of the northern Yukon-Tanana upland, central Alaska: Results from TACT refraction/wide-angle reflection data","docAbstract":"The Fairbanks North seismic refraction/ wide-angle reflection profile, collected by the U.S. Geological Survey Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) project in 1987, crosses the complex region between the Yukon-Tanana and Ruby terranes in interior Alaska. This region is occupied by numerous small terranes elongated in a northeast-southwest direction. These seismic data reveal a crustal velocity structure that is divided into three upper-crustal and at least two middle- to lower-crustal domains. The upper-crustal domains are delineated by two steeply dipping low-velocity anomalies that are interpreted as signatures of the Victoria Creek fault, and the Beaver Creek fault or a fault buried by the Beaver Creek fault. This tripartite upper crust extends to 8-10 km depth where a subhorizontal interface undercuts the northern and central domains. Beneath the northern domain, this interface is interpreted as the southeastwardly dipping boundary between the Tozina and Ruby terranes. The continuation of this interface beneath the central domain suggests that it may represent the detachment or basal thrust for thin-skinned tectonic amalgamation of the terranes caught between the Yukon-Tanana and Ruby terranes. The lower crust and Moho reflection exhibit differences from north to south that define at least two lower-crustal domains, interpreted as the Yukon-Tanana and Ruby terranes. Finally, the crustal thickness along the profile is nearly uniform and ranges from 31 to 34 km. Our data suggest that after initial thin-skinned amalgamation of the various terranes, this region experienced thick-skinned tectonic reorganization via strike-slip faulting. This interpretation supports a model in which at least one strand of the Tintina fault exists in this important region of Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America ","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0981:CVSOTN>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Beaudoin, B.C., Fuis, G.S., Lutter, W.J., Mooney, W.D., and Moore, T.E., 1994, Crustal velocity structure of the northern Yukon-Tanana upland, central Alaska: Results from TACT refraction/wide-angle reflection data: Bulletin, v. 106, no. 8, p. 981-1001, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0981:CVSOTN>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"981","endPage":"1001","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana upland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.6640625,\n 61.71070595883174\n ],\n [\n -141.2841796875,\n 61.71070595883174\n ],\n [\n -141.2841796875,\n 68.80004113882613\n ],\n [\n -160.6640625,\n 68.80004113882613\n ],\n [\n -160.6640625,\n 61.71070595883174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8fe4b09da67997ece8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaudoin, Bruce C.","contributorId":58140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaudoin","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lutter, William J.","contributorId":74366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":687961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70180401,"text":"70180401 - 1994 - Satellite tobacco mosaic virus sequence variants with only five Nucleotide differences can interfere with each other in a cross protection-like phenomenon in plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T11:32:47","indexId":"70180401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3696,"text":"Virology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite tobacco mosaic virus sequence variants with only five Nucleotide differences can interfere with each other in a cross protection-like phenomenon in plants","docAbstract":"The type strain of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) contains two major variants, designated type 5 (T5) and type 6 (T6), which can be easily distinguished by RNase protection analyses. Clones containing cDNA of representative T5 and T6 STMV genomes have only five single-base differences in the entire 1059-nucleotide genome, and RNA transcribed from each clone is highly infectious when inoculated onto tobacco plants. The different RNase protection assay patterns can be used as genetic markers to identify individual STMV variants and to follow the interactions of variants and their progeny during coinfections in plants. The study described here investigated the effects of coinoculation and various delayed inoculations of T5 and T6 variants on the composition of the progeny STMV populations in systemically infected tobacco tissues. When T5 and T6 STMV RNAs were coinoculated or inoculated with 1-hr delays, the progeny from individual plants most often contained a mixture of T5 and T6 genomes. However, when there was a 24-hr delay between inoculations, the balance of T5 and T6 components in the progeny populations shifted toward predominance of the first variant inoculated. With delays of 3 or 7 days only the first variant was evident in the progeny populations, indicating that established replication of one STMV variant interferes with replication of another in a manner similar to the cross protection phenomenon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1006/viro.1994.1441","usgsCitation":"Kurath, G., and Dodds, J.A., 1994, Satellite tobacco mosaic virus sequence variants with only five Nucleotide differences can interfere with each other in a cross protection-like phenomenon in plants: Virology, v. 202, no. 2, p. 1065-1069, https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1994.1441.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"1065","endPage":"1069","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"202","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef7e4b072a7ac0cad6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":2629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodds, J. Allan","contributorId":178918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dodds","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187222,"text":"70187222 - 1994 - Measurements of P and S wave fronts from the dense three-dimensional array at Garni, Armenia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-05T16:02:01.425832","indexId":"70187222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Measurements of P and S wave fronts from the dense three-dimensional array at Garni, Armenia","title":"Measurements of P and S wave fronts from the dense three-dimensional array at Garni, Armenia","docAbstract":"The P- and S-wave arrivals from local earthquakes were studied using an array of 10 three-component instruments in and around a tunnel at Garni Observatory, Armenia. The array has a three-dimensional configuration with lateral dimensions of 300 to 500 m and a depth extent of 100 m. Estimates of the horizontal and vertical components of slowness for P and S wave fronts were used to determine the angles of approach and the propagation velocity. The results showed that the region around the array has low average velocities for both the P (1.43 km/sec) and S (0.61 km/sec) waves, so wave fronts approach the array at steep angles of incidence. Waveforms from one event show clear reflections from the free surface for both P and S waves. The timing of these reflections gives the velocity variation with depth within the array. We estimated a P velocity of 0.33 km/sec within a few meters of the surface, increasing to several kilometers per second for the deepest portion of the array. Local site variations can greatly complicate the high-frequency waveforms, even for tunnel stations in bedrock. The S waves exhibit stronger site dependent waveforms and time delays than do the P waves.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840041089","usgsCitation":"Mori, J., Filson, J.R., Cranswick, E., Borcherdt, R.D., Amirbekian, R., Aharonian, V., and Hachverdian, L., 1994, Measurements of P and S wave fronts from the dense three-dimensional array at Garni, Armenia: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 4, p. 1089-1096, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840041089.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1089","endPage":"1096","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/4/1089/119827/Measurements-of-P-and-S-wave-fronts-from-the-dense"}],"country":"Armenia","city":"Garni","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 44.69341278076172,\n 40.092781012494065\n ],\n [\n 44.76430892944335,\n 40.092781012494065\n ],\n [\n 44.76430892944335,\n 40.14030275194111\n ],\n [\n 44.69341278076172,\n 40.14030275194111\n ],\n [\n 44.69341278076172,\n 40.092781012494065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1c1e4b0c2e071a99bc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mori, Jim","contributorId":272217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mori","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Filson, John R. 0000-0001-8840-6301 jfilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8840-6301","contributorId":5078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filson","given":"John","email":"jfilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cranswick, Edward","contributorId":15611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Amirbekian, Ruben","contributorId":294578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amirbekian","given":"Ruben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Aharonian, Vigen","contributorId":294579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aharonian","given":"Vigen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hachverdian, Leon","contributorId":294580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hachverdian","given":"Leon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70186210,"text":"70186210 - 1994 - Isotopic composition of Pb in ore deposits of the Betic Cordillera, Spain; origin and relationship to other European deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T14:24:23","indexId":"70186210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of Pb in ore deposits of the Betic Cordillera, Spain; origin and relationship to other European deposits","docAbstract":"The Betic Cordillera in southern Spain is a complex Alpine fold belt that resulted from the Cretaceous through Cenozoic collision of Africa with Europe. The region is illustrative of one of the characteristics of the Alpine-Mediterranean orogen: the occurrence over a limited area of mineral deposits with a wide variety of host rocks, mineralization ages, and styles. The metamorphic basement in the Betic zone is characterized by a nappe structure of superimposed tectonostratigraphic units and consists of lower Paleozoic to Lower Triassic clastic metasedimentary rocks. This is overlain by Middle to Upper Triassic platform carbonate rocks with abundant strata-bound F-Pb-Zn-(Ba) deposits (e.g., Sierra de Gador, Sierra Alhamilla). Cretaceous to Paleogene subduction-related compression in southeastern Spain was followed by Miocene postcollisional extension and resulted in the formation of the Almeria-Cartagena volcanic belt and widespread hydrothermal activity and associated polymetallic mineralization. Typical Miocene hydrothermal deposits include volcanic-hosted Au (e.g., Rodalquilar) and Ag-rich base metal (e.g., Cabo de Gata, Mazarron) deposits as well as complex polymetallic veins, mantos, and irregular replacement bodies which are hosted by Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic rocks and Neogene sedimentary and volcanic rocks (e.g., Cartagena, Sierra Almagrera, Sierra del Aguilon, Loma de Bas).Lead isotope compositions were measured on sulfide samples from nine ore districts and from representative fresh samples of volcanic and basement rock types of the region. The results have been used to evaluate ore-forming processes in southeastern Spain with emphasis on the sources of metals. During a Late Triassic mineralizing event, Pb was leached from Paleozoic clastic metasedimentary rocks and incorporated in galena in strata-bound F-Pb-Zn-(Ba) deposits ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.332 + or - 12, 207Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.672 + or - 12, 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.523 + or - 46). The second episode of mineralization was essentially contemporaneous (late Miocene) throughout the region and did not involve remobilization of less radiogenic Triassic ore Pb. Lead isotope data indicate a dominantly Paleozoic metasedimentary source for polymetallic vein- and manto-type deposits that formed by hydrothermal circulation through the Betic basement, driven by Miocene intrusions ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.747 + or - 20, 207 Pb/ 204Pb = 15.685 + or - 9, 208 /Pb/ 204 Pb = 39.026 + or - 37). Lead in Au-(Cu-Te-Sn) ores is isotopically indistinguishable from that of the calc-alkalic volcanic host ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.860 + or - 9, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.686 + or - 8, 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.940 + or - 27). In contrast, the Pb in volcanic-hosted Pb-Zn-Cu-(Ag-Au) veins was derived from Paleozoic metamorphic and Miocene volcanic rocks ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.786 + or - 5, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.686 + or - 2, 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.967 + or - 9).A comparison of the Pb isotope data from southeastern Spain with published data from selected Pb-Zn deposits in southern Europe (including Les Malines, L'Argentiere, and the Alpine, Iglesiente-Sulcis, and Montagne Noire districts) indicates the importance of a metasedimentary basement as a common source of ore Pb.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.5.1074","usgsCitation":"Arribas , A., and Tosdal, R.M., 1994, Isotopic composition of Pb in ore deposits of the Betic Cordillera, Spain; origin and relationship to other European deposits: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 5, p. 1074-1093, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.5.1074.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"1074","endPage":"1093","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338974,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac9e4b02ff32c6aea7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arribas , Antonio","contributorId":190234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arribas ","given":"Antonio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tosdal, Richard M.","contributorId":42274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243694,"text":"70243694 - 1994 - Team investigates activity at Mt. Semeru, Java, volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-17T14:42:16.424247","indexId":"70243694","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-12T09:24:03","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7602,"text":"Eos, American Geophysical Union","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Team investigates activity at Mt. Semeru, Java, volcano","docAbstract":"In February 1994 a large eruption continued a pattern of activity that Mt. Semeru volcano—the highest mountain in Java, Indonesia—has exhibited since 1967. Mt. Semeru lies south of the Tengger Caldera, which encloses the volcano Mt. Bromo. Together, they form one of the largest volcanic complexes in the province of East Java.
Although Mt. Semeru is one of the most continuously active volcanos in Indonesia, it has been the subject of few scientific investigations. Observations of the volcano's activity are made from a distance and compiled in monthly and annual reports by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), but the most recent detailed map of the summit region was published in 1938 in the Atlas of the Dutch Colonies.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94EO00969","usgsCitation":"Hellweg, P., Seidl, D., Sri Brotopuspito, K., and Brustle, W., 1994, Team investigates activity at Mt. Semeru, Java, volcano: Eos, American Geophysical Union, v. 75, no. 28, p. 313-317, https://doi.org/10.1029/94EO00969.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"317","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417135,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Indonesia","otherGeospatial":"Java, Mount Semeru","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 112.93820658484469,\n -8.183333973159662\n ],\n [\n 112.99948017073672,\n -8.13312083602797\n ],\n [\n 112.99546223067745,\n -8.08837115575001\n ],\n [\n 112.96884337778971,\n -8.055551564879892\n ],\n [\n 112.91510342950858,\n -8.037648847654367\n ],\n [\n 112.8719105738802,\n -8.048589491047792\n ],\n [\n 112.83374014332446,\n -8.0699726225494\n ],\n [\n 112.82570426320791,\n -8.121188075181507\n ],\n [\n 112.8638746937637,\n -8.160962562657119\n ],\n [\n 112.93820658484469,\n -8.183333973159662\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hellweg, Peggy","contributorId":102389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellweg","given":"Peggy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seidl, Deiter","contributorId":305489,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seidl","given":"Deiter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sri Brotopuspito, Kirbani","contributorId":305490,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sri Brotopuspito","given":"Kirbani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brustle, Wolfgang","contributorId":305491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brustle","given":"Wolfgang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186200,"text":"70186200 - 1994 - Marginal bed load transport in a gravel bed stream, Sagehen Creek, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T09:56:10","indexId":"70186200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marginal bed load transport in a gravel bed stream, Sagehen Creek, California","docAbstract":"Marginal bed load transport describes the condition when relatively few bed particles are moving at any time. Bed particles resting in the shallowest bed pockets will move when the dimensionless shear stress т* exceeds a value of about 0.020. As т* increases, the number of bed particles moving increases. Significant motion of bed particles, i.e., when a substantial fraction of the bed particles are moving, occurs when т* exceeds a value of about 0.060. Thus marginal bed load transport occurs over the domain 0.020 < т* < 0.060. Marginal bed load transport rates and associated hydraulic characteristics of Sagehen Creek, a small mountain gravel bed stream, were measured on 55 days at discharges ranging from slightly less than one half of the bank-full discharge to more than 4 times the bank-full discharge. Dimensionless shear stress varied from 0.032 to 0.042, and bed particles as large as the 80th percentile of the bed surface were transported. The relation between reference dimensionless shear stress and relative particle protrusion for Sagehen Creek was determined by varying т*ri to obtain the best fit of the Parker bed load function to the measured transport rates. During the period of record (water years 1954–1991), the mean annual quantity of bed load transported past the Sagehen Creek gage was 24.7 tons. Forty-seven percent of all bed load transported during the 38 years of record occurred in just 6 years. During 10 of the 38 years of record, essentially no bed load was transported. The median diameter of bed load was 26 mm, compared to 58 mm in the surface bed material.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00553","usgsCitation":"Andrews, E., 1994, Marginal bed load transport in a gravel bed stream, Sagehen Creek, California: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 7, p. 2241-2250, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00553.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"2241","endPage":"2250","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sagehen Creek ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.28286933898926,\n 39.43990513074364\n ],\n [\n -120.29617309570312,\n 39.43334247841514\n ],\n [\n -120.29145240783691,\n 39.42730959611188\n ],\n [\n -120.24149894714355,\n 39.41769568245275\n ],\n [\n -120.21042823791505,\n 39.428171468420906\n ],\n [\n -120.19309043884277,\n 39.43360764807011\n ],\n [\n -120.17746925354002,\n 39.44812414634239\n ],\n [\n -120.17626762390138,\n 39.45594456691235\n ],\n [\n -120.17772674560547,\n 39.455878295852344\n ],\n [\n -120.19523620605467,\n 39.442556532077376\n ],\n [\n -120.21137237548828,\n 39.44156226840511\n ],\n [\n -120.23368835449219,\n 39.44275538310862\n ],\n [\n -120.25986671447754,\n 39.440170275418886\n ],\n [\n -120.27497291564941,\n 39.44693112361462\n ],\n [\n -120.2823543548584,\n 39.44109827383404\n ],\n [\n -120.28286933898926,\n 39.43990513074364\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac9e4b02ff32c6aea81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, E.D.","contributorId":13922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207792,"text":"70207792 - 1994 - Aquatic invertebrate production in southeastern USA wetlands during winter and spring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-10T13:03:49","indexId":"70207792","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-30T12:51:22","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquatic invertebrate production in southeastern USA wetlands during winter and spring","docAbstract":"We measured aquatic invertebrate abundance, standing stock biomass, and community production in three types of wetlands on Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge from December 1987 through April 1988. Together, Orthocyclops modestus and Daphnia pulex were the most abundant organisms collected in all habitats during both winter and spring, but each contributed little to total standing stock biomass or production. Caecidotea communis and Pristina osborni made up ≥47% of the total standing stock biomass at each site during both winter (December–February) and spring (March–May). Crangonyx gracilis, Chironomus spp., Chaoborus punctipennis, and Eclipidrilus spp. each contributed ≥5% of the total biomass at one or more wetland habitats. Estimates of aquatic invertebrate community production ranged from 930 to 1,578 mg dry weight/m2 among wetland types during winter and from 3,306 to 5,421 mg dry weight/m2 among wetland types during spring. Caecidotea communis and Pristina osborni contributed most to community production during both seasons, but particularly in beaver ponds during spring. Other taxa made up substantial portions of the community production in one or two wetland habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03160625","usgsCitation":"Duffy, W.G., and LaBar, D., 1994, Aquatic invertebrate production in southeastern USA wetlands during winter and spring: Wetlands, v. 14, no. 2, p. 88-97, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160625.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"97","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371170,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.86943817138672,\n 33.23179557851464\n ],\n [\n -88.71082305908202,\n 33.23179557851464\n ],\n [\n -88.71082305908202,\n 33.319340333534996\n ],\n [\n -88.86943817138672,\n 33.319340333534996\n ],\n [\n -88.86943817138672,\n 33.23179557851464\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffy, Walter G. wgd7001@usgs.gov","contributorId":2491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"Walter","email":"wgd7001@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaBar, Douglas","contributorId":221647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LaBar","given":"Douglas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243966,"text":"70243966 - 1994 - Piezometer performance at Wildlife liquefaction site, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T12:23:57.514232","indexId":"70243966","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T07:16:11","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2326,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Piezometer performance at Wildlife liquefaction site, California","docAbstract":"In response to an urgent need for field data from instrumented liquefaction sites, the U.S. Geological Survey in 1982 selected and instrumented a site in southern California called the Wildlife site. Two accelerometers (one at ground surface and one at a depth of 7.5 m) and six electrical pore‐pressure transducers (five in a liquefiable silty sand layer) were placed at the site. The November 1987 Superstition Hills earthquake triggered sand boils and the desired instrumental response by generating excess pore‐water pressure that approximately equaled the initial effective overburden pressure. These records are the first from a field site to trace ground motions and pore pressures through the entire liquefaction process. Because pore pressure continued to rise after most of the seismic energy had propagated through the site, questions about the fidelity of the pore‐pressure records have been raised. Because of the importance of the Wildlife records, we reexamine pertinent aspects of the instruments and their placement, review their 1987 response, evaluate and respond to criticisms by Hushmand et al. (1992a, 1992b), and examine analyses of the records by other investigators that are pertinent to an evaluation of the fidelity of the piezometer records. This review concludes that no data or analyses have been developed that convincingly demonstrate that the pore‐pressure piezometers responded incorrectly. Conversely, an analysis by Zeghal and Elgamal (1994) provides strong evidence that the piezometers responded with a high degree of fidelity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:6(975)","usgsCitation":"Youd, T.L., and Holzer, T.L., 1994, Piezometer performance at Wildlife liquefaction site, California: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, v. 120, no. 6, p. 975-995, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:6(975).","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"975","endPage":"995","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Wildlife Liquefaction Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.54598007052289,\n 33.104965409513326\n ],\n [\n -115.54598007052289,\n 33.07909585615528\n ],\n [\n -115.51545683662565,\n 33.07909585615528\n ],\n [\n -115.51545683662565,\n 33.104965409513326\n ],\n [\n -115.54598007052289,\n 33.104965409513326\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Youd, T. Leslie","contributorId":107678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youd","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holzer, Thomas L. tholzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Thomas","email":"tholzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243630,"text":"70243630 - 1994 - Petrogenesis of the highly potassic 1.42 Ga Barrel Spring pluton, southeastern California, with implications for mid-Proterozoic magma genesis in the southwestern USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-16T11:49:04.350551","indexId":"70243630","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T06:27:07","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrogenesis of the highly potassic 1.42 Ga Barrel Spring pluton, southeastern California, with implications for mid-Proterozoic magma genesis in the southwestern USA","docAbstract":"Syenites from the Barrel Spring pluton were emplaced in the Early Proterozoic Mojave crustal provine of southeastern California at 1.42 Ga. All rocks, even the most mafic, are highly enriched in incompatible elements (e.g. K2O 4–12 wt%, Rb 170–370 ppm, Th 12–120 ppm, La 350–1500xchondrite, La/Ybn 35–100). Elemental compositions require an incompatible element-rich but mafic (or ultramafic) source. Trace element models establish two plausible sources for Barrel Spring magmas: (1) LREE enriched garnet websterite with accessory apatite±rutile (enriched lithospheric mantle), and (2) garnet amphibolite or garnet-hornblende granulite with enriched alkali basalt composition, also with accessory apatite±rutile (mafic lower crust). Nd and Pb isotopic ratios do not distinguish a crust vs mantle source, but eliminate local Mojave province crust as the principal one, and indicate that generation of the enriched source occurred several hundred million years before emplacement of the Barrel Spring pluton. 1.40–1.44 Ga potassic granites are common in southeastern California, suggesting a genetic link between the Barrel Spring pluton and the granites; however, although the same thermal regime was probably responsible for producing both the granitic and syentic magmas, elemental and isotopic compositions preclude a close relationship. Isotopic similarity of the Barrel Spring pluton to 1.40–1.44 Ga granites emplaced in the Central Arizona crustal province to the east may imply that a common component was present in the lithosphere of these generally distinct regions.
The Landers earthquake (MW 7.3) of 28 June 1992 had a very emergent onset. The first large amplitude arrivals are delayed by about 3 sec with respect to the origin time, and are preceded by smaller-scale slip. Other large earthquakes have been observed to have similar emergent onsets, but the Landers event is one of the first to be well recorded on nearby stations. We used these recordings to investigate the spatial relationship between the hypocenter and the onset of the large energy release, and to determine the slip function of the 3-sec nucleation process. Relative location of the onset of the large energy release with respect to the initial hypocenter indicates its source was between 1 and 4 km north of the hypocenter and delayed by approximately 2.5 sec. Three-station array analysis of the P wave shows that the large amplitude onset arrives with a faster apparent velocity compared to the first arrivals, indicating that the large amplitude source was several kilometers deeper than the initial onset. An ML 2.8 foreshock, located close to the hypocenter, was used as an empirical Green's function to correct for path and site effects from the first 3 sec of the mainshock seismogram. The resultant deconvolution produced a slip function that showed two subevents preceding the main energy release, an MW4.4 followed by an MW 5.6. These subevents do not appear anomalous in comparison to simple moderate-sized earthquakes, suggesting that they were normal events which just triggered or grew into a much larger earthquake. If small and moderate-sized earthquakes commonly “detonate” much larger events, this implies that the dynamic stresses during earthquake rupture are at least as important as long-term static stresses in causing earthquakes, and the prospects of reliable earthquake prediction from premonitory phenomena are not improved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840030725","usgsCitation":"Abercrombie, R., and Mori, J., 1994, Local observations of the onset of a large earthquake: 28 June 1992 Landers, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 3, p. 725-734, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840030725.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"734","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338951,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/3/725/102652/Local-observations-of-the-onset-of-a-large"},{"id":338952,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Landers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.4997100830078,\n 34.175453097578526\n ],\n [\n -116.26487731933592,\n 34.175453097578526\n ],\n [\n -116.26487731933592,\n 34.326993104644515\n ],\n [\n -116.4997100830078,\n 34.326993104644515\n ],\n [\n -116.4997100830078,\n 34.175453097578526\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac9e4b02ff32c6aea83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abercrombie, Richael","contributorId":190227,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abercrombie","given":"Richael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mori, Jim","contributorId":55840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185419,"text":"70185419 - 1994 - Ammonium sorption to channel and riparian sediments: A transient storage pool for dissolved inorganic nitrogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:09:20","indexId":"70185419","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ammonium sorption to channel and riparian sediments: A transient storage pool for dissolved inorganic nitrogen","docAbstract":"Sediment (0.5 mm–2.0 mm grain size) was incubated in nylon bags (200 μm mesh) below the water table in the channel and in two transects of shallow wells perpendicular to the banks (to 18 m) of a third-order stream during August, 1987. One transect of wells drained steep old-growth forest, and the other a steep 23 year-old clear-cut partially regenerated in alder. At approximately 6-week intervals between October, 1987, and June, 1988, bags were retrieved. Total exchangeable ammonium was determined on sediment, and dissolved oxygen, nitrate and ammonium were determined in stream and well water. Exchangeable ammonium ranged from 10 μeq/100 g of sediment in the stream where nitrification potential and subsurface exchange with stream water were high, to 115 μeq/100 g sediment 18 m inland where channel water-groundwater mixing and nitrification potential were both low. Sorbed ammonium was highest during summer/autumn base flow and lowest during winter storm flow. Both channel and well water contained measurable dissolved oxygen at all times. Ammonium concentration was typically < 10 μg-N/L in channel water, increased with distance inland, but did not exceed 365 μg-N/L at any site. Nitrate concentration was typically higher in well water than channel water. Nitrate levels increased dramatically in wells at the base of the clear-cut following the onset of autumn rains. The results indicate a potential for temporary storage of ammonium on riparian sediments which may influence biotic nitrogen cycling, and alter the timing and form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen transport from the watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02182880","usgsCitation":"Triska, F.J., Jackman, A.P., Duff, J.H., and Avanzino, R.J., 1994, Ammonium sorption to channel and riparian sediments: A transient storage pool for dissolved inorganic nitrogen: Biogeochemistry, v. 26, no. 2, p. 67-83, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182880.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"67","endPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f82971","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triska, Frank J.","contributorId":88781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duff, John H. jhduff@usgs.gov","contributorId":961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"John","email":"jhduff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Avanzino, Ronald J.","contributorId":24355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186588,"text":"70186588 - 1994 - Dense array recordings in the San Bernardino Valley of landers-big bear aftershocks: Basin surface waves, Moho reflections, and three-dimensional simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T15:40:45","indexId":"70186588","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dense array recordings in the San Bernardino Valley of landers-big bear aftershocks: Basin surface waves, Moho reflections, and three-dimensional simulations","docAbstract":"Fourteen GEOS seismic recorders were deployed in the San Bernardino Valley to study the propagation of short-period (T ≈ 1 to 3 sec) surface waves and Moho reflections. Three dense arrays were used to determine the direction and speed of propagation of arrivals in the seismograms. The seismograms for a shallow (d ≈ 1 km) M 4.9 aftershock of the Big Bear earthquake exhibit a very long duration (60 sec) of sustained shaking at periods of about 2 sec. Array analysis indicates that these late arrivals are dominated by surface waves traveling in various directions across the Valley. Some energy is arriving from a direction 180° from the epicenter and was apparently reflected from the edge of the Valley opposite the source. A close-in aftershock (Δ = 25 km, depth = 7 km) displays substantial short-period surface waves at deep-soil sites. A three-dimensional (3D) finite difference simulation produces synthetic seismograms with durations similar to those of the observed records for this event, indicating the importance of S-wave to surface-wave conversion near the edge of the basin. Flat-layered models severely underpredict the duration and spectral amplification of this deep-soil site. I show an example where the coda wave amplitude ratio at 1 to 2 Hz between a deep-soil and a rock site does not equal the S-wave amplitude ratio, because of the presence of surface waves in the coda of the deep-soil site. For one of the events studied (Δ ≈ 90 km), there are sizable phases that are critically reflected from the Moho (PmP and SmS). At one of the rock sites, the SmS phase has a more peaked spectrum that the direct S wave.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., 1994, Dense array recordings in the San Bernardino Valley of landers-big bear aftershocks: Basin surface waves, Moho reflections, and three-dimensional simulations: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 3, p. 613-624.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"613","endPage":"624","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339259,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339258,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bssaonline.org/content/84/3/613.abstract"}],"volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60277e4b09da6799ac6a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, Arthur","contributorId":103761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209215,"text":"70209215 - 1994 - Earthquake refraction profiles of the root of the Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T13:02:06","indexId":"70209215","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-24T08:26:28","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake refraction profiles of the root of the Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"We examine the seismic structure of the Sierra Nevada using records of nine earthquakes and one explosion in and near the Sierra, recorded on stations in the Sierra. We first interpret travel times from these paths, which are confined to a single tectonic block, in terms of one‐dimensional structures. The most nearly reversed pair of earthquakes, the 1966 Truckee and 1983 Durrwood Meadows earthquakes, share refracted (Pn) arrival times (corrected to surface focus) along a line t=8.75±0.25+Δ/8.0, suggesting that a nearly flat layer of 8.0 km/s mantle material lies at depths of 46–48 km. First arrivals from these events do not constrain velocities from ≈30 to 45 km depth. Secondary arrivals and some first arrivals from other earthquakes suggest that velocities in part of this region range between 6.9 and 7.8 km/s. The presence of this “7.x‐km/s” layer can help to explain previous contradictory observations. The 7.x‐km/s layer could be interpreted as either the mafic bottom of a silicic, Mesozoic magmatic arc or as accreted mafic underplating or rejuvenated mantle related to Cenozoic arc volcanism or Basin and Range spreading. Arrivals at stations in the foothills and the crest of the Sierra cannot be fit with a single longitudinal structure, indicating a lateral variation of velocity structure. These variations support previously inferred variations of lithospheric structure, with higher‐velocity, thinner crust to the west beneath the Sierran foothills and slower‐velocity crust (or possibly upper mantle) beneath the high mountains in the eastern Sierra. Rapid changes in arrival times between stations separated by short distances in the eastern Sierra suggest that a sharp boundary exists between the Sierra and the Basin and Range at Moho depths. We also present fresh evidence of the asymmetry of the root of the Sierra, wherein arrivals from earthquakes on the west of the Sierra are delayed within the Sierra and return to original values in the Basin and Range, while arrivals from earthquakes and explosions from the Sierra into the Great Valley. We suggest that if the 7.x‐km/s material occurs in a wedge above the Moho, then the asymmetry can be explained by arrivals from the west being delayed by the dipping 8.0‐km/s Moho, while those from the east may be entering the root along a 7.x‐km/s layer that is near the depth of the Basin and Range Moho.
Benthic and planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils were recovered in shallow-water carbonate rock cores from two continuous boreholes drilled 7.5 km apart on the west platform margin of the Great Bahama Bank. The microfossils define six biostratigraphic units in each hole. One unit in each hole represents a correlative condensed section. Seven foraminiferal biozones are recognized in 11 of the units between the holes: middle MioceneGloborotalia fohsi robusta Zone N12, late MioceneG. acostaensis Zone N16 andG. humerosa Zone N17, early PlioceneG. margaritae evoluta Subzone N19, late PlioceneG. exilis Subzone N21 and, tentatively,G. tosaensis tosaensis Zone N21, and early PleistoceneG. crassaformis viola Subzone N22. The twelfth unit is inferred to be ofG. crassaformis viola Subzone N22 age. The oldest unit is onshore, the youngest is offshore. As presently interpreted, the nannofossil and foraminiferal zonations are partially correlative. Although the microfossils unequivocally constrain the series ages of the sediments, the incompleteness of the fossil record allows for alternative biozonal age models within the series.
The Miocene and Pliocene biozones are common to both holes, but the greatest similarities between the holes are the significant mixing of middle and late Miocene, and late Miocene-early Pliocene faunas, the greatly condensed intervals at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, and the early Pliocene influx of deep-water benthic and pelagic foraminifera. Of particular importance is the tentative recognition of late PlioceneG. tosaensis tosaensis Zone N21 in one borehole. Subsequent data not available to this phase of the study indicate that much of the zone is likely missing. Its absence will lend support to speculations of a regional unconformity in the Bahamas.
The microfossils indicate that (1) several transgressions occurred from the middle Miocene to at least the earliest Pleistocene (greater than 11.5–greater than 0.46 Ma), during which banktop-derived sediments accumulating at the margin prograded the platform seaward; (2) a condensed interval on the bank top may represent a late Miocene lowstand, a period of sediment bypassing, or a lack of accommodation space; (3) the slope received thin layers of pelagic sediments in a condensed interval during the late Miocene and early Pliocene, while the bank top accommodated early Pliocene (4.2–3.4 Ma) deep-water indicators prior to a likely period of exposure (2.35 - 1.89 Ma); (4) two cycles of banktop sediment production and starvation occurred during the Pliocene; (5) the Pliocene transgression was punctuated by stillstands or low-amplitude reversals during which parts of biozones did not accumulate; and (6) the sediments containing the most complete microfossil-datum record are the thin pelagic strata that mark interruptions in the regular shedding of transgressive deposits from the platform. Sedimentation-rate patterns varied but were generally higher offshore than onshore.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(94)90022-1","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B., and Bralower, T., 1994, Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 265-344, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(94)90022-1.","productDescription":"80 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-77.53466,23.75975],[-77.78,23.71],[-78.03405,24.28615],[-78.40848,24.57564],[-78.19087,25.2103],[-77.89,25.17],[-77.54,24.34],[-77.53466,23.75975]]],[[[-77.82,26.58],[-78.91,26.42],[-78.98,26.79],[-78.51,26.87],[-77.85,26.84],[-77.82,26.58]]],[[[-77,26.59],[-77.17255,25.87918],[-77.35641,26.00735],[-77.34,26.53],[-77.78802,26.92516],[-77.79,27.04],[-77,26.59]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"The Bahamas\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a567ee4b0c8380cd6d620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H.","contributorId":64576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bralower, Timothy J.","contributorId":177196,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bralower","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185397,"text":"70185397 - 1994 - Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:12:34","indexId":"70185397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands","docAbstract":"Remotely sensed data in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal-infrared wave bands were collected from a low-flying aircraft during the Monsoon '90 field experiment. Monsoon '90 was a multidisciplinary experiment conducted in a semiarid watershed. It had as one of its objectives the quantification of hydrometeorological fluxes during the “monsoon” or wet season. The remote sensing observations along with micrometeprological and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) data were used to compute the surface energy balance over a range of spatial scales. The procedure involved averaging multiple pixels along transects flown over the meteorological and flux (METFLUX) stations. Average values of the spectral reflectance and thermal-infrared temperatures were computed for pixels of order 10−1 to 101 km in length and were used with atmospheric data for evaluating net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G), and sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes at these same length scales. The model employs a single-layer resistance approach for estimating H that requires wind speed and air temperature in the ABL and a remotely sensed surface temperature. The values of Rn and G are estimated from remote sensing information together with near-surface observations of air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Finally, LE is solved as the residual term in the surface energy balance equation. Model calculations were compared to measurements from the METFLUX network for three days having different environmental conditions. Average percent differences for the three days between model and the METFLUX estimates of the local fluxes were about 5% for Rn, 20% for Gand H, and 15% for LE. Larger differences occurred during partly cloudy conditions because of errors in interpreting the remote sensing data and the higher spatial and temporal variation in the energy fluxes. Minor variations in modeled energy fluxes were observed when the pixel size representing the remote sensing inputs changed from 0.2 to 2 km. Regional scale estimates of the surface energy balance using bulk ABL properties for the model parameters and input variables and the 10-km pixel data differed from the METFLUX network averages by about 4% for Rn, 10% for G and H, and 15% for LE. Model sensitivity in calculating the turbulent fluxes H and LE to possible variations in key model parameters (i.e., the roughness lengths for heat and momentum) was found to be fairly significant. Therefore the reliability of the methods for estimating key model parameters and potential errors needs further testing over different ecosystems and environmental conditions.
An interdisciplinary field experiment was conducted to study the water and energy balance of a semiarid rangeland watershed in southeast Arizona during the summer of 1990. Two subwatersheds, one grass dominated and the other shrub dominated, were selected for intensive study with ground-based remote sensing systems and hydrometeorological instrumentation. Surface energy balance was evaluated at both sites using direct and indirect measurements of the turbulent fluxes (eddy correlation, variance, and Bowen ratio methods) and using an aerodynamic approach based on remote measurements of surface reflectance and temperature and conventional meteorological information. Estimates of net radiant flux density (Rn), derived from measurements of air temperature, incoming solar radiation, and surface temperature and radiance compared well with values measured using a net radiometer (mean absolute difference (MAD) ≃ 50 W/m2 over a range from 115 to 670 W/m2). Soil heat flux density (G) was estimated using a relation between G/Rn and a spectral vegetation index computed from the red and near-infrared surface reflectance. These G estimates compared well with conventional measurements of G using buried soil heat flux plates (MAD ≃ 20 W/m2 over a range from −13 to 213 W/m2). In order to account for the effects of sparse vegetation, semiempirical adjustments to the single-layer bulk aerodynamic resistance approach were required for evaluation of sensible heat flux density (H). This yielded differences between measurements and remote estimates of H of approximately 33 W/m2 over a range from 13 to 303 W/m2. The resulting estimates of latent heat flux density, LE, were of the same magnitude and trend as measured values; however, a significant scatter was still observed: MAD ≃ 40 W/m2 over a range from 0 to 340 W/m2. Because LE was solved as a residual, there was a cumulative effect of errors associated with remote estimates of Rn, G, and H.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03064","usgsCitation":"Moran, M.S., Kustas, W.P., Vidal, A., Stannard, D., Blanford, J., and Nichols, W.D., 1994, Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1339-1349, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03064.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"1339","endPage":"1349","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f8297f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vidal, A.","contributorId":94451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185725,"text":"70185725 - 1994 - Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T12:09:53","indexId":"70185725","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?","docAbstract":"Humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) are common forms of organic matter in marine sedirnents, and are routinely ingested by deposit- and suspension-feeding animals. These compounds may be a sink for metals, implying that once metals are bound to humic substances they are no longer available to food webs. A series of experiments was conducted to quantitatively examine this premise using 2 estuarine bivalves from San Francisco Bay, USA: the suspension feeder Potarnocorbula arnurensis and the facultative deposit feeder Macoma balthica. HA and FA, isolated from marine sediments, were bound as organic coatings to either hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) or silica particles. Cd and Cr(II1) were adsorbed to the organic coatings or directly to uncoated HFO and silica particles. Pulse-chase laboratory feeding expenments using '\"'Cd and \"Cr(III) were then conducted to determine absorption efficiencies of Cd and Cr for individual specimens using each of the partlcle types. The results demonstrated that: (1) absorption of Cr(I1I) from all types of non-living particles was consistently low (< 11%). Ingested Cd showed greater bioavailability than Cr(IIl), perhaps due to differences in metal chemistry. (2) Bivalves absorbed Cd bound to uncoated HFO or silica particles (i.e. with no HA or FA present). (3) The presence of organic coatings on part~cles reduced Cd bioavailabhty compared with uncoated particles. (4) Both geochemical and biological conditions affected the food chain transfer of Cd. The data suggest that in marine systems inorganic and organic-coated particles are predominantly a sink for Cr in sediments. In the transfer of Cd to consumer animals, inorganic particles and humic substances can act as a link (although not a highly efficient one) under oxidized conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter Research","doi":"10.3354/meps108133","usgsCitation":"Decho, A., and Luoma, S.N., 1994, Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 108, no. 1-2, p. 133-145, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"133","endPage":"145","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7637e4b0ee37af29e4d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan","contributorId":189947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}