{"pageNumber":"3396","pageRowStart":"84875","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184914,"records":[{"id":70021572,"text":"70021572 - 1999 - Bird communities of natural and modified habitats in Panama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T15:37:59.793749","indexId":"70021572","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bird communities of natural and modified habitats in Panama","docAbstract":"

Only a small proportion of land can realistically be protected as nature reserves and thus conservation efforts also must focus on the ecological value of agroecosystems and developed areas surrounding nature reserves. In this study, avian communities were surveyed in 11 habitat types in central Panama, across a gradient from extensive forest to intensive agricultural land uses, to examine patterns of species richness and abundance and community composition. Wooded habitats, including extensive and fragmented forests, shade coffee plantations, and residential areas supported the most species and individuals. Nearctic-Neotropical migratory species were most numerous in lowland forest fragments, shade coffee, and residential areas. Introduced Pinus caribbea and sugar cane plantations supported the fewest species compared to all other habitats. Cattle pastures left fallow for less than two years supported more than twice as many total species as actively grazed pastures, such that species richness in fallow pastures was similar to that found in wooded habitats. Community similarities were relatively low among all habitat types (none exceeding the observed 65% similarity between extensive and fragmented lowland forests), but communities in shade coffee and residential areas were 43% and 54′% similar to lowland forest fragments, respectively. Fallow pastures and residential areas shared 60% of their species. Bird communities in shade coffee and residential areas were characterized by higher proportions of frugivorous and nectarivorous species than in native forests. These same guilds also were better represented in fallow than in grazed pastures. Raptors and piscivorous species were most prevalent in cattle pastures and rice fields. These results, though based upon only species richness and abundance, demonstrate that many human-altered habitats have potential ecological value for birds, and conservation efforts in tropical areas should focus greater attention on enhancement of agricultural and developed lands as wildlife habitat. To understand the true conservation value of these modified lands will require examination not only of numbers but also of the types of species supported by these habitats, their reproductive output and survival rates.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00505.x","usgsCitation":"Petit, L.J., Petit, D.R., Christian, D.G., and Powell, H.D., 1999, Bird communities of natural and modified habitats in Panama: Ecography, v. 22, no. 3, p. 292-304, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00505.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"292","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229249,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Panama","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.8333,\n 9.1667\n ],\n [\n -80.8333,\n 8.4833\n ],\n [\n -79.3833,\n 8.4833\n ],\n [\n -79.3833,\n 9.1667\n ],\n [\n -80.8333,\n 9.1667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1aae4b0c8380cd4ad86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petit, L. J.","contributorId":22053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petit, D. R.","contributorId":97865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petit","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christian, D. G.","contributorId":20102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christian","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powell, Hugo D. W.","contributorId":43298,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"Hugo","email":"","middleInitial":"D. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021629,"text":"70021629 - 1999 - Utility of EXAFS in characterization and speciation of mercury-bearing mine wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T16:55:11.011611","indexId":"70021629","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2473,"text":"Journal of Synchrotron Radiation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Utility of EXAFS in characterization and speciation of mercury-bearing mine wastes","docAbstract":"Extensive mining of large mercury deposits located in the California Coast Range has resulted in mercury contamination of both the local environment and water supplies. The solubility, dispersal, and ultimate fate of mercury are all affected by its chemical speciation, which can be most readily determined in a direct fashion using EXAFS spectroscopy. EXAFS spectra of mine wastes collected from several mercury mines in the California Coast Range with mercury concentrations ranging from 230 to 1060 mg/kg (ppm) have been analyzed using a spectral database of mercury minerals and sorbed mercury complexes. While some calcines have been found to consist almost exclusively of mercuric sulfide, HgS, others contain additional, more soluble mercury phases, indicating a greater potential for the release of mercury into solution. This experimental approach can provide a quantitative measurement of the mercury compounds present and may serve as an indicator of the bioavailability and toxicity levels of mercury mine wastes.","language":"English","publisher":"Scripts","doi":"10.1107/S0909049598016197","issn":"09090495","usgsCitation":"Kim, C., Rytuba, J.J., and Brown, G.E., 1999, Utility of EXAFS in characterization and speciation of mercury-bearing mine wastes: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, v. 6, no. 3, p. 648-650, https://doi.org/10.1107/S0909049598016197.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"648","endPage":"650","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479557,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107/s0909049598016197","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229551,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0cbe4b08c986b32a309","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, C.S.","contributorId":54365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rytuba, J. J.","contributorId":83082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Gordon E. Jr.","contributorId":10166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021492,"text":"70021492 - 1999 - Birth of a fault: Connecting the Kern County and Walker Pass, California, earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T10:40:38","indexId":"70021492","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Birth of a fault: Connecting the Kern County and Walker Pass, California, earthquakes","docAbstract":"

A band of seismicity transects the southern Sierra Nevada range between the northeastern end of the site of the 1952 MW (moment magnitude) 7.3 Kern County earthquake and the site of the 1946 MW 6.1 Walker Pass earthquake. Relocated earthquakes in this band, which lacks a surface expression, better delineate the northeast-trending seismic lineament and resolve complex structure near the Walker Pass mainshock. Left-lateral earthquake focal planes are rotated counterclockwise from the strike of the seismic lineament, consistent with slip on shear fractures such as those observed in the early stages of fault development in laboratory experiments. We interpret this seismic lineament as a previously unrecognized, incipient, currently blind, strike-slip fault, a unique example of a newly forming structure.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0601:BOAFCT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Bawden, G.W., Michael, A., and Kellogg, L., 1999, Birth of a fault: Connecting the Kern County and Walker Pass, California, earthquakes: Geology, v. 27, no. 7, p. 601-604, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0601:BOAFCT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"604","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1cee4b0c8380cd4ae2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bawden, Gerald W. gbawden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawden","given":"Gerald","email":"gbawden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kellogg, L.H.","contributorId":86511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021483,"text":"70021483 - 1999 - Dendrochronology and late Holocene history of Bering piedmont glacier, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021483","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dendrochronology and late Holocene history of Bering piedmont glacier, Alaska","docAbstract":"Fluctuations of the piedmont lobe of Bering Glacier and its sublobe Steller Glacier over the past two millennia are reconstructed using 34 radiocarbon dates and tree-ring data from 16 sites across the glaciers' forelands. The general sequence of glacial activity is consistent with well-dated fluctuations of tidewater and land-terminating glaciers elsewhere along the Gulf of Alaska. Extensive forested areas along 25 km of the Bering ice margin were inundated by glacio-lacustrine and glacio-fluvial sediments during a probable ice advance shortly before 500 cal yr A.D. Regrowth of forests followed the retreating ice as early as the 7th century A.D., with frequent interruptions of tree growth due to outwash aggradation. Forests overrun by ice and buried in outwash indicate readvance about 1080 cal yr A.D. Retreat followed, with ice-free conditions maintained along the distal portions of the forefield until the early 17th century after which the ice advanced to within a few kilometers of its outer Neoglacial moraine. Ice reached this position after the mid-17th century and prior to 200 yr ago. Since the early 20th century, glacial retreat has been punctuated by periodic surges. The record from forests overrun by the nonsurging Steller Lobe shows that this western ice margin was advancing by 1250 A.D., reaching near its outer moraine after 1420 cal yr A.D. Since the late 19th century, the lobe has dominantly retreated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2054","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Wiles, G., Post, A., Muller, E., and Molnia, B.F., 1999, Dendrochronology and late Holocene history of Bering piedmont glacier, Alaska: Quaternary Research, v. 52, no. 2, p. 185-195, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2054.","startPage":"185","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206391,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2054"},{"id":229615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe94e4b0c8380cd4ede2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiles, G.C.","contributorId":40364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiles","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, A.","contributorId":51033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Post","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller, E.H.","contributorId":35350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Molnia, B. F.","contributorId":29386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021746,"text":"70021746 - 1999 - Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the iron mountain superfund site, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T07:57:24","indexId":"70021746","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the iron mountain superfund site, California","docAbstract":"The Richmond Mine of the Iron Mountain copper deposit contains some of the most acid mine waters ever reported. Values of pH have been measured as low as -3.6, combined metal concentrations as high as 200 g/liter, and sulfate concentrations as high as 760 g/liter. Copious quantities of soluble metal sulfate salts such as melanterite, chalcanthite, coquimbite, rhomboclase, voltaite, copiapite, and halotrichite have been identified, and some of these are forming from negative-pH mine waters. Geochemical calculations show that, under a mine-plugging remediation scenario, these salts would dissolve and the resultant 600,000-m3 mine pool would have a pH of 1 or less and contain several grams of dissolved metals per liter, much like the current portal effluent water. In the absence of plugging or other at-source control, current weathering rates indicate that the portal effluent will continue for approximately 3,000 years. Other remedial actions have greatly reduced metal loads into downstream drainages and the Sacramento River, primarily by capturing the major acidic discharges and routing them to a lime neutralization plant. Incorporation of geochemical modeling and mineralogical expertise into the decision-making process for remediation can save time, save money, and reduce the likelihood of deleterious consequences.","language":"English","publisher":"PNAS","doi":"10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., and Alpers, C.N., 1999, Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the iron mountain superfund site, California: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 96, no. 7, p. 3455-3462, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3455","endPage":"3462","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479538,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/34288","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206236,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455"}],"volume":"96","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a643be4b0c8380cd72945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021728,"text":"70021728 - 1999 - Reef and nonreef aquifers - A comparison of hydrogeology and geochemistry, northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T00:58:55.179932","indexId":"70021728","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reef and nonreef aquifers - A comparison of hydrogeology and geochemistry, northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"

The principal bedrock aquifer system across much of Indiana consists of carbonate rocks of Silurian and Devonian age. The Silurian-Devonian aquifer system is used extensively for irrigation in northwestern Indiana and is approximately 170 m thick. Reef and nonreef carbonate aquifers in northwestern Indiana were assessed using hydrogeology (lithology, geophysical logs, aquifer tests) and geochemistry (major ions and stable isotopes).

The study showed differences in water quantity and quality between the reef and nonreef aquifers. The reef aquifer had few shales, abundant fossiliferous material (up to 100 m thick), and high porosities (10 to 15%). The nonreef aquifer had abundant shales, less fossiliferous material (a few meters thick), and low porosities. Total transmissivities at the reef sites were 697 m2/d, (meters squared per day) and 4831 m2/d, compared to 46 m2/d at the nonreef site. Flowpaths in the nonreef aquifer were associated with fractures and poorly connected moldic porosity with larger fractures and better connected vuggy porosity in the reef aquifer. Water chemistry data for the nonreef aquifer showed mean concentrations of sodium (235 mg/L [milligrams per liter]), sulfate (160 mg/L), sul-fide (13 mg/L), fluoride (2.7 mg/L), and dissolved solids (635 mg/L) approximately two to five times larger when compared to mean concentrations in the reef aquifer. Ground water at the nonreef site was classified as a sodium-bicarbonate type while that at the reef sites was calcium-magnesium bicarbonate. The oxygen/deuterium isotope data indicates recharge from modern precipitation and not Pleistocene-age recharge.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00974.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Schnoebelen, D., and Krothe, N., 1999, Reef and nonreef aquifers - A comparison of hydrogeology and geochemistry, northwestern Indiana: Groundwater, v. 37, no. 2, p. 194-203, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00974.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"194","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a417e4b0e8fec6cdba3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schnoebelen, D.J.","contributorId":98352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krothe, N.C.","contributorId":76378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krothe","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021651,"text":"70021651 - 1999 - Strategies for ensuring global consistency/comparability of water-quality data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021651","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Strategies for ensuring global consistency/comparability of water-quality data","docAbstract":"In the past 20 years the water quality of the United States has improved remarkably-the waters are safer for drinking, swimming, and fishing. However, despite many accomplishments, it is still difficult to answer such basic questions as: 'How clean is the water?' and 'How is it changing over time?' These same questions exist on a global scale as well. In order to focus water-data issues in the United States, a national Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality (ITFM) was initiated for public and private organizations, whereby key elements involved in data collection, analysis, storage, and management could be made consistent and comparable. The ITFM recommended and its members are implementing a nationwide strategy to improve water-quality monitoring, assessment, and reporting activities. The intent of this paper is to suggest that a voluntary effort be initiated to ensure the comparability and utility of hydrological data on a global basis. Consistent, long-term data sets that are comparable are necessary in order to formulate ideas regarding regional and global trends in water quantity and quality. The author recommends that a voluntary effort similar to the ITFM effort be utilized. The strategy proposed would involve voluntary representation from countries and international organizations (e.g. World Health Organization) involved in drinking-water assessments and/or ambient water-quality monitoring. Voluntary partnerships such as this will improve curability to reduce health risks and achieve a better return on public and private investments in monitoring, environmental protection, and natural resource management, and result in a collaborative process that will save millions of dollars.In this work it is suggested that a voluntary effort be initiated to ensure the comparability and utility of hydrological data on a global basis. The strategy proposed would involve voluntary representation from countries and international organizations involved in drinking-water assessments and/or ambient water-quality monitoring.","largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","conferenceTitle":"The 2nd International Symposium on Assessing and Managing Health Risks from Drinking Water Contamination: Approaches and Applications","conferenceDate":"7 September 1998 through 10 September 1998","conferenceLocation":"Santiago, Chile","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX, United States","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Klein, J., 1999, Strategies for ensuring global consistency/comparability of water-quality data, in IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 260, Santiago, Chile, 7 September 1998 through 10 September 1998.","startPage":"175","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98b8e4b08c986b31c109","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, J.M.","contributorId":44550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021628,"text":"70021628 - 1999 - The chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of the George Ashley Block pegmatite body","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021628","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of the George Ashley Block pegmatite body","docAbstract":"The George Ashley Block (GAB) is a rockslide block located in the Pala pegmatite district of Southern California. It is layered, asymmetric, pocket containing, and peraluminous. The GAB consists of quartz (42 vol%), Na-rich plagioclase (27%), potassium feldspar (24%), muscovite (7%), Mn-rich garnet (2%), biotite (1%), and a trace of tourmaline and gahnite. It contains only small amounts of the incompatible elements that characterize differentiated pegmatite bodies. P2O5, MnO, and F are present in amounts of < 1 wt% each; B, Be, Ce, Li, Nb, Nd, and Th are < 100 ppm each. More than 90% of the garnet grains in the GAB are zoned toward Mn-rich rims, and a symmetrical change in garnet-core composition occurs across the body. The mean X site contents for garnet (in at%) are 57% Fe, 40% Mn, 3.1% Mg, and 0.4% Ca. The Mn contents of garnet range from 30 to 55 at%; Fe contents vary inversely with Mn and range from about 66 to 43 at%. It is concluded that the bulk chemistry yields little information about fractionation, but the garnet, muscovite, and biotite mineral chemistry is more useful. There may have been two separate injections of magma to form the GAB.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Kleck, W., and Foord, E., 1999, The chemistry, mineralogy, and petrology of the George Ashley Block pegmatite body: American Mineralogist, v. 84, no. 5-6, p. 695-707.","startPage":"695","endPage":"707","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa32e4b08c986b32275e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleck, W.D.","contributorId":79764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleck","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021709,"text":"70021709 - 1999 - A geographic analysis of the status of mountain lions in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021709","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geographic analysis of the status of mountain lions in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The geographic distribution of sightings and sign of mountain lions (Puma concolor) in Oklahoma was investigated. Mail survey questionnaires were sent to natural resource professionals throughout Oklahoma to gather temporal and spatial information on sightings of mountain lions from 1985 to 1995. We used a geographic information system (GIS) to compare locations of sightings and sign in the state with ecoregions, deer harvest, human population densities, locations of licensed owners and breeders of mountain lions, and generalized topography. Sightings and sign of mountain lions occurred significantly more often in the Central Rolling Red Plains than elsewhere in the state. Sightings of mountain lions increased with total deer harvest statewide (R2=0.828, P<0.001). Numbers of sightings of mountain lions were correlated negatively with density of the human population (R2=0.885, P=0.017). Surveys are a valuable method to assess the status of rare wildlife species when other methods are not available and when those receiving the survey are qualified.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Pike, J., Shaw, J., Leslie, D., and Shaw, M., 1999, A geographic analysis of the status of mountain lions in Oklahoma: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 1, p. 4-11.","startPage":"4","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3f9e4b0c8380cd46323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, J.R.","contributorId":48034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaw, J.H.","contributorId":87261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaw, M.G.","contributorId":103529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021656,"text":"70021656 - 1999 - Caffeine and pharmaceuticals as indicators of waste water contamination in wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T01:01:34.634745","indexId":"70021656","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Caffeine and pharmaceuticals as indicators of waste water contamination in wells","docAbstract":"

The presence of caffeine or human Pharmaceuticals in ground water with elevated nitrate concentrations can provide a clear, unambiguous indication that domestic waste water is a source of some of the nitrate. Water from domestic, public supply, and monitoring wells in three communities near Reno, Nevada, was sampled to test if caffeine or Pharmaceuticals are common, persistent, and mobile enough in the environment that they can be detected in nitrate-contaminated ground water and, thus, can be useful indicators of recharge from domestic waste water. Results of this study indicate that these compounds can be used as indicators of recharge from domestic waste water, although their usefulness is limited because caffeine is apparently nonconservative and the presence of prescription Pharmaceuticals is unpredictable. The absence of caffeine or Pharmaceuticals in ground water with elevated nitrate concentrations does not demonstrate that the aquifer is free of waste water contamination. Caffeine was detected in ground water samples at concentrations up to 0.23 μg/L. The human Pharmaceuticals chlorpropamide, phensuximide, and carbamazepine also were detected in some samples.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","publisherLocation":"United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01118.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Seiler, R.L., Zaugg, S., Thomas, J.M., and Howcroft, D., 1999, Caffeine and pharmaceuticals as indicators of waste water contamination in wells: Groundwater, v. 37, no. 3, p. 405-410, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01118.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"405","endPage":"410","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2f0e4b0c8380cd4b4c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zaugg, S.D.","contributorId":82811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howcroft, D.L.","contributorId":69740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howcroft","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021247,"text":"70021247 - 1999 - Estimation of nitrate contamination of an agro-ecosystem outwash aquifer using a nitrogen mass-balance budget","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T00:56:36.790895","indexId":"70021247","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of nitrate contamination of an agro-ecosystem outwash aquifer using a nitrogen mass-balance budget","docAbstract":"A mass-balance budget of N cycling was developed for an intensive agricultural area in west-central Minnesota to better understand NO3/- contamination of ground water in the Otter Tail outwash aquifer. Fertilizer, biological fixation, atmospheric deposition, and animal feed were the N sources, and crop harvests, animal product exports, volatilization from fertilizer and manure, and denitrification were the N sinks in the model. Excess N, calculated as the difference between the sources and sinks, was assumed to leach to ground water as NO3/-. The budget was developed using ground water data collected throughout the 212-km2 study area. Denitrification was estimated by adjusting its value so the predicted and measured concentrations of NO3/- in ground water agreed. Although biological fixation was the largest single N source, most was removed when crops were harvested, indicating that inorganic fertilizer was the primary source of N reaching the water table. It was estimated that denitrification removed almost half of the excess NO3/- that leached below the root zone. Even after accounting for denitrification losses, however, it was concluded that the ground water system was receiving approximately three times as much N as would be expected under background conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800060043x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Puckett, L., Cowdery, T., Lorenz, D., and Stoner, J., 1999, Estimation of nitrate contamination of an agro-ecosystem outwash aquifer using a nitrogen mass-balance budget: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 28, no. 6, p. 2015-2025, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800060043x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2015","endPage":"2025","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.567.6377","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b9be4b0c8380cd527c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puckett, L.J.","contributorId":27503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, T.K.","contributorId":92658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"T.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorenz, D. L.","contributorId":10776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stoner, J.D.","contributorId":58261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021744,"text":"70021744 - 1999 - SAR studies in the Yuma Desert, Arizona: Sand penetration, geology, and the detection of military ordnance debris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70021744","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SAR studies in the Yuma Desert, Arizona: Sand penetration, geology, and the detection of military ordnance debris","docAbstract":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired over part of the Yuma Desert in southwestern Arizona demonstrate the ability of C-band (5.7-cm wavelength), L-band (24.5 cm), and P-band (68 cm) AIRSAR signals to backscatter from increasingly greater depths reaching several meters in blow sand and sandy alluvium. AIRSAR images obtained within the Barry M. Goldwater Bombing and Gunnery Range near Yuma, Arizona, show a total reversal of C- and P-band backscatter contrast (image tone) for three distinct geologic units. This phenomenon results from an increasingly greater depth of radar imaging with increasing radar wavelength. In the case of sandy- and small pebble-alluvium surfaces mantled by up to several meters of blow sand, backscatter increases directly with SAR wavelength as a result of volume scattering from a calcic soil horizon at shallow depth and by volume scattering from the root mounds of healthy desert vegetation that locally stabilize blow sand. AIRSAR images obtained within the military range are also shown to be useful for detecting metallic military ordnance debris that is located either at the surface or covered by tens of centimeters to several meters of blow sand. The degree of detectability of this ordnance increases with SAR wavelength and is clearly maximized on P-band images that are processed in the cross-polarized mode (HV). This effect is attributed to maximum signal penetration at P-band and the enhanced PHV image contrast between the radar-bright ordnance debris and the radar-dark sandy desert. This article focuses on the interpretation of high resolution AIRSAR images but also Compares these airborne SAR images with those acquired from spacecraft sensors such as ERS-SAR and Space Radar Laboratory (SIR-C/X-SAR).Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired over part of the Yuma Desert in southwestern Arizona demonstrate the ability of C-band (5.7-cm wavelength), L-band (24.5 cm), and P-band (68 cm) AIRSAR signals to backscatter from increasingly greater depths reaching several meters in blow sand and sandy alluvium. AIRSAR images obtained within the Barry M. Goldwater Bombing and Gunnery Range near Yuma, Arizona, show a total reversal of C- and P-band backscatter contrast (image tone) for three distinct geologic units. This phenomenon results from an increasingly greater depth of radar imaging with increasing radar wavelength. In the case of sandy- and small pebble-alluvium surfaces mantled by up to several meters of blow sand, backscatter increases directly with SAR wavelength as a result of volume scattering from a calcic soil horizon at shallow depth and by volume scattering from the root mounds of healthy desert vegetation that locally stabilize blow sand. AIRSAR images obtained within the military range are also shown to be useful for detecting metallic military ordnance debris that is located either at the surface or covered by tens of centimeters to several meters of blow sand. The degree of detectability of this ordnance increases with SAR wavelength and is clearly maximized on P-band images that are processed in the cross-polarized mode (HV). This effect is attributed to maximum signal penetration at P-band and the enhanced PHV image contrast between the radar-bright ordnance debris and the radar-dark sandy desert. This article focuses on the interpretation of high resolution AIRSAR images but also compares these airborne SAR images with those acquired from spacecraft sensors such as ERS-SAR and Space Radar Laboratory (SIR-C/X-SAR).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00093-5","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., 1999, SAR studies in the Yuma Desert, Arizona: Sand penetration, geology, and the detection of military ordnance debris: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 67, no. 3, p. 320-347, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00093-5.","startPage":"320","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206219,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00093-5"},{"id":229149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf06e4b0c8380cd8734e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021307,"text":"70021307 - 1999 - Stress transfer by the 1988-1989 M=5.3 and 5.4 Lake Elsman foreshocks to the Loma Prieta fault: Unclamping at the site of peak mainshock slip","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:04:19.060444","indexId":"70021307","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress transfer by the 1988-1989 M=5.3 and 5.4 Lake Elsman foreshocks to the Loma Prieta fault: Unclamping at the site of peak mainshock slip","docAbstract":"

We study the stress transferred by the June 27, 1988, M = 5.3 and August 8, 1989, M = 5.4 Lake Elsman earthquakes, the largest events to strike within 15 km of the future Loma Prieta rupture zone during 74 years before the 1989 M = 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake. We find that the first Lake Elsman event brought the rupture plane of the second event 0.3–1.6 bars (0.03–0.16 MPa) closer to Coulomb failure but that the Lake Elsman events did not bring the future Loma Prieta hypocentral zone closer to failure. Instead, the Lake Elsman earthquakes are calculated to have reduced the normal stress on (or “undamped”) the Loma Prieta rupture surface by 0.5–1.0 bar (0.05–0.10 MPa) at the site where the greatest slip subsequently occurred in the Loma Prieta earthquake. This association between the sites of peak unclamping and slip suggests that the Lake Elsman events did indeed influence the Loma Prieta rupture process. Unclamping the fault would have locally lowered the resistance to sliding. Such an effect could have been enhanced if the lowered normal stress permitted fluid infusion into the undamped part of the fault. Although less well recorded, the ML = 5.0 1964 and ML = 5.3 1967 Corralitos events struck within 10 km of the southwest end of the future Loma Prieta rupture. No similar relationship between the normal stress change and subsequent Loma Prieta slip is observed, although the high-slip patch southwest of the Loma Prieta epicenter corresponds roughly to the site of calculated Coulomb stress increase for a low coefficient of friction. The Lake Elsman-Loma Prieta result is similar to that for the 1987 M = 6.2 Elmore Ranch and M = 6.7 Superstition Hills earthquakes, suggesting that foreshocks might influence the distribution of mainshock slip rather than the site of mainshock nucleation.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900092","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Perfettini, H., Stein, R., Simpson, R., and Cocco, M., 1999, Stress transfer by the 1988-1989 M=5.3 and 5.4 Lake Elsman foreshocks to the Loma Prieta fault: Unclamping at the site of peak mainshock slip: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B9, p. 20169-20182, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900092.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"20169","endPage":"20182","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229708,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b67e4b08c986b31ce70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perfettini, H.","contributorId":95641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perfettini","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, R.","contributorId":49934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cocco, M.","contributorId":70128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocco","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021660,"text":"70021660 - 1999 - Geographic distribution of chromosome and microsatellite DNA polymorphisms in Oncorhynchus mykiss native to western Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T08:45:07","indexId":"70021660","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic distribution of chromosome and microsatellite DNA polymorphisms in Oncorhynchus mykiss native to western Washington","docAbstract":"

Chromosome studies of native populations of Oncorhynchus mykiss (steelhead and rainbow trout) in western Washington and southern British Columbia revealed the presence of two evolutionarily distinct chromosome lineages. Populations between, and including, the Elwha River, Washington, and Chilliwack River, British Columbia, contained 2n = 60 chromosomes. Populations on the central Washington coast contained 2n = 58 chromosomes. The north Washington coast and western Strait of Juan de Fuca contained individuals with 58, 59, or 60 chromosomes, suggesting this is a transition zone between 58 and 60 chromosome groups. The differences in chromosomal structure between 2n = 58 and 2n = 60 groups are presumably a Robertsonian rearrangement and an inversion. Allelic variation at three microsatellite loci (One ??6, One ??11 and Omy 77) also was examined, and no significant variation was detected among the 58 and 60 chromosome races. A hypothesis is presented concerning the origin of the 60 chromosome lineage.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi":"10.2307/1447474","issn":"00458511","usgsCitation":"Ostberg, C., and Thorgaard, G., 1999, Geographic distribution of chromosome and microsatellite DNA polymorphisms in Oncorhynchus mykiss native to western Washington: Copeia, v. 1999, no. 2, p. 287-298, https://doi.org/10.2307/1447474.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"298","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Elwha River, Chilliwack River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -128.80371093749997,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n -128.80371093749997,\n 52.429222277955134\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 52.429222277955134\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n -128.80371093749997,\n 45.79816953017265\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1999","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a175ee4b0c8380cd554a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ostberg, C.O.","contributorId":15361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostberg","given":"C.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorgaard, G.H.","contributorId":76678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorgaard","given":"G.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021655,"text":"70021655 - 1999 - Late Neogene sedimentary facies and sequences in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T01:17:41.460761","indexId":"70021655","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Neogene sedimentary facies and sequences in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary","docAbstract":"This paper is part of the special publication No.156, The Mediterranean basins: Tertiary extension within the Alpine Orogen. (eds B.Durand, L. Jolivet, F.Horvath and M.Seranne). Detailed sedimentological, facies and numerical cycle analysis, combined with magnetostratigraphy, have been made in a number of boreholes in the Pannonian Basin, in order to study the causes of relative water-level changes and the history of the basin subsidence. Subsidence and infilling of the Pannonian Basin, which was an isolated lake at that time occurred mainly during the Late Miocene and Pliocene. The subsidence history was remarkably different in the individual sub-basins: early thermal subsidence was interrupted in the southern part of the basin, while high sedimentation rate and continuous subsidence was detected in the northeastern sub-basin. Three regional unconformities were detected in the Late Neogene Pannonian Basin fill, which represent 0.5 and 7.5 Ma time spans corresponding to single and composite unconformities. Consequently two main sequences build up the Late Neogene Pannonian Basin fill: a Late Miocene and a Pliocene one. Within the Late Miocene sequence there are smaller sedimentary cycles most probably corresponding to climatically driven relative lake-level changes in the Milankovitch frequency band. Considering the periods, the estimated values for precession and eccentricity in this study (19 and 370 ka) are close to the usually cited ones. In the case of obliquity the calculated period (71 ka) slightly deviates from the generally accepted number. Based on the relative amplitudes of oscillations, precession (sixth order) and obliquity (fifth order) cycles had the most significant impact on the sedimentation. Eccentricity caused cycles (fourth order) are poorly detectable in the sediments. The longer term (third order) cycles had very slight influence on the sedimentation pattern. Progradation, recorded in the Late Miocene sequence, correlates poorly in time within the basin. The dominant controls of this process probably were changes of basin subsidence rate and the very high sedimentation rate. The slow, upward trend of silt and sand bed thickness as well as that of the grain size also reflects the local progradation.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society, London","doi":"10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.156.01.16","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Juhasz, E., Phillips, L., Muller, P., Ricketts, B., Toth-Makk, A., Lantos, M., and Kovacs, L., 1999, Late Neogene sedimentary facies and sequences in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 156, p. 335-356, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.156.01.16.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"356","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229359,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-10-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44fbe4b0c8380cd66f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juhasz, E.","contributorId":101400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juhasz","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, L.","contributorId":63556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller, P.","contributorId":28392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ricketts, B.","contributorId":20099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ricketts","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Toth-Makk, A.","contributorId":59970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toth-Makk","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lantos, M.","contributorId":29594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantos","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kovacs, L.O.","contributorId":32700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovacs","given":"L.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70021509,"text":"70021509 - 1999 - The importance of SAR wavelength in penetrating blow sand in Northern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021509","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of SAR wavelength in penetrating blow sand in Northern Arizona","docAbstract":"Multifrequency and polarimetric Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) images of a sand streak in northern Arizona demonstrate the ability of C- (6-cm wavelength), L- (24 cm), and P-band (68 cm) radar signals to backscatter, respectively, from increasingly greater depths reaching 2 m or more in active blow sand. The studied sand streak, located on a salient of Ward Terrace at lat 35??48.4'N and long 111??15.0'W, is sourced in the normally dry Little Colorado River channel and migrates northeastward toward the Moenkopi Plateau Scarp. The sand streak is 'radar dark' compared to the 'radar-bright' surface of Ward Terrace on all C-band images. It is, however, penetrated completely at P-band and is invisible on these images. The sand streak is recognizable on the LHH image but is poorly defined on the LHV image. High resolution AIRSAR images constitute the primary data set analyzed; in addition, a C-band radar image acquired by the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite is also presented. The spaceborne image data confirms the results of the aircraft data at C-band.Multifrequency and polarimetric Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) images of a sand streak in northern Arizona demonstrate the ability of C- (6-cm wavelength), L- (24 cm), and P-band (68 cm) radar signals to backscatter, respectively, from increasingly greater depths reaching 2 m or more in active blow sand. The studied sand streak, located on a salient of Ward Terrace at lat 35??48.4???N and long 111??15.0???W, is sourced in the normally dry Little Colorado River channel and migrates northeastward toward the Moenkopi Plateau Scarp. The sand streak is `radar dark' compared to the `radar-bright' surface of Ward Terrace on all C-band images. It is, however, penetrated completely at P-band and is invisible on these images. The sand streak is recognizable on the LHH image but is poorly defined on the LHV image. High resolution AIRSAR images constitute the primary data set analyzed; in addition, a C-band radar image acquired by the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite is also presented. The spaceborne image data confirms the results of the aircraft data at C-band.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00013-9","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., and Breed, C.S., 1999, The importance of SAR wavelength in penetrating blow sand in Northern Arizona: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 69, no. 2, p. 87-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00013-9.","startPage":"87","endPage":"104","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206338,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00013-9"},{"id":229467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacf1e4b08c986b323871","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breed, C. S.","contributorId":39809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breed","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021538,"text":"70021538 - 1999 - Nesting habitat of least terns (Sterna antillarum athalassos) on an inland alkaline flat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-09T17:49:18.018553","indexId":"70021538","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nesting habitat of least terns (Sterna antillarum athalassos) on an inland alkaline flat","docAbstract":"

We measured habitat characteristics in colony sites and at nest sites of endangered least terns (Sterna antillarum athalassos) on an expansive alkaline flat at Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma, in 1992 and 1993. Least terns nested in 12 colony sites on the alkaline flat during 1992 and 1993. Number of nests per colony site ranged from 5–25 and density of nests ranged from 0.1–0.75 nests/ha. Density of least terns in colony sites ranged from 0–2.1 terns/ha and was not correlated with soil color (P = 0.66) or soil texture (P = 0.12). Only a small percentage of ground cover was provided by vegetation (0.0–1.2%), driftwood (0.0–0.4%) and debris (0.0–1.1%) in colony sites. Least terns selected nest sites with coarser soil (loamy sand to sandy loam) than that of random points (P ≤ 0.0003). The coarser soils were lighter in color (P = 0.0001). Least tern nests were closer to driftwood or debris than random points (P = 0.0001). Internest distances in active colony sites ranged from 21.4 to >100 m. Nearest-neighbor analyses indicated that nests were distributed randomly in 58% and uniformly in 42% of active colony sites. Nests were distributed uniformly in small active colony sites and randomly in large active colony sites. No differences in densities of nests were noted relative to size of colony sites. Increasing availability of coarse light-colored soils in areas of ≥20 ha on alkaline flats may enhance recovery of least terns by improving nesting habitat and recruitment.

","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0173:NHOLTS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Schweitzer, S.H., and Leslie, D., 1999, Nesting habitat of least terns (Sterna antillarum athalassos) on an inland alkaline flat: American Midland Naturalist, v. 142, no. 1, p. 173-180, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0173:NHOLTS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Alfalfa County","otherGeospatial":"Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.1048430828915,\n 36.87331224343616\n ],\n [\n -98.3097609025525,\n 36.87331224343616\n ],\n [\n -98.3097609025525,\n 36.66915110478651\n ],\n [\n -98.1048430828915,\n 36.66915110478651\n ],\n [\n -98.1048430828915,\n 36.87331224343616\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"142","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64c7e4b0c8380cd72a66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schweitzer, Sara H.","contributorId":106614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021539,"text":"70021539 - 1999 - Results of repeated leveling surveys at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, and near Lassen Peak Volcano, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021539","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results of repeated leveling surveys at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, and near Lassen Peak Volcano, California","docAbstract":"Personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey's Cascades Volcano Observatory conducted first-order, class-II leveling surveys near Lassen Peak, California, in 1991 and at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, in 1985, 1986, and 1994. Near Lassen Peak no significant vertical displacements had occurred along either of two traverses, 33 and 44 km long, since second-order surveys in 1932 and 1934. At Newberry, however, the 1994 survey suggests that the volcano's summit area had risen as much as 97??22 mm with respect to a third-order survey in 1931. The 1931 and 1994 surveys measured a 37-km-long, east-west traverse across the entire volcano. The 1985 and 1986 surveys, on the other hand, measured only a 9-km-long traverse across the summit caldera with only one benchmark in common with the 1931 survey. Comparison of the 1985, 1986, and 1994 surveys revealed no significant differential displacements inside the caldera. A possible mechanism for uplift during 1931-1994 is injection of approximately 0.06 km3 of magma at a depth of approximately 10 km beneath the volcano's summit. The average magma supply rate of approximately 1 x 10-3 km3/year would be generally consistent with the volcano's growth rate averaged over its 600,000-year history (0.7-1.7 x 10-3 km3/year).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004450050264","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., 1999, Results of repeated leveling surveys at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, and near Lassen Peak Volcano, California: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 61, no. 1-2, p. 83-91, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050264.","startPage":"83","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206292,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050264"},{"id":229320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aab81e4b0c8380cd8688c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021743,"text":"70021743 - 1999 - A geochemical reconnaissance of the Alid volcanic center and geothermal system, Danakil depression, Eritrea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70021743","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geochemical reconnaissance of the Alid volcanic center and geothermal system, Danakil depression, Eritrea","docAbstract":"Geological and geochemical studies indicate that a high-temperature geothermal system underlies the Alid volcanic center in the northern Danakil depression of Eritrea. Alid is a very late-Pleistocene structural dome formed by shallow intrusion of rhyolitic magma, some of which vented as lavas and pyroclastic flows. Fumaroles and boiling pools distributed widely over an area of ~10 km2 on the northern half of Alid suggest that an active hydrothermal system underlies much of that part of the mountain. Geothermometers indicate that the fumarolic gases are derived from a geothermal system with temperatures >225??C. The isotopic composition of condensed fumarolic steam is consistent with these temperatures and implies that the source water is derived primarily from either lowland meteoric waters or fossil Red Sea water, or both. Some gases vented from the system (CO2, H2S and He) are largely magmatic in origin. Permeability beneath the volcanic center may be high, given the amount of intrusion-related deformation and the active normal faulting within the Danakil depression.Geological and geochemical studies indicate that a high-temperature geothermal system underlies the Alid volcanic center in the northern Danakil depression of Eritrea. Alid is a very late-Pleistocene structural dome formed by shallow intrusion of rhyolitic magma, some of which vented as lavas and pyroclastic flows. Fumaroles and boiling pools distributed widely over an area of approx. 10 km2 on the northern half of Alid suggest that an active hydrothermal system underlies much of that part of the mountain. Geothermometers indicate that the fumarolic gases are derived from a geothermal system with temperatures >225??C. The isotopic composition of condensed fumarolic steam is consistent with these temperatures and implies that the source water is derived primarily from either lowland meteoric waters or fossil Red Sea water, or both. Some gases vented from the system (CO2, H2S and He) are largely magmatic in origin. Permeability beneath the volcanic center may be high, given the amount of intrusion-related deformation and the active normal faulting within the Danakil depression.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00002-4","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., Janik, C.J., Fournier, R., Tesfai, T., Duffield, W.A., Clynne, M., Smith, J., Woldegiorgis, L., Weldemariam, K., and Kahsai, G., 1999, A geochemical reconnaissance of the Alid volcanic center and geothermal system, Danakil depression, Eritrea: Geothermics, v. 28, no. 2, p. 161-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00002-4.","startPage":"161","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206206,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00002-4"},{"id":229114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3f6e4b0c8380cd4630e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tesfai, T.","contributorId":51602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesfai","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Woldegiorgis, L.","contributorId":58518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woldegiorgis","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Weldemariam, K.","contributorId":7570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldemariam","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kahsai, G.","contributorId":52834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahsai","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70021741,"text":"70021741 - 1999 - Stasis and extinction of Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) trilobite associations related to oceanic cyclicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:36:49.003723","indexId":"70021741","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stasis and extinction of Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) trilobite associations related to oceanic cyclicity","docAbstract":"Silurian trilobites of the central United States belong to a series of temporally-successive associations which appeared abruptly, maintained taxonomic stasis for a time, and then disappeared abruptly. Their disappearance resulted from global perturbations of short-term duration and moderate magnitude, which caused substantial taxonomic replacement but no reorganization of major ecosystems. The most significant extinction and replacement in Silurian trilobite associations in the study area occurs near the Llandovery-Wenlock boundary. This turnover in trilobite associations appears to correspond to Jeppsson's Ireviken Event in his model of oceanic and climatic cyclicity. Major sea-level changes earlier in the Llandovery did not have a similar impact on trilobite associations.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Mikulic, D.G., and Kluessendorf, J., 1999, Stasis and extinction of Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) trilobite associations related to oceanic cyclicity: Journal of Paleontology, v. 73, no. 2, p. 320-325.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"320","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229080,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96c1e4b08c986b31b6c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mikulic, Donald G.","contributorId":61159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikulic","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kluessendorf, Joanne","contributorId":41965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kluessendorf","given":"Joanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021541,"text":"70021541 - 1999 - Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T00:42:31.298308","indexId":"70021541","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California","docAbstract":"

We have developed regression relationships between Modified Mercalli Intensity (Imm) and peak ground acceleration (PGA) and velocity (PGV) by comparing horizontal peak ground motions to observed intensities for eight significant California earthquakes. For the limited range of Modified Mercalli intensities (Imm), we find that for peak acceleration with V ≤ Imm ≤ VIII, Imm = 3.66 log(PGA) − 1.66, and for peak velocity with V ≤ Imm ≤ IX, Imm = 3.47 log(PGV) + 2.35. From comparison with observed intensity maps, we find that a combined regression based on peak velocity for intensity > VII and on peak acceleration for intensity < VII is most suitable for reproducing observed Imm patterns, consistent with high intensities being related to damage (proportional to ground velocity) and with lower intensities determined by felt accounts (most sensitive to higher-frequency ground acceleration). These new Imm relationships are significantly different from the Trifunac and Brady (1975) correlations, which have been used extensively in loss estimation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Publications","doi":"10.1193/1.1586058","usgsCitation":"Wald, D.J., Quitoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., and Kanamori, H., 1999, Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California: Earthquake Spectra, v. 15, no. 3, p. 557-564, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586058.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"564","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229322,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.421439,37.869969],[-122.41847,37.852721],[-122.434403,37.852434],[-122.446316,37.861046],[-122.430958,37.872242],[-122.421439,37.869969]]],[[[-122.3785,37.826505],[-122.377879,37.830648],[-122.369941,37.832137],[-122.358779,37.814278],[-122.362661,37.807577],[-122.372422,37.811301],[-122.3785,37.826505]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.230001,34.010136],[-120.19578,34.004284],[-120.167306,34.008219],[-120.147647,34.024831],[-120.140362,34.025974],[-120.115058,34.019866],[-120.090182,34.019806],[-120.073609,34.024477],[-120.057637,34.03734],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-120.050382,34.013331],[-120.046575,34.000002],[-120.011123,33.979894],[-119.978876,33.983081],[-119.979913,33.969623],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.017715,33.936366],[-120.048611,33.915775],[-120.098601,33.907853],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.168974,33.91909],[-120.224461,33.989059],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.755521,34.056716],[-119.712576,34.043265],[-119.686507,34.019805],[-119.637742,34.013178],[-119.612226,34.021256],[-119.604287,34.031561],[-119.608798,34.035245],[-119.59324,34.049625],[-119.5667,34.053452],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.542449,34.021082],[-119.547072,34.005469],[-119.560464,33.99553],[-119.575636,33.996009],[-119.596877,33.988611],[-119.662825,33.985889],[-119.721206,33.959583],[-119.742966,33.963877],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.842748,33.97034],[-119.873358,33.980375],[-119.884896,34.008814],[-119.876329,34.032087],[-119.916216,34.058351],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.919155,34.07728],[-119.912857,34.077508],[-119.857304,34.071298],[-119.825865,34.059794],[-119.818742,34.052997],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-120.46258,34.042627],[-120.440248,34.036918],[-120.415287,34.05496],[-120.403613,34.050442],[-120.390906,34.051994],[-120.368813,34.06778],[-120.370176,34.074907],[-120.362251,34.073056],[-120.354982,34.059256],[-120.36029,34.05582],[-120.358608,34.050235],[-120.346946,34.046576],[-120.331161,34.049097],[-120.302122,34.023574],[-120.317052,34.018837],[-120.347706,34.020114],[-120.35793,34.015029],[-120.409368,34.032198],[-120.427408,34.025425],[-120.454134,34.028081],[-120.465329,34.038448],[-120.46258,34.042627]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.535823,32.90628],[-118.551134,32.945155],[-118.573522,32.969183],[-118.586928,33.008281],[-118.596037,33.015357],[-118.606559,33.01469],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.594033,33.035951],[-118.57516,33.033961],[-118.569013,33.029151],[-118.559171,33.006291],[-118.540069,32.980933],[-118.496811,32.933847],[-118.369984,32.839273],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.356541,32.817311],[-118.379968,32.824545],[-118.394565,32.823978],[-118.425634,32.800595],[-118.44492,32.820593],[-118.496298,32.851572],[-118.507193,32.876264],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.477646,33.448392],[-118.445812,33.428907],[-118.423576,33.427258],[-118.382037,33.409883],[-118.370323,33.409285],[-118.365094,33.388374],[-118.310213,33.335795],[-118.303174,33.320264],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.325244,33.299075],[-118.374768,33.320065],[-118.440047,33.318638],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.48877,33.356649],[-118.478465,33.38632],[-118.48875,33.419826],[-118.515914,33.422417],[-118.52323,33.430733],[-118.53738,33.434608],[-118.563442,33.434381],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.54453,33.474119],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.543842,33.280329],[-119.528141,33.284929],[-119.465717,33.259239],[-119.429559,33.228167],[-119.444269,33.21919],[-119.476029,33.21552],[-119.545872,33.233406],[-119.564971,33.24744],[-119.578942,33.278628],[-119.562042,33.271129],[-119.543842,33.280329]]],[[[-122.289533,42.007764],[-121.035195,41.993323],[-120.001058,41.995139],[-119.995926,40.499901],[-120.005743,39.228664],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-119.333423,38.538328],[-118.714312,38.102185],[-117.875927,37.497267],[-117.244917,37.030244],[-116.488233,36.459097],[-115.852908,35.96966],[-115.102881,35.379371],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-114.629015,34.986148],[-114.634953,34.958918],[-114.629753,34.938684],[-114.635176,34.875003],[-114.623939,34.859738],[-114.586842,34.835672],[-114.57101,34.794294],[-114.552682,34.766871],[-114.516619,34.736745],[-114.470477,34.711368],[-114.452628,34.668546],[-114.451753,34.654321],[-114.441465,34.64253],[-114.438739,34.621455],[-114.424202,34.610453],[-114.429747,34.591734],[-114.422382,34.580711],[-114.405228,34.569637],[-114.380838,34.529724],[-114.378124,34.507288],[-114.386699,34.457911],[-114.375789,34.447798],[-114.335372,34.450038],[-114.32613,34.437251],[-114.294836,34.421389],[-114.286802,34.40534],[-114.264317,34.401329],[-114.226107,34.365916],[-114.199482,34.361373],[-114.176909,34.349306],[-114.157206,34.317862],[-114.138282,34.30323],[-114.134768,34.268965],[-114.139055,34.259538],[-114.159697,34.258242],[-114.223384,34.205136],[-114.229715,34.186928],[-114.254141,34.173831],[-114.287294,34.170529],[-114.320777,34.138635],[-114.353031,34.133121],[-114.366521,34.118575],[-114.390565,34.110084],[-114.411681,34.110031],[-114.43338,34.088413],[-114.43934,34.057893],[-114.434949,34.037784],[-114.438266,34.022609],[-114.46283,34.008421],[-114.46117,33.994687],[-114.499883,33.961789],[-114.522002,33.955623],[-114.535478,33.934651],[-114.533679,33.926072],[-114.508558,33.906098],[-114.518555,33.889847],[-114.50434,33.876882],[-114.503017,33.867998],[-114.514673,33.858638],[-114.52453,33.858477],[-114.529597,33.848063],[-114.520465,33.827778],[-114.527161,33.816191],[-114.504863,33.760465],[-114.504483,33.750998],[-114.512348,33.734214],[-114.496565,33.719155],[-114.494197,33.707922],[-114.495719,33.698454],[-114.523959,33.685879],[-114.531523,33.675108],[-114.525201,33.661583],[-114.530244,33.65014],[-114.526947,33.637534],[-114.529662,33.622794],[-114.524813,33.611351],[-114.540617,33.591412],[-114.5403,33.580615],[-114.524391,33.553683],[-114.558898,33.531819],[-114.560552,33.518272],[-114.569533,33.509219],[-114.591554,33.499443],[-114.622918,33.456561],[-114.627125,33.433554],[-114.635183,33.422726],[-114.652828,33.412922],[-114.687953,33.417944],[-114.701732,33.408388],[-114.725535,33.404056],[-114.708408,33.384147],[-114.698035,33.352442],[-114.707962,33.323421],[-114.731223,33.302434],[-114.723259,33.288079],[-114.684363,33.276025],[-114.672401,33.26047],[-114.689421,33.24525],[-114.674479,33.225504],[-114.678749,33.203448],[-114.675831,33.18152],[-114.679359,33.159519],[-114.703682,33.113769],[-114.706488,33.08816],[-114.68902,33.084036],[-114.686991,33.070969],[-114.674296,33.057171],[-114.673659,33.041897],[-114.662317,33.032671],[-114.64598,33.048903],[-114.618788,33.027202],[-114.589778,33.026228],[-114.575161,33.036542],[-114.52013,33.029984],[-114.502871,33.011153],[-114.492938,32.971781],[-114.476156,32.975168],[-114.467664,32.966861],[-114.469113,32.952673],[-114.48074,32.937027],[-114.47664,32.923628],[-114.462929,32.907944],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.494116,32.823288],[-114.510217,32.816417],[-114.530755,32.793485],[-114.532432,32.776923],[-114.526856,32.757094],[-114.539093,32.756949],[-114.539224,32.749812],[-114.564447,32.749554],[-114.564508,32.742298],[-114.581736,32.742321],[-114.581784,32.734946],[-114.612697,32.734516],[-114.618373,32.728245],[-114.688779,32.737675],[-114.701918,32.745548],[-114.719633,32.718763],[-116.04662,32.623353],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.136664,32.618754],[-117.168866,32.671952],[-117.196767,32.688851],[-117.213068,32.687751],[-117.236239,32.671353],[-117.246069,32.669352],[-117.25757,32.72605],[-117.25257,32.752949],[-117.25497,32.786948],[-117.26107,32.803148],[-117.280971,32.822247],[-117.28217,32.839547],[-117.27387,32.851447],[-117.26497,32.848947],[-117.25617,32.859447],[-117.25167,32.874346],[-117.25447,32.900146],[-117.28077,33.012343],[-117.315278,33.093504],[-117.328359,33.121842],[-117.362572,33.168437],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-117.50565,33.334063],[-117.547693,33.365491],[-117.59588,33.386629],[-117.607905,33.406317],[-117.645582,33.440728],[-117.684584,33.461927],[-117.691984,33.456627],[-117.715349,33.460556],[-117.726486,33.483427],[-117.784888,33.541525],[-117.814188,33.552224],[-117.840289,33.573523],[-117.87679,33.592322],[-117.927091,33.605521],[-117.940591,33.620021],[-118.000593,33.654319],[-118.029694,33.676418],[-118.088896,33.729817],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.180831,33.763072],[-118.187701,33.749218],[-118.181367,33.717367],[-118.207476,33.716905],[-118.258687,33.703741],[-118.317205,33.712818],[-118.360505,33.736817],[-118.385006,33.741417],[-118.396606,33.735917],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.405007,33.800215],[-118.394376,33.804289],[-118.392107,33.840915],[-118.460611,33.969111],[-118.482729,33.995912],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-118.543115,34.038508],[-118.569235,34.04164],[-118.609652,34.036424],[-118.668358,34.038887],[-118.706215,34.029383],[-118.744952,34.032103],[-118.783433,34.021543],[-118.805114,34.001239],[-118.854653,34.034215],[-118.928048,34.045847],[-118.938081,34.043383],[-119.004644,34.066231],[-119.037494,34.083111],[-119.088536,34.09831],[-119.109784,34.094566],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.18864,34.139005],[-119.216441,34.146105],[-119.257043,34.213304],[-119.278644,34.266902],[-119.290945,34.274902],[-119.313034,34.275689],[-119.337475,34.290576],[-119.370356,34.319486],[-119.388249,34.317398],[-119.42777,34.353016],[-119.461036,34.374064],[-119.536957,34.395495],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-119.616862,34.420995],[-119.638864,34.415696],[-119.671866,34.416096],[-119.688167,34.412497],[-119.684666,34.408297],[-119.709067,34.395397],[-119.729369,34.395897],[-119.794771,34.417597],[-119.835771,34.415796],[-119.853771,34.407996],[-119.873971,34.408795],[-119.925227,34.433931],[-119.956433,34.435288],[-120.008077,34.460447],[-120.038828,34.463434],[-120.088591,34.460208],[-120.141165,34.473405],[-120.25777,34.467451],[-120.295051,34.470623],[-120.341369,34.458789],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.47661,34.475131],[-120.511421,34.522953],[-120.581293,34.556959],[-120.622575,34.554017],[-120.637805,34.56622],[-120.645739,34.581035],[-120.640244,34.604406],[-120.60197,34.692095],[-120.60045,34.70464],[-120.614852,34.730709],[-120.62632,34.738072],[-120.637415,34.755895],[-120.616296,34.816308],[-120.610266,34.85818],[-120.616325,34.866739],[-120.639283,34.880413],[-120.647328,34.901133],[-120.670835,34.904115],[-120.63999,35.002963],[-120.629931,35.061515],[-120.630957,35.101941],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.651134,35.147768],[-120.662475,35.153357],[-120.675074,35.153061],[-120.698906,35.171192],[-120.714185,35.175998],[-120.74887,35.177795],[-120.754823,35.174701],[-120.756086,35.160459],[-120.760492,35.15971],[-120.778998,35.168897],[-120.786076,35.177666],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.89679,35.247877],[-120.862684,35.346776],[-120.866099,35.393045],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-120.907937,35.449069],[-120.946546,35.446715],[-120.969436,35.460197],[-121.003359,35.46071],[-121.101595,35.548814],[-121.126027,35.593058],[-121.143561,35.606046],[-121.166712,35.635399],[-121.251034,35.656641],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.289794,35.689428],[-121.314632,35.71331],[-121.315786,35.75252],[-121.332449,35.783106],[-121.388053,35.823483],[-121.413146,35.855316],[-121.439584,35.86695],[-121.462264,35.885618],[-121.461227,35.896906],[-121.472435,35.91989],[-121.4862,35.970348],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.531876,36.014368],[-121.574602,36.025156],[-121.590395,36.050363],[-121.592853,36.065062],[-121.606845,36.072065],[-121.618672,36.087767],[-121.629634,36.114452],[-121.680145,36.165818],[-121.717176,36.195146],[-121.779851,36.227407],[-121.797059,36.234211],[-121.813734,36.234235],[-121.826425,36.24186],[-121.851967,36.277831],[-121.874797,36.289064],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.894714,36.317806],[-121.892917,36.340428],[-121.905446,36.358269],[-121.903195,36.393603],[-121.914378,36.404344],[-121.91474,36.42589],[-121.9416,36.485602],[-121.938763,36.506423],[-121.944666,36.521861],[-121.925937,36.525173],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.942533,36.566435],[-121.957335,36.564482],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.970427,36.582754],[-121.941666,36.618059],[-121.93643,36.636746],[-121.923866,36.634559],[-121.890164,36.609259],[-121.889064,36.601759],[-121.860604,36.611136],[-121.831995,36.644856],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.807062,36.714157],[-121.805643,36.750239],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.809363,36.848654],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-121.894667,36.961851],[-121.930069,36.97815],[-121.95167,36.97145],[-121.972771,36.954151],[-122.012373,36.96455],[-122.023373,36.96215],[-122.027174,36.95115],[-122.050122,36.948523],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.155078,36.98085],[-122.20618,37.013949],[-122.252181,37.059448],[-122.284882,37.101747],[-122.306139,37.116383],[-122.337071,37.117382],[-122.337833,37.135936],[-122.359791,37.155574],[-122.367085,37.172817],[-122.390599,37.182988],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.407181,37.219465],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.411686,37.265844],[-122.40085,37.359225],[-122.423286,37.392542],[-122.443687,37.435941],[-122.452087,37.48054],[-122.472388,37.50054],[-122.493789,37.492341],[-122.499289,37.495341],[-122.516689,37.52134],[-122.519533,37.537302],[-122.513688,37.552239],[-122.517187,37.590637],[-122.501386,37.599637],[-122.494085,37.644035],[-122.496784,37.686433],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.50531,37.788312],[-122.485783,37.790629],[-122.478083,37.810828],[-122.463793,37.804653],[-122.407452,37.811441],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.385323,37.790724],[-122.375854,37.734979],[-122.356784,37.729505],[-122.361749,37.71501],[-122.370411,37.717572],[-122.391374,37.708331],[-122.387626,37.67906],[-122.374291,37.662206],[-122.3756,37.652389],[-122.387381,37.648462],[-122.386072,37.637662],[-122.35531,37.615736],[-122.358583,37.611155],[-122.373309,37.613773],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.360219,37.592501],[-122.317676,37.590865],[-122.305895,37.575484],[-122.262698,37.572866],[-122.214264,37.538505],[-122.196593,37.537196],[-122.194957,37.522469],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.155686,37.501198],[-122.140142,37.507907],[-122.127706,37.500053],[-122.111344,37.50758],[-122.111998,37.528851],[-122.147014,37.588411],[-122.145378,37.600846],[-122.152905,37.640771],[-122.163049,37.667933],[-122.246826,37.72193],[-122.257953,37.739601],[-122.257134,37.745001],[-122.242638,37.753744],[-122.253753,37.761218],[-122.293996,37.770416],[-122.330963,37.786035],[-122.33555,37.799538],[-122.333711,37.809797],[-122.323567,37.823214],[-122.303931,37.830087],[-122.301313,37.847758],[-122.310477,37.873938],[-122.309986,37.892755],[-122.32373,37.905845],[-122.33453,37.908791],[-122.35711,37.908791],[-122.367582,37.903882],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.39049,37.922535],[-122.413725,37.937262],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.415361,37.963115],[-122.399832,37.956009],[-122.367582,37.978168],[-122.361905,37.989991],[-122.367909,38.01253],[-122.340093,38.003694],[-122.321112,38.012857],[-122.300823,38.010893],[-122.283478,38.022674],[-122.262861,38.0446],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.314567,38.115287],[-122.366273,38.141467],[-122.39638,38.149976],[-122.403514,38.150624],[-122.409798,38.136231],[-122.439577,38.116923],[-122.454958,38.118887],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.483757,38.071762],[-122.499465,38.032165],[-122.497828,38.019402],[-122.481466,38.007621],[-122.462812,38.003367],[-122.452995,37.996167],[-122.448413,37.984713],[-122.456595,37.978823],[-122.471975,37.981768],[-122.488665,37.966714],[-122.487684,37.948716],[-122.479175,37.941516],[-122.48572,37.937589],[-122.499465,37.939225],[-122.503064,37.928753],[-122.478193,37.918608],[-122.471975,37.910427],[-122.472303,37.902573],[-122.458558,37.894064],[-122.448413,37.89341],[-122.438268,37.880974],[-122.45005,37.871157],[-122.462158,37.868866],[-122.480811,37.873448],[-122.479151,37.825428],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.548986,37.836227],[-122.561487,37.851827],[-122.584289,37.859227],[-122.60129,37.875126],[-122.656519,37.904519],[-122.682171,37.90645],[-122.70264,37.89382],[-122.727297,37.904626],[-122.736898,37.925825],[-122.766138,37.938004],[-122.783244,37.951334],[-122.797405,37.976657],[-122.821383,37.996735],[-122.856573,38.016717],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-122.939711,38.031908],[-122.956811,38.02872],[-122.981776,38.009119],[-122.97439,37.992429],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-123.011533,38.003438],[-122.99242,38.041758],[-122.960889,38.112962],[-122.949074,38.15406],[-122.953629,38.17567],[-122.965408,38.187113],[-122.968112,38.202428],[-122.993959,38.237602],[-122.968569,38.242879],[-122.967203,38.250691],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-122.986319,38.273164],[-123.002911,38.295708],[-123.024333,38.310573],[-123.038742,38.313576],[-123.051061,38.310693],[-123.053504,38.299385],[-123.063671,38.302178],[-123.074684,38.322574],[-123.068437,38.33521],[-123.068265,38.359865],[-123.128825,38.450418],[-123.202277,38.494314],[-123.249797,38.511045],[-123.287156,38.540223],[-123.331899,38.565542],[-123.343338,38.590008],[-123.371876,38.607235],[-123.398166,38.647044],[-123.441774,38.699744],[-123.461291,38.717001],[-123.514784,38.741966],[-123.541837,38.776764],[-123.579856,38.802835],[-123.58638,38.802857],[-123.605317,38.822765],[-123.647387,38.845472],[-123.659846,38.872529],[-123.71054,38.91323],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.726315,38.936367],[-123.738886,38.95412],[-123.729053,38.956667],[-123.711149,38.977316],[-123.6969,39.004401],[-123.690095,39.031157],[-123.693969,39.057363],[-123.713392,39.108422],[-123.721505,39.125327],[-123.737913,39.143442],[-123.742221,39.164885],[-123.765891,39.193657],[-123.774998,39.212083],[-123.777368,39.237214],[-123.787893,39.264327],[-123.803848,39.278771],[-123.803081,39.291747],[-123.811387,39.312825],[-123.808772,39.324368],[-123.822085,39.343857],[-123.826306,39.36871],[-123.81469,39.446538],[-123.766475,39.552803],[-123.787417,39.604552],[-123.782322,39.621486],[-123.792659,39.684122],[-123.808208,39.710715],[-123.829545,39.723071],[-123.838089,39.752409],[-123.839797,39.795637],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-123.907664,39.863028],[-123.930047,39.909697],[-123.954952,39.922373],[-123.980031,39.962458],[-124.035904,40.013319],[-124.056408,40.024305],[-124.068908,40.021307],[-124.079983,40.029773],[-124.080709,40.06611],[-124.110549,40.103765],[-124.187874,40.130542],[-124.214895,40.160902],[-124.296497,40.208816],[-124.320912,40.226617],[-124.327691,40.23737],[-124.34307,40.243979],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.363634,40.276212],[-124.347853,40.314634],[-124.362796,40.350046],[-124.365357,40.374855],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.391496,40.407047],[-124.409591,40.438076],[-124.38494,40.48982],[-124.383224,40.499852],[-124.387023,40.504954],[-124.382816,40.519],[-124.329404,40.61643],[-124.158322,40.876069],[-124.137066,40.925732],[-124.118147,40.989263],[-124.112165,41.028173],[-124.125448,41.048504],[-124.138217,41.054342],[-124.153622,41.05355],[-124.154513,41.087159],[-124.160556,41.099011],[-124.159065,41.121957],[-124.165414,41.129822],[-124.158539,41.143021],[-124.149674,41.140845],[-124.1438,41.144686],[-124.106986,41.229678],[-124.072294,41.374844],[-124.063076,41.439579],[-124.066057,41.470258],[-124.081427,41.511228],[-124.081987,41.547761],[-124.092404,41.553615],[-124.101123,41.569192],[-124.097385,41.585251],[-124.100961,41.602499],[-124.114413,41.616768],[-124.120225,41.640354],[-124.135552,41.657307],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.164716,41.740126],[-124.17739,41.745756],[-124.194953,41.736778],[-124.23972,41.7708],[-124.248704,41.771459],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.245027,41.7923],[-124.230678,41.818681],[-124.208439,41.888192],[-124.203402,41.940964],[-124.204948,41.983441],[-124.211605,41.99846],[-123.656998,41.995137],[-123.624554,41.999837],[-123.347562,41.999108],[-123.145959,42.009247],[-123.045254,42.003049],[-122.893961,42.002605],[-122.289533,42.007764]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"California\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a7ace4b0e8fec6cdc53e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, David J. 0000-0002-1454-4514 wald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"David","email":"wald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quitoriano, Vincent 0000-0003-4157-1101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-1101","contributorId":317884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quitoriano","given":"Vincent","affiliations":[{"id":69179,"text":"under contract to U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heaton, Thomas H.","contributorId":187505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kanamori, Hiroo","contributorId":106120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"Hiroo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021670,"text":"70021670 - 1999 - A method for nitrate collection for δ15N and δ18O analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T07:35:16","indexId":"70021670","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for nitrate collection for δ15N and δ18O analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations","docAbstract":"

 Recently, methods have been developed to analyze NO3- for δ15N and δ18O, improving our ability to identify NO3- sources and transformations. However, none of the existing methods are suited for waters with low NO3- concentrations (0.7-10 µM). We describe an improved method for collecting and recovering NO3- on exchange columns. To overcome the lengthy collection loading times imposed by the large sample volumes (7-70 L), the sample was prefiltered (0.45 µm) with a large surface area filter. Switching to AG2X anion resin and using a coarser mesh size (100-200) than previous methods also enhanced sample flow. Placement of a cation column in front of the anion column minimized clogging of the anion column by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) accumulation. This also served to minimize transfer of unwanted oxygen atoms from DOC to the 18O portion of the NO3- sample, thereby contaminating the sample and shifting δ18O. The cat-AG2X method is suited for on-site sample collection, making it possible to collect and recover NO3- from low ionic strength waters with modest DOC concentrations (80-800 µM), relieves the investigator of transporting large volumes of water back to the laboratory, and offers a means of sampling rain, snow, snowmelt, and stream samples from access-limited sites.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science","doi":"10.1139/f99-126","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Chang, C.C., Langston, J., Riggs, M., Campbell, K., Silva, S.R., and Kendall, C., 1999, A method for nitrate collection for δ15N and δ18O analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 56, no. 10, p. 1856-1864, https://doi.org/10.1139/f99-126.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1856","endPage":"1864","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e455e4b0c8380cd465bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langston, J.","contributorId":24511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langston","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riggs, M.","contributorId":19726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021686,"text":"70021686 - 1999 - CFIRP: What we learned in the first ten years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:46:26","indexId":"70021686","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"CFIRP: What we learned in the first ten years","docAbstract":"In response to public dissatisfaction with forest management methods, we initiated the College of Forestry Integrated Research Project (CFIRP) to test alternative silvicultural systems in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii stands in western Oregon. We compared costs and biological and human responses among a control and three replicated silvicultural alternatives to clearcutting that retained structural features found in old Douglas-fir forests. Treatments were applied within 8- to 15-ha stands and attempted to mimic crown fires (modified clearcut), windthrow (green tree retention), and small-scale impacts such as root rot diseases (small patch group selection). We also compared costs in three unreplicated treatments (large patch group selection, wedge cut, and strip cut). Each treatment included differences in the pattern of retained dead trees (snags), as either scattered individuals or as clumps. Good communication among researchers and managers, a long-term commitment to the project, and careful documentation of research sites and data are important to the success of long-term silvicultural research projects. To date, over 30 publications have resulted from the project.","largerWorkTitle":"Forestry Chronicle","language":"English","issn":"00157546","usgsCitation":"Chambers, C.L., McComb, W., Tappeiner, J.C., Kellogg, L., Johnson, R., and Spycher, G., 1999, CFIRP: What we learned in the first ten years, in Forestry Chronicle, v. 75, no. 3, p. 431-434.","startPage":"431","endPage":"434","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2c8e4b0c8380cd4b379","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chambers, C. L.","contributorId":48525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McComb, W.C.","contributorId":78699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McComb","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C. II","contributorId":103235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J.","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kellogg, L.D.","contributorId":98900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, R.L.","contributorId":47305,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17860,"text":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spycher, G.","contributorId":71715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spycher","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021751,"text":"70021751 - 1999 - Influence of diameter on particle transport in a fractured shale saprolite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021751","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of diameter on particle transport in a fractured shale saprolite","docAbstract":"Experiments in an undisturbed, saturated column of weathered and fractured shale saprolite using fluorescent carboxylate-coated latex microspheres as tracers indicate that particle diameter plays a major role in controlling transport. In this study the optimum microsphere diameter for transport was approximately 0.5 ??m. Microspheres larger than the optimum size were present in the effluent at lower relative concentrations, apparently because of greater retention due to gravitational settling and/or physical straining. The smaller than optimum microspheres also experienced greater retention, apparently related to their higher rates of diffusion. Faster diffusion can lead to more frequent collisions with, and attachment to, fracture walls and may also lead to movement of particles into zones of relatively immobile pore water in the fractures or in the fine pore structure of the clay-rich matrix between fractures. Dismantling of the soil column and mapping of the distribution of retained microspheres indicated that there was substantial size-segregation of the microspheres between different fractures or in 'channels' within a fracture. Examination of small core samples showed that the smallest microspheres (0.05-0.1 ??m) were present in the fine pores of the matrix at distances of up to 3-4 mm from the nearest fracture, which supports the hypothesis that small particles can be retained by diffusion into the matrix. Calculations of settling velocity and diffusion rate using simple 1D approaches suggest that these processes could both cause significant retention of the larger and smaller particles, respectively, even for the fast advective transport rates (up to 32 m/day) observed during the experiments. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(98)00156-9","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Cumbie, D., and McKay, L., 1999, Influence of diameter on particle transport in a fractured shale saprolite: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 37, no. 1-2, p. 139-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(98)00156-9.","startPage":"139","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206252,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(98)00156-9"},{"id":229224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b21e4b0c8380cd62265","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cumbie, D.H.","contributorId":78497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cumbie","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKay, L.D.","contributorId":10185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021543,"text":"70021543 - 1999 - Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021543","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes","docAbstract":"Measurements of a large suite of metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and several others) and sulfur at Kilauea volcano over an extended period of time has yielded a detailed record of the atmospheric injection of ordinarily-rare metals from this quiescently degassing volcano, representative of an important type. We have combined the Kilauea data with data of recent studies by others (emissions from volcanoes in the Indonesian arc; the large Laki eruption of two centuries ago; Etna: estimates of total volcanic emissions of sulfur) to form the basis for a new working estimate of the rate of worldwide injection of metals to the atmosphere by volcanoes. The new estimate is that volcanoes inject a substantially smaller mass of ordinarily-rare metals into the atmosphere than was stated in a widely cited previous estimate [J.O. Nriagu, A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals, Nature 338 (1989) 47-49]. Our estimate, which is an upper limit, is an annual injection mass of about 10,000 tons of the metals considered, versus the earlier estimate of about 23,000 tons. Also, the proportions of the metals are substantially different in our new estimate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., Lamothe, P.J., Wilson, S., Finnegan, D., and Gerlach, T., 1999, Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 170, no. 3, p. 315-325, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X.","startPage":"315","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206306,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X"},{"id":229354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"170","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a547be4b0c8380cd6cfbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, S. A. 0000-0002-9468-0005","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-0005","contributorId":23561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finnegan, David L.","contributorId":80410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finnegan","given":"David L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}