{"pageNumber":"3393","pageRowStart":"84800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184914,"records":[{"id":1007868,"text":"1007868 - 1999 - Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: structure, process, and precision","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T13:19:32","indexId":"1007868","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: structure, process, and precision","docAbstract":"<p><span>National Park Service policy directs that more natural conditions be restored to giant sequoia groves, which have been altered by a century of fire exclusion. Efforts to find a reasonable and practical definition of “natural” have helped drive scientists and land managers to use past grove conditions as reference conditions for restoration. Extensive research aimed at determining reference conditions has demonstrated that past fire regimes can be characterized with greater precision than past grove structures. Difficulty and imprecision in determining past grove structure has helped fuel a debate between “structural restorationists,” who believe that forest structure should be restored mechanically before fire is reintroduced, and “process restorationists,” who believe that simple reintroduction of fire is appropriate. I evaluate old and new studies from sequoia groves to show that some of the arguments of both groups have been flawed. Importantly, it appears that restoration of fire without a preceding mechanical restoration may restore the pre-Euro-American structure of sequoia groves, at least within the bounds of our imprecise knowledge of past grove structure. However, the same may not be true for all forest types that have experienced lengthy fire exclusion. Our ability to draw robust generalizations about fire's role in forest restoration will depend heavily on a thorough understanding of past and present interactions among climate, fire, and forest structure. Use of reference conditions will be central to developing this understanding.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1253:RCFGSF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, N.L., 1999, Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: structure, process, and precision: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 4, p. 1253-1265, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1253:RCFGSF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1253","endPage":"1265","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6351f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, Nathan L. 0000-0003-0208-7229 nstephenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0208-7229","contributorId":2836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"Nathan","email":"nstephenson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1008623,"text":"1008623 - 1999 - Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-30T17:53:46","indexId":"1008623","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity","docAbstract":"<p>Some theories and experimental studies suggest that areas of low plant species richness may be invaded more easily than areas of high plant species richness. We gathered nested-scale vegetation data on plant species richness, foliar cover, and frequency from 200 1-m<sup>2</sup> subplots (20 1000-m<sup>2</sup> modified-Whittaker plots) in the Colorado Rockies (USA), and 160 1-m<sup>2</sup> subplots (16 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plots) in the Central Grasslands in Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Minnesota (USA) to test the generality of this paradigm.</p><p>At the 1-m<sup>2</sup> scale, the paradigm was supported in four prairie types in the Central Grasslands, where exotic species richness declined with increasing plant species richness and cover. At the 1-m<sup>2</sup> scale, five forest and meadow vegetation types in the Colorado Rockies contradicted the paradigm; exotic species richness increased with native-plant species richness and foliar cover. At the 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plot scale (among vegetation types), 83% of the variance in exotic species richness in the Central Grasslands was explained by the total percentage of nitrogen in the soil and the cover of native plant species. In the Colorado Rockies, 69% of the variance in exotic species richness in 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plots was explained by the number of native plant species and the total percentage of soil carbon.</p><p>At landscape and biome scales, exotic species primarily invaded areas of high species richness in the four Central Grasslands sites and in the five Colorado Rockies vegetation types. For the nine vegetation types in both biomes, exotic species cover was positively correlated with mean foliar cover, mean soil percentage N, and the total number of exotic species. These patterns of invasibility depend on spatial scale, biome and vegetation type, spatial autocorrelation effects, availability of resources, and species-specific responses to grazing and other disturbances. We conclude that: (1) sites high in herbaceous foliar cover and soil fertility, and hot spots of plant diversity (and biodiversity), are invasible in many landscapes; and (2) this pattern may be more closely related to the degree resources are available in native plant communities, independent of species richness. Exotic plant invasions in rare habitats and distinctive plant communities pose a significant challenge to land managers and conservation biologists.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0025:EPSIHS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., Binkley, D., Chong, G., Kalkhan, M.A., Schell, L.D., Bull, K., Otsuki, Y., Newman, G., Bashkin, M.A., and Son, Y., 1999, Exotic plant species invade hot spots of native plant diversity: Ecological Monographs, v. 69, p. 25-46, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0025:EPSIHS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9382","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chong, G.W.","contributorId":54153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chong","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schell, L. D.","contributorId":75881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schell","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bull, K.A.","contributorId":60166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bull","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Otsuki, Yuka","contributorId":23107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Otsuki","given":"Yuka","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Newman, G.","contributorId":107657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bashkin, Michael A.","contributorId":93439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bashkin","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Son, Y.","contributorId":47737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Son","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70021459,"text":"70021459 - 1999 - Water-use patterns of woody species in pineland and hammock communities of South Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021459","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water-use patterns of woody species in pineland and hammock communities of South Florida","docAbstract":"Rockland pine forests of south Florida dominated by Pinus elliottii var. densa characteristically have poor soil development in relation to neighboring hardwood hammocks. This has led to the hypothesis that Everglades hammock trees are more reliant on soil moisture derived from local precipitation whereas pineland plants must depend more on groundwater linked to broader regional hydrologic patterns. Because soil moisture sources are likely to vary more than groundwater sources, we hypothesized that hammock plants would exhibit correspondingly higher levels of dry season water stress. This was examined by measuring predawn water potentials, and by analyzing water uptake in representative hammock and pineland woody species using stable isotopes of plant water and that of potential sources during wet and dry seasons. Two species typical of each of the two communities were selected; a fifth species which was found in both communities, Lysiloma latisiliqua Benth., was also analyzed. Water content of soils in both communities decreased from wet to dry season. Consistent with our hypothesis, the change in predawn water potentials between the wet and dry season was less in pineland species than that of hammock species. Water potential changes in L. latisiliqua in both communities resembled that of hammock species more than pineland plants. Isotopic data showed that pineland species rely proportionately more on groundwater than hammock species. Nevertheless, unlike hammock species in the Florida Keys, mainland hammock species utilized a substantial amount of groundwater during the dry season.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00493-9","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Ewe, S., da Silveira Lobo Sternberg, L., Sternberg, L., and Busch, D., 1999, Water-use patterns of woody species in pineland and hammock communities of South Florida: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 118, no. 1-3, p. 139-148, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00493-9.","startPage":"139","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487289,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(98)00493-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206244,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00493-9"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf2fe4b08c986b32e789","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ewe, S.M.L.","contributorId":78496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewe","given":"S.M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"da Silveira Lobo Sternberg, Leonel","contributorId":47932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"da Silveira Lobo Sternberg","given":"Leonel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sternberg, L.","contributorId":58984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busch, D.E.","contributorId":6213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busch","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021430,"text":"70021430 - 1999 - Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at German broadband arrays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:07:47.976779","indexId":"70021430","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at German broadband arrays","docAbstract":"<p><span>Seismograms of earthquakes from the South Pacific recorded at a German broadband array and network show precursors to&nbsp;</span><i>PKPdf</i><span>. These precursors mainly originate from off-path scattering of&nbsp;</span><i>PKPab</i><span>&nbsp;or a nearby&nbsp;</span><i>PKPbc</i><span>&nbsp;to&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;(for receiver-side scattering) or from scattering of&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;to&nbsp;</span><i>PKPab</i><span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;</span><i>PKPbc</i><span>&nbsp;on the&nbsp;</span><i>PKPdf</i><span>&nbsp;path (for source-side scattering). Standard array processing techniques based on plane wave approximations (such as vespagram or frequency-wavenumber analysis) are inadequate for investigating these precursors since scattered waves cannot be approximated as plane waves for arrays and networks larger than 300 × 300 km for short-period waves. We therefore develop a migration method to estimate the location of scatterers in the mantle, at the core-mantle boundary and at the top of the outer core. With our method we are able to find isolated scatterers at the source side and the receiver side, although the depth of the scatterer is not well constrained. However, from looking at the first possible arrival time of precursors at different depth and the region where scattering can take place (scattering volume), we believe that the location of the scatterers is in the lowermost mantle. Since we have detected scatterers in regions where ultralow-velocity zones have been discovered recently, we think that the precursor energy possibly originates from scattering at partial melt at the base of the mantle. Comparing results from broadband and band-pass-filtered data the detection of small-scale structure of the ultralow-velocity zones becomes possible.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900128","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Thomas, C., Weber, M., Wicks, C., and Scherbaum, F., 1999, Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at German broadband arrays: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B7, p. 15073-15088, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900128.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15073","endPage":"15088","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489145,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900128","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b918fe4b08c986b319987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, C.","contributorId":7443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, M.","contributorId":93231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wicks, C.W.","contributorId":6615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scherbaum, F.","contributorId":20107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scherbaum","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1007861,"text":"1007861 - 1999 - Effects of Protective Fencing on Birds, Lizards, and Black-Tailed Hares in the Western Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:35:19.786472","indexId":"1007861","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of Protective Fencing on Birds, Lizards, and Black-Tailed Hares in the Western Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"<div id=\"Abs1-section\" class=\"c-article-section\"><div id=\"Abs1-content\" class=\"c-article-section__content\"><p>), perennial plant cover, and structural diversity of perennial plants were evaluated from spring 1994 through winter 1995 at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area (DTNA), in the Mojave Desert, California. Abundance and species richness of birds were higher inside than outside the DTNA, and effects were larger during breeding than wintering seasons and during a high than a low rainfall year. Ash-throated flycatchers (<i>Myiarchus cinerascens</i>), cactus wrens (<i>Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus</i>), LeConte's thrashers (<i>Toxostoma lecontei</i>), loggerhead shrikes (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>), sage sparrows (<i>Amphispiza belli</i>), and verdins (<i>Auriparus flaviceps</i>) were more abundant inside than outside the DTNA. Nesting activity was also more frequent inside. Total abundance and species richness of lizards and individual abundances of western whiptail lizards (<i>Cnemidophorous tigris</i>) and desert spiny lizards (<i>Sceloporus magister</i>) were higher inside than outside. In contrast, abundance of black-tailed hares was lower inside. Structural diversity of the perennial plant community did not differ due to protection, but cover was 50% higher in protected areas. Black-tailed hares generally prefer areas of low perennial plant cover, which may explain why they were more abundant outside than inside the DTNA. Habitat structure may not affect bird and lizard communities as much as availability of food at this desert site, and the greater abundance and species richness of vertebrates inside than outside the DTNA may correlate with abundances of seeds and invertebrate prey.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002679900194","usgsCitation":"Brooks, M., 1999, Effects of Protective Fencing on Birds, Lizards, and Black-Tailed Hares in the Western Mojave Desert: Environmental Management, v. 23, p. 387-400, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900194.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"400","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.35254767919126,\n              35.72614254049901\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.35254767919126,\n              34.159234754911665\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.2102136948165,\n              34.159234754911665\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.2102136948165,\n              35.72614254049901\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.35254767919126,\n              35.72614254049901\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624ef7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, M.L.","contributorId":70322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015993,"text":"1015993 - 1999 - Within- and between-year dispersal of American Avocets among multiple western Great Basin wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:00","indexId":"1015993","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Within- and between-year dispersal of American Avocets among multiple western Great Basin wetlands","docAbstract":"Connectivity of discrete habitat patches may be described in terms of the movements of individual organisms among such patches. To examine connectivity of widely dispersed alkali lake systems, we recorded post-breeding and subsequent breeding locations of color-banded American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana) in the western U.S. Great Basin, from 1995-1997. Among individuals observed during the post-breeding/premigratory season, over half of the 188 breeding adults were observed at lakes other than their breeding locations, whereas 70% of 125 post-fledged young were observed only at their natal lake systems. Of 46 breeding adults observed in consecutive years, only eight (17%) dispersed between different lake systems. Only 8% of chicks were observed after their first year, and only 1.3% returned to the natal area in subsequent breeding seasons. Adult and recently fledged birds from the southernmost breeding site were regularly observed in post-breeding aggregations at lakes several hundred kilometers to the north, suggesting seasonal differences in habitat quality at the lake systems studied. These results indicate the importance of maintaining habitat for post-breeding movements.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Plissner, J.H., Haig, S.M., and Oring, L., 1999, Within- and between-year dispersal of American Avocets among multiple western Great Basin wetlands: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 111, no. 3, p. 314-320.","productDescription":"p. 314-320","startPage":"314","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5451b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plissner, Jonathan H.","contributorId":44880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plissner","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oring, L.W.","contributorId":46451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oring","given":"L.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021457,"text":"70021457 - 1999 - Determination of pesticides associated with suspended sediments in the San Joaquin River, California, USA, using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T07:27:14","indexId":"70021457","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3609,"text":"Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of pesticides associated with suspended sediments in the San Joaquin River, California, USA, using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"<p>An analytical method useful for the quantification of a range of pesticides and pesticide degradation products associated with suspended sediments was developed by testing a variety of extraction and cleanup schemes. The final extraction and cleanup methods chosen for use are suitable for the quantification of the listed pesticides using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry and the removal of interfering coextractable organic material found in suspended sediments. Methylene chloride extraction followed by Florisil cleanup proved most effective for separation of coextractives from the pesticide analytes. Removal of elemental sulfur was accomplished with tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfite. The suitability of the method for the analysis of a variety of pesticides was evaluated, and the method detection limits (MDLs) were determined (0.1-6.0 ng/g dry weight of sediment) for 21 compounds. Recovery of pesticides dried onto natural sediments averaged 63%. Analysis of duplicate San Joaquin River suspended-sediment samples demonstrated the utility of the method for environmental samples with variability between replicate analyses lower than between environmental samples. Eight of 21 pesticides measured were observed at concentrations ranging from the MDL to more than 80 ng/g dry weight of sediment and exhibited significant temporal variability. Sediment-associated pesticides, therefore, may contribute to the transport of pesticides through aquatic systems and should be studied separately from dissolved pesticides.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02772249909358713","issn":"02772248","usgsCitation":"Bergamaschi, B., Baston, D., Crepeau, K., and Kuivila, K., 1999, Determination of pesticides associated with suspended sediments in the San Joaquin River, California, USA, using gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry: Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, v. 69, no. 3-4, p. 305-319, https://doi.org/10.1080/02772249909358713.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"319","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffbce4b0c8380cd4f37e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergamaschi, B.A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":22401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baston, D.S.","contributorId":49131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baston","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crepeau, K.L.","contributorId":9018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crepeau","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kuivila, K.M.","contributorId":34529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":7000005,"text":"7000005 - 1999 - Dinosaurs, facts and fiction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:51","indexId":"7000005","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Dinosaurs, facts and fiction","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000005","usgsCitation":"Litwin, R.J., Weems, R.E., and Holtz, T.R., 1999, Dinosaurs, facts and fiction: General Interest Publication, Pamphlet; 1 folded sheet (10 p.) : ill., maps ; 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000005.","productDescription":"Pamphlet; 1 folded sheet (10 p.) : ill., maps ; 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18580,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dinosaurs/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litwin, Ronald J. 0000-0002-8661-1296 rlitwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-1296","contributorId":2478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litwin","given":"Ronald","email":"rlitwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":343948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weems, Robert E. 0000-0002-1907-7804 rweems@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1907-7804","contributorId":2663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weems","given":"Robert","email":"rweems@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":343949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holtz, Thomas R. Jr.","contributorId":72351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtz","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003462,"text":"1003462 - 1999 - The wood warblers: book review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:22","indexId":"1003462","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The wood warblers: book review","docAbstract":"Review of The Wood Warblers: An Introductory Guide by Barth Schorre.  1998. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.  140 pp.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prairie Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Knutson, M.G., 1999, The wood warblers: book review: Prairie Naturalist, v. 31, no. 2, p. 125-126.","productDescription":"pp. 125-126","startPage":"125","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62ec4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015372,"text":"1015372 - 1999 - [Book review] Wetland restoration: flood pulsing and disturbance dynamics, by Beth Middleton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T11:21:46.910255","indexId":"1015372","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Wetland restoration: flood pulsing and disturbance dynamics, by Beth Middleton","docAbstract":"Review of: Wetland restoration: Flood pulsing and disturbance dynamics / Beth Middleton / John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 6705 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158. 1999. 388 pages. ISBN 0-471-29263-X.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Boustany, R., 1999, [Book review] Wetland restoration: flood pulsing and disturbance dynamics, by Beth Middleton: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 35, no. 4, p. 992-993.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"992","endPage":"993","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132583,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0672","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boustany, R.G.","contributorId":27003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boustany","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1008061,"text":"1008061 - 1999 - Population energetics of northern pintails in the Sacramento Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T11:53:03.094296","indexId":"1008061","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population energetics of northern pintails in the Sacramento Valley, California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802840","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., and Newton, W., 1999, Population energetics of northern pintails in the Sacramento Valley, California: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 4, p. 1222-1238, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802840.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1222","endPage":"1238","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683ec2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newton, W.E.","contributorId":13567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008121,"text":"1008121 - 1999 - Unlucky Ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:36","indexId":"1008121","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1403,"text":"Dragonfly Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unlucky Ducks","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Dragonfly Magazine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Miles, A., 1999, Unlucky Ducks: Dragonfly Magazine, p. 14-16.","productDescription":"p. 14-16","startPage":"14","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e39c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, A.K. 0000-0002-3108-808X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-808X","contributorId":85902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"A.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015936,"text":"1015936 - 1999 - Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-13T02:47:21.739472","indexId":"1015936","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears <i>Ursus arctos</i> in Idaho","title":"Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho","docAbstract":"<p><span>Informed management of large carnivores depends on the timely and useful presentation of relevant information. We describe an approach to evaluating carnivore habitat that uses pre-existing qualitative and quantitative information on humans and carnivores to generate coarse-scale maps of habitat suitability, habitat productivity, potential reserves, and areas of potential conflict. We use information pertinent to the contemplated reintroduction of grizzly bears&nbsp;</span><i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i><span>&nbsp;into central Idaho to demonstrate our approach. The approach uses measures of human numbers, their estimated distribution, road and trail access, and abundance and quality of bear foods to create standardized indices that are analogues of death and birth rates, respectively; the first subtracted from the second indicates habitat suitability (</span><i>HS</i><span>). We calibrate&nbsp;</span><i>HS</i><span>&nbsp;to sightings of grizzly bears in two ecosystems in northern Idaho and develop an empirical model from these same sightings based on piece-wise treatment of the variables contained in&nbsp;</span><i>HS</i><span>. Depending on whether the empirical model or&nbsp;</span><i>HS</i><span>&nbsp;is used, we estimate that there is 14 800 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;of suitable habitat in two blocks or 37 100 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;in one block in central Idaho, respectively. Both approaches show suitable habitat in the current Evaluation Area and in an area of southeastern Idaho centered on the Palisades Reservoir. Areas of highly productive habitat are concentrated in northern and western Idaho and in the Palisades area. Future conflicts between humans and bears are most likely to occur on the western and northern margins of suitable habitat in central Idaho, rather than to the east, where opposition to reintroduction of grizzly bears is currently strongest.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00057-3","usgsCitation":"Merrill, T., Mattson, D., Wright, R., and Quigley, H.B., 1999, Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho: Biological Conservation, v. 87, no. 2, p. 231-248, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00057-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479612,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(98)00057-3","text":"External Repository"},{"id":134356,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.044156,43.020052],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-112.173352,41.996568],[-112.192976,42.001167],[-112.709375,42.000309],[-113.249159,41.996203],[-113.893261,41.988057],[-114.041723,41.99372],[-114.598267,41.994511],[-114.831077,42.002207],[-115.031783,41.996008],[-115.870181,41.996766],[-115.98688,41.998534],[-116.368478,41.996281],[-117.009255,41.998127],[-117.026222,42.000252],[-117.026871,43.832479],[-117.01077,43.862269],[-116.997391,43.864874],[-116.991415,43.863864],[-116.982347,43.86884],[-116.976024,43.895548],[-116.977332,43.905812],[-116.963666,43.921363],[-116.96247,43.928336],[-116.963666,43.952644],[-116.970241,43.958622],[-116.971436,43.964998],[-116.969842,43.967588],[-116.957527,43.972443],[-116.942944,43.987512],[-116.934485,44.021249],[-116.937342,44.029376],[-116.943361,44.035645],[-116.972504,44.048771],[-116.977351,44.085364],[-116.967203,44.090936],[-116.943132,44.09406],[-116.933704,44.100039],[-116.895931,44.154295],[-116.894083,44.160191],[-116.895757,44.171267],[-116.900103,44.176851],[-116.925392,44.191544],[-116.935443,44.193962],[-116.947591,44.191264],[-116.965498,44.194126],[-116.971675,44.197256],[-116.973945,44.225932],[-116.971958,44.235677],[-116.975905,44.242844],[-116.98687,44.245477],[-117.016921,44.245391],[-117.031862,44.248635],[-117.042283,44.242775],[-117.047062,44.229742],[-117.05303,44.229076],[-117.067284,44.24401],[-117.089503,44.258234],[-117.09457,44.270978],[-117.104208,44.27994],[-117.111617,44.280667],[-117.121037,44.277585],[-117.130904,44.269453],[-117.133984,44.262972],[-117.143394,44.258262],[-117.170342,44.25889],[-117.198147,44.273828],[-117.216974,44.288357],[-117.222647,44.297578],[-117.216795,44.308236],[-117.203323,44.313024],[-117.192203,44.32863],[-117.189769,44.336585],[-117.197339,44.347406],[-117.235117,44.373853],[-117.243027,44.390974],[-117.242675,44.396548],[-117.22698,44.405583],[-117.215072,44.427162],[-117.215573,44.453746],[-117.225758,44.477223],[-117.225076,44.482346],[-117.216372,44.48616],[-117.208936,44.485661],[-117.200237,44.492027],[-117.192494,44.503272],[-117.189759,44.513385],[-117.181583,44.52296],[-117.161033,44.525166],[-117.149242,44.536151],[-117.144161,44.545647],[-117.14293,44.557236],[-117.148255,44.564371],[-117.146032,44.568603],[-117.133963,44.57524],[-117.124754,44.583834],[-117.125267,44.593818],[-117.120522,44.614658],[-117.114754,44.624883],[-117.108231,44.62711],[-117.098221,44.640689],[-117.094968,44.652011],[-117.095868,44.664737],[-117.080772,44.684161],[-117.07912,44.692175],[-117.072221,44.700517],[-117.063824,44.703623],[-117.061799,44.706654],[-117.060454,44.721668],[-117.062273,44.727143],[-117.044217,44.74514],[-117.03827,44.748179],[-117.013802,44.756841],[-116.998903,44.756382],[-116.986502,44.762381],[-116.970902,44.773881],[-116.949001,44.777981],[-116.9347,44.783881],[-116.9307,44.789881],[-116.933799,44.796781],[-116.931099,44.804781],[-116.920498,44.81438],[-116.896249,44.84833],[-116.865338,44.870599],[-116.852427,44.887577],[-116.838467,44.923601],[-116.83199,44.933007],[-116.835702,44.940633],[-116.850737,44.958113],[-116.858313,44.978761],[-116.856754,44.984298],[-116.844625,45.001435],[-116.844796,45.015312],[-116.848037,45.021728],[-116.841314,45.030907],[-116.825133,45.03784],[-116.797329,45.060267],[-116.78371,45.076972],[-116.783537,45.093605],[-116.774847,45.105536],[-116.754643,45.113972],[-116.729607,45.142091],[-116.724188,45.162924],[-116.724205,45.171501],[-116.709536,45.203015],[-116.70975,45.217243],[-116.703607,45.239757],[-116.691388,45.263739],[-116.674493,45.276349],[-116.672163,45.288938],[-116.673793,45.321511],[-116.619057,45.39821],[-116.597447,45.41277],[-116.588195,45.44292],[-116.563985,45.460169],[-116.554829,45.46293],[-116.55498,45.472801],[-116.558803,45.480076],[-116.548676,45.510385],[-116.535482,45.525079],[-116.523638,45.54661],[-116.502756,45.566608],[-116.481943,45.577898],[-116.463635,45.602785],[-116.463504,45.615785],[-116.469813,45.620604],[-116.487894,45.649769],[-116.523961,45.677639],[-116.535396,45.691734],[-116.538014,45.714929],[-116.535698,45.734231],[-116.546643,45.750972],[-116.559444,45.755189],[-116.593004,45.778541],[-116.632032,45.784979],[-116.646342,45.779815],[-116.665344,45.781998],[-116.680139,45.79359],[-116.697192,45.820135],[-116.711822,45.826267],[-116.736268,45.826179],[-116.759787,45.816167],[-116.782676,45.825376],[-116.789066,45.833471],[-116.787792,45.844267],[-116.796051,45.858473],[-116.814142,45.877551],[-116.84355,45.892273],[-116.859795,45.907264],[-116.869655,45.923799],[-116.875706,45.945008],[-116.886843,45.958617],[-116.892935,45.974396],[-116.911409,45.988912],[-116.91718,45.996575],[-116.923005,46.018293],[-116.942656,46.061],[-116.957372,46.075449],[-116.978938,46.080007],[-116.981962,46.084915],[-116.982498,46.091347],[-116.978823,46.095731],[-116.959548,46.099058],[-116.955263,46.102237],[-116.951265,46.111161],[-116.950276,46.123464],[-116.922648,46.160744],[-116.92187,46.167808],[-116.965841,46.203417],[-116.96613,46.209453],[-116.956031,46.225976],[-116.955264,46.23088],[-116.966742,46.256923],[-116.991134,46.276342],[-116.990894,46.280372],[-116.98491,46.289738],[-116.986688,46.296662],[-116.99726,46.303151],[-117.007486,46.305302],[-117.020663,46.314793],[-117.022939,46.320175],[-117.023844,46.335976],[-117.030672,46.340315],[-117.055983,46.345531],[-117.06263,46.352522],[-117.062785,46.365287],[-117.046915,46.379577],[-117.035545,46.410012],[-117.034696,46.418318],[-117.039813,46.425425],[-117.039945,47.477823],[-117.042657,47.760857],[-117.041107,48.124904],[-117.035178,48.370878],[-117.032351,48.999188],[-116.049193,49.000912],[-116.04885,47.977186],[-116.03834,47.971318],[-116.030751,47.973349],[-115.998236,47.938779],[-115.993678,47.926183],[-115.982791,47.915994],[-115.969076,47.914256],[-115.959946,47.898142],[-115.939993,47.883153],[-115.919291,47.857406],[-115.906409,47.846261],[-115.900934,47.843064],[-115.881522,47.849672],[-115.870861,47.834939],[-115.852291,47.827991],[-115.845474,47.814967],[-115.848509,47.809331],[-115.847487,47.785227],[-115.84044,47.780172],[-115.837438,47.774846],[-115.835069,47.77006],[-115.835365,47.760957],[-115.831755,47.755785],[-115.824597,47.752154],[-115.803917,47.75848],[-115.797299,47.75752],[-115.780441,47.743447],[-115.783504,47.729305],[-115.776219,47.719818],[-115.77177,47.717412],[-115.758623,47.719041],[-115.752349,47.716743],[-115.730764,47.704426],[-115.72377,47.696671],[-115.726613,47.672093],[-115.73627,47.654762],[-115.72993,47.642442],[-115.708537,47.635356],[-115.694284,47.62346],[-115.689404,47.595402],[-115.706473,47.577299],[-115.721207,47.576323],[-115.734674,47.567401],[-115.746945,47.555293],[-115.747263,47.543197],[-115.741371,47.538645],[-115.71034,47.52951],[-115.708748,47.51264],[-115.694106,47.498634],[-115.686704,47.485596],[-115.653044,47.476035],[-115.654318,47.468077],[-115.663867,47.456936],[-115.671188,47.45439],[-115.69293,47.457237],[-115.718247,47.45316],[-115.728801,47.445159],[-115.731348,47.433381],[-115.728801,47.428925],[-115.718934,47.420967],[-115.69057,47.415059],[-115.657681,47.400651],[-115.648479,47.390293],[-115.644341,47.381826],[-115.639186,47.378605],[-115.617247,47.382521],[-115.578619,47.367007],[-115.570887,47.356375],[-115.551079,47.349856],[-115.548658,47.332213],[-115.531971,47.314121],[-115.526751,47.303219],[-115.51186,47.295219],[-115.487314,47.286518],[-115.470959,47.284873],[-115.457077,47.277794],[-115.428359,47.278722],[-115.410685,47.264228],[-115.371825,47.265213],[-115.3593,47.259461],[-115.339201,47.261623],[-115.326903,47.255912],[-115.324832,47.244841],[-115.317124,47.233305],[-115.298794,47.225245],[-115.294785,47.220914],[-115.29211,47.209861],[-115.300805,47.19393],[-115.300504,47.188139],[-115.286353,47.18327],[-115.261885,47.181742],[-115.255786,47.174725],[-115.255146,47.162876],[-115.243707,47.150347],[-115.223246,47.148974],[-115.200547,47.139154],[-115.189451,47.131032],[-115.172938,47.112881],[-115.170436,47.106265],[-115.140375,47.093013],[-115.136671,47.078276],[-115.120917,47.061237],[-115.107132,47.049041],[-115.102681,47.047239],[-115.098136,47.048897],[-115.087806,47.045519],[-115.071254,47.022083],[-115.066223,46.996375],[-115.057098,46.986758],[-115.049538,46.970774],[-115.031651,46.971548],[-115.028386,46.975659],[-115.001274,46.971901],[-115.00091,46.967703],[-114.986539,46.952099],[-114.960597,46.93001],[-114.929997,46.919625],[-114.927948,46.909948],[-114.936805,46.897378],[-114.931058,46.882108],[-114.931608,46.876799],[-114.938713,46.869021],[-114.943281,46.867971],[-114.947413,46.859324],[-114.940398,46.85605],[-114.928615,46.854815],[-114.92349,46.847594],[-114.92845,46.843242],[-114.927837,46.83599],[-114.920459,46.827697],[-114.904505,46.822851],[-114.897857,46.813184],[-114.888146,46.808573],[-114.880588,46.811791],[-114.864342,46.813858],[-114.861376,46.81196],[-114.860067,46.804988],[-114.856874,46.801633],[-114.835917,46.791111],[-114.829117,46.782503],[-114.808587,46.78235],[-114.79004,46.778729],[-114.765106,46.758153],[-114.76718,46.738828],[-114.773765,46.731805],[-114.779668,46.730411],[-114.788656,46.714033],[-114.76689,46.696901],[-114.751921,46.697207],[-114.740115,46.711771],[-114.713516,46.715138],[-114.699008,46.740223],[-114.696656,46.740572],[-114.649388,46.73289],[-114.632954,46.715495],[-114.620859,46.707415],[-114.623198,46.691511],[-114.631898,46.68397],[-114.641745,46.679286],[-114.642713,46.673145],[-114.635713,46.659375],[-114.621483,46.658143],[-114.614716,46.655256],[-114.611676,46.647704],[-114.616354,46.643646],[-114.615036,46.639733],[-114.593292,46.632848],[-114.583385,46.633227],[-114.561582,46.642043],[-114.547321,46.644485],[-114.498007,46.637655],[-114.486218,46.632829],[-114.466902,46.631695],[-114.45425,46.640974],[-114.453239,46.649266],[-114.424424,46.660648],[-114.410907,46.657466],[-114.394514,46.664846],[-114.360709,46.669059],[-114.332887,46.660756],[-114.32456,46.653579],[-114.320665,46.646963],[-114.322912,46.642938],[-114.322519,46.611066],[-114.333931,46.592162],[-114.334992,46.588154],[-114.331338,46.577781],[-114.33175,46.571914],[-114.339533,46.564039],[-114.348733,46.533792],[-114.349208,46.529514],[-114.342072,46.519679],[-114.351655,46.508119],[-114.35874,46.505306],[-114.375348,46.501855],[-114.385871,46.50437],[-114.395204,46.503148],[-114.400257,46.502143],[-114.403019,46.498675],[-114.400068,46.47718],[-114.394447,46.469549],[-114.383051,46.466402],[-114.379338,46.460166],[-114.376413,46.442983],[-114.384756,46.411784],[-114.408974,46.400438],[-114.422458,46.387097],[-114.411592,46.366688],[-114.410682,46.360673],[-114.413758,46.335945],[-114.433478,46.305502],[-114.425587,46.287899],[-114.427309,46.283624],[-114.441326,46.2738],[-114.453257,46.270939],[-114.465024,46.273127],[-114.470479,46.26732],[-114.468254,46.248796],[-114.451912,46.241253],[-114.449819,46.237119],[-114.443215,46.202943],[-114.445928,46.173933],[-114.478333,46.160876],[-114.489254,46.167684],[-114.514706,46.167726],[-114.527096,46.146218],[-114.5213,46.125287],[-114.488303,46.113106],[-114.474415,46.112515],[-114.460049,46.097104],[-114.461864,46.078571],[-114.468529,46.062484],[-114.492153,46.04729],[-114.494683,46.042546],[-114.493418,46.03717],[-114.490572,46.032427],[-114.480241,46.030325],[-114.473811,46.016614],[-114.477922,46.009025],[-114.47729,46.000802],[-114.470965,45.995742],[-114.425843,45.984984],[-114.411892,45.977883],[-114.409353,45.97141],[-114.403712,45.967049],[-114.402261,45.961489],[-114.404708,45.9559],[-114.423681,45.9441],[-114.431328,45.938023],[-114.431159,45.935737],[-114.413168,45.911479],[-114.404314,45.903497],[-114.395059,45.901458],[-114.387166,45.889164],[-114.388243,45.88234],[-114.409477,45.85164],[-114.44868,45.858891],[-114.470296,45.851343],[-114.498809,45.850676],[-114.509303,45.845531],[-114.517143,45.835993],[-114.512973,45.828825],[-114.544692,45.791447],[-114.555487,45.786249],[-114.566172,45.773864],[-114.535634,45.739095],[-114.504869,45.722176],[-114.495421,45.703321],[-114.499637,45.669035],[-114.507645,45.658949],[-114.522142,45.64934],[-114.529678,45.65232],[-114.53577,45.650613],[-114.563652,45.637412],[-114.563305,45.631612],[-114.553937,45.619299],[-114.544905,45.616673],[-114.538132,45.606834],[-114.558253,45.585104],[-114.559038,45.565706],[-114.549508,45.56059],[-114.526075,45.570771],[-114.517761,45.568129],[-114.498176,45.555473],[-114.473759,45.563278],[-114.460542,45.561283],[-114.456764,45.543983],[-114.438991,45.536076],[-114.415804,45.509753],[-114.388618,45.502903],[-114.36852,45.492716],[-114.36562,45.490416],[-114.360719,45.474116],[-114.345019,45.459916],[-114.333218,45.459316],[-114.279217,45.480616],[-114.270717,45.486116],[-114.261616,45.495816],[-114.247824,45.524283],[-114.248183,45.533226],[-114.251836,45.537812],[-114.248121,45.545877],[-114.227942,45.546423],[-114.203665,45.53557],[-114.192802,45.536596],[-114.180043,45.551432],[-114.154837,45.552916],[-114.135249,45.557465],[-114.129099,45.565491],[-114.131469,45.574444],[-114.122322,45.58426],[-114.100308,45.586354],[-114.086584,45.59118],[-114.0821,45.596958],[-114.08179,45.611329],[-114.067619,45.627706],[-114.033456,45.648629],[-114.018731,45.648616],[-114.014973,45.654008],[-114.013786,45.658238],[-114.02007,45.670332],[-114.019315,45.692937],[-114.015633,45.696127],[-113.986656,45.704564],[-113.971565,45.700636],[-113.93422,45.682232],[-113.930403,45.671878],[-113.919752,45.658536],[-113.900588,45.648259],[-113.898883,45.644167],[-113.902539,45.636945],[-113.904691,45.622007],[-113.886006,45.61702],[-113.861404,45.62366],[-113.823068,45.612486],[-113.806729,45.602146],[-113.802955,45.592631],[-113.803261,45.584193],[-113.804796,45.580358],[-113.819868,45.566326],[-113.834555,45.520729],[-113.809144,45.519908],[-113.796579,45.523462],[-113.778361,45.523415],[-113.766022,45.520621],[-113.759986,45.480735],[-113.78416,45.454946],[-113.764591,45.431403],[-113.763368,45.427732],[-113.768058,45.418147],[-113.765203,45.410601],[-113.733092,45.390173],[-113.73553,45.364738],[-113.7402,45.34559],[-113.738729,45.329741],[-113.689359,45.28355],[-113.688077,45.276407],[-113.691557,45.270912],[-113.692039,45.265191],[-113.684946,45.253706],[-113.678749,45.24927],[-113.665633,45.246265],[-113.657027,45.241436],[-113.650064,45.23471],[-113.636889,45.212983],[-113.599506,45.191114],[-113.589891,45.176986],[-113.594632,45.166034],[-113.57467,45.128411],[-113.554744,45.112901],[-113.513342,45.115225],[-113.506638,45.107288],[-113.510819,45.099902],[-113.520134,45.093033],[-113.485278,45.063519],[-113.47377,45.0617],[-113.460578,45.064879],[-113.45197,45.059247],[-113.44912,45.046098],[-113.449909,45.035167],[-113.437726,45.006967],[-113.446884,44.998545],[-113.443782,44.95989],[-113.448958,44.953544],[-113.467467,44.948061],[-113.480836,44.95031],[-113.494446,44.948597],[-113.498745,44.942314],[-113.491121,44.927548],[-113.474573,44.910846],[-113.455071,44.865424],[-113.422376,44.842595],[-113.377153,44.834858],[-113.356062,44.819798],[-113.3461,44.800611],[-113.354763,44.795468],[-113.354034,44.791745],[-113.341704,44.784853],[-113.301508,44.798985],[-113.278382,44.812706],[-113.247166,44.82295],[-113.238729,44.814144],[-113.209624,44.80907],[-113.19436,44.802151],[-113.183395,44.793565],[-113.179366,44.787142],[-113.163806,44.778921],[-113.158206,44.780847],[-113.131453,44.772837],[-113.131387,44.764738],[-113.137704,44.760109],[-113.134824,44.752763],[-113.102138,44.729027],[-113.101154,44.708578],[-113.098064,44.697477],[-113.081906,44.691392],[-113.06776,44.679474],[-113.067756,44.672807],[-113.07042,44.667844],[-113.068306,44.656374],[-113.065589,44.649371],[-113.051504,44.63695],[-113.049349,44.62938],[-113.053529,44.621187],[-113.07376,44.613928],[-113.083819,44.60222],[-113.061071,44.577329],[-113.042363,44.565237],[-113.04282,44.546757],[-113.019777,44.528505],[-113.020917,44.493827],[-113.003544,44.450814],[-112.981682,44.434279],[-112.951146,44.416699],[-112.915602,44.402699],[-112.886041,44.395874],[-112.881769,44.380315],[-112.855395,44.359975],[-112.844859,44.358221],[-112.820489,44.370946],[-112.81324,44.378103],[-112.812608,44.392275],[-112.821896,44.407436],[-112.836034,44.422653],[-112.828191,44.442472],[-112.797863,44.466112],[-112.781294,44.484888],[-112.749011,44.491233],[-112.735084,44.499159],[-112.71911,44.504344],[-112.707815,44.503023],[-112.671169,44.491265],[-112.660696,44.485756],[-112.601863,44.491015],[-112.584197,44.481368],[-112.573513,44.480983],[-112.550557,44.484928],[-112.541989,44.483971],[-112.518871,44.475784],[-112.512036,44.47042],[-112.511713,44.466445],[-112.50031,44.463051],[-112.473207,44.480027],[-112.460347,44.47571],[-112.435342,44.462216],[-112.387389,44.448058],[-112.368764,44.467153],[-112.358926,44.48628],[-112.3566,44.493127],[-112.358917,44.528847],[-112.35421,44.535638],[-112.348794,44.538691],[-112.319198,44.53911],[-112.315008,44.5419],[-112.315047,44.550049],[-112.312899,44.553536],[-112.286187,44.568472],[-112.242785,44.568091],[-112.230117,44.562759],[-112.226841,44.555239],[-112.229477,44.549494],[-112.221698,44.543519],[-112.183937,44.533067],[-112.179703,44.533021],[-112.164597,44.541666],[-112.136454,44.539911],[-112.129078,44.5363],[-112.125101,44.528527],[-112.106755,44.520829],[-112.096299,44.523212],[-112.093304,44.530002],[-112.069011,44.537104],[-112.036943,44.530323],[-112.032707,44.546642],[-111.995231,44.535444],[-111.980833,44.536682],[-111.951522,44.550062],[-111.947941,44.556776],[-111.903566,44.55723],[-111.887852,44.563413],[-111.870504,44.564033],[-111.849293,44.539837],[-111.842542,44.526069],[-111.821488,44.509286],[-111.807914,44.511716],[-111.806512,44.516264],[-111.761904,44.529841],[-111.758966,44.533766],[-111.746401,44.540766],[-111.737191,44.54306],[-111.715474,44.543543],[-111.704218,44.560205],[-111.681571,44.559864],[-111.614405,44.548991],[-111.585763,44.562843],[-111.562814,44.555209],[-111.546637,44.557099],[-111.518095,44.544177],[-111.500792,44.540062],[-111.471682,44.540824],[-111.467736,44.544521],[-111.469185,44.552044],[-111.492024,44.56081],[-111.519126,44.582916],[-111.525764,44.604883],[-111.50494,44.635746],[-111.473178,44.665479],[-111.468833,44.679335],[-111.47798,44.682393],[-111.484898,44.687578],[-111.490228,44.700221],[-111.489339,44.704946],[-111.486019,44.707654],[-111.438793,44.720546],[-111.429604,44.720149],[-111.424214,44.714024],[-111.414271,44.710741],[-111.398575,44.723343],[-111.394459,44.744578],[-111.397805,44.746738],[-111.393854,44.752549],[-111.385005,44.755128],[-111.37476,44.750295],[-111.36627,44.742234],[-111.366723,44.738361],[-111.355768,44.727602],[-111.348184,44.725459],[-111.341351,44.7293],[-111.323669,44.724474],[-111.29626,44.702271],[-111.26875,44.668279],[-111.276956,44.655626],[-111.262839,44.649658],[-111.25268,44.651092],[-111.224161,44.623402],[-111.231227,44.606915],[-111.23018,44.587025],[-111.225208,44.581006],[-111.189617,44.571062],[-111.182551,44.566874],[-111.175747,44.552219],[-111.166892,44.54722],[-111.15959,44.546376],[-111.143557,44.535732],[-111.139455,44.517112],[-111.131379,44.499925],[-111.122654,44.493659],[-111.062729,44.476073],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.049077,44.020072],[-111.046515,43.908376],[-111.044156,43.020052]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Idaho\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6724c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merrill, Troy","contributorId":103638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"Troy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattson, D.J.","contributorId":57022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, R.G.","contributorId":9622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quigley, Howard B.","contributorId":13198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quigley","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001766,"text":"1001766 - 1999 - Le Conte's sparrows breeding in Conservation Reserve Program fields: precipitation and patterns of population change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T11:32:27","indexId":"1001766","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Le Conte's sparrows breeding in Conservation Reserve Program fields: precipitation and patterns of population change","docAbstract":"The climate of the North American Great Plains is highly dynamic, with great year-to-year variability in precipitation and periodic, often extreme, wet and dry cycles (Bragg 1995). Drought is a major force of ecological disturbance on the Great Plains and has played a key role in directing the evolution of the grassland biota of this region (Knopf and Samson 1997). Although grassland birds may differ in their responses to enviromenental variations (Rotenberry and Wiens 1991), climatic variability and concomitant unpredictability of resources strongly influence populations of grassland birds across space and time (Wiens 1974, 1986; Cody 1985). Not surprisingly, breeding bird populations on the Great Plains are highly dynamic, exhibiting considerable annual variation in composition, abundance, and distribution (Johnson and Grier 1988, George et al. 1992, Zimmerman 1992, Igl and Johnson 1997). Recently, interest in grassland birds has increased with the recognition that many species are declining both continentally (Droege and Sauer 1994) and globally (Goriup 1988). Identification of the specific factors associated with grassland bird declines in North America, however, remains largely enigmatic (Herkert 1997), and it is complicated by the considerable annual fluctuations in grassland bird distribution and abundance (Igl and Johnson 1997). Although there is evidence that land-use changes on the breeding grounds may have contributed to grassland bird declines (e.g., Igl and Johnson 1997), there also is an indication that long-term drought conditions may have influenced recent population changes of some breeding birds on the Great Plains (Droege and Sauer 1989, Peterjohn and Sauer 1993, Bethke and Nudds 1995, Igl and Johnson 1997).  Le Conte's Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii) is a secretive grassland bird that breeds in central and southern Canada and the northcentral United States (Murray 1969). It winters primarily in the southern United States (Peterson 1980, 1990). Like populations of many grassland breeding birds in North America (Fretwell 1986, Igl and Johnson 1997), Le Conte's Sparrow populations exhibit numerical highs and lows depending on local moisture conditions (Peabody 1901, Stewart 1975, Knapton 1979, Zimmer 1979, Madden 1996). This observation, however, is based largely on anecdotal evidence or short-term observations. Long-term studies of Le Conte's Sparrow populations are limited. Le Conte's Sparrow is poorly represented on the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) because of small sample sizes, poor coverage in the northern portion of its breeding range, and the species' furtive behavior (Sauer et al. 1995). Moreover, dramatic fluctuations in Le Conte's Sparrow abundance tend to obscure the species' long-term population trends on the BBS (Sauer et al. 1995).  In this paper we examine long-term population changes of Le Conte's Sparrows breeding in perennial grassland fields enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) on the northern Great Plains. We discuss patterns of population change of Le Conte's Sparrows associated with changes in precipitation and moisture conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Igl, L.D., and Johnson, D.H., 1999, Le Conte's sparrows breeding in Conservation Reserve Program fields: precipitation and patterns of population change: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 19, p. 178-186.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"186","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328595,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/84"}],"volume":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003655,"text":"1003655 - 1999 - The 1992 epizootic of Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-02T11:23:34.544426","indexId":"1003655","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1992 epizootic of Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants in North America","docAbstract":"<p>In the summer of 1992, morbidity and mortality in juvenile double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus; DCC) attributable to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was observed for the first time in seven northern USA states and one Canadian province, and recurred in three western Canadian provinces. Based on clinical signs and laboratory diagnostic findings, DCC mortality from NDV occurred in 59 of the 63 nesting colonies and two of three non-colony sites investigated. An estimate of in excess of 20,000 DCC died, with mortality rates ranging from &lt; 1 to 37% in Great Lakes colonies to 20 to 92% in Minnesota (USA) and North and South Dakota (USA) colonies. Sick juvenile white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) exhibiting signs similar to sick cormorants, and dead pelicans were observed in Minnesota and North Dakota. Mortality rates in pelican colonies were as high as in the adjacent cormorant colonies, but no cause for the mortality of an estimated 5,000 pelicans was determined. No evidence of NDV was found in other species nesting in proximity to affected cormorants. Although the source of the NDV infection is unknown in cormorants, the simultaneous onset of the epizootics in juvenile birds over a wide geographic area implies that the virus was acquired by adults prior to migration and was carried back to nest sites, exposing susceptible nestlings. The possible transmission of this virus from free-ranging wild birds to domestic poultry is a concern. Based on repeated epizootics in cormorants since 1990, NDV seems to be established in DCC.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.319","usgsCitation":"Glaser, L., Barker, I., Weseloh, D., Ludwig, J., Windingstad, R.M., Key, D., and Bollinger, T., 1999, The 1992 epizootic of Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants in North America: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 35, no. 2, p. 319-330, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.319.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"330","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"North America\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-63.6645,46.55001],[-62.9393,46.41587],[-62.01208,46.44314],[-62.50391,46.03339],[-62.87433,45.96818],[-64.1428,46.39265],[-64.39261,46.72747],[-64.01486,47.03601],[-63.6645,46.55001]]],[[[-61.8063,49.10506],[-62.29318,49.08717],[-63.58926,49.40069],[-64.51912,49.87304],[-64.17322,49.95718],[-62.85829,49.70641],[-61.83559,49.28855],[-61.8063,49.10506]]],[[[-123.51,48.51001],[-124.01289,48.37085],[-125.65501,48.825],[-125.95499,49.18],[-126.85,49.53],[-127.02999,49.815],[-128.05934,49.99496],[-128.44458,50.53914],[-128.35841,50.77065],[-126.695,50.4009],[-125.75501,50.29502],[-124.92077,49.47527],[-123.92251,49.06248],[-123.51,48.51001]]],[[[-56.13404,50.68701],[-56.79588,49.81231],[-56.14311,50.15012],[-55.47149,49.93582],[-55.8224,49.58713],[-54.93514,49.31301],[-54.47378,49.55669],[-53.47655,49.24914],[-53.78601,48.51678],[-53.08613,48.6878],[-52.95865,48.15716],[-52.6481,47.53555],[-53.06916,46.6555],[-53.52146,46.61829],[-54.17894,46.80707],[-53.96187,47.62521],[-54.24048,47.75228],[-55.40077,46.88499],[-55.99748,46.91972],[-55.29122,47.38956],[-56.2508,47.63255],[-57.32523,47.57281],[-59.26602,47.60335],[-59.41949,47.89945],[-58.79659,48.25153],[-59.23162,48.52319],[-58.3918,49.12558],[-57.35869,50.71827],[-56.73865,51.28744],[-55.87098,51.63209],[-55.40697,51.58827],[-56.13404,50.68701]]],[[[-133.18,54.16998],[-132.71001,54.04001],[-131.74999,54.12],[-132.04948,52.98462],[-131.17904,52.18043],[-131.57783,52.18237],[-132.18043,52.63971],[-132.54999,53.10001],[-133.05461,53.41147],[-133.23966,53.85108],[-133.18,54.16998]]],[[[-79.26582,62.15868],[-79.65752,61.63308],[-80.09956,61.7181],[-80.36215,62.01649],[-79.92939,62.3856],[-79.52002,62.36371],[-79.26582,62.15868]]],[[[-81.89825,62.7108],[-83.06857,62.15922],[-83.77462,62.18231],[-83.99367,62.4528],[-83.25048,62.91409],[-81.87699,62.90458],[-81.89825,62.7108]]],[[[-85.16131,65.65728],[-84.97576,65.21752],[-84.46401,65.37177],[-83.88263,65.10962],[-82.78758,64.76669],[-81.64201,64.45514],[-81.55344,63.97961],[-80.81736,64.05749],[-80.10345,63.72598],[-80.99102,63.41125],[-82.54718,63.65172],[-83.1088,64.10188],[-84.10042,63.56971],[-85.5234,63.05238],[-85.86677,63.63725],[-87.22198,63.54124],[-86.35276,64.03583],[-86.22489,64.82292],[-85.88385,65.73878],[-85.16131,65.65728]]],[[[-75.86588,67.14886],[-76.98687,67.09873],[-77.2364,67.58809],[-76.81166,68.14856],[-75.89521,68.28721],[-75.1145,68.01036],[-75.21597,67.44425],[-75.86588,67.14886]]],[[[-95.64768,69.10769],[-96.26952,68.75704],[-97.6174,69.06003],[-98.4318,68.9507],[-99.7974,69.40003],[-98.9174,69.71003],[-98.21826,70.14354],[-96.5574,69.68003],[-95.64768,69.10769]]],[[[-90.5471,69.49766],[-90.55151,68.47499],[-89.21515,69.25873],[-88.01966,68.61508],[-88.31749,67.87338],[-87.35017,67.19872],[-86.30607,67.92146],[-85.57664,68.78456],[-85.52197,69.88211],[-82.62258,69.65826],[-81.28043,69.16202],[-81.2202,68.66567],[-81.96436,68.13253],[-81.25928,67.59716],[-81.38653,67.11078],[-83.34456,66.41154],[-84.73542,66.2573],[-85.76943,66.55833],[-86.0676,66.05625],[-87.03143,65.21297],[-87.32324,64.77563],[-88.48296,64.09897],[-89.91444,64.03273],[-90.70398,63.61017],[-90.77004,62.96021],[-91.93342,62.83508],[-93.15698,62.02469],[-94.24153,60.89865],[-94.62931,60.11021],[-94.6846,58.94882],[-93.21502,58.78212],[-92.76462,57.84571],[-92.29703,57.08709],[-90.89769,57.28468],[-89.03953,56.85172],[-88.03978,56.47162],[-87.32421,55.99914],[-86.07121,55.72383],[-85.01181,55.3026],[-83.36055,55.24489],[-82.27285,55.14832],[-82.4362,54.28227],[-82.12502,53.27703],[-81.40075,52.15788],[-79.91289,51.20842],[-79.14301,51.53393],[-78.60191,52.56208],[-79.12421,54.14145],[-79.82958,54.66772],[-78.22874,55.13645],[-77.0956,55.83741],[-76.54137,56.53423],[-76.62319,57.20263],[-77.30226,58.05209],[-78.51688,58.80458],[-77.33676,59.85261],[-77.77272,60.75788],[-78.10687,62.31964],[-77.41067,62.55053],[-75.69621,62.2784],[-74.6682,62.18111],[-73.83988,62.4438],[-72.90853,62.10507],[-71.67708,61.52535],[-71.37369,61.13717],[-69.59042,61.06141],[-69.62033,60.22125],[-69.2879,58.95736],[-68.37455,58.80106],[-67.64976,58.21206],[-66.20178,58.76731],[-65.24517,59.87071],[-64.58352,60.33558],[-63.80475,59.4426],[-62.50236,58.16708],[-61.39655,56.96745],[-61.79866,56.33945],[-60.46853,55.77548],[-59.56962,55.20407],[-57.97508,54.94549],[-57.3332,54.6265],[-56.93689,53.78032],[-56.15811,53.64749],[-55.75632,53.27036],[-55.68338,52.14664],[-57.12691,51.41972],[-58.77482,51.0643],[-60.03309,50.24277],[-61.72366,50.08046],[-63.86251,50.29099],[-65.36331,50.2982],[-66.39905,50.22897],[-67.23631,49.51156],[-68.51114,49.06836],[-69.95362,47.74488],[-71.10458,46.82171],[-70.25522,46.98606],[-68.65,48.3],[-66.55243,49.1331],[-65.05626,49.23278],[-64.17099,48.74248],[-65.11545,48.07085],[-64.79854,46.99297],[-64.47219,46.23849],[-63.17329,45.73902],[-61.52072,45.88377],[-60.51815,47.00793],[-60.4486,46.28264],[-59.80287,45.9204],[-61.03988,45.26525],[-63.25471,44.67014],[-64.24656,44.26553],[-65.36406,43.54523],[-66.1234,43.61867],[-66.16173,44.46512],[-64.42549,45.29204],[-66.02605,45.25931],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-68.03252,44.3252],[-69.06,43.98],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-70.64,41.475],[-71.12039,41.49445],[-71.86,41.32],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.20002,39.24845],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-76.03127,37.2566],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.86804,36.55125],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-80.86498,32.0333],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.98,29.18],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.70515,27.49504],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.28784,29.68612],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-87.53036,30.27433],[-88.41782,30.3849],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-93.84842,29.71363],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.33,26.21],[-97.14001,25.87],[-97.52807,24.99214],[-97.70295,24.27234],[-97.77604,22.93258],[-97.87237,22.44421],[-97.69904,21.89869],[-97.38896,21.41102],[-97.18933,20.63543],[-96.52558,19.89093],[-96.29213,19.32037],[-95.90088,18.82802],[-94.83906,18.56272],[-94.42573,18.14437],[-93.54865,18.42384],[-92.78611,18.52484],[-91.4079,18.87608],[-90.77187,19.28412],[-90.53359,19.86742],[-90.45148,20.70752],[-90.27862,20.99986],[-89.60132,21.26173],[-88.54387,21.49368],[-87.65842,21.45885],[-87.05189,21.54354],[-86.81198,21.33151],[-86.84591,20.84986],[-87.38329,20.2554],[-87.62105,19.64655],[-87.43675,19.4724],[-87.83719,18.25982],[-88.10681,18.34867],[-88.12348,18.07667],[-88.28535,17.64414],[-88.19787,17.48948],[-88.30264,17.13169],[-88.23952,17.03607],[-88.35543,16.53077],[-88.55182,16.26547],[-88.73243,16.23363],[-88.93061,15.88727],[-88.60459,15.70638],[-88.51836,15.85539],[-88.12115,15.68866],[-87.90181,15.86446],[-87.36776,15.84694],[-86.90319,15.75671],[-86.44095,15.78284],[-86.00195,16.00541],[-85.444,15.88575],[-84.98372,15.99592],[-84.36826,15.83516],[-83.77398,15.42407],[-83.41038,15.2709],[-83.14722,14.99583],[-83.28416,14.67662],[-83.18213,14.3107],[-83.4125,13.97008],[-83.51983,13.5677],[-83.55221,13.12705],[-83.47332,12.41909],[-83.6261,12.32085],[-83.71961,11.89312],[-83.65086,11.62903],[-83.85547,11.37331],[-83.80894,11.10304],[-83.65561,10.93876],[-83.40232,10.39544],[-83.01568,9.99298],[-82.18712,9.20745],[-82.20759,8.99558],[-81.80857,8.95062],[-81.71415,9.03196],[-81.43929,8.78623],[-80.9473,8.8585],[-80.5219,9.11107],[-79.9146,9.31277],[-79.5733,9.61161],[-79.02119,9.55293],[-78.50089,9.42046],[-78.05593,9.24773],[-77.35336,8.6705],[-77.47472,8.52429],[-77.24257,7.93528],[-77.43111,7.63806],[-77.75341,7.70984],[-77.88157,7.22377],[-78.21494,7.51225],[-78.42916,8.05204],[-78.1821,8.31918],[-78.43547,8.38771],[-78.62212,8.71812],[-79.12031,8.99609],[-79.55788,8.93237],[-79.76058,8.58452],[-80.16448,8.33332],[-80.38266,8.29841],[-80.48069,8.09031],[-80.00369,7.54752],[-80.42116,7.27157],[-80.8864,7.22054],[-81.05954,7.81792],[-81.18972,7.64791],[-81.51951,7.70661],[-81.72131,8.10896],[-82.13144,8.17539],[-82.39093,8.29236],[-82.96578,8.22503],[-83.50844,8.44693],[-83.71147,8.65684],[-83.59631,8.83044],[-83.63264,9.05139],[-83.90989,9.2908],[-84.64764,9.61554],[-84.71335,9.90805],[-85.11092,9.55704],[-85.33949,9.83454],[-85.66079,9.93335],[-85.79744,10.13489],[-85.79171,10.43934],[-85.65931,10.75433],[-85.94173,10.89528],[-85.71254,11.08844],[-86.52585,11.80688],[-86.74599,12.14396],[-87.16752,12.45826],[-87.66849,12.90991],[-87.48941,13.29753],[-87.79311,13.38448],[-87.90411,13.14902],[-88.4833,13.16395],[-88.84323,13.25973],[-89.25674,13.45853],[-89.81239,13.52062],[-90.09555,13.73534],[-90.60862,13.90977],[-91.23241,13.92783],[-91.68975,14.12622],[-92.22775,14.53883],[-93.35946,15.61543],[-93.87517,15.94016],[-94.69166,16.20098],[-95.25023,16.12832],[-96.05338,15.75209],[-96.55743,15.65352],[-97.26359,15.91706],[-98.01303,16.10731],[-98.94768,16.56604],[-99.6974,16.70616],[-100.8295,17.17107],[-101.66609,17.64903],[-101.91853,17.91609],[-102.47813,17.97575],[-103.50099,18.29229],[-103.91753,18.74857],[-104.99201,19.31613],[-105.49304,19.94677],[-105.7314,20.4341],[-105.39777,20.53172],[-105.50066,20.8169],[-105.27075,21.07628],[-105.26582,21.4221],[-105.60316,21.87115],[-105.69341,22.26908],[-106.02872,22.77375],[-106.90998,23.76777],[-107.91545,24.54892],[-108.4019,25.17231],[-109.2602,25.58061],[-109.44409,25.82488],[-109.29164,26.44293],[-109.80146,26.67618],[-110.39173,27.16211],[-110.64102,27.85988],[-111.17892,27.94124],[-111.75961,28.46795],[-112.22823,28.95441],[-112.27182,29.26684],[-112.80959,30.02111],[-113.16381,30.78688],[-113.14867,31.17097],[-113.87188,31.56761],[-114.20574,31.52405],[-114.77645,31.79953],[-114.9367,31.39348],[-114.77123,30.91362],[-114.6739,30.16268],[-114.33097,29.75043],[-113.27197,28.75478],[-113.14004,28.41129],[-112.9623,28.42519],[-112.76159,27.78022],[-112.45791,27.52581],[-112.24495,27.17173],[-111.61649,26.66282],[-111.28467,25.73259],[-110.71001,24.826],[-110.65505,24.29859],[-110.17286,24.26555],[-109.4091,23.36467],[-109.43339,23.18559],[-109.85422,22.81827],[-110.03139,22.82308],[-110.29507,23.43097],[-110.9495,24.00096],[-111.67057,24.48442],[-112.18204,24.73841],[-112.14899,25.47013],[-112.30071,26.012],[-113.46467,26.76819],[-113.59673,26.63946],[-113.84894,26.90006],[-114.46575,27.14209],[-115.05514,27.72273],[-114.57037,27.74149],[-114.19933,28.115],[-114.16202,28.56611],[-114.93184,29.27948],[-115.51865,29.55636],[-115.88737,30.18079],[-116.72153,31.63574],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-119.081,34.078],[-119.43884,34.34848],[-120.36778,34.44711],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-122.95319,38.11371],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.39567,47.72017],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.5,48.18],[-122.84,49],[-122.97421,49.00254],[-124.91024,49.98456],[-125.62461,50.41656],[-127.43561,50.83061],[-127.99276,51.71583],[-127.85032,52.32961],[-129.12979,52.75538],[-129.30523,53.56159],[-130.51497,54.28757],[-130.53611,54.80275],[-131.08582,55.17891],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-135.03821,58.18771],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-145.92556,60.45861],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-149.72786,59.70566],[-150.60824,59.36821],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-155.30749,57.72779],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-162.23777,55.02419],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-163.84834,55.03943],[-162.87,55.34804],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-158.68444,57.01668],[-158.4611,57.21692],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-164.66222,60.26748],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-161.39193,64.77724],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-166.70527,66.08832],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-164.43099,67.61634],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-160.9348,70.44769],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-147.61336,70.21403],[-145.68999,70.12001],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-142.07251,69.85194],[-139.12052,69.47102],[-137.54636,68.99002],[-136.50358,68.89804],[-135.62576,69.31512],[-134.41464,69.62743],[-132.92925,69.50534],[-131.43136,69.94451],[-129.79471,70.19369],[-129.10773,69.77927],[-128.36156,70.01286],[-128.13817,70.48384],[-127.44712,70.37721],[-125.75632,69.48058],[-124.42483,70.1584],[-124.28968,69.39969],[-123.06108,69.56372],[-122.6835,69.85553],[-121.47226,69.79778],[-119.94288,69.37786],[-117.60268,69.01128],[-116.22643,68.84151],[-115.2469,68.90591],[-113.89794,68.3989],[-115.30489,67.90261],[-113.49727,67.68815],[-110.798,67.80612],[-109.94619,67.98104],[-108.8802,67.38144],[-107.79239,67.88736],[-108.81299,68.31164],[-108.16721,68.65392],[-106.95,68.7],[-106.15,68.8],[-105.34282,68.56122],[-104.33791,68.018],[-103.22115,68.09775],[-101.45433,67.64689],[-99.90195,67.80566],[-98.4432,67.78165],[-98.5586,68.40394],[-97.66948,68.57864],[-96.11991,68.23939],[-96.12588,67.29338],[-95.48943,68.0907],[-94.685,68.06383],[-94.23282,69.06903],[-95.30408,69.68571],[-96.47131,70.08976],[-96.39115,71.19482],[-95.2088,71.92053],[-93.88997,71.76015],[-92.87818,71.31869],[-91.51964,70.19129],[-92.40692,69.69997],[-90.5471,69.49766]]],[[[-114.16717,73.12145],[-114.66634,72.65277],[-112.44102,72.9554],[-111.05039,72.4504],[-109.92035,72.96113],[-109.00654,72.63335],[-108.18835,71.65089],[-107.68599,72.06548],[-108.39639,73.08953],[-107.51645,73.23598],[-106.52259,73.07601],[-105.40246,72.67259],[-104.77484,71.6984],[-104.46476,70.99297],[-102.78537,70.49776],[-100.98078,70.02432],[-101.08929,69.58447],[-102.73116,69.50402],[-102.09329,69.11962],[-102.43024,68.75282],[-104.24,68.91],[-105.96,69.18],[-107.12254,69.11922],[-109,68.78],[-111.53415,68.63006],[-113.3132,68.53554],[-113.85496,69.00744],[-115.22,69.28],[-116.10794,69.16821],[-117.34,69.96],[-115.13112,70.2373],[-113.72141,70.19237],[-112.4161,70.36638],[-114.35,70.6],[-116.48684,70.52045],[-117.9048,70.54056],[-118.43238,70.9092],[-116.11311,71.30918],[-117.65568,71.2952],[-119.40199,71.55859],[-118.56267,72.30785],[-117.86642,72.70594],[-115.18909,73.31459],[-114.16717,73.12145]]],[[[-104.5,73.42],[-105.38,72.76],[-106.94,73.46],[-106.6,73.6],[-105.26,73.64],[-104.5,73.42]]],[[[-76.34,73.10268],[-76.2514,72.82639],[-78.39167,72.87666],[-79.77583,72.8029],[-80.8761,73.33318],[-80.83389,73.69318],[-80.35306,73.75972],[-78.06444,73.65193],[-76.34,73.10268]]],[[[-86.56218,73.15745],[-85.77437,72.53413],[-84.85011,73.34028],[-82.31559,73.75095],[-80.60009,72.71654],[-80.74894,72.06191],[-78.77064,72.35217],[-77.82462,72.74962],[-75.60584,72.24368],[-74.22862,71.76714],[-74.09914,71.33084],[-72.24223,71.55692],[-71.20002,70.92001],[-68.78605,70.52502],[-67.91497,70.12195],[-66.96903,69.18609],[-68.80512,68.7202],[-66.44987,68.06716],[-64.86231,67.84754],[-63.42493,66.92847],[-61.85198,66.86212],[-62.16318,66.16025],[-63.91844,64.99867],[-65.14886,65.42603],[-66.72122,66.38804],[-68.01502,66.26273],[-68.14129,65.68979],[-67.08965,65.10846],[-65.73208,64.64841],[-65.32017,64.38274],[-64.66941,63.39293],[-65.0138,62.67419],[-66.27504,62.9451],[-68.78319,63.74567],[-67.36968,62.88397],[-66.3283,62.28007],[-66.16557,61.9309],[-68.87737,62.33015],[-71.02344,62.91071],[-72.23538,63.39784],[-71.88628,63.67999],[-74.83442,64.67908],[-74.8185,64.38909],[-77.70998,64.22954],[-78.55595,64.57291],[-77.89728,65.30919],[-76.01827,65.32697],[-73.9598,65.45476],[-74.29388,65.81177],[-73.94491,66.31058],[-72.65117,67.28458],[-72.92606,67.72693],[-73.31162,68.06944],[-74.84331,68.55463],[-76.8691,68.89474],[-76.22865,69.14777],[-77.28737,69.76954],[-78.16863,69.82649],[-78.95724,70.16688],[-79.49246,69.87181],[-81.30547,69.74319],[-84.94471,69.96663],[-87.06,70.26],[-88.68171,70.41074],[-89.51342,70.76204],[-88.46772,71.21819],[-89.88815,71.22255],[-90.20516,72.23507],[-89.43658,73.12946],[-88.40824,73.53789],[-85.82615,73.80382],[-86.56218,73.15745]]],[[[-100.35642,73.84389],[-99.16387,73.63339],[-97.38,73.76],[-97.12,73.47],[-98.05359,72.99052],[-96.54,72.56],[-96.72,71.66],[-98.35966,71.27285],[-99.32286,71.35639],[-100.01482,71.73827],[-102.5,72.51],[-102.48,72.83],[-100.43836,72.70588],[-101.54,73.36],[-100.35642,73.84389]]],[[[-93.1963,72.77199],[-94.26905,72.0246],[-95.40986,72.06188],[-96.03375,72.94028],[-96.01827,73.43743],[-95.49579,73.86242],[-94.50366,74.13491],[-92.42001,74.10003],[-90.50979,73.85673],[-92.00397,72.96624],[-93.1963,72.77199]]],[[[-120.46,71.3836],[-123.09219,70.90164],[-123.62,71.34],[-125.92895,71.86869],[-124.80729,73.02256],[-123.94,73.68],[-124.91775,74.29275],[-121.53788,74.44893],[-120.10978,74.24135],[-117.55564,74.18577],[-115.51081,73.47519],[-116.76794,73.22292],[-119.22,72.52],[-120.46,71.82],[-120.46,71.3836]]],[[[-93.61276,74.98],[-94.15691,74.59235],[-95.60868,74.66686],[-96.82093,74.92762],[-96.28859,75.37783],[-94.85082,75.64722],[-93.97775,75.29649],[-93.61276,74.98]]],[[[-98.5,76.72],[-97.73558,76.25656],[-97.70441,75.74344],[-98.16,75],[-99.80874,74.89744],[-100.88366,75.05736],[-100.86292,75.64075],[-102.50209,75.5638],[-102.56552,76.3366],[-101.48973,76.30537],[-99.98349,76.64634],[-98.5,76.72]]],[[[-108.21141,76.20168],[-107.81943,75.84552],[-106.92893,76.01282],[-105.881,75.9694],[-105.70498,75.47951],[-106.31347,75.00527],[-109.7,74.85],[-112.22307,74.41696],[-113.74381,74.39427],[-113.87135,74.72029],[-111.79421,75.1625],[-116.31221,75.04343],[-117.7104,75.2222],[-116.34602,76.19903],[-115.40487,76.47887],[-112.59056,76.14134],[-110.81422,75.54919],[-109.0671,75.47321],[-110.49726,76.42982],[-109.5811,76.79417],[-108.54859,76.67832],[-108.21141,76.20168]]],[[[-94.68409,77.09788],[-93.57392,76.7763],[-91.60502,76.77852],[-90.74185,76.4496],[-90.96966,76.07401],[-89.82224,75.84777],[-89.18708,75.61017],[-86.37919,75.48242],[-84.78963,75.6992],[-82.75344,75.78432],[-81.12853,75.71398],[-80.05751,75.33685],[-79.83393,74.92313],[-80.45777,74.6573],[-81.94884,74.44246],[-83.22889,74.56403],[-86.09745,74.41003],[-88.15035,74.39231],[-89.76472,74.51556],[-92.42244,74.83776],[-92.76829,75.38682],[-92.88991,75.88266],[-93.89382,76.31924],[-95.96246,76.44138],[-97.12138,76.75108],[-96.74512,77.16139],[-94.68409,77.09788]]],[[[-116.19859,77.64529],[-116.33581,76.87696],[-117.10605,76.53003],[-118.04041,76.48117],[-119.89932,76.05321],[-121.5,75.90002],[-122.85493,76.11654],[-121.15754,76.86451],[-119.10394,77.51222],[-117.57013,77.49832],[-116.19859,77.64529]]],[[[-93.84,77.52],[-96.16965,77.55511],[-96.4363,77.83463],[-94.42258,77.82],[-93.84,77.52]]],[[[-110.18694,77.69701],[-112.05119,77.40923],[-113.53428,77.73221],[-112.72459,78.05105],[-111.26444,78.15296],[-109.85445,77.99632],[-110.18694,77.69701]]],[[[-109.66315,78.60197],[-110.88131,78.40692],[-112.54209,78.4079],[-111.50001,78.84999],[-109.66315,78.60197]]],[[[-95.83029,78.05694],[-97.30984,77.8506],[-98.12429,78.08286],[-98.55287,78.45811],[-98.63198,78.87193],[-96.7544,78.76581],[-95.55928,78.41831],[-95.83029,78.05694]]],[[[-100.06019,78.32475],[-99.67094,77.90754],[-101.30394,78.01898],[-102.94981,78.34323],[-105.17613,78.38033],[-104.21043,78.67742],[-105.41958,78.91834],[-105.49229,79.30159],[-103.52928,79.16535],[-100.82516,78.80046],[-100.06019,78.32475]]],[[[-87.02,79.66],[-85.81435,79.3369],[-87.18756,79.0393],[-89.03535,78.28723],[-90.80436,78.21533],[-92.87669,78.34333],[-93.95116,78.75099],[-93.93574,79.11373],[-93.14524,79.3801],[-94.974,79.37248],[-96.07614,79.70502],[-96.70972,80.15777],[-94.73542,81.20646],[-92.40984,81.25739],[-91.13289,80.72345],[-87.81,80.32],[-87.02,79.66]]],[[[-68.5,83.10632],[-63.68,82.9],[-61.85,82.6286],[-61.89388,82.36165],[-64.334,81.92775],[-66.75342,81.72527],[-65.48031,81.50657],[-67.84,80.9],[-69.4697,80.61683],[-71.18,79.8],[-73.2428,79.63415],[-73.88,79.43016],[-76.22046,79.01907],[-75.39345,78.52581],[-76.34354,78.18296],[-77.88851,77.89991],[-78.36269,77.50859],[-79.75951,77.20968],[-79.61965,76.98336],[-77.91089,77.02205],[-77.88911,76.77796],[-80.56125,76.17812],[-83.17439,76.45403],[-86.11184,76.29901],[-87.6,76.42],[-89.49068,76.47239],[-89.6161,76.95213],[-87.76739,77.17833],[-88.26,77.9],[-87.65,77.97022],[-84.97634,77.53873],[-86.34,78.18],[-87.96192,78.37181],[-87.15198,78.75867],[-85.37868,78.9969],[-85.09495,79.34543],[-86.50734,79.73624],[-86.93179,80.25145],[-84.19844,80.20836],[-83.4087,80.1],[-81.84823,80.46442],[-84.1,80.58],[-87.59895,80.51627],[-89.36663,80.85569],[-90.2,81.26],[-91.36786,81.5531],[-91.58702,81.89429],[-90.1,82.085],[-86.97024,82.27961],[-85.5,82.65227],[-84.26,82.6],[-82.42,82.86],[-79.30664,83.13056],[-76.25,83.17206],[-75.71878,83.06404],[-72.83153,83.23324],[-68.5,83.10632]]],[[[-71.71236,19.71446],[-71.5873,19.88491],[-70.80671,19.88029],[-70.21436,19.62289],[-69.95082,19.648],[-69.76925,19.29327],[-69.22213,19.31321],[-69.25435,19.0152],[-68.80941,18.97907],[-68.31794,18.6122],[-68.68932,18.20514],[-69.16495,18.42265],[-69.62399,18.38071],[-69.95293,18.42831],[-70.13323,18.24592],[-70.51714,18.18429],[-70.6693,18.42689],[-70.99995,18.28333],[-71.40021,17.59856],[-71.65766,17.75757],[-71.7083,18.045],[-72.37248,18.21496],[-72.84441,18.14561],[-73.45455,18.21791],[-73.92243,18.03099],[-74.45803,18.34255],[-74.36993,18.66491],[-73.44954,18.52605],[-72.69494,18.4458],[-72.33488,18.66842],[-72.79165,19.10163],[-72.7841,19.48359],[-73.41502,19.63955],[-73.18979,19.91568],[-72.57967,19.8715],[-71.71236,19.71446]]],[[[-77.5696,18.49053],[-76.89662,18.40087],[-76.36536,18.1607],[-76.19966,17.88687],[-76.90256,17.86824],[-77.20634,17.70112],[-77.76602,17.8616],[-78.33772,18.22597],[-78.21773,18.45453],[-77.79736,18.52422],[-77.5696,18.49053]]],[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-66.59993,17.98182],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-155.90806,19.33888],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.78505,20.2487],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-155.06226,19.8591],[-154.83147,19.45328],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.61258,21.01249],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.5962,22.23618],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-166.84834,59.94141],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-169.68251,63.43112],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-168.77194,63.1886],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]],[[[-82.26815,23.18861],[-81.40446,23.11727],[-80.61877,23.10598],[-79.67952,22.7653],[-79.28149,22.3992],[-78.34743,22.51217],[-77.9933,22.27719],[-76.52382,21.20682],[-76.19462,21.22057],[-75.59822,21.01662],[-75.67106,20.73509],[-74.9339,20.69391],[-74.17802,20.28463],[-74.29665,20.05038],[-74.96159,19.92344],[-75.63468,19.87377],[-76.32366,19.95289],[-77.75548,19.85548],[-77.08511,20.41335],[-77.49265,20.67311],[-78.13729,20.73995],[-78.48283,21.02861],[-78.71987,21.59811],[-79.285,21.55918],[-80.21748,21.82732],[-80.51753,22.03708],[-81.82094,22.19206],[-82.16999,22.38711],[-81.795,22.63696],[-82.7759,22.68815],[-83.49446,22.16852],[-83.9088,22.15457],[-84.05215,21.91058],[-84.54703,21.80123],[-84.97491,21.89603],[-84.44706,22.20495],[-84.23036,22.56575],[-83.26755,22.98304],[-82.51044,23.07875],[-82.26815,23.18861]]],[[[-77.53466,23.75975],[-77.78,23.71],[-78.03405,24.28615],[-78.40848,24.57564],[-78.19087,25.2103],[-77.89,25.17],[-77.54,24.34],[-77.53466,23.75975]]],[[[-77.82,26.58],[-78.91,26.42],[-78.98,26.79],[-78.51,26.87],[-77.85,26.84],[-77.82,26.58]]],[[[-77,26.59],[-77.17255,25.87918],[-77.35641,26.00735],[-77.34,26.53],[-77.78802,26.92516],[-77.79,27.04],[-77,26.59]]],[[[-61.68,10.76],[-61.105,10.89],[-60.895,10.855],[-60.935,10.11],[-61.77,10],[-61.95,10.09],[-61.66,10.365],[-61.68,10.76]]],[[[-46.76379,82.62796],[-43.40644,83.22516],[-39.89753,83.18018],[-38.62214,83.54905],[-35.08787,83.64513],[-27.10046,83.51966],[-20.84539,82.72669],[-22.69182,82.34165],[-31.9,82.2],[-31.39646,82.02154],[-27.85666,82.13178],[-24.84448,81.78697],[-22.90328,82.09317],[-22.07175,81.73449],[-23.16961,81.15271],[-20.62363,81.52462],[-15.76818,81.91245],[-12.77018,81.71885],[-12.20855,81.29154],[-16.28533,80.58004],[-17.73035,80.12912],[-19.70499,78.75128],[-19.67353,77.63859],[-18.47285,76.98565],[-20.03503,76.94434],[-21.67944,76.62795],[-19.83407,76.09808],[-19.59896,75.24838],[-20.66818,75.15585],[-19.37281,74.29561],[-21.59422,74.22382],[-20.43454,73.81713],[-20.76234,73.46436],[-22.17221,73.30955],[-23.56593,73.30663],[-22.31311,72.62928],[-22.29954,72.18409],[-24.27834,72.59788],[-24.79296,72.3302],[-23.44296,72.08016],[-22.13281,71.46898],[-21.75356,70.66369],[-23.53603,70.471],[-25.54341,71.43094],[-25.20135,70.75226],[-26.36276,70.22646],[-22.34902,70.12946],[-25.02927,69.2588],[-27.74737,68.47046],[-30.67371,68.12503],[-31.77665,68.12078],[-32.81105,67.73547],[-34.20196,66.67974],[-36.35284,65.9789],[-37.04378,65.93768],[-38.37505,65.69213],[-39.81222,65.45848],[-40.66899,64.83997],[-40.68281,64.13902],[-41.1887,63.48246],[-42.81938,62.68233],[-42.41666,61.90093],[-43.3784,60.09772],[-44.7875,60.03676],[-46.26364,60.85328],[-48.26294,60.85843],[-49.23308,61.40681],[-49.90039,62.38336],[-51.63325,63.62691],[-52.14014,64.27842],[-52.27659,65.1767],[-53.66166,66.09957],[-53.30161,66.8365],[-53.96911,67.18899],[-52.9804,68.35759],[-51.47536,68.72958],[-51.08041,69.14781],[-50.87122,69.9291],[-52.55792,69.42616],[-53.45629,69.28363],[-54.68336,69.61003],[-54.75001,70.28932],[-54.35884,70.82131],[-53.43131,70.83576],[-51.39014,70.56978],[-54.00422,71.54719],[-55,71.40654],[-55.83468,71.65444],[-54.71819,72.58625],[-55.32634,72.95861],[-56.12003,73.64977],[-57.32363,74.71026],[-58.59679,75.09861],[-58.58516,75.51727],[-61.26861,76.10238],[-63.39165,76.1752],[-68.50438,76.06141],[-69.66485,76.37975],[-71.40257,77.00857],[-68.77671,77.32312],[-66.76397,77.37595],[-71.04293,77.63595],[-73.297,78.04419],[-73.15938,78.43271],[-69.37345,78.91388],[-65.7107,79.39436],[-65.3239,79.75814],[-68.02298,80.11721],[-67.15129,80.51582],[-63.68925,81.21396],[-62.23444,81.3211],[-62.65116,81.77042],[-60.28249,82.03363],[-57.20744,82.19074],[-54.13442,82.19962],[-53.04328,81.88833],[-50.39061,82.43883],[-48.00386,82.06481],[-46.9007,82.19979],[-46.76379,82.62796]]]]}}]}","volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6835e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glaser, L.C.","contributorId":49298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glaser","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, I.K.","contributorId":17202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"I.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weseloh, D.V.C.","contributorId":35703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weseloh","given":"D.V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ludwig, J.","contributorId":106456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Windingstad, R. M.","contributorId":71124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windingstad","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Key, D.W.","contributorId":50870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bollinger, T.K.","contributorId":6392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70182769,"text":"70182769 - 1999 - Changes in proximate composition and somatic energy content for Pacific sand lance (<i>Ammodytes hexapterus</i>) from Kachemak Bay, Alaska relative to maturity and season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T17:13:02","indexId":"70182769","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2277,"text":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in proximate composition and somatic energy content for Pacific sand lance (<i>Ammodytes hexapterus</i>) from Kachemak Bay, Alaska relative to maturity and season","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mean dry-weight energy values of adult Pacific sand lance (</span><i>Ammodytes hexapterus</i><span>) peaked in spring and early summer (20.91 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> for males, 21.08 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> for females), then declined by about 25% during late summer and fall (15.91 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> for males, 15.74 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> for females). Late summer declines in energy density paralleled gonadal development. Gender differences in energy density (males&lt;females) were only apparent from August to October. Adult sand lance spawn in October, entering the winter with close to their minimum whole body energy content. Juvenile sand lance exhibited a relatively constant protein to lipid ratio until they reached 80 mm fork length. Thereafter, relative proportions of protein remained constant while lipid proportions increased significantly. Dry weight energy densities of juveniles increased from a minimum 16.67 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span> to a maximum of 19.68 kJg</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and (per g) are higher than adults in late summer. The seasonal food value of adult sand lance to predators varies markedly, but maximum energetic value coincides with important feeding periods for marine mammals, fish, and seabirds.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00102-1","usgsCitation":"Robards, M.D., Anthony, J.A., Rose, G.A., and Piatt, J.F., 1999, Changes in proximate composition and somatic energy content for Pacific sand lance (<i>Ammodytes hexapterus</i>) from Kachemak Bay, Alaska relative to maturity and season: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 242, no. 2, p. 245-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00102-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"258","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336339,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet, Kachemak Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.31396484375,\n              58.65979930575396\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.99658203125,\n              58.65979930575396\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.99658203125,\n              61.47026680312171\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.31396484375,\n              61.47026680312171\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.31396484375,\n              58.65979930575396\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"242","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a43e4b01ccd54ff3fce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, Jill A.","contributorId":18161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"Jill","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, George A.","contributorId":184159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rose","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1008122,"text":"1008122 - 1999 - Seroepidemiology of upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T13:28:39","indexId":"1008122","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seroepidemiology of upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise of California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Several factors have combined with an upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) to produce declines on some population numbers of desert tortoises (</span><i>Gopherus agassizii</i><span>) in the western USA. This study was designed to determine the seroepidemiology of URTD in a population of wild adult tortoises at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area (DTNA) study site in Kern County (California, USA). Prior to initiation of the study, there was a dramatic decline in the number of individuals in this population. At each individual time point, samples were obtained from 12 to 20 tortoises with radiotransmitters during winter, spring, summer, and fall from 1992 through 1995. During the course of the study, 35 animals were sampled at one or more times. Only 10 animals were available for consistent monitoring throughout the 4 yr period. Specific antibody (Ab) levels to </span><i>Mycoplasma agassizii</i><span> were determined for individual tortoises by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Specific Ab levels were not influenced by the gender of the tortoise. Levels of Ab and distribution of ELISA+, ELISA– and suspect animals were not consistently affected by season within a single year or for a season among the study years. Significantly more tortoises presented with clinical signs in 1992 and 1995. The profile of ELISA+ animals with clinical signs shifted from 5% (1992) to 42% (1995). In 1992, 52% of tortoises lacked clinical signs and were ELISA–. In 1995, this category accounted for only 19% of tortoises. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that URTD was present in this population as evidenced by the presence of ELISA+ individual animals, and that the infectious agent is still present as evidenced by seroconversion of previously ELISA– animals during the course of the study. There is evidence to suggest that animals may remain ELISA+ without showing overt disease, a clinical pattern consistent with the chronic nature of most mycoplasmal infections. Further, there are trends suggesting that the clinical expression of disease may be cyclical. Continued monitoring of this population could provide valuable information concerning the spread of URTD in wild tortoise populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-35.4.716","usgsCitation":"Brown, M., Berry, K.H., Schumacher, I.M., Nagy, K.A., Christopher, M.M., and Klein, P.A., 1999, Seroepidemiology of upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise of California: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 35, no. 4, p. 716-727, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.4.716.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"716","endPage":"727","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6ee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Mary B.","contributorId":48072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Mary B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schumacher, Isabella M.","contributorId":74718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumacher","given":"Isabella","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nagy, Kenneth A.","contributorId":174983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nagy","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christopher, Mary M.","contributorId":44473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christopher","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klein, Paul A.","contributorId":44085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1000498,"text":"1000498 - 1999 - Testing and extension of a sea lamprey feeding model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T12:47:30","indexId":"1000498","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing and extension of a sea lamprey feeding model","docAbstract":"<p><span>A previous model of feeding by sea lamprey&nbsp;</span><i>Petromyzon marinus</i><span>&nbsp;predicted energy intake and growth by lampreys as a function of lamprey size, host size, and duration of feeding attachments, but it was applicable only to lampreys feeding at 10&deg;C and it was tested against only a single small data set of limited scope. We extended the model to other temperatures and tested it against an extensive data set (more than 700 feeding bouts) accumulated during experiments with captive sea lampreys. Model predictions of instantaneous growth were highly correlated with observed growth, and a partitioning of mean squared error between model predictions and observed results showed that 88.5% of the variance was due to random variation rather than to systematic errors. However, deviations between observed and predicted values varied substantially, especially for short feeding bouts. Predicted and observed growth trajectories of individual lampreys during multiple feeding bouts during the summer tended to correspond closely, but predicted growth was generally much higher than observed growth late in the year. This suggests the possibility that large overwintering lampreys reduce their feeding rates while attached to hosts. Seasonal or size-related shifts in the fate of consumed energy may provide an alternative explanation. The lamprey feeding model offers great flexibility in assessing growth of captive lampreys within various experimental protocols (e.g., different host species or thermal regimes) because it controls for individual differences in feeding history.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0403:TAEOAS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cochran, P.A., Swink, W.D., and Kinziger, A.P., 1999, Testing and extension of a sea lamprey feeding model: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 3, p. 403-413, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0403:TAEOAS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"413","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bdbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cochran, Philip A.","contributorId":39745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swink, William D.","contributorId":60586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swink","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kinziger, Andrew P.","contributorId":14356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinziger","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70181824,"text":"70181824 - 1999 - Hybridization and the phylogenetic relationship between polecats and domestic ferrets in Britain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T14:34:36","indexId":"70181824","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hybridization and the phylogenetic relationship between polecats and domestic ferrets in Britain","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ferrets (</span><i>Mustela furo</i><span>) were domesticated from polecats (</span><i>M. putorius, M. eversmannii</i><span>) over 2000 years ago. Following their introduction to Britain, they escaped and hybridized with native European polecats (</span><i>M. putorius</i><span>). Native polecats declined to the point of near extinction prior to World War I, but have recently begun to expand from a Welsh refugium. Concern has arisen as to the extent of polecat/ferret introgression, and in particular, whether the expanding population is of mainly hybrid origin. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA sequencing was used to investigate polecat genetic diversity in Britain. Two geographically distinct lineages were found, where one may be ancestral to the British polecat, and the other to the domestic ferret. The ancestral distribution of each lineage, or assortative mating is sufficient to explain the observed pattern. A further comparison between the distribution of the polecat phenotype and mitochondrial haplotype implies that the current population expansion may be mediated by dispersing male polecats hybridizing with female feral ferrets. However, the wild source of the ferret remains obscure. Relatively recent speciation from European mink (</span><i>M. lutreola</i><span>) and black-footed ferrets (</span><i>M. nigripes</i><span>), and/or the effects of hybridization result in an unresolved molecular phylogeny.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00067-6","usgsCitation":"Davison, A., Birks, J.D., Griffiths, H.I., Kitchener, A., Biggins, D., and Butlin, R.K., 1999, Hybridization and the phylogenetic relationship between polecats and domestic ferrets in Britain: Biological Conservation, v. 87, no. 2, p. 155-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00067-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a4253ae4b0c825128ad47a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davison, A.","contributorId":181582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davison","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Birks, J. D. S.","contributorId":181583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Birks","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffiths, H. I.","contributorId":181584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffiths","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kitchener, A. C.","contributorId":181585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kitchener","given":"A. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Biggins, D.","contributorId":79823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Butlin, R. K.","contributorId":181586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butlin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1000855,"text":"1000855 - 1999 - Mortality of unionid bivalves (Mollusca) associated with Dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis) in Presque Isle Bay, Lake Erie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T10:54:35","indexId":"1000855","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2898,"text":"Northeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality of unionid bivalves (Mollusca) associated with Dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis) in Presque Isle Bay, Lake Erie","docAbstract":"<p>Two exotic species of dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis) began to colonize bottom substrates in Presque Isle Bay, Lake Erie in 1990. By 1991, all native unionid (Unionidae) shells were infested by dreissenids. In 1990 and 1991, about 500 individual unionids of 15 species were collected: in 1992, 246 individuals of 12 species were collected; in 1993, 64 individuals of 6 species; in 1994, three individuals of three species; and in 1995, no unionids were found. In general, infestation indices of unionids were relatively low in 1990 and 1991, increased in 1992, and decreased in 1993. Mortality of unionids associated with infestation in the bay occurred in a shorter period of time (ca. two to three years) than has been documented in other water bodies. Observations in an area of Presque Isle not included in the present study, indicate that a small remnant population of unionids exists in the presence of heavily-colonized substrates by dreissenid mussels. Since other shallow-water areas of Lake Erie support infestation-free unionids in the presence of dreissenid mussels, it is hoped that some unionids will survive in Presque Isle Bay of Lake Erie.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Eagle Hill Institute","doi":"10.2307/3858274","usgsCitation":"Schloesser, D.W., and Masteller, E.C., 1999, Mortality of unionid bivalves (Mollusca) associated with Dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis) in Presque Isle Bay, Lake Erie: Northeastern Naturalist, v. 6, no. 4, p. 341-352, https://doi.org/10.2307/3858274.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"352","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4764","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schloesser, Don W.","contributorId":21485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masteller, Edwin C.","contributorId":79073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masteller","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008105,"text":"1008105 - 1999 - Impacts of brown-headed cowbird parasitism on productivity of the endangered least Bell's vireo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:37","indexId":"1008105","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of brown-headed cowbird parasitism on productivity of the endangered least Bell's vireo","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., 1999, Impacts of brown-headed cowbird parasitism on productivity of the endangered least Bell's vireo: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 18, p. 160-166.","productDescription":"p. 160-166","startPage":"160","endPage":"166","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f8636","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1008146,"text":"1008146 - 1999 - How environmental stress affects the impacts of parasites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:36","indexId":"1008146","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How environmental stress affects the impacts of parasites","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., and Kuris, A.M., 1999, How environmental stress affects the impacts of parasites: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 44, p. 564-590.","productDescription":"p. 564-590","startPage":"564","endPage":"590","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bd4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, K. D.","contributorId":58213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lafferty","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuris, A. M.","contributorId":62164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuris","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1016561,"text":"1016561 - 1999 - [Book review] Range Plant Identification, by United States Forest Service","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-02T16:02:24","indexId":"1016561","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Range Plant Identification, by United States Forest Service","docAbstract":"Review of: Range plant identification. United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 1979. Washington, D.C.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prairie Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"United States Forest Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Igl, L., 1999, [Book review] Range Plant Identification, by United States Forest Service: Prairie Naturalist, v. 31, p. 57-57.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c599","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Igl, L.D. 0000-0003-0530-7266","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":13568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003592,"text":"1003592 - 1999 - Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-26T14:30:07","indexId":"1003592","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3499,"text":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Glaser, L., and Creekmore, T., 1999, Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report: Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 35, no. 3, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -180.17578125,\n              17.14079039331665\n            ],\n            [\n              -180.17578125,\n              72.71190310803662\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.7421875,\n              72.71190310803662\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.7421875,\n              17.14079039331665\n            ],\n            [\n              -180.17578125,\n              17.14079039331665\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ab12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glaser, L.","contributorId":81051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glaser","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Creekmore, T.","contributorId":74335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creekmore","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008084,"text":"1008084 - 1999 - Predatory bird populations in the East Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:27","indexId":"1008084","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1853,"text":"Great Basin Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predatory bird populations in the East Mojave Desert, California","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Basin Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., Camp, R., Boarman, W., and Knight, H., 1999, Predatory bird populations in the East Mojave Desert, California: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 59, p. 331-338.","productDescription":"p. 331-338","startPage":"331","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eaf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.L.","contributorId":105661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Camp, R.J.","contributorId":89097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Camp","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boarman, W.I.","contributorId":73523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boarman","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knight, H.A.L.","contributorId":9617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"H.A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}