The transport of coal and oil can result in contaminated soil, water, and organisms from unintended releases. Trains carrying coal and crude oil regularly pass through Puget Sound, Washington, and an increase in the number of coal and oil trains is expected in the future. This study characterized levels of potentially toxic contaminants in sediment in September 2015: arsenic, metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at four sites with fine-grained sediment (Chuckanut Bay, Padilla Bay, Snohomish River Delta, Nisqually River Delta) adjacent to the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) rail line in the Puget Sound region. Arsenic (As) and metals levels were compared to those measured at a fifth site, urban Saltwater State Park, which was expected to show contaminants associated with urbanization but not rail transport of coal and oil because it is not adjacent to the BNSF rail line. Knowledge about current properties of soil and sediment is essential for quantifying impacts of spills and other releases, and for setting remediation or restoration targets. For the sampling effort and timing of this study, all five sites had fine sediment contents of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) below minimal effects levels. Pb and Zn appeared to be urban sourced. Median As, chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) levels were in the range where adverse biological effects would possibly occur; however, Cr and Ni were geologically sourced and unlikely to be bioavailable to organisms. As, Cu, and antimony (Sb) levels were highly correlated, an association that is characteristic of legacy smelting operations; however, total sediment contents of these three elements, along with Hg and As/Sb ratios, were near natural levels and could indicate river-borne inputs. Median total PAH concentrations were highest at Snohomish River Delta, but were below minimal effects levels at all sites. Diagnostic PAH ratios were indicative of PAHs sourced from petroleum combustion and coal/biomass burning, rather than from spilled petroleum or coal. Rare earth element patterns were distinct among watersheds with Cascade volcanoes, granitic rocks, or non-volcanic sediments, making them promising sediment provenance indicators. Knowledge about sediment sources and contaminant distributions could provide unique insights about sediment-bound contaminant sourcing, delivery, and dispersal in nearshore regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181196","usgsCitation":"Takesue, R.K., and Campbell, P.L., 2019, Contaminant baselines and sediment provenance along the Puget Sound Energy Transport Corridor, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1196, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181196.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101826","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437594,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JCJ4EQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Inorganic compositional data for fine-grained Puget Sound sediment along the Burlington Northern Santa Fe rail line, September 2015"},{"id":360807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1196/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360808,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1196/ofr20181196.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1196"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.5,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 47\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Structured decision making is a systematic, transparent process for improving the quality of complex decisions by identifying measurable management objectives and feasible management actions; predicting the potential consequences of management actions relative to the stated objectives; and selecting a course of action that maximizes the total benefit achieved and balances tradeoffs among objectives. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, applied an existing, regional framework for structured decision making to develop a prototype tool for optimizing salt marsh management decisions at the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge in Delaware. Refuge biologists, refuge managers, and research scientists identified multiple potential management actions to improve the ecological integrity of eight salt marsh management units within the refuge and estimated the outcomes of each action in terms of performance metrics associated with each management objective. Value functions previously developed at the regional level were used to transform metric scores to a common utility scale, and utilities were summed to produce a single score representing the total management benefit that would be accrued from each potential management action. Constrained optimization was used to identify the set of management actions, one per salt marsh management unit, that would maximize total management benefits at different cost constraints at the refuge scale. Results indicated that for the objectives and actions considered here, total management benefits would increase consistently up to approximately \\$300,000, but that further expenditures would yield diminishing return on investment. Management actions selected within optimal portfolios at total costs less than \\$300,000 included hydrologic restoration, recontouring adjacent uplands to facilitate marsh migration, and burning the marsh. The prototype presented here provides a framework for decision making at the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge that can be updated as new data and information become available. Insights from this process may also be useful to inform future habitat management planning at the refuge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181160","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Neckles, H.A., Lyons, J.E., Nagel, J.L., Adamowicz, S.C., Mikula, T., Guiteras, S.T., and Mitchell, L.R., 2018, Optimization of salt marsh management at the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, Delaware, through use of structured decision making (ver. 1.1, May 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1160, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181160.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098065","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1160/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":364017,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1160/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"1.35 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":360084,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1160/ofr20181160.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1160"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","otherGeospatial":"Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.52928924560547,\n 39.18410260153466\n ],\n [\n -75.3885269165039,\n 39.18410260153466\n ],\n [\n -75.3885269165039,\n 39.30667511534216\n ],\n [\n -75.52928924560547,\n 39.30667511534216\n ],\n [\n -75.52928924560547,\n 39.18410260153466\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: May 29, 2019","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12100 Beech Forest Road
Laurel, MD 20708
Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds have affected groundwater beneath a former 9-acre landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1) of Naval Base Kitsap (NBK) Keyport, in Keyport, Washington. The landfill was the primary disposal area for domestic and industrial waste generated by NBK Keyport from the 1930s through 1973. Naval Facilities Engineering Command Northwest, in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency, Washington State Department of Ecology, and the Suquamish Tribe, is charged with collecting necessary data to monitor the contamination left in place and to ensure that the site does not pose a risk to human health or the environment.
To support these efforts, refined information was collected on how groundwater levels throughout OU 1 respond to tidal fluctuations at this nearshore site adjacent to Liberty Bay, an inlet of Puget Sound. The information was analyzed to determine the optimal times during the semidiurnal and the neap-spring tidal cycles to sample groundwater for contaminants associated with fresh groundwater originating from OU 1. The optimal times for sampling are presumed to be when fresh groundwater flowing seaward is least impeded by elevated tides, and those times are related to predicted tide levels by tidal lags, the durations between low tides, and corresponding low groundwater levels. Discrete groundwater-specific conductance data also were collected to determine if a seawater/freshwater interface was present at any of the monitoring wells, and to inform decisions on the depth at which groundwater should be sampled in existing wells.
Groundwater and surface-water levels were monitored at 19 monitoring wells and five adjacent surface-water sites. Specific conductance was monitored in each surface-water site. All time-series data parameters were collected every 15 minutes during a 4-week duration to measure how nearshore groundwater responds to tidal forcing. Time-series data were collected from July 12, 2018, to August 8, 2018, a period that included neap and spring tides. Vertical water-quality profiles were measured once in the screened interval of nine selected monitoring wells. The profiles included measurements at the top, middle, and bottom of each saturated screen interval.
Tidal lag times were determined relative to tidal levels in Liberty Bay (rather than in the more nearby Tide Flats) because the predicted tides for the Poulsbo, Washington Station (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] Station 9445719) that are used to schedule groundwater sampling represent open-water conditions in the area; a sill that separates Dogfish Bay from the Tide Flats clearly affects the timing and magnitude of low-low tides in the Tide Flats. Calculated tidal lag times were divided into three general groups: (1) wells where groundwater responded to tidal level changes immediately, (2) wells where groundwater responded to tidal level changes within about 2–5 hours, and (3) wells where groundwater had minimal response to tidal level changes. Groundwater levels in the middle group of wells primarily responded in concert with tidal level changes in the Tide Flats rather than tidal level changes in Liberty Bay.
An intended sampling depth refinement based on an assessment of transient seawater intrusion was not completed because of a failure to collect specific-conductance time-series data in select wells. Instead, discrete specific-conductance data from this and prior studies were evaluated to determine that the midpoint of well screens in OU 1 wells can be assumed to be a reasonably representative of undiluted groundwater. When sampling during spring (rather than neap) tides (as has generally been the standard practice at OU 1), the optimal time to sample the monitoring wells influenced by tides would be to add the tidal lags presented in this report to the time of the predicted low-low tide for Liberty Bay as measured at NOAA Station 9445719 at Poulsbo, Washington. Sampling schedules for the six wells where groundwater levels were only minimally influenced by tide changes should not be constrained by tidal conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Opatz, C.C., and Dinicola, R.S., 2019, Analysis of groundwater response to tidal fluctuations, Operable Unit 1, Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1098, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191098.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-107656","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1098/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":367169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1098/ofr20191098.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1098"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Keyport","otherGeospatial":"Naval Base Kitsap","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.62941598892212,\n 47.694699930336995\n ],\n [\n -122.62280702590942,\n 47.694699930336995\n ],\n [\n -122.62280702590942,\n 47.69943693711954\n ],\n [\n -122.62941598892212,\n 47.69943693711954\n ],\n [\n -122.62941598892212,\n 47.694699930336995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
The Challenge—Most geological phenomena are extraordinarily complex in their interrelationships and vast in their geographical extension. Ordinarily, engineers and geoscientists are faced with corporate or scientific requirements to properly prepare geological models with measurements involving a small fraction of the entire area or volume of interest. Exact description of a system such as an oil reservoir is neither feasible nor economically possible. The results are necessarily uncertain. Note that the uncertainty is not an intrinsic property of the systems; it is the result of incomplete knowledge by the observer.
The Aim of Geostatistics—The main objective of geostatistics is the characterization of spatial systems that are incompletely known, systems that are common in geology. A key difference from classical statistics is that geostatistics uses the sampling location of every measurement. Unless the measurements show spatial correlation, the application of geostatistics is pointless. Ordinarily the need for additional knowledge goes beyond a few points, which explains the display of results graphically as fishnet plots, block diagrams, and maps.
Geostatistical Methods—Geostatistics is a collection of numerical techniques for the characterization of spatial attributes using primarily two tools: probabilistic models, which are used for spatial data in a manner similar to the way in which time-series analysis characterizes temporal data, or pattern recognition techniques. The probabilistic models are used as a way to handle uncertainty in results away from sampling locations, making a radical departure from alternative approaches like inverse distance estimation methods.
Differences with Time Series—On dealing with time-series analysis, users frequently concentrate their attention on extrapolations for making forecasts. Although users of geostatistics may be interested in extrapolation, the methods work at their best interpolating. This simple difference has significant methodological implications.
Historical Remarks—As a discipline, geostatistics was firmly established in the 1960s by the French engineer Georges Matheron, who was interested in the appraisal of ore reserves in mining. Geostatistics did not develop overnight. Like other disciplines, it has built on previous results, many of which were formulated with different objectives in various fields.
Pioneers—Seminal ideas conceptually related to what today we call geostatistics or spatial statistics are found in the work of several pioneers, including: 1940s: A.N. Kolmogorov in turbulent flow and N. Wiener in stochastic processing; 1950s: D. Krige in mining; 1960s: B. Mathern in forestry and L.S. Gandin in meteorology
Calculations—Serious applications of geostatistics require the use of digital computers. Although for most geostatistical techniques rudimentary implementation from scratch is fairly straightforward, coding programs from scratch is recommended only as part of a practice that may help users to gain a better grasp of the formulations.
Software—For professional work, the reader should employ software packages that have been thoroughly tested to handle any sampling scheme, that run as efficiently as possible, and that offer graphic capabilities for the analysis and display of results. This primer employs primarily the package Stanford Geomodeling Software (SGeMS) - recently developed at the Energy Resources Engineering Department at Stanford University - as a way to show how to obtain results practically. This applied side of the primer should not be interpreted as the notes being a manual for the use of SGeMS. The main objective of the primer is to help the reader gain an understanding of the fundamental concepts and tools in geostatistics.
Organization of the Primer—The chapters of greatest importance are those covering kriging and simulation. All other materials are peripheral and are included for better comprehension of these main geostatistical modeling tools. The choice of kriging versus simulation is often a big puzzle to the uninitiated, let alone the different variants of both of them. Chapters 14, 18, and 19 are intended to shed light on those subjects. The critical aspect of assessing and modeling spatial correlation is covered in chapter 7. Chapters 2 and 3 review relevant concepts in classical statistics.
Course Objectives—This course offers stochastic solutions to common problems in the characterization of complex geological systems. At the end of the course, participants should have: an understanding of the theoretical foundations of geostatistics; a good grasp of its possibilities and limitations; and reasonable familiarity with the SGeMS software, thus opening the possibility of practically applying geostatistics.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091103","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., 2018, A practical primer on geostatistics (Version 1.0: Originally posted July 6, 2009; Version 1.1: January 2010; Version 1.2: July 2017, Version 1.3: November 2017; Version 1.4: December 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1103, ii, 346 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091103.","productDescription":"ii, 346 p.","numberOfPages":"348","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344191,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1103/versionHist_1_4.txt","size":"4.74 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":344186,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1103/ofr20091103.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2009-1103"},{"id":125462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1103/coverthb4.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted July 6, 2009; Version 1.1: January 2010; Version 1.2: July 2017, Version 1.3: November 2017; Version 1.4: December 2018","contact":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), a pathogenic chytrid fungus, is nonnative to the United States and poses a disease threat to vulnerable amphibian hosts. The Bsal fungus may lead to increases in threatened, endangered, and sensitive status listings at State, Tribal, and Federal levels, resulting in financial costs associated with implementing the Endangered Species Act of 1973. The United States is a global biodiversity hotspot for salamanders, an order of amphibians that is particularly vulnerable to developing a disease called chytridiomycosis when exposed to Bsal. Published Bsal risk assessments for North America have suggested that salamanders within the Appalachian region of the United States are at a high risk. In May 2017, a workshop was facilitated by the Department of the Interior’s Strategic Sciences Group. During the workshop, a discussion-based incident-response exercise focused on a hypothetical Bsal disease outbreak in Appalachia was led by U.S. Geological Survey staff members. Participants included representatives of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, Appalachian Landscape Conservation Cooperative, Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, and U.S. Department of Agriculture’s U.S. Forest Service. Scenario building was used to brainstorm cascading consequences (social, economic, and ecological) of a Bsal disease outbreak in the Appalachian region. This report highlights the management and science actions that could be undertaken to ensure an effective, rapid response to a Bsal introduction into the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181150","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, M.C., Adams, M.J., Super, P.E., Olson, D.H., Hickman, C.R., English, P., Sprague, L., Maska, I.B., Pennaz, A.B., and Ludwig, K.A., 2018, Batrachochytrium salamandriovrans (Bsal) in Appalachia—Using scenario building to proactively prepare for a wildlife disease outbreak caused by an invasive amphibian chytrid fungus: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1150, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181150.","productDescription":"Report: v, 9 p.; Appendixes","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-092683","costCenters":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1150/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359123,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1150/ofr20181150.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.37 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2018-1150"}],"contact":"Associate Director, Ecosystems Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 300
Reston, VA 20192
The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) is a freely available software application that works within the Esri Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) software. DSAS computes rate-of-change statistics for a time series of shoreline vector data. DSAS version 5.0 (v5.0) was released in December 2018 and has been tested for compatibility with ArcGIS versions 10.4 and 10.5. It is supported on Windows 7 and Windows 10 operating systems. If you use it, please cite it as follows and make note of the current version:
Himmelstoss, E.A., Farris, A.S., Henderson, R.E., Kratzmann, M.G., Ergul, Ayhan, Zhang, Ouya, Zichichi, J.L., Thieler, E. R., 2018, Digital Shoreline Analysis System (version 5.0): U.S. Geological Survey software release, https://code.usgs.gov/cch/dsas.
This user guide describes the system requirements, installation procedures, and necessary inputs to establish measurement locations with DSAS-generated transects and compute rate-of-change calculations. Although the nomenclature for this software utility is based on use in a coastal environment, the DSAS application could be used to compute rates of change for any boundary-change problem that incorporates a clearly identified feature position at discrete times, such as glacier limits, river banks, or land use/cover boundaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181179","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Himmelstoss, E.A., Henderson, R.E., Kratzmann, M.G., and Farris, A.S., 2018, Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) version 5.0 user guide: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1179, 110 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181179.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 110 p.; Software","ipdsId":"IP-098630","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360367,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":" https://code.usgs.gov/cch/dsas","text":"Digital Shoreline Analysis System (version 5.0) software"},{"id":360366,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1179/ofr20181179.pdf","text":"Report","size":"35.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1179"},{"id":360365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1179/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360368,"rank":4,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/DSAS/","text":"Digital Shoreline Analysis System","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543
The northwest-trending Chocolate Mountains are situated along the northeastern margin of the southern Salton Trough. The Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range occupies most of the 75-km-long part of the Chocolate Mountains that lies between Salt Creek to the north and California State Highway 78 to the south. Mapping studies in the Chocolate Mountains within the gunnery range are few and this study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Navy (Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest, San Diego, California) and U.S. Marine Corps (Range Management Department, Marine Corps Air Station, Yuma, Arizona).
Crystalline basement rocks in the Chocolate Mountains range in age from early Proterozoic to middle Cenozoic. Early and middle Proterozoic metamorphosed sedimentary and plutonic rocks include sillimanite-biotite-quartz feldspar gneiss, layered biotite-quartz-feldspar gneiss, biotite-quartz-feldspar augen gneiss, and largely undeformed late Proterozoic anorthosite and syenite. These rock types, which crop out as dispersed domains in the Chocolate Mountains, are remnants—along with more extensive domains observed in the Eastern Transverse Ranges to the north and in the San Gabriel Mountains to the northwest—of an originally more continuous assemblage that has been dextrally displaced along strands of the San Andreas Fault System.
Director,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
University of Arizona
ENRB Bldg, 520 N. Park Ave, Rm 355
Tucson, AZ 85719-5035
Currently, an aftershock sequence is ongoing in Alaska after the magnitude 7.0 Anchorage earthquake of November 30, 2018. Using two scenarios, determined with observations as of December 14, 2018, this report estimates that it will take between 2.5 years and 3 decades before the rate of aftershocks decays to the rate of earthquakes that were occurring in this area before the magnitude 7.0 mainshock. All of the time estimates have significant uncertainty owing to different scenarios of how the sequence may decrease over time and could also change if a large aftershock occurs. The report also estimates the amount of time after the mainshock until the annual probability of magnitude 5 or greater and 6 or greater aftershocks—which could cause additional damage—decreases to 50, 25, 10, and 5 percent. For instance, the probability of one or more magnitude 6 or greater aftershocks in the following year decreases to 10 percent between 7 and 250 days after the mainshock. The same probability for magnitude 5 or greater earthquakes is reached between 500 and 7,000 days after the mainshock.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181195","usgsCitation":"Michael, A.J., 2018, On the potential duration of the aftershock sequence of the 2018 Anchorage earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1195, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181195.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-104229","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1195/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360690,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1195/ofr20181195.pdf","text":"Report","size":"300 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-FIle Report 2018-1195"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","contact":"Contact Information,
Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
On the Western Slope of Colorado, variable climate and precipitation conditions are typical. Periods of drought—which may be defined by lack of water, high temperatures, low soil moisture, or other indicators—cause a range of impacts across sectors, including water, land, and fire management.
The Western Slope’s Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) was one of the first pilot areas in which the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) implemented a drought early warning system (DEWS) in 2009. NIDIS presently supports eight regional DEWS; as of 2016, the UCRB DEWS has been incorporated into an expanded Intermountain West (IMW) DEWS. The selection of the UCRB for an initial DEWS reflects the regional importance of drought information for managing water supply for agriculture and other uses, and the need for effective decision support related to drought. Additionally, new drought information products were developed specifically for the UCRB DEWS, and a number of others have been created since 2009, adding to the preexisting toolkit for drought decision making.
The various elements of the UCRB drought early warning system can be expected to be more or less suitable for the needs of different decision makers. As a result, the UCRB makes an ideal case study to examine the use of scientific information products and tools in which the broad decision context (managing drought) is defined, but information needs of current and prospective users vary. Thus decision makers will make varied choices about which of the available tools to use or not use, depending on the particular management and institutional context in which they work. This report investigates the factors that affect the choices of decision makers about whether and how to use particular information sources, products, and tools. The investigation focused on the following research questions:
Studies of decision support tools or information sources often concentrate on the known users of a given tool(s). Such an approach can yield useful information; it provides rich insight into the experiences of users and can suggest design modifications to make existing tools more effective. Yet it is not an effective approach to capture the perspectives and needs of prospective tool users or to investigate the factors that affect whether or not someone chooses to use tools in the first place. To overcome this challenge, in this study the author instead used a geographically based sampling strategy in which a range of natural resource managers from preidentified Federal management units and selected State agencies on the Western Slope were considered prospective users of tools. Prospective users were then asked to describe in an open-ended fashion what information and tools they do or do not use and why. This approach allowed for respondents to report both use and nonuse of tools, and thus the ability to identify factors that influence information and tool use choices by managers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181173","usgsCitation":"Cravens, A.E., 2018, How and why Upper Colorado River Basin land, water, and fire managers choose to use drought tools (or not): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1173, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181173.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-091495","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360635,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1173/ofr20181173.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1173"},{"id":360592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1173/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Building C
Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118
Site 10 at Naval Magazine Indian Island is an approximately 3.7-acre inactive landfill. The site was used as the primary landfill for the island from about 1945 until the mid-1970s, receiving paints, batteries, trash, and materials. In a memorandum to Washington State Department of Ecology, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Northwest (NAVFAC NW) stipulated that a new tidal study would be conducted to recalculate tidal influence lag-time in each groundwater monitoring well at Site 10.
Groundwater levels and specific conductance in five monitoring wells, along with marine water-levels (tidal levels) in Port Townsend Bay, were monitored every 15 minutes during a 2-week period to better understand nearshore groundwater-seawater interactions at Site 10. Time series data were collected from April 17 to May 3, 2018, a period that included neap and spring tides.
Vertical profiles of specific conductance were measured once in the screened interval of each well prior to instrument deployment to determine if a freshwater/saltwater interface was present in the well prior to instrument deployment. Profiles where measured during an ebbing tide at approximately the top, middle, and bottom of the saturated thickness within the screened interval of each well. The landward-most well, MW10-8 and coastline wells MW10-10, MW10-11 and MW10-12R, had a uniform specific conductance in the range of fresh or brackish water. Landfill monitoring well MW10-6 showed the highest uniform specific conductance profile also in the range of brackish water.
Lag times between minimum spring-tide levels and minimum groundwater levels in wells ranged from about 0 to 4 hours. Results of lag times showed a logical increase in lag time as the distance increases from the shoreline to each monitoring well.
The specific-conductance time-series data showed minimal change in the screened interval of each well. Fluctuation of specific conductance in each well was unique but no sharp groundwater saltwater interface was observed. Increases in specific conductivity concurrent with spring low tides were measured in coastline wells, suggesting shoreward transport of high specific conductivity landfill leachate rather than seawater intrusion.
Based on all the data collected during this investigation, the optimal time for sampling monitoring wells at Site 10 would be during a 0–4-hour period following the predicted low-low tide.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Opatz, C.C., and Dinicola, R.S., 2018, Analysis of groundwater response to tidal fluctuations, Site 10 Naval Magazine Indian Island, Port Hadlock, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1192, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181192.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099654","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360629,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1192/ofr20181192.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1192"},{"id":360628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1192/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Naval Magazine Indian Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.73732662200928,\n 48.08149085582177\n ],\n [\n -122.72406578063963,\n 48.08149085582177\n ],\n [\n -122.72406578063963,\n 48.0877406628633\n ],\n [\n -122.73732662200928,\n 48.0877406628633\n ],\n [\n -122.73732662200928,\n 48.08149085582177\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
The Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) is a long-term science based effort to assess and enhance aquatic and terrestrial habitats at a landscape scale in southwest Wyoming, while facilitating responsible development through local collaboration and partnerships. The role of the U.S. Geological Survey is to build the scientifically defensible foundation on which WLCI planners, decisionmakers, and resource managers may base their activities. Understanding the distribution of mineral resources is integral to understanding where mineral development (mining) might be concentrated in the future and how that mining might affect habitats. This map and report focus on naturally-occurring sand and gravel, a form of construction aggregate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181139","usgsCitation":"Wilson, A.B., 2018, Map of sand and gravel mines, prospects, and occurrences, and the geologic units that host them in the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) study area, southwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1139, 11 p., scale 1;500,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181139.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iii, 11 p.; Sheet: 35.0 x 30.0 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-087988","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360456,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1139/ofr20181139_sheet_georeferenced.pdf","text":"Georeferenced Map","size":"49.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1139 Georeferenced 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Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225
The ongoing restoration of more than 200 hectares of estuarine habitat at Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, southwestern Washington, is expected to benefit a variety of species, including salmonids that use estuarine and tidal marshes as rearing and feeding areas as well as migratory waterbirds. During March–June 2014 and 2015, U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center (WERC) initiated a study to assess aquatic prey resources, in coordination with a separate but parallel fish study done by the Columbia River Estuary Study Taskforce. WERC collected data on environmental variables and invertebrate community structure, and the taskforce provided salmonid diet data at restored (Lewis Stream and Porter Point) and reference (Greenhead Slough and Ellsworth Creek) sites. We analyzed these data to determine the functional capacity of the estuary for supporting invertebrate prey resources for fish following restoration.
The results of our analyses were as follows:
Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
The Navajo (N) aquifer is an extensive aquifer and the primary source of groundwater in the 5,400-square-mile Black Mesa area in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in the Black Mesa area because of continued water requirements for industrial and municipal use by a growing population and because of the arid climate. Precipitation in the area typically ranges from less than 6 to more than 16 inches per year depending on location.
The U.S. Geological Survey water-monitoring program in the Black Mesa area began in 1971 and provides information about the long-term effects of groundwater withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. This report presents results of data collected as part of the monitoring program in the Black Mesa area from November 2015 to December 2016. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) groundwater withdrawals (pumping), (2) groundwater levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, and (5) groundwater chemistry.
In calendar year 2016, total groundwater withdrawals were 3,540 acre-ft, industrial withdrawals were 1,090 acre-ft, and municipal withdrawals were 2,450 acre-ft. Total withdrawals during 2016 were about 52 percent less than total withdrawals in 2005 because of Peabody Western Coal Company’s discontinued use of water to transport coal in a coal slurry pipeline.
From 2015 to 2016, annually measured water levels available for comparison in wells completed in the unconfined areas of the N aquifer within the Black Mesa area declined in 9 of 16 wells, and the median change was –0.1 feet. Water levels also declined in 8 of 16 wells measured in the confined area of the aquifer. The median change for the confined area of the aquifer was 0.0 feet. From the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 2016, the median water-level change for all 32 wells in both the confined and unconfined areas was –10.2 feet; the median water-level changes were –1.6 feet for the 16 wells measured in the unconfined areas and –36.1 feet for the 16 wells measured in the confined area.
Spring flow was measured at four springs in 2016. Flow fluctuated during the period of record for Burro Spring and Pasture Canyon Spring, but a decreasing trend was statistically significant (p<0.05) at Moenkopi School Spring and Unnamed Spring near Dennehotso. Discharge at Burro Spring has remained relatively constant since it was first measured in the 1980s and discharge at Pasture Canyon Spring has fluctuated for the period of record.
Continuous records of surface-water discharge in the Black Mesa area were collected from streamflow-gaging stations at the following sites: Moenkopi Wash at Moenkopi 09401260 (1976 to 2016), Dinnebito Wash near Sand Springs 09401110 (1993 to 2016), Polacca Wash near Second Mesa 09400568 (1994 to 2016), and Pasture Canyon Springs 09401265 (2004 to 2016). Median winter flows (November through February) of each water year were used as an index of the amount of groundwater discharge at the above-named sites. For the period of record, the median winter flows have generally remained constant at Dinnebito Wash and Polacca Wash, whereas a decreasing trend was indicated at Moenkopi Wash and Pasture Canyon Springs.
In 2016, water samples collected from three wells and four springs in the Black Mesa area were analyzed for selected chemical constituents, and the results were compared with previous analyses from the same wells and springs. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate have varied at all three wells for the period of record, but neither increasing nor decreasing trends over time were found. Dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate concentrations increased at Moenkopi School Spring during the more than 25 years of record at that site. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Pasture Canyon Spring have not varied significantly (p>0.05) since the early 1980s, and there is no increasing or decreasing trend in those data. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate at Burro Spring and Unnamed Spring near Dennehotso have varied for the period of record, but there is no statistical trend in the data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181193","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Navajo Nation and the Arizona Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Mason, J.P., and Macy, J.P., 2018, Groundwater, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona—2015–2016: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1193, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181193.","productDescription":"vii, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-097246","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384544,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211124","text":"Open-File Report 2021-1124","linkHelpText":"- Groundwater, Surface-Water, and Water-Chemistry Data, Black Mesa Area, Northeastern Arizona—2016–2018"},{"id":360531,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1193/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360532,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1193/ofr20181193.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2018-1193"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.5,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -109.5,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -109.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 35.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
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U.S. Geological Survey
520 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85719
The Yankee Fork of the Salmon River is one of the larger watersheds in the upper Salmon River subbasin of central Idaho. Mining activities since the late 19th century, specifically placer mining and associated dredging from 1940 to 1953, have left the fluvial system in a highly altered and unnatural state. To improve aquatic and terrestrial habitat in the Yankee Fork, the Bureau of Reclamation and other stakeholders collaborated on the Dredge Tailings Restoration Project and Yankee Fork Rehabilitation Project. In conjunction with these rehabilitation efforts, the U.S. Geological Survey monitored suspended-sediment transport and discharge between 2012 and 2015 at three sites in the lower reaches of the Yankee Fork. Pseudo-hydrographs were developed for the Bonanza and Confluence sites using data from the streamgage site as a surrogate. Results showed a good fit between measured and calculated discharge with R2 values of 0.96 for the Bonanza site and 0.98 for the Confluence site. Both regressions have high hypothesis test statistics (t>23) and low probability values (p<0.0001), indicating a strong linear correlation. Suspended-sediment samples collected mostly during snowmelt runoff showed a positive correlation with stream discharge. Hysteresis in the sample results indicates a supply-limited suspended-sediment transport regime. Percent sand by weight of suspended-sediment samples identified a possible discharge threshold for sand suspension at about 400 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) at the Bonanza site and about 1,000 ft3/s at the Confluence and Gage sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Johnsen, J.W., 2018, Sediment transport monitoring of the Yankee Fork of the Salmon River near Stanley, Idaho, 2012–15: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1189, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181189.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-090600","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360434,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1189/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360435,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1189/ofr20181189.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1189"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","city":"Stanley","otherGeospatial":"Salmon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.4892,\n 43.5222\n ],\n [\n -114.2392,\n 43.5222\n ],\n [\n -114.2392,\n 44.7725\n ],\n [\n -115.4892,\n 44.7725\n ],\n [\n -115.4892,\n 43.5222\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702
This report is a user guide for the Massachusetts Sustainable-Yield Estimator (MA SYE) computer program (version 2.0). The MA SYE was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection to provide a planning-level decision-support tool designed to help decision makers estimate daily mean streamflows and selected streamflow statistics to assess sustainable water use at ungaged sites in Massachusetts. The MA SYE provides estimates of unaltered streamflow (which is assumed to occur in the absence of any water withdrawals or wastewater discharges and with minimal human development), net streamflow alterations caused by water use, water-use-adjusted streamflow, streamflow yields (estimated unaltered streamflow minus user-defined flow targets), and estimates of the accuracy and uncertainty of estimated unaltered streamflow. The MA SYE uses basin characteristics and water-use volumes (water withdrawals and wastewater-return flows) obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey online StreamStats application to estimate the unaltered and water-use-adjusted streamflows. The MA SYE is a database application with a graphical user interface developed by using Visual Basic for Applications with the 32-bit version of Microsoft Access. The graphical user interface is designed include full documentation for users: an introductory instruction form and onscreen help within each interactive form, including explanation buttons, context-sensitive help buttons, and tool-tip and status-bar messages.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181169","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Granato, G.E., and Levin, S.B., 2018, User guide for the Massachusetts Sustainable-Yield Estimator (MA SYE—version 2.0) computer program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1169, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181169.\n\n","productDescription":"Report: vi, 7 p.; Software release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-098957","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358596,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95VX5AX","text":"USGS software release","description":"USGS software release","linkHelpText":"Massachusetts Sustainable-Yield Estimator (MASYE) application software (version 2.0) "},{"id":360299,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":" https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185146","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5146 ","linkHelpText":"- Methods Used to Estimate Daily Streamflow and Water Availability in the Massachusetts Sustainable-Yield Estimator Version 2.0"},{"id":360297,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1169/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360298,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1169/ofr20181169.pdf","text":"Report","size":"422 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1169"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
The reintroduction of extirpated salmonids to historically occupied areas is becoming increasingly common as a conservation and recovery strategy. Often, reintroductions are implemented after the factors that originally led to species extirpation have been reduced, eliminated, or mitigated. For anadromous Oncorhynchus spp. (Pacific salmon) and O. mykiss (steelhead), addressing barriers to migration, which have been a primary factor in the decline and extirpation of many populations, has been an integral component of recovery efforts. Mitigation has included barrier removal, developing fish passage opportunities, and (or) actively trapping and hauling juvenile and adult anadromous salmonids around barriers.
With any reintroduction, there are a number of concerns regarding the ecological impact of the reintroduction efforts. Three of the main tenets to consider when assessing reintroductions are (1) the potential benefits if reintroduction is successful, (2) the biological risk through interactions of reintroduced strains with existing populations, and (3) the factors potentially limiting a successful reintroduction. This report focuses on information and data to address the second and third factors as they apply to the upper Lewis River in Washington.
The upper Lewis River historically contained wild populations of O. tshawytscha (Chinook salmon), O. kisutch (coho salmon), and steelhead. These populations were extirpated after completion of hydropower facilities on Lake Merwin in 1932, Yale Lake in 1953, and Swift Reservoir in 1958, which prevented fish from migrating to and from ocean environments. However, recent licenses issued by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission require the installation and operation of an upstream fish passage facility at Lake Merwin and a downstream fish passage facility at Swift Reservoir. The licenses were developed in consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The overarching goal of this fish reintroduction project is to establish viable, self-sustaining, naturally reproducing, harvestable populations of spring Chinook salmon, winter steelhead, and coho salmon at levels higher than minimum viable populations.
This report uses a combination of field data and existing information to address six key objectives related to the reintroduction in order to inform decisions about passage at the Yale Lake and Lake Merwin hydropower projects. The objectives are (1) a review of information relevant to anadromous fish reintroduction and full fish passage; (2) a habitat assessment of tributaries to Swift Reservoir, Yale Lake, and Lake Merwin; (3) a field study to assess adult potential for spawning success; (4) an assessment of juvenile production and outmigration success; (5) a Lake Merwin predator impact study; and (6) a set of studies assessing interactions between anadromous and resident fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181190","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with PacifiCorp","usgsCitation":"Al-Chokhachy, R., Clark, C.L., Sorel, M.H., and Beauchamp, D.A., 2018, Development of new information to inform fish passage decisions at the Yale and Merwin hydro projects on the Lewis River, Washington—Final report, 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1190, 206 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181190.","productDescription":"xv, 206 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-078496","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360226,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1190/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360227,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1190/ofr20181190.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1190"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lewis River","contact":"Director, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2327 University Way, Suite 2
Bozeman, MT 59715
In 2011 and 2012, the sedimentary basins in the Fort Irwin National Training Center, California, were evaluated for groundwater resources using a variety of techniques, including drilling of boreholes. This study summarizes lithostratigraphic features and deposits in 8 of 10 boreholes drilled in 2 basins located in the western part of Fort Irwin. The western part of Fort Irwin straddles the eastern edge of the Miocene Eagle Crags volcanic field; therefore, many of the rocks penetrated in the boreholes are primary volcanic deposits (lava flow, pyroclastic flow, and fallout tephra deposits) and tuffaceous or lithic-rich sedimentary rocks (siltstone to cobble conglomerates) deposited in alluvial, fluvial, lacustrine, and possibly groundwater discharge environments. Boreholes were drilled with mud-rotary techniques that result in cuttings samples, and only two to four cores ranging in length from 3 to 5 feet (ft) were collected in each borehole.
Correlation of lithostratigraphic features to borehole geophysical logs (especially gamma and resistivity) helps to establish properties of the rock and enables identification of depositional sequences of similar rock types. Lithostratigraphic features and resistivity in boreholes compare reasonably well to nearby time-domain electromagnetic sounding (resistivity) model results.
There is no direct age control on the rocks penetrated in the boreholes. The abundance of tuffaceous material as primary or slightly redeposited matrix is used to identify rocks deposited during the activity of the Eagle Crags volcanic field in the Miocene. In contrast, sedimentary rocks composed of detrital and epiclastic grains (only a few of which are tuffaceous rocks as clasts) are inferred to have been deposited during the Quaternary or Pliocene(?). The lithostratigraphic-based estimates of relative age indicate the typical thickness of the Quaternary or Pliocene(?) deposits is 70–170 ft, and that several water-bearing horizons are probable in the Miocene(?) section.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131024D","usgsCitation":"Buesch, D.C., 2018, Lithostratigraphic framework in boreholes from Goldstone Lake and Nelson Lake Basins, Fort Irwin, California, chap. D of Buesch, D.C., ed., Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 2013–1024–D, 133 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131024D.","productDescription":"vi, 133 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-079918","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362164,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/d/ofr20131024d_table2.1.xls","text":"Table 2.1","size":"56 KB xls","description":"OFR 2013-1024 Chapter D Table 2.1"},{"id":360342,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/d/ofr20131024d.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2013-1024 Chapter D"},{"id":360343,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/d/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","city":"Fort Irwin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 35.67\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35.67\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center—Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
The geology of the Fort Irwin National Training Center in the north-central Mojave Desert, California, provides insights into the hydrology and water resources of the area. The Fort Irwin area is underlain by rocks ranging in age from Proterozoic to Quaternary that have been deformed by faults as young as Quaternary. Pre-Tertiary sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic bedrock and Miocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks are exposed in the mountains and ridges, between which are basins containing Quaternary to Pliocene deposits. During the Miocene, in the western part of Fort Irwin, development of the Eagle Crags volcanic field resulted in a complex assemblage of lava flows, pyroclastic flow and fallout tephra deposits, and volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks that were deposited in alluvial, fluvial, and locally lacustrine environments; in the eastern part of Fort Irwin, epiclastic sedimentary rocks and minor tuffaceous rocks were deposited in alluvial, fluvial, and locally lacustrine environments. In the Pliocene and Quaternary, sandstone and conglomerate were deposited in alluvial and fluvial environments, and locally fine-grained materials were deposited in lacustrine, eolian, playa, and groundwater discharge environments. The Fort Irwin area is transected by Neogene to Holocene northwest- and east-striking (and fewer northeast-striking) strike-slip, normal, and locally thrust faults. Structural blocks between faults are broadly warped, and locally rocks adjacent to the faults are folded and sheared. Many of these faults influenced the formation or modification of basins, especially after about 11 million years, when the Eastern California Shear Zone developed in this area. The three-dimensional geologic framework produced by the late Cenozoic stratigraphic and structural history is represented by the continuity or spatial limitations of lithostratigraphic and correlative hydrogeologic properties. The continuity or limitations of rocks and properties influence how water moved (and moves) through the hydrogeologic system.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131024C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army, Fort Irwin National Training Center","usgsCitation":"Buesch, D.C., Miller, D.M., and Menges, C.M., 2018, Cenozoic geology of Fort Irwin and vicinity, California, chap. C of Buesch, D.C., ed., Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1024–C, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131024C.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 39 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-079524","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359938,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/c/ofr20131024c.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2013-1024"},{"id":359937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1024/c/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","city":"Fort Irwin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 35.67\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35.67\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center—Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025-3591
The Southern Great Plains Rapid Ecoregional Assessment was conducted in partnership with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Great Plains Landscape Conservation Cooperative. The overall goal of the Rapid Ecoregional Assessments (REAs) is to compile and synthesize regional datasets to facilitate evaluation of the cumulative effects of change agents on priority ecological communities and species. In particular, the REAs identify and map the distribution of communities and wildlife habitats at broad spatial extents and provide assessments of ecological conditions. The REAs also identify where and to what degree ecological resources are currently at risk from change agents, such as development, fire, invasive species, and climate change. The REAs can help managers identify and prioritize potential areas for conservation or restoration, assess cumulative effects as required by the National Environmental Policy Act, and inform landscape-level planning and management decisions for multiple uses of public lands.
Management questions form the basis for the REA framework and were developed in conjunction with the BLM and other stakeholders. Conservation elements are communities and species that are of regional management concern. Core management questions relate to the key ecological attributes and change agents associated with each conservation element. Integrated management questions synthesize the results of the primary core management questions into overall landscape-level ranks for each conservation element.
The ecological communities evaluated as conservation elements are shortgrass, mixed-grass, and sand prairies; all grasslands; riparian and nonplaya wetlands; playa wetlands and saline lakes; and prairie streams and rivers. Species and species assemblages evaluated are the freshwater mussel assemblage, Arkansas River shiner (Notropis girardi), ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis), lesser prairie chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), snowy plover (Charadrius nivosus), mountain plover (Charadrius montanus), long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus), interior least tern (Sternula antillarum athalassos), burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus), bat assemblage, swift fox (Vulpes velox), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus).
The Southern Great Plains REA is summarized in a series of three reports and associated datasets. The pre-assessment report (available online at https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151003) summarizes the process used by the REA stakeholders to select management questions, conservation elements, and change agents. It also provides background information for each conservation element. Volume I of the Southern Great Plains REA report addresses the ecological communities (available online at https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171100). Volume II (this volume) addresses the species and species assemblages. All source and derived datasets used to produce the maps and graphs for REAs are available online at the BLM Landscape Approach Data Portal (https://landscape.blm.gov/geoportal/catalog/REAs/REAs.page).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181109","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management and the Great Plains Landscape Conservation Cooperative","usgsCitation":"Reese, G.C., Carr, N.B., and Burris, L.E., 2018, Southern Great Plains Rapid Ecoregional Assessment—Volume II. Species and assemblages (ver. 1.1, December 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1109, 134 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181109.","productDescription":"xiii, 134 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-094978","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360274,"rank":5,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1109/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"4.00 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Version History"},{"id":359623,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171100 ","text":"Open-File Report 2017-1100—","linkHelpText":"Southern Great Plains Rapid Ecoregional assessment—Volume I. Ecological communities"},{"id":359620,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1109/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":359621,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1109/ofr20181109.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.34 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1109"},{"id":359622,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151003","text":"Open-File Report 2015–1003—","linkHelpText":"Southern Great Plains Rapid Ecoregional Assessment—Pre-Assessment Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 30.939924331023445\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 30.939924331023445\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 43.08493742707592\n ],\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 43.08493742707592\n ],\n [\n -106.14990234375,\n 30.939924331023445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: December 2018; Version 1.0: November 2018","contact":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Building C
Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118
This report is a user guide for the Connecticut Streamflow and Sustainable Water Use Estimator (CT SSWUE) computer program (version 1.0). The CT SSWUE was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection to provide a planning-level decision-support tool designed to help decision makers estimate daily mean streamflows and selected streamflow statistics to assess sustainable water use at ungaged sites in Connecticut. The CT SSWUE provides estimates of unaltered streamflow (which is assumed to occur in the absence of any water withdrawals or wastewater discharges and with minimal human development), net streamflow alterations caused by water use, water-use-adjusted streamflow, streamflow yields (estimated unaltered streamflow minus user-defined flow targets), and estimates of the accuracy and uncertainty of estimated unaltered streamflow. The CT SSWUE uses basin characteristics and water-use volumes (water withdrawals and wastewater-return flows) obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey online StreamStats application to estimate the unaltered and water-use-adjusted streamflows. The CT SSWUE is a database application with a graphical user interface developed by using Visual Basic for Applications with the 32-bit version of Microsoft Access. The graphical user interface is designed to include full documentation for users: an introductory instruction form and onscreen help within each interactive form, including explanation buttons, context-sensitive help buttons, and tool-tip and status-bar messages.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181163","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Granato, G.E., and Levin, S.B., 2018, User guide for the Connecticut Streamflow and Sustainable Water Use Estimator (CT SSWUE—version 1.0) computer program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1163, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181163.","productDescription":"vi, 7 p.","ipdsId":"IP-098955","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360048,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V6ARUS","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Connecticut Streamflow and Sustainable Water Use Estimator (CT SSWUE) Application Software "},{"id":360046,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1163/ofr20181163.pdf","text":"Report","size":"360 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1163"},{"id":360045,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1163/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360047,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185135","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5135","linkHelpText":"- The Connecticut Streamflow and Sustainable Water Use Estimator: A Decision-Support Tool To Estimate Water Availability at Ungaged Stream Locations in Connecticut"}],"contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
This report documents the development of quantitative measures (indicators) of ecosystem structure and function for use in a Habitat Needs Assessment (HNA) for the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS). HNAs are led periodically by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Upper Mississippi River Restoration (UMRR) Program, which is the primary habitat restoration program on the UMRS. The UMRR Program helps determine how Federal, State and nongovernmental agencies can best address environmental issues on one of the world’s largest and most diverse river systems. Each indicator in this report represents at least one management objective developed for the river system. These objectives were developed in a previous planning effort using an ecosystem management conceptual framework (USACE, 2011). The objectives represent five essential ecosystem characteristics: hydraulics and hydrology, biogeochemistry, geomorphology, habitat, and biota. Subsequent to the 2011 planning effort, the UMRR increased its focus on improving the health and resilience of the UMRS. The indicators presented here are based on the five essential ecosystem characteristics and four aspects of ecosystems thought to support general ecosystem resilience (the ability of an ecosystem to adapt and respond to disturbances): (1) connectivity, (2) diversity and redundancy, (3) controlling variables, and (4) slow processes. Thus, we developed indicators that quantify both essential ecosystem characteristics and characteristics of a resilient river system. The indicators documented in this report focus on important aspects of river floodplain hydrogeomorphology, given the fundamental role hydrogeomorphology plays in determining habitat conditions and ecosystem health and resilience at broad geographic scales. The information contained within this report provides a broader scale (for example, system-wide) context for management decisions made at finer scales (for example, within river reaches or at project sites) and is designed for use in the formal system-wide Habitat Needs Assessment II (HNA–II) led by the UMRR Program.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181143","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Upper Mississippi River Restoration Program","usgsCitation":"De Jager, N.R., Rogala, J.T., Rohweder, J.J., Van Appledorn, M., Bouska, K.L., Houser, Jeffrey, N., and Jankowski, K.J., 2018, Indicators of ecosystem structure and function for the Upper Mississippi River System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1143, 115 p., including 4 appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181143.","productDescription":"xiii, 115 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-092913","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1143/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":360204,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1143/ofr20181143.pdf","text":"Report","size":"45.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1143"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River System","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Road
La Crosse, WI 5460
The Bi-State Distinct Population Segment (DPS) of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereinafter “sage-grouse”) occupies parts of Alpine, Mono, and Inyo Counties in California, and parts of Douglas, Esmeralda, Lyon, Carson City, and Mineral Counties in Nevada and was proposed for listing as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in October 2013. In April 2015, the USFWS determined that the Bi-State DPS did not warrant listing under the ESA, but monitoring continued for assessment of long-term population stability (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015a). Threats to this population include geographic isolation, expansion of single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), anthropogenic activities, changes in historical wildfire cycles and the conversion of native shrubs to invasive annual grasslands, and recent changes in predator communities. As part of a broad long-term monitoring program, we used an integrated population model to estimate finite rate of population change (λ) of each subpopulation within the Bi-State DPS from 2003 to 2017. Since 2012, the Bi-State DPS experienced multiple years of drought conditions associated with periods of population decline across multiple populations. The 14-year average (λ) for the Bi-State DPS is 0.98 (95 percent CRI=0.70–1.31). Three subpopulations (Mount Grant, Fales, Bodie Hills) showed continued evidence of stability and growth as the average λ exceeded 1.0. Moreover, we implemented the first year of an experimental pre-nesting female and brood translocation program to bolster a critically low population of sage-grouse in Parker Meadows, California. Finally, we report summary statistics describing sage-grouse movements and relative abundance of avian predators across all years of the study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181177","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Nevada Department of Wildlife, and the U.S. Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Mathews, S.R., Coates, P.S., Prochazka, B.G., Ricca, M.A., Meyerpeter, M.B., Espinosa, S.P., Lisius, S., Gardner, S.C., and Delehanty, D.J., 2018, An integrated population model for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment, California and Nevada, 2003–17: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1177, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181177.","productDescription":"ix, 89 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098330","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360049,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1177/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360050,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1177/ofr20181177.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2018-1177"}],"contact":"Director,
Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different tagging methods and transmitter types on juvenile salmonid behavior, mortality, physiology, and swimming performance over a range of water temperatures and fish sizes.
In Chapter 1, two laboratory experiments were conducted to assess maximum burst-swimming speeds, the probability of gulping air, swimming angles, and the probability of resting on a screen in a swim tunnel. For the burst swim speed experiment, we identified a slightly reduced, but statistically significant difference in burst-swimming speeds for gastric- and surgical-tagged fish implanted with dummy radio and acoustic transmitters. For the swim tunnel experiment, surgical-tagged fish were one-half as likely to gulp air at the surface of the swim tunnel as untagged and gastric-tagged fish. We observed higher probabilities of fish gulping air at the surface for fish with tag ratios greater than 5 percent, suggesting that smaller fish required greater adjustment to their buoyancy than larger fish. We also observed that gastric-tagged fish had, on average, steeper swimming angles than untagged and surgical-tagged fish in the swim tunnel.
In Chapter 2, we conducted a field-based laboratory experiment at John Day Dam to assess the sustained swimming performance (i.e., critical swimming speed or Ucrit) of in-river migrating subyearling Chinook salmon that were surgically implanted with dummy radio and acoustic transmitters. Statistical tests indicated a significant reduction (about 8.3 centimeters per second [cm/s] or 1 body length per second) in sustained swimming performance for fish implanted with either radio or acoustic transmitters. We also found a significant reduction in Ucrit of -1.38 cm/s for every 1 degree Celsius (°C) increase in temperature.
In Chapter 3, we assessed the effects of water temperature on the physiology, mortality, and swimming performance of juvenile Chinook salmon in laboratory and field experiments. Juvenile Chinook salmon generally showed elevated stress response, elevated mortality, and reduced swimming performance as water temperature increased. We concluded that the water temperature threshold for handling and tagging fish with minimal impacts seems to be near 23 °C. At 25 °C, we documented very high mortality and dramatically reduced swimming performance of tagged fish relative to controls. Telemetry studies conducted at 25 °C would not meet the critical assumption that the transmitter has minimal impacts on the study fish.
In the Chapter 4, we evaluated the effects of antenna length and antenna material on the subsequent tag output power, reception, and detection of tagged fish. In a laboratory, we compared the relative signal strengths in water of 150-megahertz transmitters over a range of antenna lengths (from 6 to 30 cm) and materials (one weighing about one-half of the other). The peak relative signal strengths were at 20 and 22 cm, which are about 1 wavelength underwater at the test frequency. The peak relative signal strengths at these antenna lengths were about 50 percent greater than those of 30-cm antennas, a length commonly used in fisheries research.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181186","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., and Liedtke, T.L., eds., 2018, Effects of transmitter type, tagging method, body size, and temperature on behavior, physiology, and swimming performance of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): U.S. Geological Survey Open Report 2018–1186, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181186.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-076451","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1186/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360006,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1186/ofr20181186.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1186"}],"contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
This report describes an interactive tool (NDakGWtool) in which a statistical model is developed using locally weighted regression to estimate monthly mean groundwater elevations for a specified latitude and longitude, referred to as the “user-specified location.” For each user-specified location, seven models are developed for each month from April through October. Localized, high spatial-resolution maps of estimated monthly mean groundwater surface elevations are produced from the models. The tool was evaluated for glacial drift aquifers of the 32-county study area in central and eastern North Dakota. Although groundwater elevations from 1960 to 2017 were available to develop the tool, groundwater elevations from 1995 to 2015 were used for model testing and development of the model domain. There are 413 grid cells of 0.1-degree latitude by 0.1-degree longitude size in the model domain, and the tool produces maps of estimated monthly mean groundwater surface elevations for the cell containing the user-specified location. Additionally, the NDakGWtool produces maps of estimated groundwater depth below land surface and ArcGIS files of estimated groundwater surface elevations and groundwater depth below land surface. The tool is composed of four main components: data input, statistical model, output, and user-interactive process.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181185","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Natural Resources Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Nustad, R.A., Damschen, W.C., and Vecchia, A.V., 2018, Interactive tool to estimate groundwater elevations in central and eastern North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1185, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181185.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 24; Appendix","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-090716","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359877,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1185/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359878,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1185/ofr20181185.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1185"},{"id":359880,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1185/ofr20181185_appendix.zip","text":"Appendix","size":"27.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 2018–1185 Appendix","linkHelpText":"R Documentation"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
821 East Interstate Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58503