In June, 2017, we acquired seismic data along five linear profiles at three British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority (BC Hydro, a Canadian provincial Crown Corporation) dam sites (John Hart, Ladore, and Strathcona Dams) on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. We also attempted to acquire linear seismic profiles at two additional BC Hydro dam sites (Ruskin Dam and Stave Falls Dam) east of the City of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; however, due to a seismograph programming error, little active-source data from Ruskin Dam and Stave Falls Dam were recorded. Thus, results from Ruskin Dam and Stave Falls Dam are not included in this report. At the three dam sites with successful data acquisition, we acquired both active- and passive-source data. Data acquisition details for each of the three dam sites varied in terms of seismic sources, the number of seismographs, and profile length and orientation. However, for active-source acquisition at each dam site, we acquired one or more linear seismic profiles ranging in length from about 150 to 400 meters (m), and along each profile, seismograph spacing was either 3 m or 5 m (see appendix 1). All data were recorded in three components (vertical and two horizontals). To greatly increase the resolution of the seismic velocity structure along these profiles, we co-located active sources at each seismograph.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191015","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., Addo, K.O., Goldman, M.R., Chan, J.H., Sickler, R.R., and Criley, C.J., 2019, Two-dimensional seismic velocities and structural variations at three British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority (BC Hydro) dam sites, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1015, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191015.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 125 p.; Data release","numberOfPages":"137","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099439","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1015/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361738,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1015/ofr20191015.pdf","text":"Report","size":"32.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1015"},{"id":361739,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PRGZ53","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"2017 U.S. Geological Survey/BC Hydro seismic data recorded at three dam sites on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Vancouver Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.6036718615,\n 49.90411690637\n ],\n [\n -125.30053124888,\n 49.90411690637\n ],\n [\n -125.30053124888,\n 50.100507966958\n ],\n [\n -125.6036718615,\n 50.100507966958\n ],\n [\n -125.6036718615,\n 49.90411690637\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Earthquake Science Center — Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
The Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus) is endemic to central Arizona in Gila and Pinal Counties, and has been federally listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) since 1979. Mining, mineral exploration, and highway development have resulted in habitat degradation and loss of individual plants. Therefore, decreases in the population of the cactus are expected to continue. In response to a request from FWS to compile, evaluate, and synthesize data for the cactus, we identified and evaluated existing survey and monitoring data for the cactus and conducted a demographic analysis with suitable data.
Systematic surveys for the Arizona hedgehog cactus did not begin until the late 1970s. Early surveys generally were anecdotal descriptions of cactus populations and precisely georeferenced records of individual cactus occurrence did not occur until global positioning systems were widely used. Much of the georeferenced data have been collected by consultants for mining operations, the Arizona Department of Transportation, the U.S. Forest Service, and independent surveyors. Occurrence records have been compiled by the Arizona Game and Fish Department Heritage Data Management System, but submission of these data may be incomplete, and the attributes reported have varied among the contributing entities. The compilation and management of survey data is essential for field-based evidence of the size, distribution, and range extent of the cactus. In support of consistency in future survey data collection, this report makes several suggestions for future surveys.
Monitoring for the Arizona hedgehog cactus, defined as repeat observations of the status of cactus individuals, has been done by consulting companies for three mines. Demographic monitoring further involves marking individual cacti in consistently defined plots and recording the fate of each cacti through time, including birth, growth, reproduction, and death. We were able to use demographic monitoring data provided by two consulting companies to calculate survival and population growth rates, using several statistical approaches. Resulting models indicate that larger cacti, as measured by their number of stems, have greater survival rates. Larger individuals also had higher probability of producing more flowers. Small cacti had the lowest survivorship, with potentially only 15–20 percent reaching large size. Most populations monitored by the two companies were stable to increasing. However, there were differences in the growth rates among plots and some plots had negative population growth rates. The demographic monitoring data we used represented relatively dense populations of undisturbed cacti. Hence, overall positive population growth rates were not influenced by any large-scale disturbances. Previous analyses with cacti and other species suggest that more than 10 years of data are necessary to accurately forecast long-term population trajectories. As the monitoring intervals we evaluated were shorter, they represent short-term dynamics only. Several suggestions are made in the report to improve collection of monitoring data to support evidence-based estimates of demographic characteristics of the Arizona hedgehog cactus.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Ecological Services","usgsCitation":"Thomas, K.A., Shryock, D.F., and Esque, T.C., 2019, Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus)—A systematic data assessment in support of recovery: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1004, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191004.","productDescription":"viii, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099658","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361617,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1004/ofr20191004.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1004"},{"id":361616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1004/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Gila County, Pinal County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.22421264648438,\n 33.25534082823907\n ],\n [\n -110.9014892578125,\n 33.25534082823907\n ],\n [\n -110.9014892578125,\n 33.48070852506531\n ],\n [\n -111.22421264648438,\n 33.48070852506531\n ],\n [\n -111.22421264648438,\n 33.25534082823907\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Southwest Biological Science Center
520 N. Park Avenue, Suite 221
University of Arizona, Building 120
Tucson, Arizona 85719
The Hartsel quadrangle sits nearly in the center of the complex South Park Laramide structural basin. Generally, the basin can be described as an asymmetrical down-faulted feature, dipping to the east. It is bounded by two northwest-trending uplifts: the Sawatch uplift to the west and the Front Range uplift to the east. The west-verging Elkhorn thrust, which places Proterozoic intrusive and metamorphic rocks within the Front Range uplift over Phanerozoic sediments in the basin, passes just east of the quadrangle. Seismic data and deep oil and gas well logs indicate that a series of imbricate thrust faults extend west, and in front of, the Elk horn thrust fault. The Hartsel uplift is a westward-jutting structural salient of the Front Range uplift that brings Proterozoic rocks farther into the basin south of the town of Hartsel. The quadrangle also spans the late Paleozoic boundary between the central Colorado trough (DeVoto, 1972) to the west and Frontrangia (Mallory, 1958) to the east. The Neogene Rio Grande rift system lies to the west of South Park Basin in the upper Arkansas River valley. Examples of Neogene extension can be found throughout South Park, as described by Stark and others (1949), De Voto (1971), and Ruleman and others (2011). In addition, there is evidence of ongoing local deformation related to dissolution and possible collapse of Paleozoic evaporite deposits across much of the west side of the basin (Kirkham and others, 2012).
","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Barkmann, P.E., Houck, K.J., Dechesne, M., Lovekin, J.R., and Johnson, E.P., 2019, Geologic map of the Hartsel Quadrangle, Park County, Colorado: Open-File Report 17-04.","ipdsId":"IP-086086","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361730,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361707,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://store.coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/product/geologic-map-hartsel-quadrangle-park-colorado/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Park County","otherGeospatial":"Hartsel Quadrangle","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barkmann, Peter E.","contributorId":213937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barkmann","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12745,"text":"Colorado Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":758726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houck, Karen J.","contributorId":25623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houck","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dechesne, Marieke 0000-0002-4468-7495","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4468-7495","contributorId":213936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechesne","given":"Marieke","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lovekin, Jonathan R.","contributorId":213939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovekin","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12745,"text":"Colorado Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":758728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Erinn P.","contributorId":213940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Erinn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12745,"text":"Colorado Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":758729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70202040,"text":"ofr20191008 - 2019 - Bridge scour countermeasure assessments at select bridges in the United States, 2016–18","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-08T12:20:27","indexId":"ofr20191008","displayToPublicDate":"2019-02-27T07:11:46","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-1008","displayTitle":"Bridge Scour Countermeasure Assessments at Select Bridges in the United States, 2016–18","title":" Bridge scour countermeasure assessments at select bridges in the United States, 2016–18","docAbstract":"In 2009, the Federal Highway Administration published Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 23 (HEC-23) to provide specific design and implementation guidelines for bridge scour and stream instability countermeasures. However, the effectiveness of countermeasures implemented over the past decade following those guidelines has not been evaluated. Therefore, in 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, began a study to assess the current condition of bridge-scour countermeasures at selected sites to evaluate their effectiveness. Bridge-scour countermeasures were assessed during 2016–2018 after additional sites were added following a similar study. Site assessments included reviewing countermeasure design plans, summarizing the peak and daily streamflow history, and assessments at each site. Each site survey included a photo log summary, field form, and topographic and bathymetric geospatial data and metadata. This report documents the study area and site-selection criteria, explains the survey methods used to evaluate the condition of countermeasures, and presents the complete documentation for each countermeasure assessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191008","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Dudunake, T.J., Huizinga , R.J., and Fosness, R.L., 2019, Bridge scour countermeasure assessments at select bridges in the United States, 2016–18: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1008, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191008.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Data release","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2016-01-01","temporalEnd":"2018-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-085157","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361447,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7WW7G4W","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial data for bridge scour countermeasure assessments at select bridges in the United States, 2016-2018"},{"id":361446,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1008/ofr20191008.pdf","text":"Report","size":"735 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1008"},{"id":361445,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1008/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Idaho, Iowa, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Rd
Boise, Idaho 83702-4520
The United States Geological Survey’s (USGS) Planetary Geologic Map Coordination Group (Flagstaff, Ariz.) surveyed planetary geoscience map makers and users to determine the importance, relevance, and usability of such products to their planetary science research and to current and future needs of the planetary science community. This survey was prepared because the planetary science community lacks a modern assessment of the value invested in geoscience map products and processes (including the diverse scientific and technical personnel who add to and maintain this infrastructure) and a strategy that ensures these efforts appropriately prioritize mapping efforts across all solid surface bodies in the Solar System.
A 30-question survey was conducted through an online questionnaire and was designed to (1) take <10 minutes, (2) instill a sense that responses would be acted upon, and (3) encourage community participation through a user-friendly interface. The survey made a distinction between “standardized” geoscience maps (those published by the USGS that require adherence to specific cartographic standards, conventions, and principles) and “non-standardized” geoscience maps (those published by other venues such as peer-reviewed journals that are not required to, but might, adhere to some cartographic standards, conventions, and principles). The survey was opened on Sunday, March 18, 2017 (to coincide with the annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in The Woodlands, Tex.) and was closed on Thursday, May 25, 2017. There was a total of 265 unique responses that were formulated into 17 unique findings that were matched with one or more recommendations to be addressed by the planetary science community.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191012","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.A. Jr., Huff, A.E., Fortezzo, C.M., Gaither, T., Hare, T.M., Hunter, M.A., Buban, H., 2019, Planetary geologic mapping—program status and future needs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1012, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191012","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102821","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361568,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1012/ofr20191012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1012"},{"id":361567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1012/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Astrogeology Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Dr.
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543–1598
Cache Creek drains part of northern California’s Coast Ranges and is an important source of mercury (Hg) to the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. Cache Creek is contaminated with Hg from several sources, including historical Hg and gold mines, native Hg in the soils, and active mineral springs. In laboratory experiments in a study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the use of coagulants and sorbents to immobilize Hg in water samples from high-concentration sources in the Cache Creek watershed was investigated. Three sites were selected for the collection of surface-water samples containing high and low concentrations of particulate-associated Hg. The high-particulate Hg samples were collected from Cache Creek Settling Basin during stormflow conditions. The low-particulate Hg samples were collected from two geochemically contrasting sites during base-flow conditions (downstream from a geothermal spring and at the emergence point of a connate-water spring). Three coagulants were chosen for laboratory testing with the high-particulate sample— (1) ChitoVanTM HV 1.5 percent (shell based), (2) FerralyteTM 8131 (ferric sulfate based), and (3) UltrionTM 8186 (aluminum based). Each coagulant was tested at various dose amounts to determine the optimum dose rate for the high-particulate sample. The low-particulate source samples were passed through three sorbents—(1) chitosan flakes, (2) coconut shell-based activated carbon, and (3) coal-based activated carbon. In-line columns were packed with each material, and the untreated sample was passed through each column at three different flow rates (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 liter per minute, L/min).
For dose rates used in this study, ChitoVanTM reduced turbidity of the particulate sample by 85–91 percent, FerralyteTM reduced turbidity by 54–93 percent, and UltrionTM reduced turbidity by greater than 90 percent. At the lowest dose rate, ChitoVanTM achieved a 59- to 61-percent reduction in whole-water methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations and a 71- to 75-percent decrease in whole-water total mercury (THg) concentrations. FerralyteTM achieved a 37- to 48-percent decrease in whole-water MeHg concentrations and a 37- to 48-percent reduction in whole-water THg concentrations. UltrionTM achieved a greater than 90-percent decrease in whole-water MeHg and THg concentrations.
Mercury removal from the low-particulate samples was less efficient for the sorbent materials compared to the coagulants; less than 30 percent of THg was removed from any 500-milliliter aliquot using sorbent materials. The coal-based sorbent was the most versatile of the sorbents, removing THg to a similar extent from both low-particulate source waters. The chitosan sorbent was the most effective at removing THg from the low-particulate stream sample, but less effective for the low-particulate connate-spring sample. The Hg removal efficiency of the coconut sorbent decreased quickly compared to the other two sorbents, indicating that sorption may be limited by the short contact times evaluated in this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191001","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"De Parsia, E.R., Fleck, J.A., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Hoang, K., Roth, D., and Randall, P., 2019, Coagulant and sorbent efficacy in removing mercury from surface waters in the Cache Creek watershed, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1001, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191001. ","productDescription":"viii, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-096117","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361413,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1001/ofr20191001.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1001"},{"id":361412,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1001/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cache Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
For the past 36 years, Bulletin 17B, published by the Interagency Committee on Water Data in 1982, has guided flood-frequency analyses in the United States. During this period, much has been learned about both hydrology and statistical methods. In keeping with the tradition of periodically updating the Bulletin 17B guidelines in light of advances in our understanding and methods, the Hydrologic Frequency Analysis Work Group (HFAWG) was charged by the Subcommittee on Hydrology (SOH) of the Advisory Committee on Water Information (ACWI) to consider possible updates to Bulletin 17B.
The purpose of this report is to consider the statistical performance of possible revisions to Bulletin 17B procedures. Of particular interest are procedures designed to accommodate more general forms of flood information. The concern is how the proposed procedures would affect the precision, accuracy and robustness of flood-frequency estimates. The investigations reported here focus on techniques for the following:
The proposed changes, which mostly involve generalizing Bulletin 17B’s method-of-moments procedures by using the Expected Moments Algorithm (EMA), are relatively modest, at least in the sense that they would not affect the main features of Bulletin 17B. The proposed methods include the following:
The hydrological literature already provides extensive support for the theory behind the proposed changes. The remaining question is practical: How well do the proposed methods perform under typical and realistic conditions and, specifically, with difficult records occasionally encountered in practice? In order to answer these questions, the HFAWG commissioned the work reported here. The following four major sets of results are provided:
Collectively, these studies provide a reasonably comprehensive, valid, and robust assessment of the properties of the Bulletin 17B methods and proposed alternatives. The experiments and analysis indicate that the flood quantile estimators, proposed as a revision of Bulletin 17B, do the following:
Chief, Analysis and Prediction Branch
Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division
Water Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Mail Stop 415
Reston, VA 20192
A field study was conducted to estimate survival of fry-sized juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Lookout Point Reservoir, western Oregon, during 2017. The field study consisted of releasing three groups of genetically marked fish in the reservoir and monthly fish sampling. Fish were released during April 18–19 (43,950 fish), May 30–June 2 (44,145 fish), and on June 28, 2017 (3,920 fish). Reservoir sampling began in May and occurred monthly through October, consisting of 5-day events where juvenile Chinook salmon were collected using various gear types (electrofishing, shoreline traps, gill nets). Data were analyzed using two models: (1) a staggered release-recovery model (SRRM), and (2) a parentage-based tagging (PBT) N-mixture model. The SRRM provided survival estimates from two periods: (1) mid-April to late May (SSRRM1), and (2) late May to late June (SSRRM2). Multiple estimates of survival were possible for each period using different combinations of recovery data from the three groups of fish that were released. Survival estimates for SSRRM1 ranged from 0.470 to 0.520. Estimates for SSRRM2 ranged from 0.968 to 0.969; cumulative survival from mid-April to late June (SSRRM2) was estimated at 0.870. We suspect that issues with the third release group led to biased survival results using the SRRM. The PBT N-mixture model provided survival estimates from six periods: (1) mid-April to mid-May (SNMIX1), (2) mid-May to mid-June (SNMIX2), (3) mid-June to mid-July (SNMIX3), (4) mid-July to mid-August (SNMIX4), (5) mid-August to mid-September (SNMIX5), and (6) mid-September to mid-October (SNMIX6). Survival estimates from the PBT N-mixture model were lowest for SNMIX1 (0.461) and increased monthly to a high of 0.970 for SNMIX6. Cumulative survival from mid-April to mid-July was 0.233 and overall survival from mid-April to mid-October was 0.188. This suggests that most mortality occurred early in the study when juvenile Chinook salmon were small. This could be because these fish were most vulnerable to predation in the reservoir at that time. We determined that mortality of juvenile Chinook salmon was high in the reservoir during this study and similar estimates of parr-to-smolt survival have been observed in other systems. Additional analyses are required, including results from the second year of study (2018), and potentially similar evaluations will need to be made at other locations to determine if reservoir mortality is a limiting survival factor for Chinook salmon in the Middle Fork Willamette River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Oregon State University","usgsCitation":"Kock, T.J., Perry, R.W., Hansen, G.S., Haner, P.V., Pope, A.C., Plumb, J.M., Cogliati, K.M., and Hansen, A.C., 2019, Evaluation of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fry survival at Lookout Point Reservoir, western Oregon, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1011, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191011.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102234","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1011/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361398,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1011/ofr20191011.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1011"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Lookout Point Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.89718627929688,\n 43.91768033000405\n ],\n [\n -122.81410217285155,\n 43.98589821991874\n ],\n [\n -122.64244079589842,\n 43.929055415997134\n ],\n [\n -122.5140380859375,\n 43.82808744469062\n ],\n [\n -122.63626098632812,\n 43.77059798257491\n ],\n [\n -122.75711059570312,\n 43.854830911225235\n ],\n [\n -122.89718627929688,\n 43.91768033000405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
The recovery of endangered Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) in Upper Klamath Lake, south-central Oregon, has been impeded because juveniles are not recruiting into adult spawning populations. Adult sucker populations spawn each spring but mortality of age-0 suckers during their first summer is excessively high, and recruitment of juveniles into adult populations does not occur in most years. The last significant year class to join spawning aggregations was hatched in 1991. Capture rates for age-0 Lost River suckers decrease so substantially each summer that it is thought that mortality is nearly 100 percent within the first year of life each year. Causes of mortality are not understood but poor water quality, parasites, disease, predation, and non-native species are suspected to contribute to mortality. Upper Klamath Lake is hypereutrophic and summer water-quality conditions have large diurnal and seasonal fluctuations. Photosynthesis of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, the most abundant cyanobacterium in Upper Klamath Lake, is responsible for large fluctuations in dissolved-oxygen (DO) concentrations and pH.
We introduced hatchery-raised, passive integrated transponder-tagged juvenile Lost River suckers into large mesocosms located at Fish Banks, Mid North, and Rattlesnake Point in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, to assess sucker mortality relative to water-quality conditions. We identified the date of death for each sucker by assessing movement patterns among vertically stratified antennas. We modeled daily mortality using known fate models relative to water-quality conditions measured by sondes. Histopathology was used to understand causes of eminent mortality for moribund suckers.
Fish mortality, growth, health, and movement patterns varied among locations, but it was unclear whether this variation was due to water-quality or other factors. Seasonal mortality was 58.8 percent at Fish Banks, 27.4 percent at Mid North, and 11.5 percent at Rattlesnake Point. Growth over the 109-day study period was lowest at Fish Banks (34.5 ±10.0 millimeters [mm] standard length (SL); 18.6 ±7.7 grams [g]), intermediate at Mid North (57.5 ±13.6 mm SL; 40.1 ±15.4 g), and greatest at Rattlesnake Point (78.4 ±13.0 mm SL; 72.5 ±18.7 g). Our ability to assess causes of juvenile sucker mortality in mesocosms using our modelling approach was limited by low daily mortality. Zero to 3 mortalities occurred per day, except on July 30 at Fish Banks when 7 mortalities occurred. Relative to any other measured and tested water-quality condition, mortality was more likely to occur on days with large fluctuations in oxygen percent saturation. When we assessed the fit of the most parsimonious model, performance was poor, which suggested that other factors were contributing to mortality. Our ability to assess the relationship between seasonal patterns in water quality and fish mortality were limited by the absence of substantial differences in water quality among sites, inconsistency in the depth at which measurements were collected, and no clear pattern in conditions leading up to and during mortality events. Except for DO at Rattlesnake Point and diel temperature variations at Fish Banks, seasonally summarized water-quality factors were similar among sites. The locations of water-quality monitors within the water column likely explain the differences in DO at Rattlesnake Point and temperature variation at Fish Banks. Furthermore, DO concentrations and other water-quality factors occurring during and prior to mortality events were inconsistent.
Microscopic assessments indicated severe gill hyperplasia, fusion of the secondary lamellae, and severe Ichthyobodo sp. infestations on the gills of most moribund suckers. Liver glycogen was usually depleted in suckers with severe Ichthyobodo sp. infestations. Ichthyobodo sp. infestations probably were the immediate cause of death and probably originated from the Klamath Tribes Fish Research Facility, although this parasite also is present in Upper Klamath Lake and severe water-quality conditions may have contributed to morbidity. As suckers in the mesocosms died, they were replaced with suckers from the Fish Research Facility that likely were heavily parasitized with Ichthyobodo sp. Therefore, it is possible that the gradient in mortality rate among sites was owing to site-varying differences in inadvertent increases in introduced parasite loads.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Hereford, D.M., Conway, C.M., Burdick, S.M., Elliott, D.G., Perry, T.M., Dolan-Caret, A., and Harris, A.C., 2019, Assessing causes of mortality for endangered juvenile Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) in mesocosms in Upper Klamath Lake, south-central Oregon, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Open -File Report 2019-1006, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191006.","productDescription":"viii, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098400","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1006/ofr20191006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1006"},{"id":361282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1006/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.10273742675781,\n 42.22750046697999\n ],\n [\n -121.79374694824219,\n 42.22750046697999\n ],\n [\n -121.79374694824219,\n 42.595554553719204\n ],\n [\n -122.10273742675781,\n 42.595554553719204\n ],\n [\n -122.10273742675781,\n 42.22750046697999\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
During 2016, as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Project (NAWQA), the U.S. Geological Survey conducted the Northeast Stream Quality Assessment (NESQA) to investigate stream quality in the northeastern United States. The goal of the NESQA was to assess the health of wadeable streams in the region by characterizing multiple water-quality factors that are stressors to aquatic life and by evaluating the relation between these stressors and the condition of biological communities. Urbanization, agriculture, and human modifications to streamflow are anthropogenic changes that greatly affect water quality in the region; consequently, the study design primarily selected sites and targeted stressors associated with these activities. The NESQA built on a prior NAWQA study conducted in the region in 2014, the Atlantic Highlands flow-ecology study, which investigated the effects of anthropogenically modified flows on aquatic biological communities in primarily forested watersheds. Land-cover data for the NESQA were used to identify and select sites within the region that had watersheds ranging in levels of urban and agricultural development. A total of 95 sites were selected: 67 on streams in watersheds representing a range of urban land use, 13 on streams in watersheds with some degree of agricultural land use, and 15 on streams in predominantly forested watersheds with little development. Depending on land-cover characteristics, sites were sampled weekly for metal and organic contaminants, nutrients, and sediment for either a 9-week period that began the week of June 6, 2016, or a 4-week period that begin the week of July 11, 2016. Beginning August 1, 2016, and for about 2 weeks, an ecological survey was conducted at every site to assess stream habitat, and algal, benthic invertebrate, and fish communities. Additional samples collected during the ecological surveys were streambed sediment for chemical analysis and toxicity testing, and fish tissue for mercury analysis. This report describes the various study components and methods of the NESQA and describes a precursor effort for the Atlantic Highlands flow-ecology study. Details are presented for measurements of water quality, sediment chemistry, streamflow, and ecological surveys of stream biota and habitat, as well as processes of sample analysis, quality assurance and quality control, and data management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181183","collaboration":"National Water Quality Program","usgsCitation":"Coles, J.F., Riva-Murray, K., Van Metre, P.C., Button, D.T., Bell, A.H., Qi, S.L., Journey, C.A., and Sheibley, R.W., 2019, Design and methods of the U.S. Geological Survey Northeast Stream Quality Assessment (NESQA), 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1183, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181183.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 46 p.; Appendixes 1 and 2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-095438","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361093,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2, tables 2.1 through 2.10: Excel ","size":"119 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":361094,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183_appendixes.zip","text":"Appendixes 1 and 2, all tables in CSV format","size":"5.45 GB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":361095,"rank":6,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/"},{"id":361090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361091,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1183"},{"id":361092,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1, tables 1.1 through 1.4: Excel","size":"777 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -68.291015625,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -68.291015625,\n 47.60616304386874\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 47.60616304386874\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 40.17887331434696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
A catastrophic flood event on the Missouri River system in 2011 led to substantial changes in abundance and distribution of unvegetated sand habitat. This river system is a major component of the breeding range for interior Least terns (Sternula antillarum; “terns”) and piping plovers (Charadrius melodus; “plovers”), both of which are Federally listed ground-nesting birds that prefer open, unvegetated sand and gravel nesting substrates on sandbars and shorelines. The 2011 flood inundated essentially all tern and plover nesting habitat during 2011, but it had potential to generate post-flood habitat conditions that favored use by terns and plovers in subsequent years. We compared several tern and plover demographic parameters during the pre-flood and post-flood periods on the Garrison Reach and Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota, to determine how this event influenced these species (both species on the Garrison Reach, and plovers only on Lake Sakakawea). The principal parameters we measured (nest survival, chick survival, and breeding population) showed spatial and temporal variation typical of opportunistic species occupying highly variable habitats. There was little evidence that nest survival of least terns differed between pre- and post-flood. During 2012 when habitat was most abundant on the Garrison Reach and Lake Sakakawea, piping plover nest survival was higher than in any other year in the study, but returned to rates comparable to pre-flood years in 2013. Chick survival for terns on the Garrison Reach and plovers on Lake Sakakawea showed a similar pattern to plover nest survival, with the 2012 rate exceeding all other years of the study, and the remaining pre-flood and post-flood years being generally similar but slightly higher in post-flood years. However, plover chick survival on the Garrison Reach in 2012 was similar to pre-flood years, and increased annually thereafter to its highest rate in 2014. Although wide confidence intervals precluded firm conclusions about flood effects on breeding populations, the general pattern suggested lower populations of plovers but higher populations of least terns immediately after the flood. Despite near total absence of breeding habitat on either study area during the flood of 2011, populations of both species persisted after the flood due to their propensity to disperse and/or forgo breeding for at least a year. Tern and plover populations have similarly persisted and recovered after the flood, but their mechanisms for persistence likely differ. Data on tern dispersal is generally lacking, but they are thought to show little fidelity to their natal grounds, have a propensity to disperse potentially long distances, and routinely forgo breeding until their second year, thus a lost opportunity to breed in a given area may be easily overcome. Plovers exhibit stronger demographic ties to the general area in which they previously nested, yet they occupy much broader nesting habitat features than terns and exploit three major landforms in the Dakotas (free-flowing rivers, reservoir shorelines, and wetland shorelines). Consequently, dispersal to and from non-Missouri River habitats and potential to exploit non-traditional habitats likely sustained the Northern Great Plains population through the flood event. Terns and plovers normally occupy similar habitats on the Missouri River and both species experienced similar loss of a breeding season due to the flood. Persistence of these populations after the flood underscores the importance of understanding their unique demographic characteristics and the context within which the Missouri River operates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Anteau, M.J., Sherfy, M.H., Shaffer, T.L., Swift, R.J., Toy, D.L., and Dovichin, C.M., 2019, Demographic responses of least terns and piping plovers to the 2011 Missouri River flood—A large-scale case study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1176, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181176.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 33 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-079007","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360855,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VHGRDD","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Least tern and piping plover responses to the 2011 Missouri River flood: Nest, chick, and adult datasets"},{"id":360853,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1176/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":360854,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1176/ofr20181176.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.71 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1176"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Garrison Reach, Lake Sakakawea","contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
The Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) was established in 2008 to address the scientific and conservation questions associated with land use changes because of energy development and other factors in southwest Wyoming. Over the past decade, partners from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), State and Federal land management agencies, universities, and the public have collaborated to implement a long-term (defined here as more than 10 years), science-based program that assesses and enhances the quality and quantity of wildlife habitats in this region while facilitating responsible development. The USGS Science Team completes scientific research and develops tools that inform and support WLCI partner planning, decision making, and on-the-ground management actions. In fiscal year 2017, USGS published 18 products (including peer-reviewed journal articles, USGS series publications, and data releases), prepared an additional 7 products for publication, and presented 14 talks or posters at professional scientific meetings in addition to numerous informal presentations to WLCI partners at meetings and workshops. In this report, we summarize the science themes that describe USGS science for the WLCI and highlight work completed in fiscal year 2017 for each science theme. We also provide information on how USGS science is being used by land managers to better achieve habitat conservation objectives.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181188","usgsCitation":"Zeigenfuss, L.C., Aikens, E., Aldridge, C.L., Anderson, P.J., Assal, T.J., Bowen, Z.H., Chalfoun, A.D., Chong, G.W., Eddy-Miller, C.A., Germaine, S.S., Graves, T., Homer, C.G., Huber, C.C., Johnston, A., Kauffman, M.J., Manier, D.J., McShane, R.R., Miller, K.A., Monroe, A.P., Ortega, A., Walters, A.W., and Wyckoff, T.B., 2019, U.S. Geological Survey science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative—2017 annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1188, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181188.","productDescription":"ix, 57 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099017","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science 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Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Building C
Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118
The transport of coal and oil can result in contaminated soil, water, and organisms from unintended releases. Trains carrying coal and crude oil regularly pass through Puget Sound, Washington, and an increase in the number of coal and oil trains is expected in the future. This study characterized levels of potentially toxic contaminants in sediment in September 2015: arsenic, metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at four sites with fine-grained sediment (Chuckanut Bay, Padilla Bay, Snohomish River Delta, Nisqually River Delta) adjacent to the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) rail line in the Puget Sound region. Arsenic (As) and metals levels were compared to those measured at a fifth site, urban Saltwater State Park, which was expected to show contaminants associated with urbanization but not rail transport of coal and oil because it is not adjacent to the BNSF rail line. Knowledge about current properties of soil and sediment is essential for quantifying impacts of spills and other releases, and for setting remediation or restoration targets. For the sampling effort and timing of this study, all five sites had fine sediment contents of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) below minimal effects levels. Pb and Zn appeared to be urban sourced. Median As, chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) levels were in the range where adverse biological effects would possibly occur; however, Cr and Ni were geologically sourced and unlikely to be bioavailable to organisms. As, Cu, and antimony (Sb) levels were highly correlated, an association that is characteristic of legacy smelting operations; however, total sediment contents of these three elements, along with Hg and As/Sb ratios, were near natural levels and could indicate river-borne inputs. Median total PAH concentrations were highest at Snohomish River Delta, but were below minimal effects levels at all sites. Diagnostic PAH ratios were indicative of PAHs sourced from petroleum combustion and coal/biomass burning, rather than from spilled petroleum or coal. Rare earth element patterns were distinct among watersheds with Cascade volcanoes, granitic rocks, or non-volcanic sediments, making them promising sediment provenance indicators. Knowledge about sediment sources and contaminant distributions could provide unique insights about sediment-bound contaminant sourcing, delivery, and dispersal in nearshore regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181196","usgsCitation":"Takesue, R.K., and Campbell, P.L., 2019, Contaminant baselines and sediment provenance along the Puget Sound Energy Transport Corridor, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1196, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181196.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101826","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437594,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JCJ4EQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Inorganic compositional data for fine-grained Puget Sound sediment along the Burlington Northern Santa Fe rail line, September 2015"},{"id":360807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1196/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360808,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1196/ofr20181196.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1196"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.5,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 47\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Structured decision making is a systematic, transparent process for improving the quality of complex decisions by identifying measurable management objectives and feasible management actions; predicting the potential consequences of management actions relative to the stated objectives; and selecting a course of action that maximizes the total benefit achieved and balances tradeoffs among objectives. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, applied an existing, regional framework for structured decision making to develop a prototype tool for optimizing salt marsh management decisions at the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge in Delaware. Refuge biologists, refuge managers, and research scientists identified multiple potential management actions to improve the ecological integrity of eight salt marsh management units within the refuge and estimated the outcomes of each action in terms of performance metrics associated with each management objective. Value functions previously developed at the regional level were used to transform metric scores to a common utility scale, and utilities were summed to produce a single score representing the total management benefit that would be accrued from each potential management action. Constrained optimization was used to identify the set of management actions, one per salt marsh management unit, that would maximize total management benefits at different cost constraints at the refuge scale. Results indicated that for the objectives and actions considered here, total management benefits would increase consistently up to approximately \\$300,000, but that further expenditures would yield diminishing return on investment. Management actions selected within optimal portfolios at total costs less than \\$300,000 included hydrologic restoration, recontouring adjacent uplands to facilitate marsh migration, and burning the marsh. The prototype presented here provides a framework for decision making at the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge that can be updated as new data and information become available. Insights from this process may also be useful to inform future habitat management planning at the refuge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181160","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Neckles, H.A., Lyons, J.E., Nagel, J.L., Adamowicz, S.C., Mikula, T., Guiteras, S.T., and Mitchell, L.R., 2018, Optimization of salt marsh management at the Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, Delaware, through use of structured decision making (ver. 1.1, May 2019): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1160, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181160.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098065","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1160/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":364017,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1160/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"1.35 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":360084,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1160/ofr20181160.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1160"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","otherGeospatial":"Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.52928924560547,\n 39.18410260153466\n ],\n [\n -75.3885269165039,\n 39.18410260153466\n ],\n [\n -75.3885269165039,\n 39.30667511534216\n ],\n [\n -75.52928924560547,\n 39.30667511534216\n ],\n [\n -75.52928924560547,\n 39.18410260153466\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: May 29, 2019","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12100 Beech Forest Road
Laurel, MD 20708
Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
331 Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds have affected groundwater beneath a former 9-acre landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1) of Naval Base Kitsap (NBK) Keyport, in Keyport, Washington. The landfill was the primary disposal area for domestic and industrial waste generated by NBK Keyport from the 1930s through 1973. Naval Facilities Engineering Command Northwest, in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency, Washington State Department of Ecology, and the Suquamish Tribe, is charged with collecting necessary data to monitor the contamination left in place and to ensure that the site does not pose a risk to human health or the environment.
To support these efforts, refined information was collected on how groundwater levels throughout OU 1 respond to tidal fluctuations at this nearshore site adjacent to Liberty Bay, an inlet of Puget Sound. The information was analyzed to determine the optimal times during the semidiurnal and the neap-spring tidal cycles to sample groundwater for contaminants associated with fresh groundwater originating from OU 1. The optimal times for sampling are presumed to be when fresh groundwater flowing seaward is least impeded by elevated tides, and those times are related to predicted tide levels by tidal lags, the durations between low tides, and corresponding low groundwater levels. Discrete groundwater-specific conductance data also were collected to determine if a seawater/freshwater interface was present at any of the monitoring wells, and to inform decisions on the depth at which groundwater should be sampled in existing wells.
Groundwater and surface-water levels were monitored at 19 monitoring wells and five adjacent surface-water sites. Specific conductance was monitored in each surface-water site. All time-series data parameters were collected every 15 minutes during a 4-week duration to measure how nearshore groundwater responds to tidal forcing. Time-series data were collected from July 12, 2018, to August 8, 2018, a period that included neap and spring tides. Vertical water-quality profiles were measured once in the screened interval of nine selected monitoring wells. The profiles included measurements at the top, middle, and bottom of each saturated screen interval.
Tidal lag times were determined relative to tidal levels in Liberty Bay (rather than in the more nearby Tide Flats) because the predicted tides for the Poulsbo, Washington Station (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] Station 9445719) that are used to schedule groundwater sampling represent open-water conditions in the area; a sill that separates Dogfish Bay from the Tide Flats clearly affects the timing and magnitude of low-low tides in the Tide Flats. Calculated tidal lag times were divided into three general groups: (1) wells where groundwater responded to tidal level changes immediately, (2) wells where groundwater responded to tidal level changes within about 2–5 hours, and (3) wells where groundwater had minimal response to tidal level changes. Groundwater levels in the middle group of wells primarily responded in concert with tidal level changes in the Tide Flats rather than tidal level changes in Liberty Bay.
An intended sampling depth refinement based on an assessment of transient seawater intrusion was not completed because of a failure to collect specific-conductance time-series data in select wells. Instead, discrete specific-conductance data from this and prior studies were evaluated to determine that the midpoint of well screens in OU 1 wells can be assumed to be a reasonably representative of undiluted groundwater. When sampling during spring (rather than neap) tides (as has generally been the standard practice at OU 1), the optimal time to sample the monitoring wells influenced by tides would be to add the tidal lags presented in this report to the time of the predicted low-low tide for Liberty Bay as measured at NOAA Station 9445719 at Poulsbo, Washington. Sampling schedules for the six wells where groundwater levels were only minimally influenced by tide changes should not be constrained by tidal conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Opatz, C.C., and Dinicola, R.S., 2019, Analysis of groundwater response to tidal fluctuations, Operable Unit 1, Naval Base Kitsap, Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1098, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191098.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-107656","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1098/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":367169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1098/ofr20191098.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1098"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Keyport","otherGeospatial":"Naval Base Kitsap","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.62941598892212,\n 47.694699930336995\n ],\n [\n -122.62280702590942,\n 47.694699930336995\n ],\n [\n -122.62280702590942,\n 47.69943693711954\n ],\n [\n -122.62941598892212,\n 47.69943693711954\n ],\n [\n -122.62941598892212,\n 47.694699930336995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
The Challenge—Most geological phenomena are extraordinarily complex in their interrelationships and vast in their geographical extension. Ordinarily, engineers and geoscientists are faced with corporate or scientific requirements to properly prepare geological models with measurements involving a small fraction of the entire area or volume of interest. Exact description of a system such as an oil reservoir is neither feasible nor economically possible. The results are necessarily uncertain. Note that the uncertainty is not an intrinsic property of the systems; it is the result of incomplete knowledge by the observer.
The Aim of Geostatistics—The main objective of geostatistics is the characterization of spatial systems that are incompletely known, systems that are common in geology. A key difference from classical statistics is that geostatistics uses the sampling location of every measurement. Unless the measurements show spatial correlation, the application of geostatistics is pointless. Ordinarily the need for additional knowledge goes beyond a few points, which explains the display of results graphically as fishnet plots, block diagrams, and maps.
Geostatistical Methods—Geostatistics is a collection of numerical techniques for the characterization of spatial attributes using primarily two tools: probabilistic models, which are used for spatial data in a manner similar to the way in which time-series analysis characterizes temporal data, or pattern recognition techniques. The probabilistic models are used as a way to handle uncertainty in results away from sampling locations, making a radical departure from alternative approaches like inverse distance estimation methods.
Differences with Time Series—On dealing with time-series analysis, users frequently concentrate their attention on extrapolations for making forecasts. Although users of geostatistics may be interested in extrapolation, the methods work at their best interpolating. This simple difference has significant methodological implications.
Historical Remarks—As a discipline, geostatistics was firmly established in the 1960s by the French engineer Georges Matheron, who was interested in the appraisal of ore reserves in mining. Geostatistics did not develop overnight. Like other disciplines, it has built on previous results, many of which were formulated with different objectives in various fields.
Pioneers—Seminal ideas conceptually related to what today we call geostatistics or spatial statistics are found in the work of several pioneers, including: 1940s: A.N. Kolmogorov in turbulent flow and N. Wiener in stochastic processing; 1950s: D. Krige in mining; 1960s: B. Mathern in forestry and L.S. Gandin in meteorology
Calculations—Serious applications of geostatistics require the use of digital computers. Although for most geostatistical techniques rudimentary implementation from scratch is fairly straightforward, coding programs from scratch is recommended only as part of a practice that may help users to gain a better grasp of the formulations.
Software—For professional work, the reader should employ software packages that have been thoroughly tested to handle any sampling scheme, that run as efficiently as possible, and that offer graphic capabilities for the analysis and display of results. This primer employs primarily the package Stanford Geomodeling Software (SGeMS) - recently developed at the Energy Resources Engineering Department at Stanford University - as a way to show how to obtain results practically. This applied side of the primer should not be interpreted as the notes being a manual for the use of SGeMS. The main objective of the primer is to help the reader gain an understanding of the fundamental concepts and tools in geostatistics.
Organization of the Primer—The chapters of greatest importance are those covering kriging and simulation. All other materials are peripheral and are included for better comprehension of these main geostatistical modeling tools. The choice of kriging versus simulation is often a big puzzle to the uninitiated, let alone the different variants of both of them. Chapters 14, 18, and 19 are intended to shed light on those subjects. The critical aspect of assessing and modeling spatial correlation is covered in chapter 7. Chapters 2 and 3 review relevant concepts in classical statistics.
Course Objectives—This course offers stochastic solutions to common problems in the characterization of complex geological systems. At the end of the course, participants should have: an understanding of the theoretical foundations of geostatistics; a good grasp of its possibilities and limitations; and reasonable familiarity with the SGeMS software, thus opening the possibility of practically applying geostatistics.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091103","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., 2018, A practical primer on geostatistics (Version 1.0: Originally posted July 6, 2009; Version 1.1: January 2010; Version 1.2: July 2017, Version 1.3: November 2017; Version 1.4: December 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1103, ii, 346 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091103.","productDescription":"ii, 346 p.","numberOfPages":"348","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344191,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1103/versionHist_1_4.txt","size":"4.74 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":344186,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1103/ofr20091103.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2009-1103"},{"id":125462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1103/coverthb4.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted July 6, 2009; Version 1.1: January 2010; Version 1.2: July 2017, Version 1.3: November 2017; Version 1.4: December 2018","contact":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), a pathogenic chytrid fungus, is nonnative to the United States and poses a disease threat to vulnerable amphibian hosts. The Bsal fungus may lead to increases in threatened, endangered, and sensitive status listings at State, Tribal, and Federal levels, resulting in financial costs associated with implementing the Endangered Species Act of 1973. The United States is a global biodiversity hotspot for salamanders, an order of amphibians that is particularly vulnerable to developing a disease called chytridiomycosis when exposed to Bsal. Published Bsal risk assessments for North America have suggested that salamanders within the Appalachian region of the United States are at a high risk. In May 2017, a workshop was facilitated by the Department of the Interior’s Strategic Sciences Group. During the workshop, a discussion-based incident-response exercise focused on a hypothetical Bsal disease outbreak in Appalachia was led by U.S. Geological Survey staff members. Participants included representatives of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, Appalachian Landscape Conservation Cooperative, Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, and U.S. Department of Agriculture’s U.S. Forest Service. Scenario building was used to brainstorm cascading consequences (social, economic, and ecological) of a Bsal disease outbreak in the Appalachian region. This report highlights the management and science actions that could be undertaken to ensure an effective, rapid response to a Bsal introduction into the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181150","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, M.C., Adams, M.J., Super, P.E., Olson, D.H., Hickman, C.R., English, P., Sprague, L., Maska, I.B., Pennaz, A.B., and Ludwig, K.A., 2018, Batrachochytrium salamandriovrans (Bsal) in Appalachia—Using scenario building to proactively prepare for a wildlife disease outbreak caused by an invasive amphibian chytrid fungus: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1150, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181150.","productDescription":"Report: v, 9 p.; Appendixes","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-092683","costCenters":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1150/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359123,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1150/ofr20181150.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.37 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OF 2018-1150"}],"contact":"Associate Director, Ecosystems Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 300
Reston, VA 20192
The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) is a freely available software application that works within the Esri Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) software. DSAS computes rate-of-change statistics for a time series of shoreline vector data. DSAS version 5.0 (v5.0) was released in December 2018 and has been tested for compatibility with ArcGIS versions 10.4 and 10.5. It is supported on Windows 7 and Windows 10 operating systems. If you use it, please cite it as follows and make note of the current version:
Himmelstoss, E.A., Farris, A.S., Henderson, R.E., Kratzmann, M.G., Ergul, Ayhan, Zhang, Ouya, Zichichi, J.L., Thieler, E. R., 2018, Digital Shoreline Analysis System (version 5.0): U.S. Geological Survey software release, https://code.usgs.gov/cch/dsas.
This user guide describes the system requirements, installation procedures, and necessary inputs to establish measurement locations with DSAS-generated transects and compute rate-of-change calculations. Although the nomenclature for this software utility is based on use in a coastal environment, the DSAS application could be used to compute rates of change for any boundary-change problem that incorporates a clearly identified feature position at discrete times, such as glacier limits, river banks, or land use/cover boundaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181179","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Himmelstoss, E.A., Henderson, R.E., Kratzmann, M.G., and Farris, A.S., 2018, Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) version 5.0 user guide: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1179, 110 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181179.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 110 p.; Software","ipdsId":"IP-098630","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360367,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":" https://code.usgs.gov/cch/dsas","text":"Digital Shoreline Analysis System (version 5.0) software"},{"id":360366,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1179/ofr20181179.pdf","text":"Report","size":"35.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1179"},{"id":360365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1179/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360368,"rank":4,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/DSAS/","text":"Digital Shoreline Analysis System","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543
The northwest-trending Chocolate Mountains are situated along the northeastern margin of the southern Salton Trough. The Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range occupies most of the 75-km-long part of the Chocolate Mountains that lies between Salt Creek to the north and California State Highway 78 to the south. Mapping studies in the Chocolate Mountains within the gunnery range are few and this study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Navy (Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest, San Diego, California) and U.S. Marine Corps (Range Management Department, Marine Corps Air Station, Yuma, Arizona).
Crystalline basement rocks in the Chocolate Mountains range in age from early Proterozoic to middle Cenozoic. Early and middle Proterozoic metamorphosed sedimentary and plutonic rocks include sillimanite-biotite-quartz feldspar gneiss, layered biotite-quartz-feldspar gneiss, biotite-quartz-feldspar augen gneiss, and largely undeformed late Proterozoic anorthosite and syenite. These rock types, which crop out as dispersed domains in the Chocolate Mountains, are remnants—along with more extensive domains observed in the Eastern Transverse Ranges to the north and in the San Gabriel Mountains to the northwest—of an originally more continuous assemblage that has been dextrally displaced along strands of the San Andreas Fault System.
Director,
Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
University of Arizona
ENRB Bldg, 520 N. Park Ave, Rm 355
Tucson, AZ 85719-5035
Currently, an aftershock sequence is ongoing in Alaska after the magnitude 7.0 Anchorage earthquake of November 30, 2018. Using two scenarios, determined with observations as of December 14, 2018, this report estimates that it will take between 2.5 years and 3 decades before the rate of aftershocks decays to the rate of earthquakes that were occurring in this area before the magnitude 7.0 mainshock. All of the time estimates have significant uncertainty owing to different scenarios of how the sequence may decrease over time and could also change if a large aftershock occurs. The report also estimates the amount of time after the mainshock until the annual probability of magnitude 5 or greater and 6 or greater aftershocks—which could cause additional damage—decreases to 50, 25, 10, and 5 percent. For instance, the probability of one or more magnitude 6 or greater aftershocks in the following year decreases to 10 percent between 7 and 250 days after the mainshock. The same probability for magnitude 5 or greater earthquakes is reached between 500 and 7,000 days after the mainshock.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181195","usgsCitation":"Michael, A.J., 2018, On the potential duration of the aftershock sequence of the 2018 Anchorage earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1195, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181195.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-104229","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1195/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360690,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1195/ofr20181195.pdf","text":"Report","size":"300 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-FIle Report 2018-1195"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","contact":"Contact Information,
Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
On the Western Slope of Colorado, variable climate and precipitation conditions are typical. Periods of drought—which may be defined by lack of water, high temperatures, low soil moisture, or other indicators—cause a range of impacts across sectors, including water, land, and fire management.
The Western Slope’s Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) was one of the first pilot areas in which the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) implemented a drought early warning system (DEWS) in 2009. NIDIS presently supports eight regional DEWS; as of 2016, the UCRB DEWS has been incorporated into an expanded Intermountain West (IMW) DEWS. The selection of the UCRB for an initial DEWS reflects the regional importance of drought information for managing water supply for agriculture and other uses, and the need for effective decision support related to drought. Additionally, new drought information products were developed specifically for the UCRB DEWS, and a number of others have been created since 2009, adding to the preexisting toolkit for drought decision making.
The various elements of the UCRB drought early warning system can be expected to be more or less suitable for the needs of different decision makers. As a result, the UCRB makes an ideal case study to examine the use of scientific information products and tools in which the broad decision context (managing drought) is defined, but information needs of current and prospective users vary. Thus decision makers will make varied choices about which of the available tools to use or not use, depending on the particular management and institutional context in which they work. This report investigates the factors that affect the choices of decision makers about whether and how to use particular information sources, products, and tools. The investigation focused on the following research questions:
Studies of decision support tools or information sources often concentrate on the known users of a given tool(s). Such an approach can yield useful information; it provides rich insight into the experiences of users and can suggest design modifications to make existing tools more effective. Yet it is not an effective approach to capture the perspectives and needs of prospective tool users or to investigate the factors that affect whether or not someone chooses to use tools in the first place. To overcome this challenge, in this study the author instead used a geographically based sampling strategy in which a range of natural resource managers from preidentified Federal management units and selected State agencies on the Western Slope were considered prospective users of tools. Prospective users were then asked to describe in an open-ended fashion what information and tools they do or do not use and why. This approach allowed for respondents to report both use and nonuse of tools, and thus the ability to identify factors that influence information and tool use choices by managers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181173","usgsCitation":"Cravens, A.E., 2018, How and why Upper Colorado River Basin land, water, and fire managers choose to use drought tools (or not): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1173, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181173.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-091495","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360635,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1173/ofr20181173.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.15 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1173"},{"id":360592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1173/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Building C
Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118
Site 10 at Naval Magazine Indian Island is an approximately 3.7-acre inactive landfill. The site was used as the primary landfill for the island from about 1945 until the mid-1970s, receiving paints, batteries, trash, and materials. In a memorandum to Washington State Department of Ecology, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Northwest (NAVFAC NW) stipulated that a new tidal study would be conducted to recalculate tidal influence lag-time in each groundwater monitoring well at Site 10.
Groundwater levels and specific conductance in five monitoring wells, along with marine water-levels (tidal levels) in Port Townsend Bay, were monitored every 15 minutes during a 2-week period to better understand nearshore groundwater-seawater interactions at Site 10. Time series data were collected from April 17 to May 3, 2018, a period that included neap and spring tides.
Vertical profiles of specific conductance were measured once in the screened interval of each well prior to instrument deployment to determine if a freshwater/saltwater interface was present in the well prior to instrument deployment. Profiles where measured during an ebbing tide at approximately the top, middle, and bottom of the saturated thickness within the screened interval of each well. The landward-most well, MW10-8 and coastline wells MW10-10, MW10-11 and MW10-12R, had a uniform specific conductance in the range of fresh or brackish water. Landfill monitoring well MW10-6 showed the highest uniform specific conductance profile also in the range of brackish water.
Lag times between minimum spring-tide levels and minimum groundwater levels in wells ranged from about 0 to 4 hours. Results of lag times showed a logical increase in lag time as the distance increases from the shoreline to each monitoring well.
The specific-conductance time-series data showed minimal change in the screened interval of each well. Fluctuation of specific conductance in each well was unique but no sharp groundwater saltwater interface was observed. Increases in specific conductivity concurrent with spring low tides were measured in coastline wells, suggesting shoreward transport of high specific conductivity landfill leachate rather than seawater intrusion.
Based on all the data collected during this investigation, the optimal time for sampling monitoring wells at Site 10 would be during a 0–4-hour period following the predicted low-low tide.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest","usgsCitation":"Opatz, C.C., and Dinicola, R.S., 2018, Analysis of groundwater response to tidal fluctuations, Site 10 Naval Magazine Indian Island, Port Hadlock, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1192, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181192.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099654","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360629,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1192/ofr20181192.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1192"},{"id":360628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1192/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Naval Magazine Indian Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.73732662200928,\n 48.08149085582177\n ],\n [\n -122.72406578063963,\n 48.08149085582177\n ],\n [\n -122.72406578063963,\n 48.0877406628633\n ],\n [\n -122.73732662200928,\n 48.0877406628633\n ],\n [\n -122.73732662200928,\n 48.08149085582177\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
The Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) is a long-term science based effort to assess and enhance aquatic and terrestrial habitats at a landscape scale in southwest Wyoming, while facilitating responsible development through local collaboration and partnerships. The role of the U.S. Geological Survey is to build the scientifically defensible foundation on which WLCI planners, decisionmakers, and resource managers may base their activities. Understanding the distribution of mineral resources is integral to understanding where mineral development (mining) might be concentrated in the future and how that mining might affect habitats. This map and report focus on naturally-occurring sand and gravel, a form of construction aggregate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181139","usgsCitation":"Wilson, A.B., 2018, Map of sand and gravel mines, prospects, and occurrences, and the geologic units that host them in the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) study area, southwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1139, 11 p., scale 1;500,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181139.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iii, 11 p.; Sheet: 35.0 x 30.0 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-087988","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360456,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1139/ofr20181139_sheet_georeferenced.pdf","text":"Georeferenced Map","size":"49.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1139 Georeferenced 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Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225