{"pageNumber":"3395","pageRowStart":"84850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184914,"records":[{"id":70021438,"text":"70021438 - 1999 - Trench investigation along the Merida section of the Bocono fault (central Venezuelan Andes), Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021438","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trench investigation along the Merida section of the Bocono fault (central Venezuelan Andes), Venezuela","docAbstract":"The Bocono fault is a major NE-SW-trending, dextral fault that extends for about 500 km along the backbone of the Venezuelan Andes. Several large historical earthquakes in this region have been attributed to the Bocono fault, and some of these have been recently associated with specific parts through paleoseismologic investigations. A new trench study has been performed, 60 km to the northeast of Merida in the central Venezuelan Andes, where the fault forms a releasing bend, comprising two conspicuous late Holocene fault strands that are about 1 km apart. The southern and northern strands carry about 70% and 30% (respectively) of the 7-10 mm/yr net slip rate measured in this sector, which is based on a 40 vs. 85-100 m right-lateral offset of the Late Pleistocene Los Zerpa moraines. A trench excavated on the northern strand of the fault (near Morros de los Hoyos, slightly northeast of Apartaderos) across a twin shutter ridge and related sag pond exposed two main fault zones cutting Late Pleistocene alluvial and Holocene peat deposits. Each zone forms a shutter ridge with peat deposits ponded against the uplifted block. The paleoearthquake reconstruction derived from this trench allow us to propose the occurrence of at least 6-8 earthquakes in the past 9000 yr, yielding a maximum average recurrence interval of about 1100-1500 yr. Based on the northern strands average slip rate (2.6 mm/yr), such as earthquake sequence should have accommodated about 23 m of slip since 9 ka, suggesting that the maximum slip per event ranges between 3 and 4 m. No direct evidence for the large 1812 earthquake has been found in the trench, although this earthquake may have ruptured this section of the fault. Further paleoseismic studies will investigate the possibility that this event occurred in the Bocono fault, but ruptured mainly its southern strand in this region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00085-2","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Audemard, F., Pantosti, D., Machette, M., Costa, C., Okumura, K., Cowan, H., Diederix, H., and Ferrer, C., 1999, Trench investigation along the Merida section of the Bocono fault (central Venezuelan Andes), Venezuela: Tectonophysics, v. 308, no. 1-2, p. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00085-2.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206291,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00085-2"},{"id":229314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"308","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7c1e4b08c986b32746e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Audemard, F.","contributorId":87709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Audemard","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pantosti, D.","contributorId":66013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pantosti","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Machette, M.","contributorId":35892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Costa, C.","contributorId":92819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Okumura, K.","contributorId":90060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okumura","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cowan, H.","contributorId":84936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Diederix, H.","contributorId":59575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diederix","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ferrer, C.","contributorId":43520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70021440,"text":"70021440 - 1999 - Dietary effects of metals-contaminated invertebrates from the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, on cutthroat trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-14T14:14:18","indexId":"70021440","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dietary effects of metals-contaminated invertebrates from the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, on cutthroat trout","docAbstract":"Benthic macroinvertebrates with elevated concentrations of metals were collected from the Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River, Idaho, pasteurized, and fed to cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki in the laboratory from start of feeding until 90 d posthatch. Invertebrates were collected from two sites known to contain elevated concentrations of metals: near Pinehurst in the South Fork of the CDA River and at Cataldo, approximately 5 km below the confluence of the South Fork and the North Fork. Invertebrates collected from a relatively clean site in the North Fork were used as a reference diet. We performed measurements of fish health that indicate reduced fitness of fish fed the South Fork and Cataldo diets. Effects measured were reduced feeding activity, increased number of macrophage aggregates and hyperplasia of cells in the kidney, degeneration of mucosal epithelium in the pyloric caecae, and metallothionein induction. These effects would likely reduce growth and survival of fish in the wild. Vacuolization of glial cells were also observed in fish fed the Cataldo diet. Metals in the water often exacerbated the histological effects observed. Although the invertebrates collected near Cataldo had lower concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) than the invertebrates from the South Fork, fish fed the Cataldo diet had equally high or higher concentrations of all metals except as by day 44. The Cataldo diet also caused the most deleterious effects on survival and growth. These findings are especially important for early life stage fish, whose diet consists wholly of benthic macroinvertebrates. Therefore, fish feeding on invertebrates in the CDA River below the Bunker Hill smelting complex are at risk of reduced fitness.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0578:DEOMCI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Farag, A., Woodward, D.F., Brumbaugh, W., Goldstein, J., MacConnell, E., Hogstrand, C., and Barrows, F., 1999, Dietary effects of metals-contaminated invertebrates from the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, on cutthroat trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 4, p. 578-592, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0578:DEOMCI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"578","endPage":"592","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00dde4b0c8380cd4f971","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farag, A.M.","contributorId":106273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, D. F.","contributorId":85645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumbaugh, W.","contributorId":20104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldstein, J.N.","contributorId":105454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"MacConnell, Elizabeth","contributorId":7861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacConnell","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hogstrand, Christer","contributorId":22926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogstrand","given":"Christer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barrows, F.T.","contributorId":94998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrows","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70021529,"text":"70021529 - 1999 - Applications and issues of GIS as tool for civil engineering modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021529","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2230,"text":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applications and issues of GIS as tool for civil engineering modeling","docAbstract":"A tool that has proliferated within civil engineering in recent years is geographic information systems (GIS). The goal of a tool is to supplement ability and knowledge that already exists, not to serve as a replacement for that which is lacking. To secure the benefits and avoid misuse of a burgeoning tool, engineers must understand the limitations, alternatives, and context of the tool. The common benefits of using GIS as a supplement to engineering modeling are summarized. Several brief case studies of GIS modeling applications are taken from popular civil engineering literature to demonstrate the wide use and varied implementation of GIS across the discipline. Drawing from the case studies, limitations regarding traditional GIS data models find the implementation of civil engineering models within current GIS are identified and countered by discussing the direction of the next generation of GIS. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential for the misuse of GIS in the context of engineering modeling and suggests that this potential can be reduced through education and awareness. The goal of this paper is to promote awareness of the issues related to GIS-based modeling and to assist in the formulation of questions regarding the application of current GIS. The technology has experienced much publicity of late, with many engineers being perhaps too excited about the usefulness of current GIS. An undoubtedly beneficial side effect of this, however, is that engineers are becoming more aware of GIS and, hopefully, the associated subtleties. Civil engineers must stay informed of GIS issues and progress, but more importantly, civil engineers must inform the GIS community to direct the technology development optimally.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1999)13:3(144)","issn":"08873801","usgsCitation":"Miles, S., and Ho, C., 1999, Applications and issues of GIS as tool for civil engineering modeling: Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, v. 13, no. 3, p. 144-152, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1999)13:3(144).","startPage":"144","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206229,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1999)13:3(144)"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecc2e4b0c8380cd4947c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, S.B.","contributorId":68908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ho, C.L.","contributorId":49544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021528,"text":"70021528 - 1999 - Moment tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70021528","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 1997","docAbstract":"Moment tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 218 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 1997.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00061-8","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., Bufe, C., and Zirbes, M., 1999, Moment tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 1997: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 114, no. 3-4, p. 109-117, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00061-8.","startPage":"109","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206217,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00061-8"},{"id":229138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d3be4b0c8380cd7024b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zirbes, M.D.","contributorId":27620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zirbes","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021527,"text":"70021527 - 1999 - Metastatic cancer in the Jurassic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70021527","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2595,"text":"Lancet","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metastatic cancer in the Jurassic","docAbstract":"Recognition of cancer in extreme antiquity has been limited to osteomas in mosasaurs and haemangiomas and growths of unclear origin in dinosaurs. We describe a metastatic cancer in a dinosaur.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Lancet","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01019-3","issn":"01406736","usgsCitation":"Rothschild, B., Witzke, B., and Hershkovitz, I., 1999, Metastatic cancer in the Jurassic: Lancet, v. 354, no. 9176, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01019-3.","startPage":"398","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206216,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01019-3"},{"id":229137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"354","issue":"9176","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a550de4b0c8380cd6d0f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rothschild, B.M.","contributorId":10184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rothschild","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Witzke, B.J.","contributorId":12976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hershkovitz, I.","contributorId":58796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershkovitz","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021526,"text":"70021526 - 1999 - Stratigraphic framework of Holocene volcaniclastic deposits, Akutan Volcano, east-central Aleutian Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70021526","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic framework of Holocene volcaniclastic deposits, Akutan Volcano, east-central Aleutian Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"Akutan Volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian arc, but until recently little was known about its history and eruptive character. Following a brief but sustained period of intense seismic activity in March 1996, the Alaska Volcano Observatory began investigating the geology of the volcano and evaluating potential volcanic hazards that could affect residents of Akutan Island. During these studies new information was obtained about the Holocene eruptive history of the volcano on the basis of stratigraphic studies of volcaniclastic deposits and radiocarbon dating of associated buried soils and peat. A black, scoria-bearing, lapilli tephra, informally named the 'Akutan tephra,' is up to 2 m thick and is found over most of the island, primarily east of the volcano summit. Six radiocarbon ages on the humic fraction of soil A-horizons beneath the tephra indicate that the Akutan tephra was erupted approximately 1611 years B.P. At several locations the Akutan tephra is within a conformable stratigraphic sequence of pyroclastic-flow and lahar deposits that are all part of the same eruptive sequence. The thickness, widespread distribution, and conformable stratigraphic association with overlying pyroclastic-flow and lahar deposits indicate that the Akutan tephra likely records a major eruption of Akutan Volcano that may have formed the present summit caldera. Noncohesive lahar and pyroclastic-flow deposits that predate the Akutan tephra occur in the major valleys that head on the volcano and are evidence for six to eight earlier Holocene eruptions. These eruptions were strombolian to subplinian events that generated limited amounts of tephra and small pyroclastic flows that extended only a few kilometers from the vent. The pyroclastic flows melted snow and ice on the volcano flanks and formed lahars that traveled several kilometers down broad, formerly glaciated valleys, reaching the coast as thin, watery, hyperconcentrated flows or water floods. Slightly cohesive lahars in Hot Springs valley and Long valley could have formed from minor flank collapses of hydrothermally altered volcanic bedrock. These lahars may be unrelated to eruptive activity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004450050268","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., 1999, Stratigraphic framework of Holocene volcaniclastic deposits, Akutan Volcano, east-central Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 3, p. 141-161, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050268.","startPage":"141","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206215,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050268"},{"id":229136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9907e4b08c986b31c1ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021525,"text":"70021525 - 1999 - Evaluating adequacy of the representative stream reach used in invertebrate monitoring programs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-31T11:05:11.984419","indexId":"70021525","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating adequacy of the representative stream reach used in invertebrate monitoring programs","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Selection of a representative stream reach is implicitly or explicitly recommended in many biomonitoring protocols using benthic invertebrates. We evaluated the adequacy of sampling a single stream reach selected on the basis of its appearance. We 1st demonstrated the precision of our within-reach sampling. Then we sampled 3 or 4 reaches (each ∼20× mean width) within an 8-16 km segment on each of 8 streams in 3 ecoregions and calculated 4 common metrics: 1) total taxa; 2) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa; 3) biotic index; and 4) Shannon's diversity index. In only 6% of possible cases was the coefficient of variation for any of the metrics reduced &gt;10% by sampling additional reaches. Sampling a 2nd reach on a stream improved the ability to detect impairment by an average of only 9.3%. Sampling a 3rd reach on a stream additionally improved ability to detect impairment by only 4.5%. We concluded that a single well-chosen reach, if adequately sampled, can be representative of an entire stream segment, and sampling additional reaches within a segment may not be cost effective.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468466","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Rabeni, C., Wang, N., and Sarver, R., 1999, Evaluating adequacy of the representative stream reach used in invertebrate monitoring programs: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 18, no. 2, p. 284-291, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468466.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"284","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bdae4b0c8380cd528ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rabeni, C.F.","contributorId":67823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabeni","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, N.","contributorId":81615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sarver, R.J.","contributorId":58795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarver","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021441,"text":"70021441 - 1999 - Diffuse-flow hydrothermal field in an oceanic fracture zone setting, Northeast Pacific: Deposit composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T20:43:42","indexId":"70021441","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1613,"text":"Exploration and Mining Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffuse-flow hydrothermal field in an oceanic fracture zone setting, Northeast Pacific: Deposit composition","docAbstract":"This is the first reported occurrence of an active hydrothermal field in an oceanic fracture zone setting. The hydrothermal field occurs in a pull-apart basin within the Blanco Fracture Zone (BFZ), which has four distinct mineral deposit types: (1) barite mounds and chimneys, (2) barite stockwork breccia, (3) silica-barite beds, and (4) silica, barite, and Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide in sediments. All deposit types contain minor amounts of sulfides. In barite stockwork, silica-barite beds, and mineralized sediment, Ba, Ph, Ag, S, Au, Zn, Cu, Hg, TI, As, Mo, Sb, U, Cd, and Cu are enriched relative to unmineralized rocks and sediments of the BFZ. Fe and Mn are not enriched in the barite stockwork or silica-barite beds, but along with P, Co, and Mg are enriched in the mineralized sediments. Silver contents in deposits of the hydrothermal field range up to 86 ppm, gold to 0.7 ppm, zinc to 3.2%, copper to 0.8%, and barium to 22%. Mineralization occurred by diffuse, low to intermediate temperature (mostly <250??C) discharge of hydrothermal fluids through pillow lavas and ponds of mixed volcaniclastic and biosiliceous sediments. Bacterial mats were mineralized by silica, barite, and minor Fe hydroxides, or less commonly, by Mn oxyhydroxides. Pervasive mineralization of bacterial mats resulted in formation of silica-barite beds. Silica precipitated from hydrothermal fluids by conductive cooling and mixing with seawater. Sulfate, U, and rare earth elements (REEs) in barite were derived from seawater, whereas the REE content of hydrothermal silica deposits and mineralized sediments is associated with the aluminosilicate detrital fraction. Fe-, Zn-, Cu-, Pb-, and Hg-sulfide minerals, Ba in barite, and Eu in all mineralized deposits were derived from hydrothermal fluids. Manganese oxides and associated elements (Co, Sb, Mo, W, Cl, and Cu) and Fe oxides and associated elements (Be, B, P, and Mo) precipitated as the result of mixing of hydrothermal fluids with seawater. ?? 2001 Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Exploration and Mining Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"09641823","usgsCitation":"Hein, J., Koski, R., Embley, R., Reid, J., and Chang, S., 1999, Diffuse-flow hydrothermal field in an oceanic fracture zone setting, Northeast Pacific: Deposit composition: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 8, no. 3-4, p. 299-322.","startPage":"299","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010fe4b0c8380cd4fa9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koski, R.A.","contributorId":16006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Embley, R.W.","contributorId":28616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Embley","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reid, J.","contributorId":42542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chang, S.-W.","contributorId":36015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"S.-W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021445,"text":"70021445 - 1999 - Beaded-chain collars: A new method to radiotag kangaroo rats for short-term studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021445","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beaded-chain collars: A new method to radiotag kangaroo rats for short-term studies","docAbstract":"To study burrow use by small mammals, we needed to develop a simple, non-invasive radiotag for the endangered giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens). We designed and tested a radiocollar made of beaded-chain on 4 captive Heermann's kangaroo rats (D. heermanii). Attachment of the collar required no anesthesia, the collar was easily fitted in 1-2 minutes, and it caused minimal stress to the animals. Once the collar design and attachment technique were perfected on the surrogate animals, we fitted radiocollars on 48 giant kangaroo rats for about 15 days. Upon recapture, 12 animals showed some minor fur or skin abrasion on the neck. Overall, the attachment performed as expected and proved to be a reliable method to radiotrack kangaroo rats during our short-term field study.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Harker, M., Rathbun, G.B., and Langtimm, C., 1999, Beaded-chain collars: A new method to radiotag kangaroo rats for short-term studies: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 2, p. 314-317.","startPage":"314","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f034e4b0c8380cd4a650","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harker, M.B.","contributorId":38843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harker","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langtimm, C.A. 0000-0001-8499-5743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":71133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langtimm","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021447,"text":"70021447 - 1999 - Health status of a recently discovered population of feral swine in Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-02T11:19:38.980555","indexId":"70021447","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Health status of a recently discovered population of feral swine in Kansas","docAbstract":"<div class=\"div0\"><div class=\"row ArticleContentRow\"><p id=\"ID0EF\" class=\"first\">Twenty feral hogs (<span class=\"genus-species\">Sus scrofa</span>) from a newly discovered population on Fort Riley Army Base (Kansas, USA) were shot and examined from November 1993 through February 1994 to assess the health of the population. The hogs were generally healthy, although serologic evidence indicated that some individuals had been exposed to parvovirus, enterovirus, and swine influenza. We found no indications of brucellosis, pseudorabies, or porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome. Lung worms (<span class=\"genus-species\">Metastrongylus</span><span>&nbsp;</span>spp.), round worms (<span class=\"genus-species\">Ascaris suum</span>), and whipworms (<span class=\"genus-species\">Trichuris suis</span>) were found in nine, four and two of the hogs, respectively. Seven hogs had infestations of lice (<span class=\"genus-species\">Haematopinus suis</span>). Fence-line contacts were documented between four wild boars and domestic sows, and in three cases wild boars entered pens containing domestic sows. We recommend that hogs be examined periodically from this and other wild populations to monitor health status since new animals may enter populations through deliberate translocation, escape from shooting preserves or domestic swine producers, or dispersal from other feral populations.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-35.3.624","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Gipson, P.S., Veatch, J., Matlack, R., and Jones, D., 1999, Health status of a recently discovered population of feral swine in Kansas: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 35, no. 3, p. 624-627, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.3.624.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"624","endPage":"627","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fe1e4b0c8380cd5d181","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gipson, P. S.","contributorId":70136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gipson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veatch, J.K.","contributorId":66015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veatch","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matlack, R.S.","contributorId":13769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matlack","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, D.P.","contributorId":8631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021472,"text":"70021472 - 1999 - A possible link between Balkan endemic nephropathy and the leaching of toxic organic compounds from Pliocene lignite by groundwater: Preliminary investigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021472","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A possible link between Balkan endemic nephropathy and the leaching of toxic organic compounds from Pliocene lignite by groundwater: Preliminary investigation","docAbstract":"Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a fatal kidney disease that is known to occur only in clusters of villages in alluvial valleys of tributaries of the Danube River in Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bosnia, and Croatia. The confinement of this disease to a specific geographic area has led to speculation that an environmental factor may be involved in the etiology of BEN. Numerous environmental factors have been suggested as causative agents for producing BEN, including toxic metals in drinking water, metal deficiency in soils of BEN areas, and environmental mycotoxins to name a few. These hypotheses have either been disproved or have failed to conclusively demonstrate a connection to the etiology of BEN, or the clustering of BEN villages. In previous work, we observed a distinct geographic relationship between the distribution of Pliocene lignites in the Balkans and BEN villages. We hypothesized that the long-term consumption of well water containing toxic organic compounds derived from the leaching of nearby Pliocene lignites by groundwater was a primary factor in the etiology of BEN. In our current work, chemical analysis using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13CNMR) spectroscopy indicated a high degree of organic functionality in Pliocene lignite from the Balkans, and suggested that groundwater can readily leach organic matter from these coal beds. Semi-quantitative gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis of solvent extracts of groundwater from shallow wells in BEN villages indicated the presence of potentially toxic aromatic compounds, such as napthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene at concentrations in the ppb range. Laboratory leaching of Balkan Pliocene lignites with distilled water yielded soluble organic matter (> 500 MW) containing large amounts of aromatic structures similar to the simple/discrete aromatic compounds detected in well water from BEN villages. These preliminary results are permissive of our hypothesis and suggest that further work on the possible relationship between the etiology of BEN and toxic aromatic substances leached from Pliocene lignites in well water is warranted.A distinct geographic relationship between the distribution of Pliocene lignites in the Balkans and villages where Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) occurs has been observed, indicating a possible link between BEN and the long-term consumption of well water containing toxic organic compounds derived from the leaching of nearby Pliocene lignites. Preliminary investigations by NMR spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy and leaching experiments show a high degree of organic functionality in the Pliocene lignites, high-leachability by groundwater of organic matter from these beds, and the presence of toxic aromatic compounds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00071-8","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Orem, W., Feder, G.L., and Finkelman, R.B., 1999, A possible link between Balkan endemic nephropathy and the leaching of toxic organic compounds from Pliocene lignite by groundwater: Preliminary investigation: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 40, no. 2-3, p. 237-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00071-8.","startPage":"237","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206324,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00071-8"},{"id":229425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e4e4b0c8380cd469da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feder, G. L.","contributorId":79508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feder","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021474,"text":"70021474 - 1999 - Manatee response to boating activity in a thermal refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-04T14:47:24","indexId":"70021474","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manatee response to boating activity in a thermal refuge","docAbstract":"<p>Thermal refuges are important for the endangered Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) during winter cold periods in temperate latitudes. However, little research has examined impacts on manatees from human disturbance during these critical periods. We studied the effect of recreational boating activity on manatee use of established sanctuaries in the natural thermal refuge created by warm-water springs in Kings Bay, Crystal River, Florida. We examined the relationship among manatee use of the study area and sanctuaries, temperature, and level of boating activity. Manatees continued to use the Bay regardless of the number of boats present; however, their use of sanctuaries in the southern portion of the Bay increased (P&lt;0.001) as number of boats increased. Temperature, as expected, was inversely related to manatee use of the study area. Human activity patterns were variable, with significantly greater numbers of boats in the study area on weekends (x??=32.7, SE=2.71) than on weekdays (x??=10.7, SE=1.23). We concluded that recreational boating influenced manatee distribution, sanctuaries are important to manatees in Kings Bay, and sanctuaries are an effective management tool to reduce the impact of boating activities on manatees.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Buckingham, C., Lefebvre, L., Schaefer, J., and Kochman, H., 1999, Manatee response to boating activity in a thermal refuge: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 2, p. 514-522.","startPage":"514","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313243,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783921"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ca1e4b0c8380cd69dad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buckingham, C.A.","contributorId":22928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckingham","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lefebvre, L.W.","contributorId":78268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefebvre","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaefer, J.M.","contributorId":39963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kochman, H. I.","contributorId":88296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochman","given":"H. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2001091,"text":"2001091 - 1999 - Miscellaneous chemical toxins","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001091,"text":"2001091 - 1999 - Miscellaneous chemical toxins","indexId":"2001091","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Miscellaneous chemical toxins"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:30:30","indexId":"2001091","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Miscellaneous chemical toxins","docAbstract":"<p>The previous chapters provide information about some of the chemical toxins that have lethal effects on wild birds. The material presented in Section 7, Chemical Toxins, is far from comprehensive because wild birds are poisoned by a wide variety of toxic substances. Also, monitoring of wild bird mortality is not yet organized so that diagnostic findings can be extended to reflect the relative impacts among the types of toxins, within populations, or among species, geographic areas, and time. The data that are available are not collectively based on random sampling, nor do specimen collection and submission follow methodical assessment methods. Instead, most data simply document individual bird poisoning events. The inherent biases in this information include the species of birds observed dead (large birds in open areas are more likely to be observed dead than small forest birds); the species of birds likely to be submitted for analysis (bald eagles are more likely to be submitted than house sparrows); collection sites (agricultural fields are more likely to be observed than urban environments); geographic area of the country; season; reasons for submissions; and other variables. Nevertheless, findings from individual events reflect the causes of mortality associated with those events and collectively identify chemical toxins that repeatedly cause bird mortalities which result in carcass collection and sub</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Miscellaneous chemical toxins: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"353","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15554,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=363","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021501,"text":"70021501 - 1999 - GIS characterization of spatially distributed lifeline damage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021501","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3520,"text":"Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Monograph","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"GIS characterization of spatially distributed lifeline damage","docAbstract":"This paper describes the visualization of spatially distributed water pipeline damage following an earthquake using geographical information systems (GIS). Pipeline damage is expressed as a repair rate (RR). Repair rate contours are developed with GIS by dividing the study area into grid cells (n ?? n), determining the number of particular pipeline repairs in each grid cell, and dividing the number of repairs by the length of that pipeline in each cell area. The resulting contour plot is a two-dimensional visualization of point source damage. High damage zones are defined herein as areas with an RR value greater than the mean RR for the entire study area of interest. A hyperbolic relationship between visual display of high pipeline damage zones and grid size, n, was developed. The relationship is expressed in terms of two dimensionless parameters, threshold area coverage (TAC) and dimensionless grid size (DGS). The relationship is valid over a wide range of different map scales spanning approximately 1,200 km2 for the largest portion of the Los Angeles water distribution system to 1 km2 for the Marina in San Francisco. This relationship can aid GIS users to get sufficiently refined, but easily visualized, maps of damage patterns.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Monograph","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1999 5th U.S. Conference on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering: Optimazing Post-Earthquake Lifeline System Reliability","conferenceDate":"12 August 1999 through 14 August 1999","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","usgsCitation":"Toprak, S., O’Rourke, T.D., and Tutuncu, I., 1999, GIS characterization of spatially distributed lifeline damage: Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Monograph, no. 16, p. 110-119.","startPage":"110","endPage":"119","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1467e4b0c8380cd54a0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toprak, Selcuk","contributorId":57230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toprak","given":"Selcuk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Rourke, Thomas D. D.","contributorId":17393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Rourke","given":"Thomas","suffix":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tutuncu, Ilker","contributorId":95220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tutuncu","given":"Ilker","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021500,"text":"70021500 - 1999 - Surface seismic measurements of near-surface P-and S-wave seismic velocities at earthquake recording stations, Seattle, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-26T16:30:55.620236","indexId":"70021500","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface seismic measurements of near-surface P-and S-wave seismic velocities at earthquake recording stations, Seattle, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>We measured&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>- and&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>-wave seismic velocities to about 40-m depth using seismic-refraction/reflection data on the ground surface at 13 sites in the Seattle, Washington, urban area, where portable digital seismographs recently recorded earthquakes. Sites with the lowest measured V</span><sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">s</span></sub><span>&nbsp;correlate with highest ground motion amplification. These sites, such as at Harbor Island and in the Duwamish River industrial area (DRIA) south of the Kingdome, have an average V</span><sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">s</span></sub><span>&nbsp;in the upper 30 m (V¯</span><sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">s30</span></sub><span>) of 150 to 170 m/s. These values of V¯</span><sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">s30</span></sub><span>&nbsp;place these sites in soil profile type E (V¯</span><sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">s30</span></sub><span>&nbsp;&lt; 180 m/s). A “rock” site, located at Seward Park on Tertiary sedimentary deposits, has a V¯</span><sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">s30</span></sub><span>&nbsp;of 433 m/s, which is soil type C (V¯</span><sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">s30</span></sub><span>: 360 to 760 m/s). The Seward Park site V¯</span><sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">s30</span></sub><span>&nbsp;is about equal to, or up to 200 m/s slower than sites that were located on till or glacial outwash. High-amplitude&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>- and&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>-wave seismic reflections at several locations appear to correspond to strong resonances observed in earthquake spectra. An&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>-wave reflector at the Kingdome at about 17 to 22 m depth probably causes strong 2-Hz resonance that is observed in the earthquake data near the Kingdome.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Publications","doi":"10.1193/1.1586059","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.A., Stephenson, W.J., Frankel, A., and Odum, J.K., 1999, Surface seismic measurements of near-surface P-and S-wave seismic velocities at earthquake recording stations, Seattle, Washington: Earthquake Spectra, v. 15, no. 3, p. 565-584, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586059.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"584","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.46630692838912,\n              47.85061625161839\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.46630692838912,\n              47.42606865799539\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.11212927636791,\n              47.42606865799539\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.11212927636791,\n              47.85061625161839\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.46630692838912,\n              47.85061625161839\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fbee4b08c986b31e7e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021499,"text":"70021499 - 1999 - Environmental influences on potential recruitment of pink shrimp, <i>Fatlantopenaeus duorarum</i>, from Florida Bay nursery grounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T09:29:05","indexId":"70021499","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental influences on potential recruitment of pink shrimp, <i>Fatlantopenaeus duorarum</i>, from Florida Bay nursery grounds","docAbstract":"<p>Two modeling approaches were used to explore the basis for variation in recruitment of pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum, to the Tortugas fishing grounds. Emphasis was on development and juvenile densities on the nursery grounds. An exploratory simulation modeling exercise demonstrated large year-to-year variations in recruitment contributions to the Tortugas rink shrimp fishery may occur on some nursery grounds, and production may differ considerably among nursery grounds within the same year, simply on the basis of differences in temperature and salinity. We used a growth and survival model to simulate cumulative harvests from a July-centered cohort of early-settlement-stage postlarvae from two parts of Florida Bay (western Florida Bay and northcentral Florida Bay), using historic temperature and salinity data from these areas. Very large year-to-year differences in simulated cumulative harvests were found for recruits from Whipray Basin. Year-to-year differences in simulated harvests of recruits from Johnson Key Basin were much smaller. In a complementary activity, generalized linear and additive models and intermittent, historic density records were used to develop an uninterrupted multi-year time series of monthly density estimates for juvenile rink shrimp in the Johnson Key Basin. The developed data series was based on relationships of density with environmental variables. The strongest relationship was with sea-surface temperature. Three other environmental variables (rainfall, water level at Everglades National Park Well P35, and mean wind speed) also contributed significantly to explaining variation in juvenile densities. Results of the simulation model and two of the three statistical models yielded similar interannual patterns for Johnson Key Basin. While it is not possible to say that one result validates the other, the concordance of the annual patterns from the two models is supportive of both approaches.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1353213","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Browder, J.A., Restrepo, V., Rice, J., Robblee, M., and Zein-Eldin, Z., 1999, Environmental influences on potential recruitment of pink shrimp, <i>Fatlantopenaeus duorarum</i>, from Florida Bay nursery grounds: Estuaries, v. 22, no. 2, p. 484-499, https://doi.org/10.2307/1353213.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"484","endPage":"499","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09d2e4b0c8380cd5209e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browder, Joan A.","contributorId":7439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browder","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Restrepo, V.R.","contributorId":41612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Restrepo","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rice, J.K.","contributorId":100563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robblee, M. B.","contributorId":23879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zein-Eldin, Z.","contributorId":79651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zein-Eldin","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021498,"text":"70021498 - 1999 - Liquefaction evidence for at least two strong Holocene paleo-earthquakes in central and southwestern Illinois, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T14:59:55.98453","indexId":"70021498","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquefaction evidence for at least two strong Holocene paleo-earthquakes in central and southwestern Illinois, USA","docAbstract":"<div id=\"13869257\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Two strong mid-Holocene earthquakes in Illinois have been documented by paleoliquefaction features such as clastic dikes, sills, and detachments of fine-grained sediment that sunk into liquefied sand. At least one paleo-earthquake occurred in central Illinois about 35 km NE of Springfield, probably sometime between 5,900 and 7,400 yr BP. Dike widths are as much as 0.4 m near the energy center of the earthquake. Outward from this center, dike widths attenuate and ultimately disappear at about 35 km. More than one paleo-earthquake is probably represented by liquefaction features near Springfield. Another paleo-earthquake that appears to have been centered about 65 km ESE of St. Louis, Missouri, occurred near 5,700 yr BP. The energy center is inferred as being in Illinois, and most likely near lowermost Shoal Creek where the meizoseismal region is defined by dikes as wide as 0.5 m and by a regional abundance of dikes. Dikes from this earthquake probably extend at least as far as 35 km from its inferred energy center. The earthquake near Shoal Creek and one earthquake near Springfield almost certainly exceeded M 6. The paleomagnitudes can be more closely bracketed by geotechnical testing and analysis, when used in conjunction with existing data.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.V.2.133","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"McNulty, W., and Obermeier, S., 1999, Liquefaction evidence for at least two strong Holocene paleo-earthquakes in central and southwestern Illinois, USA: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 5, no. 2, p. 133-146, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.V.2.133.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.54129948104905,\n              39.03100140066468\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.54129948104905,\n              36.81266780363755\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.28934635604875,\n              36.81266780363755\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.28934635604875,\n              39.03100140066468\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.54129948104905,\n              39.03100140066468\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47ece4b0c8380cd67aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNulty, W.E.","contributorId":59832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNulty","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021497,"text":"70021497 - 1999 - Reassessment of ice-age cooling of the tropical ocean and atmosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021497","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reassessment of ice-age cooling of the tropical ocean and atmosphere","docAbstract":"The CLIMAP project's reconstruction of past sea surface temperature inferred limited ice-age cooling in the tropical oceans. This conclusion has been controversial, however, because of the greater cooling indicated by other terrestrial and ocean proxy data. A new faunal sea surface temperature reconstruction, calibrated using the variation of foraminiferal species through time, better represents ice-age faunal assemblages and so reveals greater cooling than CLIMAP in the equatorial current systems of the eastern Pacific and tropical Atlantic oceans. Here we explore the climatic implications of this revised sea surface temperature field for the Last Glacial Maximum using an atmospheric general circulation model. Relative to model results obtained using CLIMAP sea surface temperatures, the cooler equatorial oceans modify seasonal air temperatures by 1-2??C or more across parts of South America, Africa and southeast Asia and cause attendant changes in regional moisture patterns. In our simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum, the Amazon lowlands, for example, are cooler and drier, whereas the Andean highlands are cooler and wetter than the control simulation. Our results may help to resolve some of the apparent disagreements between oceanic and continental proxy climate data. Moreover, they suggest a wind-related mechanism for enhancing the export of water vapour from the Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific oceans, which may link variations in deep-water production and high-latitude climate changes to equatorial sea surface temperatures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/21401","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., and Mix, A., 1999, Reassessment of ice-age cooling of the tropical ocean and atmosphere: Nature, v. 399, no. 6737, p. 673-676, https://doi.org/10.1038/21401.","startPage":"673","endPage":"676","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206277,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/21401"},{"id":229281,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"399","issue":"6737","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95bee4b0c8380cd81bee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mix, A.C.","contributorId":31139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mix","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2001085,"text":"2001085 - 1999 - Euthanasia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001085,"text":"2001085 - 1999 - Euthanasia","indexId":"2001085","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Euthanasia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T11:28:59","indexId":"2001085","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Euthanasia","docAbstract":"<p>Euthanasia means to cause humane death. Some current euthanasia techniques may become unacceptable over time and be replaced by new techniques as more data are gathered and evaluated. The following information and recommendations are based largely on the 1993 report of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Panel on Euthanasia. The recommendations in the panel report were intended to serve as guidelines, and they require the use of professional judgement for specific situations. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of those persons carrying out euthanasia to assure that it is done in the most humane manner possible.</p><p><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., 1999, Euthanasia: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15543,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=61","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021496,"text":"70021496 - 1999 - Removal of organic contaminant toxicity from sediments - Early work toward development of a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T10:49:05","indexId":"70021496","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Removal of organic contaminant toxicity from sediments - Early work toward development of a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) method","docAbstract":"<p><span>Work was performed to determine the feasibility of selectively detoxifying organic contaminants in sediments. The results of this research will be used to aid in the development of a scheme for whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs). The context in which the method will be used inherently restricts the treatments to which the sediments can be subjected: Sediments cannot be significantly altered physically or chemically and the presence and bioavailabilities of other toxicants must not be changed. The methodological problem is daunting because of the requirement that the detoxification method be relatively fast and convenient together with the stipulation that only innocuous and minimally invasive treatments be used. Some of the experiments described here dealt with degrees of decontamination (i.e., detoxification as predicted from instrumental measurements) of spiked sediments rather than with degrees of detoxification as gauged by toxicity tests (e.g., 48-h toxicity tests with amphipods). Although the larger TIE scheme itself is mostly outside the scope of this paper, theoretical aspects of bioavailability and of the desorption of organic contaminants from sediments are discussed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00003-X","issn":"00456535","usgsCitation":"Lebo, J., Huckins, J., Petty, J.D., and Ho, K., 1999, Removal of organic contaminant toxicity from sediments - Early work toward development of a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) method: Chemosphere, v. 39, no. 3, p. 389-406, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00003-X.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"406","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206260,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00003-X"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa72fe4b0c8380cd8528c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lebo, J.A.","contributorId":65533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebo","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huckins, J.N.","contributorId":62553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petty, J. D.","contributorId":86722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petty","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ho, K.T.","contributorId":40747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021495,"text":"70021495 - 1999 - Trace-element concentrations in streambed sediment across the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:37:29","indexId":"70021495","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace-element concentrations in streambed sediment across the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"<p>Trace-element concentrations in 541 streambed-sediment samples collected from 20 study areas across the conterminous United States were examined as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Sediment samples were sieved and the &lt;63-μm fraction was retained for determination of total concentrations of trace elements. Aluminum, iron, titanium, and organic carbon were weakly or not at all correlated with the nine trace elements examined:  arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. Four different methods of accounting for background/baseline concentrations were examined; however, normalization was not required because field sieving removed most of the background differences between samples. The sum of concentrations of trace elements characteristic of urban settings - copper, mercury, lead, and zinc - was well correlated with population density, nationwide. Median concentrations of seven trace elements (all nine examined except arsenic and selenium) were enriched in samples collected from urban settings relative to agricultural or forested settings. Forty-nine percent of the sites sampled in urban settings had concentrations of one or more trace elements that exceeded levels at which adverse biological effects could occur in aquatic biota.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/es990052s","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., 1999, Trace-element concentrations in streambed sediment across the conterminous United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 15, p. 2499-2504, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990052s.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2499","endPage":"2504","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"geometry\": {\n      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           34.02778\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.081,\n                34.078\n              ],\n              [\n                -119.43884,\n                34.34848\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.36778,\n                34.44711\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.62286,\n                34.60855\n              ],\n              [\n                -120.74433,\n                35.15686\n              ],\n              [\n                -121.71457,\n                36.16153\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.54747,\n                37.55176\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.51201,\n                37.78339\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.95319,\n                38.11371\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.7272,\n                38.95166\n              ],\n              [\n                -123.86517,\n                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         ],\n              [\n                -123.12,\n                48.04\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.58736,\n                47.096\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.34,\n                47.36\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.5,\n                48.18\n              ],\n              [\n                -122.84,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -120,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -117.03121,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -116.04818,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -113,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -110.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -107.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.04826,\n                48.99986\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.65,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.22872,\n                49.0007\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15907,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15609,\n                49.38425\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ]\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb67ce4b08c986b326cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021494,"text":"70021494 - 1999 - The Zapot pegmatite mineral county","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021494","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2749,"text":"Mineralogical Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Zapot pegmatite mineral county","docAbstract":"The Zapot pegmatite is currently being mined for mineral specimens (chiefly amazonite, topaz and smoky quartz in miarolitic cavities), for gemstones (topaz and smoky quartz) and for decorative rock (amazonite). The deposit is owned and operated by Harvey Gordon Minerals of Reno, Nevada, and is the only amazonite-topaz mining operation in the state. Thousands of specimens from this operation have reached the collector market.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogical Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00264628","usgsCitation":"Foord, E., Soregaroli, A., and Gordon, H., 1999, The Zapot pegmatite mineral county: Mineralogical Record, v. 30, no. 4, p. 277-292.","startPage":"277","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba997e4b08c986b322380","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soregaroli, A.E.","contributorId":10944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soregaroli","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, H.M.","contributorId":73765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021475,"text":"70021475 - 1999 - The types of data needed for assessing the environmental and human health impacts of coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021475","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The types of data needed for assessing the environmental and human health impacts of coal","docAbstract":"Coal is one of the most important sources of energy. Its worldwide use will continue to expand during the next several decades, particularly in rapidly developing countries such as China and India. Unfortunately, coal use may bring with it environmental and human health costs. Many of the environmental and health problems attributed to coal combustion are due to mobilization of potentially toxic elements. Some of these problems could be minimized or even avoided if comprehensive databases containing appropriate coal quality information were available to decision makers so that informed decisions could be made regarding coal use. Among the coal quality parameters that should be included in these databases are: C, H, N, O, pyritic sulfur, organic sulfur, major, minor, and trace element concentrations, modes of occurrence of environmentally sensitive elements, cleanability, mineralogy, organic chemistry, petrography, and leachability.Coal is one of the most important sources of energy. Its worldwide use will continue to expand during the next several decades, particularly in rapidly developing countries such as China and India. Unfortunately, coal use may bring with it environmental and human health costs. Many of the environmental and health problems attributed to coal combustion are due to mobilization of potentially toxic elements. Some of these problems could be minimized or even avoided if comprehensive databases containing appropriate coal quality information were available to decision makers so that informed decisions could be made regarding coal use. Among the coal quality parameters that should be included in these databases are: C, H, N, O, pyritic sulfur, organic sulfur, major, minor, and trace element concentrations, modes of occurrence of environmentally sensitive elements, cleanability, mineralogy, organic chemistry, petrography, and leachability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00061-5","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., and Gross, P., 1999, The types of data needed for assessing the environmental and human health impacts of coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 40, no. 2-3, p. 91-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00061-5.","startPage":"91","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206353,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00061-5"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb145e4b08c986b32529f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gross, P.M.K.","contributorId":99725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"P.M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70194270,"text":"70194270 - 1999 - Long-term consequences of disturbance on nitrogen dynamics in an arid ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T11:31:39","indexId":"70194270","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term consequences of disturbance on nitrogen dynamics in an arid ecosystem","docAbstract":"<p>Anthropogenic activity is causing dramatic changes in the nitrogen (N) cycle in many ecosystems. Most research has focused on the increase in N input caused by atmospheric deposition and invasion of N-fixing species, and on their effects on resource availability and species composition. However, in contrast to many ecosystems experiencing large increases in N input, many arid ecosystems are experiencing loss of nutrients due to land-use change. An important component of many arid ecosystems on a worldwide basis is the microbiotic crust, a biological soil crust composed of lichens, cyanobacteria, mosses, and algae. Nitrogen fixation by lichens and cyanobacteria comprising the crust is the primary source of N input in many of these ecosystems. We quantified the long-term consequences of surface disturbance in an arid ecosystem on the Colorado Plateau by comparing pristine sites with those of known disturbance history. Disturbance caused an increase in the abundance of cyanobacteria and a decrease in lichens within the microbiotic crust. Carbon isotope composition (δ<sup>13</sup>C) of the crust reflects this shift in species composition; values for disturbed sites were 4.5‰ higher than undisturbed sites. Nitrogen isotope composition (δ<sup>15</sup>N) of the microbiotic crust was 1.5–2.2‰ higher for disturbed sites, probably resulting from relatively greater gaseous N loss from the crust. Historic disturbance has caused a long-term decrease in rates of N fixation by the microbiotic crust; nitrogenase activity in pristine sites was 250% greater than sites intermittently disturbed 30 yr ago. The decrease in N input from fixation and continued gaseous N loss has caused a 25–75% decrease in soil N content. Altering relative rates of N input and loss, coupled with input of N from microbiotic crusts with relatively higher δ<sup>15</sup>N, has caused an increase in soil and plant δ<sup>15</sup>N at disturbed sites. This decrease in soil N caused by disturbance will likely cause changes in species composition similar to those observed in ecosystems that have been disrupted by excess N input from atmospheric deposition.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ESA","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0150:LTCODO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Evans, R., and Belnap, J., 1999, Long-term consequences of disturbance on nitrogen dynamics in an arid ecosystem: Ecology, v. 80, no. 1, p. 150-160, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0150:LTCODO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"160","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349187,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6124f0e4b06e28e9c25c5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, R.D.","contributorId":48735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70194271,"text":"70194271 - 1999 - Range-wide impact of brown-headed cowbird parasitism on the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T11:46:41","indexId":"70194271","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Range-wide impact of brown-headed cowbird parasitism on the southwestern willow flycatcher (<i>Empidonax traillii extimus</i>)","title":"Range-wide impact of brown-headed cowbird parasitism on the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus)","docAbstract":"<p>We present datasets from long-term studies of brood parasitism of Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (<i>Empidonax traillii extimus</i>) populations at the South Fork Kern River (SFKR), California, the Grand Canyon, Arizona, and from other intensive flycatcher studies in Arizona. In the two main study areas, we recorded high parasitism rates for the flycatcher. We found that 75 % of Willow Flycatcher nests failed completely when parasitized and that an extremely low percentage of Willow Flycatcher eggs survived to fledging in parasitized nests (11% vs. 47% in unparasitized nests). Our data show that cowbird parasitism also delayed the fledging of young flycatchers. However, contrary to our expectations, we did not find a significant difference between the return rates of “early” versus “late” fledged birds. To evaluate how important cowbird parasitism is to the population decline of the endangered Southwestern Willow Flycatcher, we reviewed the current level of parasitism on this species throughout its range in six states using a large number of datasets from different sites. We also reviewed the historic pattern of increase in Brown-headed Cowbird (<i>Molothrus ater</i>) populations in the southwest between 1872-1997 using both nest record and egg collections and documentary evidence. Given the level of impacts to flycatcher productivity inflicted by cowbird parasitism that we observed at SFKR and Grand Canyon, it is likely that cowbirds played a role historically in reducing many local Southwestern Willow Flycatcher populations. Also, cowbirds continue to play a role in slowing or preventing the recovery of this subspecies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Whitfield, M.J., and Sogge, M.K., 1999, Range-wide impact of brown-headed cowbird parasitism on the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus): Studies in Avian Biology, v. 18, p. 182-190.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"182","endPage":"190","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6124f0e4b06e28e9c25c5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitfield, Mary J.","contributorId":174933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitfield","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sogge, Mark K. 0000-0002-8337-5689 mark_sogge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-5689","contributorId":3710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogge","given":"Mark","email":"mark_sogge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}