{"pageNumber":"339","pageRowStart":"8450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10961,"records":[{"id":2967,"text":"wsp2276 - 1986 - Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11641,"text":"ofr83948 - 1984 - Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States","indexId":"ofr83948","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2967,"text":"wsp2276 - 1986 - Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States","indexId":"wsp2276","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-17T12:45:07","indexId":"wsp2276","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2276","title":"Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States","docAbstract":"Techniques are presented for estimating various streamflow characteristics, such as peak flows, mean monthly and annual flows, flow durations, and flow volumes, at ungaged sites on unregulated streams in the Eastern Coal region. Streamflow data and basin characteristics for 629 gaging stations were used to develop multiple-linear-regression equations. Separate equations were developed for the Eastern and Interior Coal Provinces. \r\n\r\nDrainage area is an independent variable common to all equations. Other variables needed, depending on the streamflow characteristic, are mean annual precipitation, mean basin elevation, main channel length, basin storage, main channel slope, and forest cover. \r\n\r\nA ratio of the observed 50- to 90-percent flow durations was used in the development of relations to estimate low-flow frequencies in the Eastern Coal Province. Relations to estimate low flows in the Interior Coal Province are not presented because the standard errors were greater than 0.7500 log units and were considered to be of poor reliability.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2276","usgsCitation":"Wetzel, K.L., and Bettandorff, J., 1986, Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2276, iii, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2276.","productDescription":"iii, 80 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2276/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247259,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2276/plate-1.pdf","size":"5722","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247260,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2276/plate-2.pdf","size":"4661","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29699,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2276/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wetzel, Kim L.","contributorId":104884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettandorff, J.M.","contributorId":67499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettandorff","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4305,"text":"cir988 - 1986 - The Georges Bank monitoring program 1985: Analysis of trace metals in bottom sediments during the third year of monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T22:00:56.49744","indexId":"cir988","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"988","title":"The Georges Bank monitoring program 1985: Analysis of trace metals in bottom sediments during the third year of monitoring","docAbstract":"Of the 12 elements analyzed in bulk (undifferentiated) sediments collected adjacent to drilling rigs on Georges Bank, only barium was found to increase in concentration during the period when eight exploratory wells were drilled (July 1981 until September 1982). The maximum postdrilling concentration of barium (a major element in drilling mud) reached 172 ppm in bulk sediments near the drill site in block 410. This concentration is higher than the predrilling concentration at this location by a factor of 5.9. This maximum barium concentration is within the range of predrilling concentrations (28-300 ppm) measured in various sediment types from the regional stations of this program. No drilling-related changes in the concentrations of the 11 other metals have been observed in bulk sediments at any of the locations sampled in this program. \r\n\r\nWe estimate that about 25 percent of the barite discharged at block 312 was present in the sediments within 6 km of the rig, 4 weeks after drilling was completed at this location (drilling period was December 8, 1981-June 27, 1982). For almost a year following completion of this well, the inventory of barite decreased rapidly, with a half-life of 0.34 year. During the next year, the inventory decreased at a slower rate (half-life of 3.4 years). The faster rate probably reflects resuspension and sediment transport of bariterich material residing at the sediment surface. Elevated barium concentrations in post-drilling sediment-trap samples from block 312 indicate that such resuspension can occur up to at least 25 m above the sea floor. As the remaining barite particles are reworked deeper into the sediments by currents and bioturbation, removal by sediment-transport processes is slower. \r\n\r\nThe barite discharged during the exploratory phase of drilling is associated with the fine fraction of sediment and is widely distributed around the bank. We found evidence for barium transport to Great South Channel, 115 km west of the drilling, and to stations 2 and 3, 35 km east of the easternmost drilling site. Small increases in barium concentrations, present in the fine fraction of sediment only, were measured also at the heads of both Lydonia and Oceanographer Canyons, located 8 and 39 km, respectively, seaward of the nearest exploratory well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir988","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Rendigs, R., Campbell, E., Doughten, M., Parmenter, C., O’Dell, C.H., DiLisio, G., Johnson, R.G., Gillison, J., and Rait, N., 1986, The Georges Bank monitoring program 1985: Analysis of trace metals in bottom sediments during the third year of monitoring: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 988, iv, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir988.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393393,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24086.htm"},{"id":124629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1986/0988/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31416,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1986/0988/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.083,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.5,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.5,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.083,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.083,\n              40\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b24a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":148786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rendigs, R.R.","contributorId":50506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendigs","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, Esma","contributorId":92652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Esma","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doughten, M. W.","contributorId":101648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doughten","given":"M. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parmenter, C.M.","contributorId":43740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parmenter","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Dell, C. H.","contributorId":103664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Dell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"DiLisio, G.P.","contributorId":23127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLisio","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johnson, R. G.","contributorId":39350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gillison, J.R.","contributorId":97888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillison","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rait, Norma","contributorId":44128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rait","given":"Norma","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":28297,"text":"wri864177 - 1986 - Shallow ground-water conditions, Tom Green County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T11:19:03","indexId":"wri864177","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4177","title":"Shallow ground-water conditions, Tom Green County, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>Most of the water needs of Tom Green County, Texas, are supplied by ground water; however, the city of San Angelo is supplied by surface water. Groundwater withdrawals during 1980 (latest year for which data are available) in Tom Green County totaled about 15,300 acre-feet, all derived from shallow aquifers. Shallow aquifers in this report refer to the ground-water system generally less than 400 feet deep that contains water with less than a 10,000 milligrams per liter concentration of dissolved solids; aquifers comprising this system include: The Leona, Comanche Peak, Trinity, Blaine, San Angelo, Choza, Bullwagon, Vale, Standpipe, and Arroyo aquifers.</p>\n<p>The current (1983) water levels in shallow aquifers in Tom Green County are relatively unchanged from those levels listed in previous reports. In most wells, the change in water level is less than 10 feet, and only a few isolated wells or areas have changes of more than 20 feet. Based on long-term hydrographs of selected wells and precipitation, water levels are directly related to precipitation and associated pumpage for irrigation. Current (1983) water levels probably are higher than normal due to the above-normal precipitation during 1980-81.</p>\n<p>Ground water in Tom Green County commonly is very hard (greater than 180 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate), and chemical types vary in the aquifers and in different parts of the county. The concentrations of dissolved solids range from 200 to 3,000 milligrams per liter, the dissolved-chloride concentrations range from about 40 to 1,000 milligrams per liter, and the dissolved-sulfate concentrations normally range from about 25 to 600 milligrams per liter. The dissolved-nitrate concentrations in samples from eight wells ranged from 2 to 37 milligrams per liter. Five of these samples exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Of the eight water samples analyzed for minor elements, two exceeded the maximum contaminant level for selenium, and one exceeded the maximum contaminant level for manganese. Samples from three wells were analyzed for selected pesticides; no pesticides were detected.</p>\n<p>Two groups of ground-water samples were tested for bacteria in April and August 1983. The first group consisted of samples from 25 wells; no samples contained fecal-coliform bacteria, but 15 samples contained fecal-streptococci bacteria. The second group consisted of samples from 29 wells and 1 spring; twelve of these samples contained fecal-coliform bacteria and all 30 contained fecal-streptococci bacteria. Water samples from seven wells were common to both groups, and the samples tested in August contained more bacteria. Counts of fecal-coliform bacteria ranged from 0 to 26 colonies per 100 milliliters with most less than 5 colonies per 100 milliliters. Counts of fecal-streptococci bacteria ranged from 0 to 400 colonies per 100 milliliters with most less than 20 colonies per 100 milliliters. The presence of fecal-coliform and fecalstreptococci bacteria in water is only an indicator that pollution from septic systems may be present and is not a positive check for fecal pollution. Generally, the aquifers are not contaminated by septic-system effluent, however, some individual wells or localized areas could be contaminated by nearby septic systems.</p>\n<p>Using dissolved-solids concentrations as an indicator, historical and current (1983) water-quality records were compared to determine if any changes in water quality had occurred. The quality of water from Cretaceous rocks underlying the Edwards Pleateau has not changed significantly; this water is the least mineralized ground water in the county. The quality of water from the Arroyo and Bullwagon aquifers in the eastern most part of the county also has not changed significantly; dissolved-solids concentrations range from 1,500 to 2,000 milligrams per liter. In the remainder of the county, dissolved-solids concentrations have increased from 10 to 500 milligrams per liter in ground water along the river valleys and in the Li pan Flat area and increases of 500 to 1,100 milligrams per liter have occurred in ground water southeast of San Angelo, west of Twin Buttes Reservoir, and about 10 miles east of San Angelo. Locally, dissolved-solids concentrations have increased by as much as 4,530 milligrams per liter in water from individual wells.</p>\n<p>Pollution from oil-field activities may affect the quality of water in some isolated wells and in some areas in the county. No historical records are available for determining any changes in pesticides, minor elements, or bacteria.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri864177","usgsCitation":"Lee, J., 1986, Shallow ground-water conditions, Tom Green County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4177, vi, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864177.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57112,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4177/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Tom Green County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.78857421875,\n              31.1740348492758\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.78857421875,\n              31.680264464234185\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.08682250976562,\n              31.680264464234185\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.08682250976562,\n              31.1740348492758\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.78857421875,\n              31.1740348492758\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f4216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, J.N.","contributorId":23987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28834,"text":"wri854334 - 1986 - Hydrogeology of sand-plain aquifers in Carlton, Kanabec, and Pine Counties, east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T19:27:52.356527","indexId":"wri854334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4334","title":"Hydrogeology of sand-plain aquifers in Carlton, Kanabec, and Pine Counties, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Sand-plain aquifers in parts of Carlton, Kanabec, and Pine Counties in east-central Minnesota constitute a major aquifer system. They consist predominantly of fine to medium outwash sand with a combined areal extent of nearly 500 square miles. Saturated thickness in localized areas is as much as 90 feet. Depth to water generally is less than 20 feet. Transmissivities range from about 100 to 25,000 feet squared per day. Yields to properly constructed wells locally may exceed 2,000 gallons per minute. A reconnaissance of sandstone units underlying the outwash indicates that transmissivities of the sandstone aquifers range from 1,850 to 2,200 feet squared per day, and specific capacities range from 9 to 12 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown. Locally, wells may be capable of supplying several hundred gallons per minute. Regionally, the sand-plain and sandstone aquifers are poorly connected hydraulically at all locations tested except in a small localized area near Quamba in Kanabec County.</p>\n<p>Ground water in the sand-plain aquifers can be classified chemically, based on predominant ions, as a calcium bicarbonate type that is moderately hard. Concentrations of dissolved solids range from 30 to 610 milligrams per liter. Except for locally high concentrations of iron and manganese, the quality of water is within State drinking-water standards and is suitable for most uses. There are no major differences between the quality of water in the sand-plain and sandstone aquifers.</p>\n<p>Ground-water flow, aquifer response, aquifer development, and drought conditions were simulated for sand-plain aquifers areally extensive enough to be hydrologically significant. Simulation of expanded ground-water development and drought in northern Pine County indicates that regional ground-water levels may be lowered as much as 12 feet and ground-water discharge to streams may be reduced as much as 42 percent. Simulation of expanded development and drought in southern Pine County indicates that regional ground-water levels may be lowered as much as 25 feet and ground-water discharge to streams may be reduced as much as 65 percent. The simulations also indicate that each area, especially the northern Pine County area, will support substantial additional development without dewatering the aquifer or reducing streamflow significantly.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri854334","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Onanegozie Resource Conservation and Development Project and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Myette, C., 1986, Hydrogeology of sand-plain aquifers in Carlton, Kanabec, and Pine Counties, east-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4334, Report: vi, 66 p.; 4 Plates: 20.31 x 36.55 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854334.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 66 p.; 4 Plates: 20.31 x 36.55 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36460.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Carlton County, Kanabec County, Pine 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C. F.","contributorId":97115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myette","given":"C. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27479,"text":"wri854102 - 1986 - Ground-water movement and effects of coal strip mining on water quality of high-wall lakes and aquifers in the Macon-Huntsville area, north-central Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T21:17:42.217943","indexId":"wri854102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4102","title":"Ground-water movement and effects of coal strip mining on water quality of high-wall lakes and aquifers in the Macon-Huntsville area, north-central Missouri","docAbstract":"Glacial drift and Pennsylvanian bedrock were mixed together forming spoil during pre-reclamation strip mining for coal in north-central Missouri. This restructuring of the land increases the porosity of the material, and increases aqueous concentrations of many dissolved constituents. Median sodium and bicarbonate concentrations were slightly greater, calcium 5 times greater, magnesium 6 times greater, manganese 15 times greater, iron 19 times greater, and sulfate 24 times greater in water from spoil than in water from glacial drift. Median potassium concentrations were slightly greater, and chloride concentrations were two times greater in water from glacial drift than in water from spoil. Water types in glacial drift and bedrock were mostly sodium bicarbonate and calcium bicarbonate; in spoil and lakes in the spoil, the water types were mostly calcium sulfate. Median pH values in water from spoil were 6.6, as compared to 7.4 in water from glacial drift and 9.0 in water from bedrock. Neutralization of acid by carbonate rocks causes the moderate pH values in water from spoil; a carbonate system closed to the atmosphere may result in alkaline pH values in bedrock. Transmissivities generally are greatest for spoil, and decrease in the following order: alluvium, glacial drift, and bedrock. Recharge to spoil is from precipitation, lateral flow from glacial drift, and lateral and vertical flow from bedrock. The rate of recharge to the aquifers is unknown, but probably is small. Groundwater discharge from the glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil is to alluvium. The direction of flow generally was from high-wall lakes in the spoil toward East Fork Little Chariton River or South Fork Claybank Creek. Significant differences (95% confidence level) in values and concentrations of aqueous constituents between spoil areas mined at different times (1940, 1952, and 1968) were obtained for pH, calcium, magnesium, manganese, sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids, but not for iron. These differences are attributed to local variations in the geohydrologic system rather than spoil age. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854102","usgsCitation":"Hall, D.C., and Davis, R.E., 1986, Ground-water movement and effects of coal strip mining on water quality of high-wall lakes and aquifers in the Macon-Huntsville area, north-central Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4102, viii, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854102.","productDescription":"viii, 102 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56330,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4102/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":396201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36271.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Macon-Huntsville area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.583,\n              39.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.493,\n              39.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.493,\n              39.708\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.583,\n              39.708\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.583,\n              39.625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4995e4b07f02db5b637f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, D. C.","contributorId":7291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, R. E.","contributorId":77153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4266,"text":"cir944 - 1986 - The Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic, geophysical, geochemical, mineral-occurrence, mineral-resource potential, and mineral-production maps of the Charlotte 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"cir944","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"944","title":"The Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic, geophysical, geochemical, mineral-occurrence, mineral-resource potential, and mineral-production maps of the Charlotte 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina","docAbstract":"This Circular and the folio of separately published maps described herein are part of a series of reports compiled under the Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program ICUSMAP). The folio on the Charlotte 1 degree ? 2 degree quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina, includes (1) a geologic map; (2) four geophysical maps; (3) geochemical maps for metamorphic heavy minerals, copper, lead and artifacts, zinc, gold, tin, beryllium, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, cobalt, lithium, barium, antimony-arsenic-bismuth-cadmium, thorium-cerium-monazite, and limonite; (4) mineral-occurrence maps for kyanite-sillimanite-lithium-mica-feldspar-copper-lead-zinc, gold-quartz-barite-fluorite, iron-thorium-tin-niobium, and construction materials-gemstones; (5) mineral-resource potential maps for copper-lead-zinc-combined base metals, gold, tin-tungsten, beryllium-molybdenum-niobium, lithium-kyanite- sillimanitebarite, thorium (monazite)-uranium, and construction materials; and (6) mineral-production maps. \r\n\r\nThe Charlotte quadrangle is mainly within the Piedmont physiographic province and extends from near the Coastal Plain on the southeast into the Blue Ridge province on the northwest for a short distance. Parts of six lithotectonic belts are present--the Blue Ridge, the Inner Piedmont, the Kings Mountain belt, the Charlotte belt, the Carolina slate belt, and the Wadesboro basin. Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are present and range in age from Proterozoic to Mesozoic; alluvial sediments of Quaternary age occur along rivers and larger streams. \r\n\r\nRocks of the Blue Ridge include Middle Proterozoic granitoid gneiss intruded by Late Proterozoic granite; Late Proterozoic paragneiss, schist, and other metasedimentary and metavolcaniclastic rocks (Ashe and Grandfather Mountain Formations); Late Proterozoic and Early Cambrian metasedimentary rocks (Chilhowee Group); and Early Cambrian sedimentary rocks (Shady Dolomite). Paleozoic granites intrude the Proterozoic rocks. The Inner Piedmont contains noncarbonate metasedimentary rocks and amphibolite of medium to high metamorphic grades. These rocks are intruded by the Toluca Granite and Henderson Gneiss of Cambrian and Ordovician(?) age. The Charlotte belt consists largely of Late Proterozoic to Late Paleozoic granitic and gabbroic plutonic rocks and intervening enclaves of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. \r\n\r\nThe narrow Kings Mountain belt is located between the Charlotte and the Inner Piedmont belts and contains mainly Late Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks and plutonic rocks similar to those of the Charlotte belt. The Carolina slate belt, flanking the Charlotte belt on the east, contains weakly metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks. East of this belt, at the southeast corner of the quadrangle, is the Wadesboro basin, which has continental sedimentary rocks of Triassic age. Layered rocks westward from and in the Charlotte belt are complexly folded, are steeply dipping, and in the Blue Ridge and Inner Piedmont are contained within major thrust slices. Rocks of the Carolina slate belt are gently folded. Rocks of the Wadesboro basin occur in downfaulted blocks. \r\n\r\nThe geophysical surveys of the Charlotte quadrangle consisted of Bouguer gravity, aeromagnetic, and aeroradioactivity surveys and used both newly obtained data and information from prior work. The gravity survey disclosed a distinct northeast-trending, northwest-decreasing gradient, which is part of the major gravity gradient that extends the length of the Appalachian Mountains. Granitic plutons of the Charlotte belt, in particular, are marked by gravity lows, and gabbro plutons, by highs. Several of the geologic belts display distinct magnetic character. The aeroradioactivity surveys showed a swath of consistently high gamma-ray intensities along the central part of the Inner Piedmont belt; these high intensities correspond to the so-called monazite belt. Oval patterns of high gamma-ray readi","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir944","usgsCitation":"Gair, J.E., Goldsmith, R., Daniels, D.L., Griffitts, W.R., DeYoung, J.H., and Lee, M.P., 1986, The Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic, geophysical, geochemical, mineral-occurrence, mineral-resource potential, and mineral-production maps of the Charlotte 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 944, iii, 18 p. :ill., map ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir944.","productDescription":"iii, 18 p. :ill., map ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1986/0944/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31378,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1986/0944/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ecbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gair, Jacob Eugene","contributorId":14387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldsmith, Richard","contributorId":33283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldsmith","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daniels, D. L.","contributorId":69114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffitts, W. R.","contributorId":10428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffitts","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeYoung, J. H.","contributorId":75908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, M. P.","contributorId":40198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":3330,"text":"cir974 - 1986 - USGS research on energy resources, 1986; program and abstracts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-23T12:09:20","indexId":"cir974","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"974","title":"USGS research on energy resources, 1986; program and abstracts","docAbstract":"<p>The extended abstracts in this volume are summaries of the papers presented orally and as posters in the second V. E. McKelvey Forum on Mineral and Energy Resources, entitled \"USGS Research on Energy Resources-1986.\" The Forum has been established to improve communication between the USGS and the earth science community by presenting the results of current USGS research on nonrenewable resources in a timely fashion and by providing an opportunity for individuals from other organizations to meet informally with USGS scientists and managers. It is our hope that the McKelvey Forum will help to make USGS programs more responsive to the needs of the earth science community, particularly the mining and petroleum industries, and Win foster closer cooperation between organizations and individuals. </p><p>The Forum was named after former Director Vincent E. McKelvey in recognition of his lifelong contributions to research, development, and administration in mineral and energy resources, as a scientist, as Chief Geologist, and as Director of the U.S. Geological Survey. The Forum will be an annual event, and its subject matter will alternate between mineral and energy resources. We expect that the format will change somewhat from year to year as various approaches are tried, but its primary purpose will remain the same: to encourage direct communication between USGS scientists and the representatives of other earth-science related organizations. </p><p>Energy programs of the USGS include oil and gas, coal, geothermal, uranium-thorium, and oil shale; work in these programs spans the national domain, including surveys of the offshore Exclusive Economic Zone. The topics selected for presentation at this McKelvey Forum represent an overview of the scientific breadth of USGS research on energy resources. They include aspects of petroleum occurrence in Eastern United States rift basins, the origin of magnetic anomalies over oil fields, accreted terranes and energy-resource implications, coal quality, geothermal energy sources, integrated geology and chemistry in uranium-deposit studies, and interpretations of sea-floor geology seen in reconnaissance-scale sidescan-sonar mosaics of the Gulf of Mexico and west coast Exclusive Economic Zone. Data are presented that are being used in building models of geothermal energy settings, basin histories, and the occurrence of energy resources. In addition to the technical sessions presenting the results of USGS research, each congressionally mandated USGS Mineral Resource Program has a display outlining plans and progress. </p><p>We are all excited about this continuing opportunity to disseminate and discuss our research with our colleagues in industry and academia, and we welcome your suggestions on improving this series of Forums. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir974","usgsCitation":"1986, USGS research on energy resources, 1986; program and abstracts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 974, xii, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir974.","productDescription":"xii, 84 p.","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30339,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1986/0974/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1986/0974/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f94f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Carter, Lorna M.H.","contributorId":37260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Lorna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730049,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":12076,"text":"ofr86338 - 1986 - Geological and geochemical data for seamounts and associated ferromanganese crusts in the Ratak Chain, Marshall Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T12:39:03","indexId":"ofr86338","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-338","title":"Geological and geochemical data for seamounts and associated ferromanganese crusts in the Ratak Chain, Marshall Islands","docAbstract":"<p>In 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a reconnaissance cruise L9-84-CP aboard the R/V S.P. LEE along the northern Ratak Ridge, Marshall Islands (Fig. 1). Preliminary geochemical results from the cruise show that ferromanganese crusts (Mn crusts) on the submarine slopes of seamounts, and islands may have potential for commercial exploitation (Schwab and others, 1985). In this report we present shipboard data and laboratory analyses for rock samples collected on cruise L9-84-CP. This report should supplement the reports of Schwab and Bailey (1985) and Schwab and others (1985). </p><p>A total of 5410 km of 12-kHz and 3.5-kHz seismic-reflection data, and q O 730 km of 80-in<sup>3</sup> and 148-in<sup>3</sup> airgun seismic-reflection data were collected on cruise L9-84-CP (Schwab and Bailey, 1985). Eighteen sample stations were occupied; 13 dredge hauls and 3 box cores were collected (Table 1). These samples are available at the USGS Branch of Pacific Marine Geology offices in Menlo Park, California. Data presented in this report should encourage a more extensive field investigation and serious economic and technical evaluation of Mn crusts within the Marshall Islands area. </p><p>Ferromanganese-oxide precipitates that encrust hard substrate on the submarine flanks of seamounts, guyots, atolls, islands, and linear volcanic ridges, have been known for several decades (Cronan, 1977; Frazer and Fisk, 1980) but were not studied in a systematic way until the West German MIDPAC expedition of 1981 (Halbach and others, 1982). Unlike abyssal ferromanganese nodules, Mn crusts contain higher concentrations of the economically attractive metals, cobalt and platinum (Toth, 1980; Craig and others, 1982; Halbach and others, 1984; Hein and others, 1985). Mn crusts are predominantly hydrogenous in origin, in contrast to abyssal ferromanganese nodules which also have a substantial diagenetic input (Halbach and others, 1981). </p><p>In order for a Mn crust deposit to be economically attractive, it must be of high grade in recoverable metals, thick, and aerially extensive. During a 1984 workshop in Honolulu, East-West Center, engineers and geologists determined that Mn crusts must have an average thickness of 4 cm and a cobalt content greater than 0.8 percent of the dry weight (8000 ppm) to be considered for exploitation. The metals other than cobalt that are likely to be recovered from such a deposit include nickel, manganese, zinc, lead, phosphorous, and platinum. Preliminary chemical analyses of the Mn crusts collected during cruise L9-84-CP (Schwab and others, 1985) show that the average concentrations of metals within them are comparable with the mean metal contents of Mn crusts from the eastern Mid-Pacific Mountains and northern Line Islands Ridge, areas of high economic potential (Halbach and Manheim, 1984; Hein and others, 1985). Based on the extent of sea floor above 2400 m water depth and the age of the substrate, resource experts at the East- West Center in Honolulu placed the Marshall Islands as second in economic potential for Mn crusts as compared to the Mn crust resources within all other U.S. Pacific states, trust territories, and possessions (A.L. Clark, personal communication). Based on these and other geologic and oceanographic criteria, Hein and others (1986a) placed the Marshall Islands first with respect to U.S. interests. </p><p>For convenience, several previously unnamed seamounts have been named (see Hein and others, 1986b), including Erikub Seamount, Utirik Seamount, Bikar Guyot, and Ratak Guyot. We use these names informally in this report.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr86338","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Hein, J., Davis, A.S., Morgenson, L., Daniel, C., and Haggerty, J., 1986, Geological and geochemical data for seamounts and associated ferromanganese crusts in the Ratak Chain, Marshall Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-338, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86338.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0338/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40106,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0338/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              166,\n              4\n            ],\n            [\n              166,\n              16\n            ],\n            [\n              173,\n              16\n            ],\n            [\n              173,\n              4\n            ],\n            [\n              166,\n              4\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6876b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgenson, L.A.","contributorId":104065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgenson","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Daniel, C.L.","contributorId":87547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Haggerty, J.A.","contributorId":43766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haggerty","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":26319,"text":"wri834039 - 1986 - Preliminary delineation and description of the regional aquifers of Tennessee– The Cretaceous aquifer system of west-Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T20:49:50.784533","indexId":"wri834039","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4039","title":"Preliminary delineation and description of the regional aquifers of Tennessee– The Cretaceous aquifer system of west-Tennessee","docAbstract":"<p>The Cretaceous aquifer in Tennessee is composed of sand and clay of Cretaceous age. The aquifer occurs in west Tennessee from the Mississippi River east to the Tennessee River. Groundwater in the Cretaceous aquifer is recharged at outcrops and through overlying permeable deposits. The overlying Porter 's Creek clay acts as the upper confining layer.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834039","usgsCitation":"Brahana, J., Mulderink, D., and Bradley, M.W., 1986, Preliminary delineation and description of the regional aquifers of Tennessee– The Cretaceous aquifer system of west-Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4039, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834039.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2012,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri834039","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392692,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35679.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.281,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -88,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -88,\n              36.496\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.281,\n              36.496\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.281,\n              35\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66947d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brahana, J. V.","contributorId":32926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brahana","given":"J. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulderink, Dolores","contributorId":64667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulderink","given":"Dolores","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, M. W.","contributorId":40610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":12917,"text":"ofr86491 - 1986 - Geohydrology of and potential for fluid disposal in the Arbuckle Aquifer in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:48","indexId":"ofr86491","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-491","title":"Geohydrology of and potential for fluid disposal in the Arbuckle Aquifer in Kansas","docAbstract":"The Arbuckle aquifer is an extensive aquifer that contains mostly saline water and that immediately overlies Precambrian ' basement ' rocks throughout Kansas, except for major uplift areas where it has been removed by erosion. In the southeast part of the state, it is a major freshwater aquifer. The upper part of the Arbuckle contains significant oil and gas reservoirs in central and south-central Kansas. During the last 40 years the Arbuckle also has become the major zone of fluid disposal in the state. Most of the fluids disposed into the Arbuckle were produced from oil and gas wells in other formations. However, in recent years, state water agencies have become increasingly concerned about injection of fluids into the subsurface and the effects of injection on the hydrologic systems involved. An investigation of the geohydrology of the Arbuckle aquifer and of the hydrologic aspects of fluid disposal into the Arbuckle was conducted to evaluate these effects. Hydraulic characteristics obtained from drill stem tests, injection tests, and numerical modeling have indicated a range of permeability in the Arbuckle from 1 millidarcy to 30 darcys. Analysis of injection tests indicated that average permeability in the basin areas probably is in the 50-300 millidarcy range. Analyses of 76 geophysical logs indicate an average porosity of about 12%. An evaluation of the geohydrology of the Arbuckle shows that it is a large regional flow system that is in hydraulic connection with several other major aquifers. Groundwater flow within the Arbuckle is principally from the west-northwest to the east-southeast. Brine disposal in the Arbuckle has been increasing over the years. Rates of injection average about 60 gal/min. Model analysis, using aquifer properties similar to those expected in the basin areas and under selected conditions of well injection into the Arbuckle, indicates that, even with an injection rate of only 100 gal/min, pressure increases equivalent to fluid-level rises of up to 100 ft are expected as far as 500 ft away from the injection well. The model analysis indicates that the effects of transmission of fluid through the confining layer on overlying units are minor. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr86491","usgsCitation":"Carr, J.E., McGovern, H., Gogel, T., and Doveton, J., 1986, Geohydrology of and potential for fluid disposal in the Arbuckle Aquifer in Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-491, viii, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86491.","productDescription":"viii, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0491/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41349,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0491/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, J. E.","contributorId":49373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGovern, H.E.","contributorId":85600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGovern","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gogel, Tony","contributorId":37745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gogel","given":"Tony","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doveton, J.H.","contributorId":30237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doveton","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":13849,"text":"ofr85559 - 1986 - Water use on the Snake River plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13849,"text":"ofr85559 - 1986 - Water use on the Snake River plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ofr85559","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Water use on the Snake River plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38450,"text":"pp1408E - 1988 - Water use on the Snake River plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408E","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Water use on the Snake River plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38450,"text":"pp1408E - 1988 - Water use on the Snake River plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408E","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Water use on the Snake River plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T15:01:43","indexId":"ofr85559","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-559","title":"Water use on the Snake River plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr85559","usgsCitation":"Goodell, S.A., 1986, Water use on the Snake River plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-559, vii, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85559.","productDescription":"vii, 94 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0559/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":369150,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0559/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River plain","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd15b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodell, S. A.","contributorId":38168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodell","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1409,"text":"wsp2278 - 1986 - Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19013,"text":"ofr84461 - 1984 - Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"ofr84461","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1409,"text":"wsp2278 - 1986 - Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho","indexId":"wsp2278","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:18","indexId":"wsp2278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2278","title":"Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"A nonlinear, least-squares regression technique for the estimation of ground-water flow model parameters was applied to the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho. The technique uses a computer program to simulate two-dimensional, steady-state ground-water flow. Hydrologic data for the 1980 water year were used to calculate recharge rates, boundary fluxes, and spring discharges. Ground-water use was estimated from irrigated land maps and crop consumptive-use figures. These estimates of ground-water withdrawal, recharge rates, and boundary flux, along with leakance, were used as known values in the model calibration of transmissivity. Leakance values were adjusted between regression solutions by comparing model-calculated to measured spring discharges. In other simulations, recharge and leakance also were calibrated as prior-information regression parameters, which limits the variation of these parameters using a normalized standard error of estimate. \r\n\r\nResults from a best-fit model indicate a wide areal range in transmissivity from about 0.05 to 44 feet squared per second and in leakance from about 2.2x10 -9 to 6.0 x 10 -8 feet per second per foot. Along with parameter values, model statistics also were calculated, including the coefficient of correlation between calculated and observed head (0.996), the standard error of the estimates for head (40 feet), and the parameter coefficients of variation (about 10-40 percent). Additional boundary flux was added in some areas during calibration to achieve proper fit to ground-water flow directions. Model fit improved significantly when areas that violated model assumptions were removed. It also improved slightly when y-direction (northwest-southeast) transmissivity values were larger than x-direction (northeast-southwest) transmissivity values. The model was most sensitive to changes in recharge, and in some areas, to changes in transmissivity, particularly near the spring discharge area from Milner Dam to King Hill.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Distribution Branch, Text Products Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2278","usgsCitation":"Garabedian, S.P., 1986, Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2278, iv, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 4 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2278.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 4 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2278/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26500,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2278/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26501,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2278/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26502,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2278/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26503,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2278/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26504,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2278/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25973,"text":"wri834279 - 1986 - Hydrologic effects of withdrawal of ground water on the West Fargo aquifer system, eastern Cass County, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T15:44:23","indexId":"wri834279","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4279","title":"Hydrologic effects of withdrawal of ground water on the West Fargo aquifer system, eastern Cass County, North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>The West Fargo area is underlain by glaciofluvial deposits, which comprise the West Fargo aquifer system* These deposits range in thickness from 5 to 227 feet. </p><p>The West Fargo aquifer system extends from the vicinity of Argusville, Cass County, to at least as far south as Richland County. The aquifer system primarily consists of three aquifers, namely the West Fargo North aquifer, the West Fargo South aquifer, and the Horace aquifer. The West Fargo North aquifer is about 2 miles wide near Harwood and about 3.5 miles wide near West Fargo. The West Fargo South aquifer extends from the southeast part of West Fargo to beyond the Cass-Richland county border. It is less than 1.5 miles wide Jbut generally more than 0.5 mile wide. The Horace aquifer extends from north of Interstate Highway 94 west of West Fargo to the Cass-Richland county border. It is less than 1 mile wide in the northern part and somewhat more than 1 mile wide in the southern part. </p><p>Pumping of large quantities of ground water for the most part has been from the West Fargo North aquifer and has been confined to the area of West Fargo. Here the combined pumpage from all the wells has averaged about 613 million gallons (1,880 acre-feet) per year since 1968. This pumpage has caused water levels to decline from land surface in 1896 to as much as 121.7 feet below land surface in 1981.</p><p>Recharge to the West Fargo aquifer system is estimated to be about 600 to 650 million gallons (1,800 to 2,000 acre-feet) per year. Almost all discharge from the aquifer system is by pumpage, which is about 683 million gallons (2,096 acre-feet) per year. The difference is derived from available storage, estimated to be about 131,300 million gallons (404,000 acre-feet). </p><p>Water samples collected from the West Fargo aquifer system contained dissolved-solids concentrations that ranged from 332 to 2,960 milligrams per liter, and chloride concentrations that ranged from 25 to 975 milligrams per liter. Generally both dissolved-solids and chloride concentrations increased from east to west.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834279","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, C.A., 1986, Hydrologic effects of withdrawal of ground water on the West Fargo aquifer system, eastern Cass County, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4279, Report: v, 28 p.; 5 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834279.","productDescription":"Report: v, 28 p.; 5 Plates","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4279/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54723,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4279/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54724,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4279/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54725,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4279/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54726,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4279/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54727,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4279/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54728,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4279/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Cass County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b04b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, C. A.","contributorId":66231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27038,"text":"wri864210 - 1986 - Hydraulic characteristics of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary clastic aquifers: Eastern Alabama, Georgia, and western South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T13:19:18","indexId":"wri864210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4210","title":"Hydraulic characteristics of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary clastic aquifers: Eastern Alabama, Georgia, and western South Carolina","docAbstract":"Transmissivity and storativity data for the clastic sediments of the northern Coastal Plain of eastern Alabama, Georgia, and western South Carolina were compiled and evaluated. Transmissivity values ranged from less than 100 to about 35,000 ft sq/day; storativity ranged from about 0.00002 to 0.0002. Data for lower Tertiary sediments represented by the Clayton and Tallahatta Formations and equivalent Midwayan and Claibornian sediments are listed for 17 sites. Transmissivity values of these sediments range from about 500 to 10,000 ft sq/day. Transmissivity values for the Cretaceous Providence Sand and Cusseta Sand and equivalent Navarroan-Tayloran sediments are listed for 10 sites and range from about 500 to 34,000 ft sq/day. Transmissivity values for the Blufftown and Eutaw Formations and equivalent Cretaceous Tayloran-Austinian sediments are listed for 16 sites and range from about 3000 to 35,000 ft sq/day. Transmissivity of the Cretaceous Tuscaloosa Formation and equivalent Eaglefordian sediments is listed for 5 sites and ranges from about 30 to 500 ft sq/day. Estimates of transmissivity based on well specific capacity were computed by using the modified nonequilibrium formula and linear regression analysis. The regression analysis was based on log-transformed paired transmissivity and specific-capacity data at 48 pumping wells. The regression model provided better estimates of transmissivity than the modified nonequilibrium formula. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri864210","usgsCitation":"Faye, R.E., and McFadden, K.W., 1986, Hydraulic characteristics of Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary clastic aquifers: Eastern Alabama, Georgia, and western South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4210, Report: viii, 22 p.; 1 Plate: 28.96 x 23.59 inches; 4 Sheets: 14.79 x 18.46 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864210.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 22 p.; 1 Plate: 28.96 x 23.59 inches; 4 Sheets: 14.79 x 18.46 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4210/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":366719,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4210/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366720,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4210/sheet-2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366718,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4210/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366721,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4210/sheet-3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366722,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4210/sheet-4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":366744,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4210/sheet-1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, South 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a303","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faye, Robert E.","contributorId":92221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faye","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFadden, Keith W. keithmc@usgs.gov","contributorId":1446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFadden","given":"Keith","email":"keithmc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25887,"text":"wri844119 - 1986 - Geohydrology and potential for artificial recharge in the western part of the U.S. Marine Corps Base, Twentynine Palms, California, 1982-83","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T17:30:40","indexId":"wri844119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4119","title":"Geohydrology and potential for artificial recharge in the western part of the U.S. Marine Corps Base, Twentynine Palms, California, 1982-83","docAbstract":"<p>A recent gravity survey indicates that sedimentary deposits in the Deadman Lake area of the Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Base, California, are as much as 10,500 feet thick. These deposits fill an ancient valley in the bedrock complex. This valley is alined east-west in the Surprise Spring area and north-south in the Deadman Lake area.</p><p>Water levels in the Ames Dry Lake area of the Surprise Spring subbasin have changed little between earliest measurements in 1952-53 and in 1982. Water levels in three Marine Corps Base supply wells in the same subbasin near Surprise Spring declined an average of 78 feet during the past 30 years. Water levels in the same timespan in Deadman subbasin and water quality in the base supply wells, drilled in 1952-53 and 1978, have remained virtually unchanged.</p><p>Ground water in storage, suitable for domestic use, in the top 200 feet of saturated sediments in Surprise Spring subbasin was estimated to be 810,000 acre-feet in the early 1950's. About 60,000 acre-feet of this has been removed, mostly for use at the Marine Corps Base, which leaves about 750,000 acre-feet of recoverable water of good quality still stored in the 200-foot interval considered. For planning purposes, it would be safe to use a conservative figure of 300,000 acre-feet for storage in the Deadman subbasin, which contains water having fluoride concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's standards for drinking water.</p><p>Three sites in the general area of the present well fields seem favorable for recharging the ground-water system in the Surprise Spring subbasin. Further exploration of these sites is suggested.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S.Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wri844119","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Marine Corps, Department of the Navy","usgsCitation":"Akers, J.P., 1986, Geohydrology and potential for artificial recharge in the western part of the U.S. Marine Corps Base, Twentynine Palms, California, 1982-83: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4119, Report: iv, 18 p.; 2 Plates: 32.07 x 35.21 inches and 32.18 x 34.70 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844119.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 18 p.; 2 Plates: 32.07 x 35.21 inches and 32.18 x 34.70 inches","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54649,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4119/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Ground-water-level contours, 1982; well locations, and potential recharge areas; U.S. Marine Corps Base, Twentynine Palms, California"},{"id":54650,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54648,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4119/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Configuration of surface on bedrock complex at base of sediments, and area used for estimating ground-water storage, U.S. Marine Corps Base, Twentynine Palms, California"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Twentynine Palms","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.5,\n              34.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.2,\n              34.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              34.08333\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.25,\n              34.08333\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.25,\n              34.16667\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5,\n              34.16667\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5,\n              34.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8cac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Akers, J. P.","contributorId":82678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27013,"text":"wri854270 - 1986 - Hydrology of the leeward aquifers, southeast Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T21:51:40.946903","indexId":"wri854270","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4270","title":"Hydrology of the leeward aquifers, southeast Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The leeward southeast Oahu ground-water area includes the Waialae and Wailupe-Hawaii Kai aquifers. The Waialae aquifer is separated from the ground water of Kaimuki to the west by Palolo valley fill and the Kaau rift zone, and from the Wailupe-Hawaii Kai aquifer to the east by a line of northeast-trending volcanic dikes. The distinct ground-water head changes across these boundaries indicate that the aquifers are separate, with little or no leakage between them.\r\n\r\nA water budget of leeward southeast Oahu determined the quantity and spatial distribution of ground-water recharge. These estimates of recharge, 6 million gallons per day over the Waialae area and 9.1 million gallons per day over the Wailupe-Hawaii Kai area, were used as input to a finite-element two-dimensional ground-water flow model. Ground-water heads were simulated in the modeled aquifer for several pumping scenarios. Projected pumpage from the recently drilled wells int he area is predicted to draw the water table down about one foot from its present mean position.\r\n\r\nThe existing ground-water development of 1.4 million gallons per day is small compared to the quantity of ground water that flows through the area and discharges to the sea. Because the Waialae and Wailupe-Hawaii Kai aquifers are isolated from adjacent ground-water bodies, they can be fully developed without affecting ground-water resources outside the area.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri854270","usgsCitation":"Eyre, P.R., Ewart, C., and Shade, P.J., 1986, Hydrology of the leeward aquifers, southeast Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4270, vii, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854270.","productDescription":"vii, 75 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395413,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36412.htm"},{"id":55898,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4270/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4270/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -157.825,\n              21.031\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.65,\n              21.031\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.65,\n              21.321\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.825,\n              21.321\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.825,\n              21.031\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683083","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eyre, Paul R.","contributorId":15242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eyre","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ewart, Charles J.","contributorId":88759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewart","given":"Charles J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shade, Patricia J.","contributorId":30618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shade","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70114860,"text":"70114860 - 1986 - Earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-24T11:49:58","indexId":"70114860","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T09:51:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Earthquakes","docAbstract":"<p>An earthquake is the motion or trembling of the ground produced by sudden displacement of rock in the\nEarth's crust. Earthquakes result from crustal strain, volcanism, landslides, and collapse of caverns.\nStress accumulates in response to tectonic forces until it exceeds the strength of the rock. The rock\nthen breaks along a preexisting or new fracture called a fault. The rupture extends outward in all\ndirections along the fault plane from its point of origin (focus). The rupture travels in an irregular\nmanner until the stress is relatively equalized. If the rupture disturbs the surface, it produces a visible\nfault.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Earthquakes can affect hundreds of thousands of square kilometers; cause damage to property measured\nin the tens of billions of dollars; result in loss of life and injury to hundreds of thousands of persons;\nand disrupt the social and economic functioning of the affected area. Although earthquakes in the\nUnited States occur most frequently in states west of the Rocky Mountains, devastating earthquakes\nhave also occurred in the Midwest and East. All 50 states have some degree of risk from earthquakes.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Many of these earthquake effects are depicted in the slides included in this set.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"National Geophysical Data Center, 1986, Earthquakes, 27 p.","productDescription":"27 p.","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290173,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290172,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114860/report.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b106e4b0388651d916de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"National Geophysical Data Center","contributorId":128205,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"National Geophysical Data Center","id":535662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70174099,"text":"70174099 - 1986 - Hydrology of carbonate aquifers in southwestern Linn County and adjacent parts of Benton, Iowa, and Johnson Counties, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T14:37:03.487347","indexId":"70174099","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":148,"text":"Water Supply Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"15","title":"Hydrology of carbonate aquifers in southwestern Linn County and adjacent parts of Benton, Iowa, and Johnson Counties, Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater is the major source of water in Linn County and the surrounding area. Approximately 90 percent of the groundwater production is from Silurian, Devonian, and Quaternary aquifers.</p>\n<p>The Silurian and Devonian aquifers consist of limestone and dolomite with minor shale beds, which have a regional dip to the southwest of approximately 20 feet per mile. The Silurian aquifer in east-central Iowa is confined from below by Upper Ordovician, Maquoketa Formation shales, and from above by the Kenwood Member of the Wapsipinicon Formation and the Otis and Bertram formations. The Quaternary aquifer consists of unconsolidated sand and gravel beds in the glacial drift, and in the alluvium which is associated with modern streams. The alluvium consists of lenticular beds of poorly-to well-sorted silt, sand, and gravel. The sand and gravel beds are interlayered with relatively-impermeable beds of till, silt, and clay.</p>\n<p>Water moves through the Silurian aquifer in part due to a complex distribution of porous and dense carbonate facies. Horizons containing skeletal molds in the Silurian dolomite have porosities as much as 39 percent, and are laterally equivalent to dolomites with porosities as little as less than one percent. Because of subsequent fracturing and solutional enlargement of these porous horizons, hydrologic correlation of the primary water-yielding zones is not always possible. One horizon, however, does occur approximately 70 to 105 feet above the base of the Silurian, and is the most consistently productive water-yielding unit in the area. This horizon is Informally referred to as the Farmers Creek aquifer.</p>\n<p>The potentiometric surface of the Silurian aquifer has a gradient towards the Cedar River, indicating discharge from the aquifer through the alluvium into the river. By comparison, the potentiometric surface of the overlying Devonian aquifer is equal to that of the Silurian and may range to more than 40 feet higher. Yields to individual wells completed in the Silurian and Devonian carbonate aquifers vary from less than 10 to about 500 gallons per minute. Individual wells completed in the Quaternary aquifer yield as much as 2,000 gallons per minute.</p>\n<p>Water analyses from the Devonian and Silurian aquifers indicate that they are of similar chemical quality at most locations in the study area. However, they may commonly contain concentrations of sulfate that exceed 1,000 mil grams per liter. Dissolved-solids concentrations as much as 2,350 milligrams per liter occur in the Silurian aquifer in the western and southwestern part of the study area. Water from the Quaternary aquifer generally is suitable for most uses and dissolved-solids concentrations generally are less than 750 milligrams per liter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"State of Iowa","publisherLocation":"Des Moines, IA","usgsCitation":"Wahl, K., and Bunker, B.J., 1986, Hydrology of carbonate aquifers in southwestern Linn County and adjacent parts of Benton, Iowa, and Johnson Counties, Iowa: Water Supply Bulletin 15, ix, 56 p.","productDescription":"ix, 56 p.","numberOfPages":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":493181,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70174099/IGS_wsb_15.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":324479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.9281005859375,\n              41.79384042311992\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.9281005859375,\n              42.25088477477569\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.45294189453125,\n              42.25088477477569\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.45294189453125,\n              41.79384042311992\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.9281005859375,\n              41.79384042311992\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57724e31e4b07657d1a8199b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, Kenneth","contributorId":172488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wahl","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunker, Bill J.","contributorId":172487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bunker","given":"Bill","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70197689,"text":"70197689 - 1986 - Blueschist metamorphism of the Eastern Franciscan belt, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T10:28:28","indexId":"70197689","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1726,"text":"GSA Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"seriesNumber":"164","title":"Blueschist metamorphism of the Eastern Franciscan belt, northern California","docAbstract":"<p>Rocks of the Eastern Franciscan belt, northern California, are divided into two tectonostratigraphic terranes metamorphosed to the blueschist facies, both with a distinct lithologic association and deformational history. The easternmost terrane, the Pickett Peak terrane of Early Cretaceous isotopic age, consists of crenulated mica schist and gneissic to schistose metagraywacke, with lesser alkalic mafic metaigneous rocks and scarce metachert. The Pickett Peak terrane retains evidence of three periods of penetrative deformation, the first of which is characterized by segregation layering, and the second and third by crenulation cleavages. Blueschist-facies conditions persisted during the first two deformations.</p><p>The Yolla Body terrane of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous paleontologic age lies structurally below and to the west of the Pickett Peak terrane. It is characterized by voluminous metagraywacke and lesser argillite, coherent interbedded radiolarian chert, and alkalic gabbroic dikes and sills. The Yolla Bolly terrane retains evidence for two phases of penetrative deformation that were coaxial with the second and third phases of deformation in the Pickett Peak terrane. The first phase of deformation (parallel to the second phase in the Pickett Peak terrane) was also accompanied by blueschist-facies metamorphism.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1130/MEM164-p107","usgsCitation":"Jayko, A.S., Blake, M., and Brothers, R., 1986, Blueschist metamorphism of the Eastern Franciscan belt, northern California: GSA Memoirs, p. 107-123, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM164-p107.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355111,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -125.46386718749999,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.35546875000001,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.35546875000001,\n              41.86956082699455\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.46386718749999,\n              41.83682786072714\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.46386718749999,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jayko, A. S. 0000-0002-7378-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":18011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blake, M.C. Jr.","contributorId":27094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"M.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brothers, R.N.","contributorId":90866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brothers","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70195036,"text":"70195036 - 1986 - Resource potential of the western North Atlantic Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T15:15:14","indexId":"70195036","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Resource potential of the western North Atlantic Basin","docAbstract":"<p>We here consider the petroleum resources only of the off shelf portion of the western North Atlantic Ocean. Very little information is available for this region; off the eastern United States, only four petroleum exploration holes have been drilled in one restricted area seaward of the shelf, off the Baltimore Canyon trough. However, by interpreting seismic reflection profiles and Stratigraphie data from the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and other wells on the adjacent slope and shelf, we can evaluate the geologic conditions that existed during development of the basin and that might lead to petroleum accumulations.</p><p>The wellknown factors that lead to oil and gas accumulations are availability of source beds, adequate maturation, and the presence of reservoir beds and seals configured to create a trap. The western boundary of the area considered in this paper, the present sloperise break, is one that has developed from the interplay of sedimentation and erosion at the continental margin; these processes are affected by variations in margin subsidence, sedi-ment input, oceanic circulation, sea level, and other factors. Thus the sloperise break has migrated over time and is locally underlain by slope and shelf deposits, as well as deepbasin facies. These changes in depositional environments may well have caused juxtaposition of source and reservoir beds with effective seals.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Geology of North America: The Western North Atlantic Region","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-GNA-M","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., Manheim, F.T., Jansa, L., Palmason, G., Tucholke, B.E., and Landrum, R.S., 1986, Resource potential of the western North Atlantic Basin, chap. <i>of</i> Geology of North America: The Western North Atlantic Region, v. M, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-M.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351021,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"M","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a797b98e4b00f54eb1f5e29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T.","contributorId":26991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jansa, L.F.","contributorId":69073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jansa","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Palmason, Gudmundur","contributorId":201644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palmason","given":"Gudmundur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tucholke, Brian E.","contributorId":96710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucholke","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Landrum, Richard S.","contributorId":201645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landrum","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70197688,"text":"70197688 - 1986 - Significance of Klamath rocks between the Franciscan Complex and Coast Range ophiolite, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T10:21:49","indexId":"70197688","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of Klamath rocks between the Franciscan Complex and Coast Range ophiolite, northern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Small fault‐bounded slabs of low‐grade (prehnite‐pumpellyite‐bearing) slate, metagraywacke, and greenstone occur between the Coast Range ophiolite and South Fork Mountain Schist for at least 60 km south of the Klamath Mountains, northern California. The metagraywacke slabs differ from typical Franciscan Complex metagraywacke to the west by the absence of blueschist‐facies minerals and the abundance of quartz and chert clasts, and they differ from sandstone and mudstone of the Great Valley sequence to the east by the presence of a penetrative cleavage and low‐grade metamorphism. The metasedimentary rock in the slabs is petrographically identical to the Jurassic Galice Formation, which occurs along the western and southern margins of the Klamath Mountains. Upward drag along a west dipping reverse fault best explains the present structural position of the slabs and is consistent with available geological and geophysical data. These data imply that the Coast Range ophiolite structurally overlies Sierran‐Klamath basement at least locally.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TC005i007p01055","usgsCitation":"Jayko, A.S., Blake, and Brothers, R., 1986, Significance of Klamath rocks between the Franciscan Complex and Coast Range ophiolite, northern California: Tectonics, v. 5, p. 1055-1071, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC005i007p01055.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1071","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355110,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -125.46386718749999,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.35546875000001,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.35546875000001,\n              45.182036837015886\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.46386718749999,\n              45.182036837015886\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.46386718749999,\n              37.47485808497102\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jayko, A. S. 0000-0002-7378-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":18011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blake","contributorId":146895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brothers, R.N.","contributorId":90866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brothers","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207375,"text":"70207375 - 1986 - Regional correlation of Grande Ronde basalt flows, Columbia River basalt group, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-20T06:53:31","indexId":"70207375","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-18T12:47:47","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional correlation of Grande Ronde basalt flows, Columbia River basalt group, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho (USA)","docAbstract":"<p>The tholeiitic flood basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group of middle and late Miocene age cover more than 200,000 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The most voluminous formation of the Group, the Grande Ronde Basalt, erupted for 2 m.y. from north-northwest-trending fissure systems concentrated in southeast Washington and adjacent Oregon and Idaho. Four magnetostratigraphic units (designated R<sub>1</sub>, N<sub>1</sub>, R<sub>2</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>from oldest to youngest) are recognized on the basis of polarity in the Grande Ronde and provide the broad stratigraphic framework for the formation. In this study, major-element chemistry and relative stratigraphic position within the polarity intervals are used to identify and correlate individual flows and sequences of flows within the Grande Ronde Basalt on a regional scale.</p><p>Systematic examination of more than 350 analyses from 47 stratigraphic sections show that most flows fall into one of five major chemical groupings, which are distinguished primarily by small but significant variations in MgO, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>content. In addition, four minor chemical types local to the eastern part of the province have been identified. Feeder dikes of each chemical type have also been located.</p><p>Flows or packets of flows of each chemical type can be correlated between field sections to define specific chemical-stratigraphic subunits. These subunits consist of several flows collectively 30–150 m thick. Subunits of most chemical types are repeated at irregular intervals throughout the formation; no progressive chemical trend occurs within the Grande Ronde.</p><p>Many of the chemical-stratigraphic subunits extend to the margins of the province, although most are confined to the source region in eastern Washington. Although the total number of subunits is less in the west away from the fissure systems, the total thicknesses of the N<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and R<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>magnetostratigraphic units are each as thick or thicker than the corresponding units in eastern Washington. The greatest thicknesses occur in the central part of the province within the Pasco basin.</p><p>The distribution of basalt relative to the location of vents, as well as the relative east-west thicknesses, suggests that basalt flowed hundreds of kilometres westward during the most voluminous Grande Ronde eruptions, ponding against the irregular margin of the Cascade Range and being diverted through the ancestral Columbia Gorge toward the Washington-Oregon coast. Between these huge sheetflood events, smaller eruptions blanketed areas within the source region, and ongoing regional subsidence created a shallow westward-draining basin in the center of the province.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1300:RCOGRB>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M.T., Wright, T., Swanson, D., and Byerly, G.R., 1986, Regional correlation of Grande Ronde basalt flows, Columbia River basalt group, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho (USA): GSA Bulletin, v. 97, no. 11, p. 1300-1318, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1300:RCOGRB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1300","endPage":"1318","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.4423828125,\n              46.58906908309182\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.3984375,\n              44.276671273775186\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.5087890625,\n              44.809121700077355\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.970703125,\n              44.87144275016589\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.32226562500001,\n              44.15068115978094\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.3115234375,\n              44.05601169578525\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.740234375,\n              44.809121700077355\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.861572265625,\n              43.75522505306928\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.27929687499999,\n              43.91372326852401\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1142578125,\n              44.33956524809713\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.98242187499999,\n              44.86365630540611\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.630859375,\n              45.55252525134013\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.50976562499999,\n              46.619261036171515\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.18017578125,\n              46.9052455464292\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.13623046874999,\n              47.60616304386874\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.410888671875,\n              47.754097979680026\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.53125,\n              47.96050238891509\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.37695312499999,\n              47.754097979680026\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.6845703125,\n              46.76996843356982\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4755859375,\n              46.37725420510028\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.4423828125,\n              46.58906908309182\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"97","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, Margaret T. 0000-0002-5273-8053 mmangan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-8053","contributorId":3343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"Margaret","email":"mmangan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swanson, Don 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":168817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Don","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Byerly, G. R.","contributorId":6826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerly","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015522,"text":"70015522 - 1986 - Holocene depositional history of a large glaciated estuary, Penobscot Bay, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T16:28:40.658909","indexId":"70015522","displayToPublicDate":"1986-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene depositional history of a large glaciated estuary, Penobscot Bay, Maine","docAbstract":"<p><span>Data from seismic-reflection profiles, sidescan sonar images, and sediment samples reveal the Holocene depositional history of the large (1100 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) glaciated Penobscot Bay estuary of coastal Maine. Previous work has shown that the late Wisconsinan ice sheet retreated from the three main passages of the bay between 12,700 and 13,500 years ago and was accompanied by a marine transgression during which ice and sea were in contact. Isostatic recovery of the crust caused the bay to emerge during the immediate postglacial period, and relative sea level fell to at least −40 m sometime between 9000 and 11,500 years ago.</span></p><p><span>During lowered sea level, the ancestral Penobscot River flowed across the subaerially exposed head of the bay and debouched into Middle Passage. Organic-matter-rich mud from the river was deposited rapidly in remnant, glacially scoured depressions in the lower reaches of Middle and West Passages behind a shallow (⩽20 m water depth) bedrock sill across the bay mouth. East Passage was isolated from the rest of the bay system and received only small amounts of locally derived fine-grained sediments.</span></p><p><span>During the Holocene transgression that accompanied the eustatic rise of sea level, the locus of sedimentation shifted to the head of the bay. Here, heterogeneous fluvial deposits filled the ancestral valley of the Penobscot River as base level rose, and the migrating surf zone created a gently dipping erosional unconformity, marked by a thin (&lt;2 m) lag deposit of coarse sand and gravel. As sea level continued to rise, a thin (⩽9 m) layer of acoustically transparent muddy sediments accumulated over a shallow platform in the eastern half of the bay head. Graded sediments within this stratum began to accumulate early in the transgression, and they record both the decrease in energy conditions and the waning influence of the Penobscot River at the head of the bay. In contrast, relatively thick (up to 25 m) silty clays accumulated within a subbottom trough in the western half of the bay head. This deposit apparently developed late in the transgression after sea level had reached −20 m and after the westward transport of fine-grained sediments from the Penobscot River had been established.</span></p><p><span>During and since the late Holocene transgression of sea level, waves and currents have eroded, reworked, and redistributed Holocene sediments: (1) atop the shallow margins; (2) within constricted channels; (3) around topographic highs; and (4) over the shallow bedrock sill at the bay mouth.</span></p><p><span>The variable distribution, characteristics, and thickness (0 to more than 30 m) of Holocene deposits in Penobscot Bay primarily reflect: (1) the irregular glacially eroded bedrock topography beneath the bay; (2) the paleogeography of the bay during the sea-level lowstand; (3) the postglacial location of the ancestral Penobscot River; and (4) the wave and current regime during and since the Holocene sea-level transgression.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(86)90016-2","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., 1986, Holocene depositional history of a large glaciated estuary, Penobscot Bay, Maine: Marine Geology, v. 73, no. 3-4, p. 215-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(86)90016-2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223667,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Penobscot Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.03999551126985,\n              44.34162199068783\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.03999551126985,\n              44.101920406934624\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.75420601797863,\n              44.101920406934624\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.75420601797863,\n              44.34162199068783\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.03999551126985,\n              44.34162199068783\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31dee4b0c8380cd5e2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5222152,"text":"5222152 - 1986 - Mortality of captive whooping cranes caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T15:34:30.172534","indexId":"5222152","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T09:27:37","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2528,"text":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of captive whooping cranes caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus","docAbstract":"<p>Of 39 captive whooping cranes (Grus americana), 7 died during a 7-week period (Sept 17 through Nov 4, 1984) at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Md. Before their deaths, 4 cranes did not develop clinical signs, whereas the other 3 cranes were lethargic and ataxic, with high aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and lactic acid dehydrogenase activities, and high uric acid concentrations. Necropsies indicated that the birds had ascites, intestinal mucosal discoloration, fat depletion, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and visceral gout. Microscopically, extensive necrosis and inflammation were seen in many visceral organs; the CNS was not affected. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus was isolated from specimens of the livers, kidneys, lungs, brains, and intestines of 4 of the 7 birds that died, and EEE virus-neutralizing antibody was detected in 14 (44%) of the 32 surviving birds. Other infectious or toxic agents were not found. Morbidity or mortality was not detected in 240 sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) interspersed among the whooping cranes; however, 13 of the 32 sandhill cranes evaluated had EEE virus-neutralizing antibody. Of the 41 wild birds evaluated in the area, 3 (4%) had EEE virus-neutralizing antibody. Immature Culiseta melanura (the most probable mosquito vector) were found in scattered foci 5 km from the research center.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dein, F., Carpenter, J.W., Clark, G., Montali, R., Crabbs, C., Tsai, T., and Docherty, D.E., 1986, Mortality of captive whooping cranes caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 189, no. 9, p. 1006-1010.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1006","endPage":"1010","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.8215560913086,\n              39.01211473926839\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.8112564086914,\n              39.006779213995024\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7973518371582,\n              39.01024735120522\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7892837524414,\n              39.0111810513999\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.78773880004883,\n              39.021717670472995\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.78018569946289,\n              39.02091747601645\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.77452087402342,\n              39.025318433450245\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7702293395996,\n              39.02878566149626\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.761474609375,\n              39.033052785617514\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.75048828125,\n              39.034786231200506\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7398452758789,\n              39.0446527269137\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7281723022461,\n              39.06584769863456\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.71976089477539,\n              39.07424394651966\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.72199249267578,\n              39.08783575382141\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.75580978393555,\n              39.090500507014646\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.76971435546875,\n              39.092632237079165\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.78876876831055,\n              39.094230992341096\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.80473327636719,\n              39.09742839412634\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.83511734008789,\n              39.066380823434486\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.8303108215332,\n              39.058650119748236\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.82722091674805,\n              39.050785259521625\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.83425903320312,\n              39.042919523376106\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.83528900146484,\n              39.03945298873317\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.82104110717773,\n              39.03438620907069\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.8156337738037,\n              39.01704974180402\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.81503295898438,\n              39.01478235097201\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.8215560913086,\n              39.01211473926839\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"189","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4780","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dein, F. 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,{"id":70015541,"text":"70015541 - 1986 - Correlations between stream sulphate and regional SO2 emissions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-03T23:05:56.570711","indexId":"70015541","displayToPublicDate":"1986-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlations between stream sulphate and regional SO2 emissions","docAbstract":"<p><span>The relationship between atmospheric SO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;emissions and stream and lake acidification has been difficult to quantify, largely because of the limitations of sulphur deposition measurements. Precipitation sulphate (SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>) records are mostly &lt;5 yr in length</span><sup>1</sup><span>&nbsp;and do not account for dry sulphur deposition</span><sup>2</sup><span>. Moreover, a variable fraction of wet- and dry-deposited sulphur is retained in soils and vegetation and does not contribute to the acidity of aquatic systems</span><sup>3,4</sup><span>. We have compared annual SO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;emissions for the eastern United States from 1967 to 1980 with stream SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;measurements from fifteen predominantly undeveloped watersheds (Figs 1,2). We find that the two forms of sulphur are strongly correlated on a regional basis and that streams in the southeastern United States (SE) receive a smaller fraction (on average, 16%, compared with 24% of regional sulphur emissions than do streams in the northeastern United States (NE). In addition to providing direct empirical evidence of a relationship between sulphur emissions and aquatic chemistry, these results suggest that there are significant regional differences in the fraction of deposited sulphur retained in basin soils and vegetation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/322722a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.A., and Alexander, R.B., 1986, Correlations between stream sulphate and regional SO2 emissions: Nature, v. 322, no. 6081, p. 722-724, https://doi.org/10.1038/322722a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"722","endPage":"724","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224045,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"322","issue":"6081","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc4de4b0c8380cd4e204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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