Remotely sensed data in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal-infrared wave bands were collected from a low-flying aircraft during the Monsoon '90 field experiment. Monsoon '90 was a multidisciplinary experiment conducted in a semiarid watershed. It had as one of its objectives the quantification of hydrometeorological fluxes during the “monsoon” or wet season. The remote sensing observations along with micrometeprological and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) data were used to compute the surface energy balance over a range of spatial scales. The procedure involved averaging multiple pixels along transects flown over the meteorological and flux (METFLUX) stations. Average values of the spectral reflectance and thermal-infrared temperatures were computed for pixels of order 10−1 to 101 km in length and were used with atmospheric data for evaluating net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G), and sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes at these same length scales. The model employs a single-layer resistance approach for estimating H that requires wind speed and air temperature in the ABL and a remotely sensed surface temperature. The values of Rn and G are estimated from remote sensing information together with near-surface observations of air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Finally, LE is solved as the residual term in the surface energy balance equation. Model calculations were compared to measurements from the METFLUX network for three days having different environmental conditions. Average percent differences for the three days between model and the METFLUX estimates of the local fluxes were about 5% for Rn, 20% for Gand H, and 15% for LE. Larger differences occurred during partly cloudy conditions because of errors in interpreting the remote sensing data and the higher spatial and temporal variation in the energy fluxes. Minor variations in modeled energy fluxes were observed when the pixel size representing the remote sensing inputs changed from 0.2 to 2 km. Regional scale estimates of the surface energy balance using bulk ABL properties for the model parameters and input variables and the 10-km pixel data differed from the METFLUX network averages by about 4% for Rn, 10% for G and H, and 15% for LE. Model sensitivity in calculating the turbulent fluxes H and LE to possible variations in key model parameters (i.e., the roughness lengths for heat and momentum) was found to be fairly significant. Therefore the reliability of the methods for estimating key model parameters and potential errors needs further testing over different ecosystems and environmental conditions.
An interdisciplinary field experiment was conducted to study the water and energy balance of a semiarid rangeland watershed in southeast Arizona during the summer of 1990. Two subwatersheds, one grass dominated and the other shrub dominated, were selected for intensive study with ground-based remote sensing systems and hydrometeorological instrumentation. Surface energy balance was evaluated at both sites using direct and indirect measurements of the turbulent fluxes (eddy correlation, variance, and Bowen ratio methods) and using an aerodynamic approach based on remote measurements of surface reflectance and temperature and conventional meteorological information. Estimates of net radiant flux density (Rn), derived from measurements of air temperature, incoming solar radiation, and surface temperature and radiance compared well with values measured using a net radiometer (mean absolute difference (MAD) ≃ 50 W/m2 over a range from 115 to 670 W/m2). Soil heat flux density (G) was estimated using a relation between G/Rn and a spectral vegetation index computed from the red and near-infrared surface reflectance. These G estimates compared well with conventional measurements of G using buried soil heat flux plates (MAD ≃ 20 W/m2 over a range from −13 to 213 W/m2). In order to account for the effects of sparse vegetation, semiempirical adjustments to the single-layer bulk aerodynamic resistance approach were required for evaluation of sensible heat flux density (H). This yielded differences between measurements and remote estimates of H of approximately 33 W/m2 over a range from 13 to 303 W/m2. The resulting estimates of latent heat flux density, LE, were of the same magnitude and trend as measured values; however, a significant scatter was still observed: MAD ≃ 40 W/m2 over a range from 0 to 340 W/m2. Because LE was solved as a residual, there was a cumulative effect of errors associated with remote estimates of Rn, G, and H.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03064","usgsCitation":"Moran, M.S., Kustas, W.P., Vidal, A., Stannard, D., Blanford, J., and Nichols, W.D., 1994, Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1339-1349, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03064.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"1339","endPage":"1349","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f8297f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vidal, A.","contributorId":94451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70162697,"text":"70162697 - 1994 - Mangroves, hurricanes, and lightning strikes: Assessment of Hurricane Andrew suggests an interaction across two differing scales of disturbance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-17T14:56:16","indexId":"70162697","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mangroves, hurricanes, and lightning strikes: Assessment of Hurricane Andrew suggests an interaction across two differing scales of disturbance","docAbstract":"The track of Hurricane Andrew carried it across one of the most extensive mangrove for ests in the New World. Although it is well known that hurricanes affect mangrove forests, surprisingly little quantitative information exists concerning hurricane impact on forest structure, succession, species composition, and dynamics of mangrove-dependent fauna or on rates of eco-system recovery (see Craighead and Gilbert 1962, Roth 1992, Smith 1992, Smith and Duke 1987, Stoddart 1969).
After Hurricane Andrew's passage across south Florida, we assessed the environmental damage to the natural resources of the Everglades and Biscayne National Parks. Quantitative data collected during subsequent field trips (October 1992 to July 1993) are also provided. We present measurements of initial tree mortality by species and size class, estimates of delayed (or continuing) tree mortality, and observations of geomorphological changes along the coast and in the forests that could influence the course of forest recovery. We discuss a potential interaction across two differing scales of disturbance within mangrove forest systems: hurricanes and lightning strikes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.2307/1312230","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.J., Robblee, M.B., Wanless, H.R., and Doyle, T.W., 1994, Mangroves, hurricanes, and lightning strikes: Assessment of Hurricane Andrew suggests an interaction across two differing scales of disturbance: BioScience, v. 44, no. 4, p. 256-262, https://doi.org/10.2307/1312230.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"262","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":315031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne National Park, Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.82342529296875,\n 25.06569718553588\n ],\n [\n -81.82342529296875,\n 26.13817933988797\n ],\n [\n -80.10955810546875,\n 26.13817933988797\n ],\n [\n -80.10955810546875,\n 25.06569718553588\n ],\n [\n -81.82342529296875,\n 25.06569718553588\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ac9b6ae4b0403299f53a85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Thomas J. III tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thomas","suffix":"III","email":"tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":590185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robblee, Michael B. mike_robblee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"Michael","email":"mike_robblee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":590186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wanless, Harold R.","contributorId":97094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanless","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doyle, Thomas W. 0000-0001-5754-0671 doylet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Thomas","email":"doylet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":590188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185746,"text":"70185746 - 1994 - Use of molecular techniques to evaluate the survival of a microorganism injected into an aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T14:48:09.544682","indexId":"70185746","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of molecular techniques to evaluate the survival of a microorganism injected into an aquifer","docAbstract":"A PCR primer set and an internal probe that are specific for Pseudomonas sp. strain B13, a 3-chlorobenzoate-metabolizing strain, were developed. Using this primer set and probe, we were able to detect Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 DNA sequences in DNA extracted from aquifer samples 14.5 months after Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 had been injected into a sand and gravel aquifer. This primer set and probe were also used to analyze isolates from 3-chlorobenzoate enrichments of the aquifer samples by Southern blot analysis. Hybridization of Southern blots with the Pseudomonas sp. strain B13-specific probe and a catabolic probe in conjunction with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of ribosome genes was used to determine that viable Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 persisted in this environment. We isolated a new 3-chlorobenzoate-degrading strain from one of these enrichment cultures. The B13-specific probe does not hybridize to DNA from this isolate. The new strain could be the result of gene exchange between Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 and an indigenous bacterium. This speculation is based on an RFLP pattern of ribosome genes that differs from that of Pseudomonas sp. strain B13, the fact that identically sized restriction fragments hybridized to the catabolic gene probe, and the absence of any enrichable 3-chlorobenzoate-degrading strains in the aquifer prior to inoculation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.60.4.1059-1067.1994","usgsCitation":"Thiem, S., Krumme, M., Smith, R.L., and Tiedje, J., 1994, Use of molecular techniques to evaluate the survival of a microorganism injected into an aquifer: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 60, no. 4, p. 1059-1067, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.4.1059-1067.1994.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1059","endPage":"1067","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480235,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.4.1059-1067.1994","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338492,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.64620807108187,\n 41.614675349296334\n ],\n [\n -70.64620807108187,\n 41.54893238849749\n ],\n [\n -70.5239851706909,\n 41.54893238849749\n ],\n [\n -70.5239851706909,\n 41.614675349296334\n ],\n [\n -70.64620807108187,\n 41.614675349296334\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7637e4b0ee37af29e4da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiem, S.M.","contributorId":30385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiem","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krumme, M.L.","contributorId":79257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krumme","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":686632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tiedje, J.M.","contributorId":25717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiedje","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186217,"text":"70186217 - 1994 - Early warning system for aftershocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T23:38:02.480234","indexId":"70186217","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early warning system for aftershocks","docAbstract":"A prototype early warning system to provide San Francisco and Oakland, California a few tens-of-seconds warning of incoming strong ground shaking from already-occurred M ≧ 3.7 aftershocks of the magnitude 7.1 17 October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was operational on 28 October 1989. The prototype system consisted of four components: ground motion sensors in the epicentral area, a central receiver, a radio repeater, and radio receivers. One of the radio receivers was deployed at the California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) headquarters at the damaged Cypress Street section of the I-880 freeway in Oakland, California on 28 October 1989 and provided about 20 sec of warning before shaking from the M 4.5 Loma Prieta aftershock that occurred on 2 November 1989 at 0550 UTC. In its first 6 months of operation, the system generated triggers for all 12 M > 3.7 aftershocks for which trigger documentation is preserved, did not trigger on any M ≦ 3.6 aftershocks, and produced one false trigger as a result of a now-corrected single point of failure design flaw. Because the prototype system demonstrated that potentially useful warnings of strong shaking from aftershocks are feasible, the USGS has completed a portable early warning system for aftershocks that can be deployed anywhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840020359","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., Fischer, F., Jensen, E., and VanSchaack, J., 1994, Early warning system for aftershocks: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 2, p. 359-365, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840020359.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"365","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338981,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/2/359/119798/Early-warning-system-for-aftershocks"},{"id":338984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.22332656538535,\n 38.63998260571137\n ],\n [\n -123.22332656538535,\n 35.93080870601099\n ],\n [\n -119.83953750288532,\n 35.93080870601099\n ],\n [\n -119.83953750288532,\n 38.63998260571137\n ],\n [\n -123.22332656538535,\n 38.63998260571137\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac9e4b02ff32c6aea85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, F.G.","contributorId":41013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jensen, E.G.","contributorId":19962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"VanSchaack, J.","contributorId":190241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"VanSchaack","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222702,"text":"5222702 - 1994 - Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-06T17:01:39.896892","indexId":"5222702","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife","docAbstract":"Many wildlife species ingest soil while feeding, but ingestion rates are known for only a few species. Knowing ingestion rates may be important for studies of environmental contaminants. Wildlife may ingest soil deliberately, or incidentally, when they ingest soil-laden forage or animals that contain soil. We fed white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) diets containing 0-15% soil to relate the dietary soil content to the acid-insoluble ash content of scat collected from the mice. The relation was described by an equation that required estimates of the percent acid-insoluble ash content of the diet, digestibility of the diet, and mineral content of soil. We collected scat from 28 wildlife species by capturing animals, searching appropriate habitats for scat, or removing material from the intestines of animals collected for other purposes. We measured the acid-insoluble ash content of the scat and estimated the soil content of the diets by using the soil-ingestion equation. Soil ingestion estimates should be considered only approximate because they depend on estimated rather than measured digestibility values and because animals collected from local populations at one time of the year may not represent the species as a whole. Sandpipers (Calidris spp.), which probe or peck for invertebrates in mud or shallow water, consumed sediments at a rate of 7-30% of their diets. Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, soil = 17% of diet), American woodcock (Scolopax minor, 10%), and raccoon (Procyon lotor, 9%) had high rates of soil ingestion, presumably because they ate soil organisms. Bison (Bison bison, 7%), black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus, 8%), and Canada geese (Branta canadensis, 8%) consumed soil at the highest rates among the herbivores studied, and various browsers studied consumed little soil. Box turtle (Terrapene carolina, 4%), opossum (Didelphis virginiana, 5%), red fox (Vulpes vulpes, 3%), and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo, 9%) consumed soil at intermediate rates. Ingested soil may be the principal means of exposure to some environmental contaminants or the principal source of certain minerals. Soil-ingestion estimates may be required for risk assessments of wildlife inhabiting contaminated sites and for computing budgets of those nutrients associated mainly with soil.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809405","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W.N., Connor, E.E., and Gerould, S., 1994, Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 2, p. 375-382, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809405.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"382","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, South Carolina, South Dakota, 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\"}}]}","volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a3ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. Nelson 0000-0002-8911-9141 nbeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":3301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W.","email":"nbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Nelson","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connor, Erin E.","contributorId":97597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gerould, Sarah sgerould@usgs.gov","contributorId":4551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerould","given":"Sarah","email":"sgerould@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":336894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185408,"text":"70185408 - 1994 - Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T09:56:40","indexId":"70185408","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","docAbstract":"Most analytical formulas used to model moisture retention in unsaturated porous media have been developed for the wet range and are unsuitable for applications in which low water contents are important. We have developed two models that fit the entire range from saturation to oven dryness in a practical and physically realistic way with smooth, continuous functions that have few parameters. Both models incorporate a power law and a logarithmic dependence of water content on suction, differing in how these two components are combined. In one model, functions are added together (model “sum”); in the other they are joined smoothly together at a discrete point (model “junction”). Both models also incorporate recent developments that assure a continuous derivative and force the function to reach zero water content at a finite value of suction that corresponds to oven dryness. The models have been tested with seven sets of water retention data that each cover nearly the entire range. The three-parameter sum model fits all data well and is useful for extrapolation into the dry range when data for it are unavailable. The two-parameter junction model fits most data sets almost as well as the sum model and has the advantage of being analytically integrable for convenient use with capillary-bundle models to obtain the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03238","usgsCitation":"Rossi, C., and Nimmo, J.R., 1994, Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 3, p. 701-708, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03238.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"701","endPage":"708","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossi, Cinzia","contributorId":189637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rossi","given":"Cinzia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70200557,"text":"70200557 - 1994 - Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T08:18:54","indexId":"70200557","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-25T08:18:37","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history","docAbstract":"Compilation of a simplified geologic/geomorphic map onto digital terrain models of the Valles Marineris permitted an evaluation of elevations in the vicinity of the troughs and the calculation of depth of troughs below surrounding plateaus, thickness of deposits inside the troughs, volumes of void spaces above geologic/geomorphic units, and volumes of deposits. The central troughs north Ophir, north and central Candor, and north Melas Chasmata lie as much as 11 km below the adjacent plateaus. In Ophir and Candor Chasmata, interior layered deposits reach 8 km in elevation. If the deposits are lacustrine and if all troughs were interconnected, lake waters standing 8 km high would have spilled out of Coprates Chasma onto the surrounding plateaus having surface elevations of only 4–5 km. In this case, interior deposits above about 4 km in the central troughs would not be lacustrine. They could be volcanic. On the other hand, the troughs may not have been interconnected at the time of interior‐deposit emplacement; they may have formed isolated ancestral basins. The existence of such basins is supported by independent structural and stratigraphic evidence. The ancestral basins may have eventually merged, perhaps through renewed faulting, to form northern subsidiary troughs in Ophir and Candor Chasmata and the Coprates/north Melas/Ius graben system. The peripheral troughs are only 2–5 km deep, shallower than the central troughs. They may have formed from a combination of erosional collapse and structural activity. Chaotic terrain is seen in the peripheral troughs near a common contour level of about 4 km on the adjacent plateaus, which supports the idea of release of water under artesian pressure from confined aquifers. The layered deposits in the peripheral troughs may have formed in isolated depressions that harbored lakes and predated the formation of the deep outflow channels. If these layered deposits are of volcanic origin, they may have been emplaced beneath ice in the manner of table mountains. Areal and volumetric computations show that erosion widened the troughs by about one‐third and that deposits occupy one‐sixth of the interior space. Even though the volume eroded is larger than the volume deposited, topographic and geologic considerations imply that material eroded from trough walls was probably part of the interior layered deposits but not their sole source. Additional material may have come from subterranean piping, from reworking of local disintegration products on the floors, such as chaotic materials, or from eolian influx. But overall it is likely that the additional material is volcanic and that it forms mostly the upper, more diversely bedded layers of the interior deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93JE03095","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., Isbell, N., and Howington-Kraus, E., 1994, Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 99, no. E2, p. 3783-3798, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JE03095.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3783","endPage":"3798","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231337","text":"External Repository"},{"id":358715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11134ae4b034bf6a813c52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":749584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isbell, N.K.","contributorId":210014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isbell","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howington-Kraus, Elpitha 0000-0001-5787-6554 ahowington@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5787-6554","contributorId":2815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howington-Kraus","given":"Elpitha","email":"ahowington@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208185,"text":"70208185 - 1994 - Effects of the planar PCB 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) on ovarian development, plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and vitellogenin, and progeny survival in the white perch (Morone americana)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T13:36:25","indexId":"70208185","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T13:30:53","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effects of the planar PCB 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) on ovarian development, plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and vitellogenin, and progeny survival in the white perch (Morone americana)","title":"Effects of the planar PCB 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) on ovarian development, plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and vitellogenin, and progeny survival in the white perch (Morone americana)","docAbstract":"Adult white perch were given three intraperitoneal injections of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) at one of three different doses (0.2–5.0 mg TCB/kg body weight). The TCB injections were initiated approx. 3 months prior to the spawning season and given at 3-week intervals. Fewer females matured in the group receiving the highest dose of TCB. Those fish that did mature had a gonadal somatic index approximately half that of control females. Circulating levels of the sex steroid hormones, estradiol-17β and testosterone, and of the egg yolk precursor, vitellogenin, were not significantly altered by TCB exposure. By 7 days post-hatch survival of larvac produced from females exposed to 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg TCB was reduced as compared to controls (0, 1 and 54%, respectively). These results show that: (1) TCB impairs both maturation of adult females and survival of their offspring, and (2) decreased larval survival may occur at TCB doses less than those required to decrease ovarian growth, oocyte maturation, or circulating sex steroid hormone and vitellogenin concentrations in the adult fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-445X(94)90044-2","usgsCitation":"Monosson, E., Fleming, W.J., and O’Sullivan, C., 1994, Effects of the planar PCB 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) on ovarian development, plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and vitellogenin, and progeny survival in the white perch (Morone americana): Aquatic Toxicology, v. 29, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(94)90044-2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371729,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monosson, Emily","contributorId":221982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monosson","given":"Emily","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleming, Walker J jim_fleming@usgs.gov","contributorId":255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Walker","email":"jim_fleming@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":780864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Sullivan, C.","contributorId":101770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Sullivan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70201388,"text":"70201388 - 1994 - Coupling of volatile transport and internal heat flow on Triton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T11:39:57","indexId":"70201388","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-25T11:39:28","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Coupling of volatile transport and internal heat flow on Triton","docAbstract":"Recently Brown et al. (1991) showed that Triton's internal heat source could amount to 5–20% of the absorbed insolation on Triton, thus significantly affecting volatile transport and atmospheric pressure. Subsequently, Kirk and Brown (1991a) used simple analytical models of the effect of internal heat on the distribution of volatiles on Triton's surface, confirming the speculation of Brown et al. that Triton's internal heat flow could strongly couple to the surface volatile distribution. To further explore this idea, we present numerical models of the permanent distribution of nitrogen ice on Triton that include the effects of sunlight, the two‐dimensional distribution of internal heat flow, the coupling of internal heat flow to the surface distribution of nitrogen ice, and the finite viscosity of nitrogen ice. From these models we conclude that: (1) The strong vertical thermal gradient induced in Triton's polar caps by internal heat‐flow facilitates viscous spreading to lower latitudes, thus opposing the poleward transport of volatiles by sunlight, and, for plausible viscosities and nitrogen inventories, producing permanent caps of considerable latitudinal extent; (2) It is probable that there is a strong coupling between the surface distribution of nitrogen ice on Triton and internal heat flow; (3) Asymmetries in the spatial distribution of Triton's heat flow, possibly driven by large‐scale, volcanic activity or convection in Triton's interior, can result in permanent polar caps of unequal latitudinal extent, including the case of only one permanent polar cap; (4) Melting at the base of a permanent polar cap on Triton caused by internal heat flow can significantly enhance viscous spreading, and, as an alternative to the solid‐state greenhouse mechanism proposed by Brown et al. (1990), could provide the necessary energy, fluids, and/or gases to drive Triton's geyser‐like plumes; (5) The atmospheric collapse predicted to occur on Triton in the next 20 years (Spencer, 1990) may be plausibly avoided because of the large latitudinal extent expected for permanent polar caps on Triton.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/93JE02618","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.H., and Kirk, R.L., 1994, Coupling of volatile transport and internal heat flow on Triton: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 99, no. E1, p. 1965-1981, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JE02618.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1965","endPage":"1981","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Triton","volume":"99","issue":"E1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5be4b034bf6a856a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Robert H.","contributorId":147246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207735,"text":"70207735 - 1994 - Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T14:09:28","indexId":"70207735","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-08T13:57:25","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea","docAbstract":"Sedimentologic and geochemical studies of box and gravity cores recovered from the Black Sea during the first leg of a multileg international Black Sea expedition in 1988 allow reconstruction of the basinwide Holocene environmental history of the Black Sea. In the deeper parts of the basin, box cores typically recovered a flocculent surface layer (“fluff”), laminated coccolith marls of Unit I (25–45 cm thick), and the upper 5–10 cm of finely laminated, dark‐colored sapropels of Unit II. Fine‐grained, homogeneous mud turbidites are interbedded with Units I and II over much of the basin, but the stratigraphie position of these turbidites differs, from site to site. The deposition of individual turbidites up to 15 cm thick does not appear to have significantly disturbed underlying laminae. Sediment trap deployments in the Black Sea suggest that light and dark laminae couplets represent annual increments of sedimentation (i.e., varves); we have therefore constructed a varve chronology for the sequence in order to correlate and date distinctive sedimentation and paleoenvironmental events. Distinctive groups of laminae in Unit I can be correlated across the entire deeper basin (a distance of more than 1000 km). This implies a remarkable homogeneity in production, accumulation, and preservation of biogenic material over much of the Black Sea during deposition of Unit I. The change from deposition of finely laminated, organic carbon‐rich sapropels (Unit II) to laminated, more calcareous, coccolith‐rich marls (Unit I) is thought to represent the crossing of a salinity threshold for Emiliania huxleyi. The varve chronology sets this change at about 1.63 ka (1633±100 yr B.P.), but the record of magnetic secular variation measured in several cores produces an age estimate of about 2.0 ka for the base of Unit I, or about 1.2 times the varve age. The average of six calibrated accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon ages for the base of Unit I is 2.7 ka, or about 1.7 times the varve age. Following the initial change to coccolith‐dominated sedimentation, deposition of sapropel resumed for at least one significant period, 1.56–1.25 ka. Since 1.25 ka, cycles of carbonate deposition with quasi‐decadal periodicities have produced characteristic darker and lighter assemblages of laminae. These cycles may have been climatically driven. Geochemical analyses coupled with the varve ages adopted herein indicate that accumulation rates of carbonate are nearly an order of magnitude higher in Unit I (averaging 35–45 g m−2 yr−1) than in sapropelic Unit II. which contains primarily detrital carbonate. The accumulation of lithogenic components in parts of Unit I is only 1.5 times the rate in Unit II. Deepwater organic carbon accumulation rates are somewhat higher in Unit I (3.5–4.5 g m−2 yr−1) than in the upper part of Unit II. Organic carbon accumulation rates in Unit I are somewhat antithetic to those of carbonate, and on the basis of this and additional constraints placed by pyrolysis and carbon isotopic analyses of organic material, it appears that terrestrial organic matter is an important component (perhaps >25%) of total organic carbon burial in the basin. Unit I in the western part of the Black Sea has a higher terrestrial organic component and higher accumulation rates of terrigenous clastic material than Unit I in the eastern part. This difference between eastern and western Black Sea is to be expected because of the major rivers that empty into the western Black Sea from eastern Europe, Ukraine, and Russia. Shallow slope sites, but still within euxinic bottom waters, have lower organic carbon accumulation rates and lower pyrolysis hydrogen indices than deepwater basinal sites, suggesting selective resuspension and oxidation of organic matter at basin margins and focusing of organic matter deposition toward the basin center. A comparison of the Black Sea data with those from several open ocean sites with similar water depths showed no significant difference between organic carbon accumulation rates under oxic and anoxic conditions. For a given bulk accumulation rate the organic carbon accumulation rates, normalized to primary productivity, are about the same in both settings.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GB00297","usgsCitation":"Arthur, M.A., Dean, W.E., Neff, E., Hay, B., King, J., and Jones, G.A., 1994, Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 8, no. 2, p. 195-217, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GB00297.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"217","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Black Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 28.125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n 30.322265625000004,\n 40.713955826286046\n ],\n [\n 34.365234375,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n 40.42968749999999,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n 41.8359375,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n 41.8359375,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n 37.6171875,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n 39.814453125,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n 34.80468749999999,\n 46.86019101567027\n ],\n [\n 34.98046875,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n 33.75,\n 44.715513732021336\n ],\n [\n 33.486328125,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n 33.75,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n 31.025390625,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n 29.355468750000004,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n 28.212890625,\n 44.653024159812\n ],\n [\n 27.158203125,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n 28.125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, Michael A.","contributorId":90018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neff, E.D.","contributorId":221611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, B.J.","contributorId":51772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"King, J.","contributorId":100143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, Glenn A.","contributorId":17779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207649,"text":"70207649 - 1994 - 40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:48:31.012088","indexId":"70207649","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:38:18","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","title":"40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","docAbstract":"Field studies and 40Ar/39Ar dating reveal that silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains part of the Trans-Pecos Texas volcanic field occurred in six episodes at 0.3 m.y. intervals between 36.8 and 35.3 Ma. Additionally, two groups of silicic intrusions were emplaced at 34.6 and 32.8 Ma. This episodicity is similar to that determined for volcanic fields dominated by ash-flow tuffs, yet voluminous, extensive silicic lavas are considerably more abundant than tuffs in the Davis Mountains, by number of flows and by volume. The preponderance of voluminous silicic lavas over tuffs most likely reflects low water contents and high temperatures of the alkalic and commonly peralkaline Davis Mountains magmas.
The earliest episode, at 36.8 Ma, included a widespread and voluminous (possibly >1,000 km3) suite of rhyolite and quartz trachyte lavas, several rhyolite domes, and a strongly rheomorphic, peralkaline ash-flow tuff erupted from a caldera in the northern Davis Mountains. The lava suite extends well beyond the Davis Mountains. Silicic lavas of all episodes probably erupted from widespread, fissure vents. The 36.5 Ma episode consisted of rhyolite to quartz trachyte lavas, also extensive and voluminous (∼200 km3). The 36.3 Ma episode consisted of rhyolite to trachyte tuffs and lavas erupted from a central vent volcano in the southern Davis Mountains. The 35.9 Ma episode consisted of a single, moderately large (∼50 km3) rhyolite lava and a small-volume ash-flow tuff erupted from a caldera in the western Davis Mountains. Rocks emplaced during the 35.6 Ma episode were also rhyolites, including an enigmatic rock that may be strongly rheomorphic ash-flow tuff or a combination of tuff and lava, followed by definite lavas. The 35.3 Ma episode consisted of two ash-flow tuffs, one of which is strongly rheomorphic, and additional voluminous rhyolite lavas (∼120 km3). The rheomorphic tuff erupted from a caldera in the southwestern Davis Mountains. The source of the other tuff is probably in the western Davis Mountains.
Intermediate and mafic rocks are minor, except around the southeastern flank of the Davis Mountains, where basalt is abundant. Mafic lavas erupted only during gaps in the silicic activity and on the flanks of the Davis Mountains. Nevertheless, basaltic magma probably drove the silicic magmatism, either by differentiation or by crustal melting, and was present throughout the time of Davis Mountains activity but could not penetrate the low-density silicic magma chambers until they cooled and solidified. The time required for cooling and solidification appears to be 0.1-0.2 m.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1359:AACAVO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":", C., Kunk, M.J., and McIntosh, W.C., 1994, 40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas: GSA Bulletin, v. 106, no. 11, p. 1359-1376, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1359:AACAVO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1359","endPage":"1376","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Davis Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 29.916852233070173\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":" Christopher D. Henry","contributorId":126897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"given":"Christopher D. Henry","affiliations":[{"id":6689,"text":"Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McIntosh, W. C.","contributorId":68039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207647,"text":"70207647 - 1994 - The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T15:11:42.715632","indexId":"70207647","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T11:48:40","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy","docAbstract":"The Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein, mostly kaolinite and minor accessory minerals, is an altered and lithified volcanic ash preserved as a thin, isochronous layer associated with the Fire Clay coal bed. Seven samples of the tonstein, taken along a 300-km traverse of the central Appalachian basin, contain cogenetic phenocrysts and trapped silicate-melt inclusions of a rhyolitic magma. The phenocrysts include beta-form quartz, apatite, zircon, sanidine, pyroxene, amphibole, monazite, garnet, biotite, and various sulfides. An inherited component of the zircons (determined from U-Pb isotope analyses) provides evidence that the source of the Fire Clay ash was Middle Proterozoic (Grenvillian) continental crust inboard of the active North American margin. 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of seven sanidine samples from the tonstein have a mean age of 310.9 ± 0.8 Ma, which suggests that it is the product of a single, large-volume, high-silica, rhyolitic eruption possibly associated with one of the Hercynian granitic plutons in the Piedmont. Biostratigraphic analyses correlate the Fire Clay coal bed with a position just below the top of the Trace Creek Member of the Atoka Formation in the North American Midcontinent and near the Westphalian B-C boundary in western Europe.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE294-p87","usgsCitation":"Rice, C.L., Belkin, H.E., Henry, T., Zartman, R., and Kunk, M.J., 1994, The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy: GSA Special Papers, v. 294, p. 87-104, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE294-p87.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370933,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 38.71980474264237\n ],\n [\n -84.5947265625,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -84.5947265625,\n 36.24427318493909\n ],\n [\n -83.51806640624999,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -82.30957031249999,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 38.54816542304656\n ],\n [\n -80.37597656249999,\n 39.62261494094297\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 38.71980474264237\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"294","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, C. L.","contributorId":60658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, T.W.","contributorId":7707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70129581,"text":"70129581 - 1994 - Charadrius montanus: Montane, grassland, or bare-ground plover?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T17:17:10","indexId":"70129581","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T14:10:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Charadrius montanus: Montane, grassland, or bare-ground plover?","docAbstract":"The Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) is an aridland member of the Charadriidae. This plover is generally considered an associate of the North American shortgrass prairie, which is dominated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides; Graul 1975). The species breeds at many locations across the western Great Plains plus at isolated locales in western Colorado, Wyoming and New Mexico (Leachman and Osmundson 1990) and recently in eastern Utah (K.S. Day pers.comm.). Continental populations of the Mountain Plover declined 63% from 1966 to 1991 (Knopf 1994), with the historic and current breeding stronghold being the Pawnee National Grassland in Weld County, Colorado (Graul and Webster 1976). Currently, a second major breeding population of Mountain Plovers is on the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Phillips County, Montana. Unlike when found on the grassland landscape of Weld County, Mountain Plovers in Phillips County selectively nest in prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) towns (Knowles et al., 1982, Olson and Edge 1985) in vegetative settings that include prickly pear (Opunitia polyacantha), fringed sagewort (Arteminisia frigida), big sagebrush (A. tridentata), western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii), and blue grama, Collectively, Weld and Phillips counties provide nesting habitat for approximately one-half of the continental population of Mountain Plovers,
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088620","usgsCitation":"Knopf, F.L., and Miller, B., 1994, Charadrius montanus: Montane, grassland, or bare-ground plover?: The Auk, v. 111, no. 2, p. 504-506, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088620.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"504","endPage":"506","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295693,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18bce4b04d2014abfb15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":45650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, B.","contributorId":42540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006582,"text":"70006582 - 1994 - Evaluation of Canada goose sterilization for population control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T15:57:26","indexId":"70006582","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:48:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of Canada goose sterilization for population control","docAbstract":"We evaluated the vasectomy of 72 male Canada geese as a method to control growing populations of nuisance geese in Westchester County, New York. Thirty-three of the vasectomized males paired with a female and were located during ≥1 breeding seasons; 7 treated males were not seen following surgery. The remaining 32 males were never observed paired with a female during the breeding season. Of 56 nesting attempts by the 33 pairs in ≥1 breeding seasons, 84% of the nests were unsuccessful. Fidelity to nest sites during the second and third breeding seasons occurred for 17 of the 18 vasectomized males and their females that were observed for ≥2 seasons. The results suggest that male sterilization may reduce productivity of nuisance Canada geese providing one carefully selects areas and flocks suitable for this type of control.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Converse, K.A., and Kennelly, J.J., 1994, Evaluation of Canada goose sterilization for population control: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 22, no. 2, p. 265-269.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262213,"rank":200,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783256","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Westchester 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Kathryn A. kathy_converse@usgs.gov","contributorId":16802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"Kathryn","email":"kathy_converse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennelly, James J.","contributorId":33962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennelly","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047826,"text":"70047826 - 1994 - National standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, sediment, and aquatic organisms","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20304,"text":"ofr9444 - 1994 - Summary of national standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, bed sediment, and aquatic organisms and their application to water-quality assessments","indexId":"ofr9444","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Summary of national standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, bed sediment, and aquatic organisms and their application to water-quality assessments"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047826,"text":"70047826 - 1994 - National standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, sediment, and aquatic organisms","indexId":"70047826","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"National standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, sediment, and aquatic organisms"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T17:07:26.736725","indexId":"70047826","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T11:27:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"National standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, sediment, and aquatic organisms","docAbstract":"The effects of pesticides1 on water quality commonly are assessed by comparing measured concentrations of individual pesticide compounds in the environment with concentrations that have been determined to have potential adverse effects on humans, aquatic organisms, or other beneficial uses of water. Direct evaluation of the adverse effects of every pesticide present in a given hydrologic system is beyond the scope and budget of most water-quality studies. Many studies rely on standards or guidelines set by federal or state agencies or other institutions to indicate what concentrations may have adverse effects on human health, aquatic organisms, or wildlife. Such standards and guidelines generally are based on laboratory or field studies that document the effects of individual pesticides on specific aspects of water quality. Single-species toxicity tests (using a single species of a test organism) under various laboratory conditions are the most common type of study, whereas artificial ecosystem studies (using multiple species of a test organism) and field studies are relatively uncommon. Such studies rarely consider the effects of exposure to more than one chemical at a time. Technical information from such studies has been used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)2 in issuing national standards, such as drinking-water regulations (for example, see USEPA 1991a) and guidelines, such as ambient water-quality criteria for the protection of human health and aquatic organisms (for example, see USEPA 1980a) to meet its statutory requirements under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and the Clean Water Act (CWA). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also has used its authority under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to set action levels (enforceable regulatory limits) for unavoidable residues of pesticides in foods (FDA 1990).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4612-2680-2","usgsCitation":"Nowell, L., and Resek, E., 1994, National standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, sediment, and aquatic organisms, chap. of Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, v. 140, p. 1-154, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2680-2.","productDescription":"154 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"154","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276991,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"140","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"521c78eae4b01458f784296f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nowell, L.H. 0000-0001-5417-7264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-7264","contributorId":47935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowell","given":"L.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Resek, E.A.","contributorId":85871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Resek","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129514,"text":"70129514 - 1994 - Neural networks for river flow prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T19:32:53.031316","indexId":"70129514","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T09:11:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2230,"text":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Neural networks for river flow prediction","docAbstract":"The surface‐water hydrographs of rivers exhibit large variations due to many natural phenomena. One of the most commonly used approaches for interpolating and extending streamflow records is to fit observed data with an analytic power model. However, such analytic models may not adequately represent the flow process, because they are based on many simplifying assumptions about the natural phenomena that influence the river flow. This paper demonstrates how a neural network can be used as an adaptive model synthesizer as well as a predictor. Issues such as selecting an appropriate neural network architecture and a correct training algorithm as well as presenting data to neural networks are addressed using a constructive algorithm called the cascade‐correlation algorithm. The neural‐network approach is applied to the flow prediction of the Huron River at the Dexter sampling station, near Ann Arbor, Mich. Empirical comparisons are performed between the predictive capability of the neural network models and the most commonly used analytic nonlinear power model in terms of accuracy and convenience of use. Our preliminary results are quite encouraging. An analysis performed on the structure of the networks developed by the cascade‐correlation algorithm shows that the neural networks are capable of adapting their complexity to match changes in the flow history and that the models developed by the neural‐network approach are more complex than the power model.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1994)8:2(201)","usgsCitation":"Karunanithi, N., Grenney, W.J., Whitley, D., and Bovee, K., 1994, Neural networks for river flow prediction: Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, v. 8, no. 2, p. 201-203, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(1994)8:2(201).","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18eae4b04d2014abfb50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karunanithi, Nachimuthu","contributorId":335698,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karunanithi","given":"Nachimuthu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":899267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grenney, William J.","contributorId":103360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grenney","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":899268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitley, Darrell","contributorId":335699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitley","given":"Darrell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":899269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bovee, Ken","contributorId":23455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":899270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70244131,"text":"70244131 - 1994 - Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-02T14:26:45.076732","indexId":"70244131","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T09:09:07","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado","docAbstract":"A quantitative understanding of the factors controlling the variation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in headwater streams is of scientific concern for at least two reasons. First, quantifying the overall carbon budgets of lotic systems is needed for a fundamental understanding of these systems. Second, DOC interacts strongly with other dissolved substances (heavy metals in particular) and plays an important role in the transport of contaminants.
In the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado, measurements of DOC from 1980 to 1986 show rapid decreases in concentration from a peak very early in the snowmelt period. Peak DOC concentrations occur approximately one month prior to peak discharge in the stream. The decline in DOC with time is approximately exponential, suggesting that a simple flushing mechanism can explain the response. We examined hydrological mechanisms to explain the observed variability of DOC in the Snake River by simulating the hydrological response of the catchment using TOPMODEL and routing the predicted flows through a simple model that accounted for temporal changes in DOC. Conceptually the DOC model represents a terrestrial (soil) reservoir in which DOC builds up during low flow periods and is flushed out by infiltrating meltwaters. The model reproduces the main features of the observed variation in DOC in the Snake River and thus lays the foundation for quantitatively linking hydrological processes with carbon cycling through upland catchments. Model results imply that a significant fraction of the soils in the Snake River catchment contribute DOC to the stream during peak discharge. Our work represents one of the first attempts to quantitatively describe the hydrological controls on DOC dynamics in a headwater stream. These controls are studied through the model by imposing mass balance constraints on both the flux of water through the various DOC source areas and the amount of DOC that can accumulate in these areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00024390","usgsCitation":"Hornberger, G., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D., 1994, Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado: Biogeochemistry, v. 25, p. 147-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024390.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"165","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Montezuma","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.88914773375578,\n 39.58470796615606\n ],\n [\n -105.88914773375578,\n 39.52241233777417\n ],\n [\n -105.8177176302345,\n 39.52241233777417\n ],\n [\n -105.8177176302345,\n 39.58470796615606\n ],\n [\n -105.88914773375578,\n 39.58470796615606\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKnight, D.M.","contributorId":189736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186789,"text":"70186789 - 1994 - Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T23:44:30.777507","indexId":"70186789","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes","docAbstract":"To understand whether the 1992 M = 7.4 Landers earthquake changed the proximity to failure on the San Andreas fault system, we examine the general problem of how one earthquake might trigger another. The tendency of rocks to fail in a brittle manner is thought to be a function of both shear and confining stresses, commonly formulated as the Coulomb failure criterion. Here we explore how changes in Coulomb conditions associated with one or more earthquakes may trigger subsequent events. We first consider a Coulomb criterion appropriate for the production of aftershocks, where faults most likely to slip are those optimally orientated for failure as a result of the prevailing regional stress field and the stress change caused by the mainshock. We find that the distribution of aftershocks for the Landers earthquake, as well as for several other moderate events in its vicinity, can be explained by the Coulomb criterion as follows: aftershocks are abundant where the Coulomb stress on optimally orientated faults rose by more than one-half bar, and aftershocks are sparse where the Coulomb stress dropped by a similar amount. Further, we find that several moderate shocks raised the stress at the future Landers epicenter and along much of the Landers rupture zone by about a bar, advancing the Landers shock by 1 to 3 centuries. The Landers rupture, in turn, raised the stress at site of the future M = 6.5 Big Bear aftershock site by 3 bars. The Coulomb stress change on a specified fault is independent of regional stress but depends on the fault geometry, sense of slip, and the coefficient of friction. We use this method to resolve stress changes on the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults imposed by the Landers sequence. Together the Landers and Big Bear earthquakes raised the stress along the San Bernardino segment of the southern San Andreas fault by 2 to 6 bars, hastening the next great earthquake there by about a decade.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840030935","usgsCitation":"King, G., Stein, R.S., and Lin, J., 1994, Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 3, p. 935-953, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840030935.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"935","endPage":"953","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339543,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/3/935/102745/Static-stress-changes-and-the-triggering-of"},{"id":339544,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ec9a31e4b0b4d95d335270","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Geoffrey","contributorId":190735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, Ross S. 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":2604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, Jian","contributorId":16930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Jian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185144,"text":"70185144 - 1994 - Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T12:39:55","indexId":"70185144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets","docAbstract":"The incidental catch of seabirds in high-seas drift nets was recorded in 1990-1991 by scientific observers on commercial squid and large-mesh fishery vessels operating in the North Pacific Transitional Zone. Twenty-six Synthliboramphus murrelet deaths were recorded in the months of August through December. All but one were from the Korean squid fishery in a small area bounded by 38°-44°N and 142°-157°E. Five specimens of the dead birds were collected and later identified as Japanese Murrelets (S. wumizusume). As fishing effort was widely distributed over a large area east of Japan, these data suggest that postbreeding Japanese Murrelets migrate north to winter in a relatively small area southeast of Hokkaido, where persistent eddies form at the confluence of the Oyashio and Kuroshio currents. Fronts between cold Oyashio water and Kuroshio warm-core eddies promote the aggregation of zooplankton and pelagic fishes, which in turn may attract murrelets during the nonbreeding season. The estimated total mortality of Japanese Murrelets in high-seas drift-net fisheries represents a significant proportion of the total world population of this rare and endangered species.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088827","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., and Gould, P.J., 1994, Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets: The Auk, v. 111, no. 4, p. 953-961, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088827.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"953","endPage":"961","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"North Pacific Transitional Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 147,\n 36\n ],\n [\n 141,\n 36\n ],\n [\n 141,\n 45\n ],\n [\n 147,\n 45\n ],\n [\n 147,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca5301e4b0849ce97c875a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gould, Patrick J.","contributorId":11667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185147,"text":"70185147 - 1994 - [Book review] The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T13:00:19","indexId":"70185147","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands","docAbstract":"Leadership in ecological research on north-temperate-zone seabirds has long been associated with the region of the northeastern Atlantic, which enjoys a tradition of detailed, innovative work spanning several decades. Although the temperate North Pacific is home to several of the same species that figure prominently in the Atlantic and also has a host of interesting species found nowhere else, Pacific birds had until recently received comparatively little attention. Few important advances in seabird biology had come from the northern North Pacific, which tended to leave those of us who work in the region harboring a slight inferiority complex. Happily, this situation is beginning to change. First, we are learning that in some instances the population dynamics of shared species differ greatly between the North Pacific and North Atlantic. The Pacific work, therefore, is more than just a rehash of that which was already known. It takes an important step toward understanding geographic variation in demography – variation that would not have been anticipated from any casual comparison of the environments, which appear superficially similar. Second, we are starting to see the results of in-depth work on species unique to the region. Tony Gaston’s book, the first monographic treatment of any North Pacific alcid, is one encouraging sign that seabird research in the temperate North Pacific is coming of age.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088537","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 1994, [Book review] The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands: The Auk, v. 111, no. 1, p. 242-243, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088537.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"1","publicComments":"This is a review of the following work: The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands. – Anthony J. Gaston. 1992. T&AD Poyser Ltd, London, and Academic press, San Diego, California. xviii + 249 pp., 22 black-and-white plates, 69 text figures, 22 tables, 2 appendices. ISBN 0-85661-071-4. $34.95.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52ffe4b0849ce97c8758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017615,"text":"70017615 - 1994 - Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-13T13:11:34.116557","indexId":"70017615","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"Thousands of solution-collapse breccia pipes crop out in the canyons and on the plateaus of northwestern Arizona; some host high-grade uranium deposits. The mineralized pipes are enriched in Ag, As, Ba, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V and Zn. These breccia pipes formed as sedimentary strata collapsed into solution caverns within the underlying Mississippian Redwall Limestone. A typical pipe is approximately 100 m (300 ft) in diameter and extends upward from the Redwall Limestone as much as 1000 m (3000 ft).
Unmineralized gypsum and limestone collapses rooted in the Lower Permian Kaibab Limestone or Toroweap Formation also occur throughout this area. Hence, development of geochemical tools that can distinguish these unmineralized collapse structures, as well as unmineralized breccia pipes, from mineralized breccia pipes could significantly reduce drilling costs for these orebodies commonly buried 300–360 m (1000–1200 ft) below the plateau surface.
Design and interpretation of soil sampling surveys over breccia pipes are plagued with several complications. (1) The plateau-capping Kaibab Limestone and Moenkopi Formation are made up of diverse lithologies. Thus, because different breccia pipes are capped by different lithologies, each pipe needs to be treated as a separate geochemical survey with its own background samples. (2) Ascertaining true background is difficult because of uncertainties in locations of poorly-exposed collapse cones and ring fracture zones that surround the pipes.
Soil geochemical surveys were completed on 50 collapse structures, three of which are known mineralized breccia pipes. Each collapse structure was treated as an independent geochemical survey. Geochemical data from each collapse feature were plotted on single-element geochemical maps and processed by multivariate factor analysis. To contrast the results between geochemical surveys (collapse structures), a means of quantifying the anomalousness of elements at each site was developed. This degree of anomalousness, named the “correlation value”, was used to rank collapse features by their potential to overlie a deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipe.
Soil geochemical results from the three mineralized breccia pipes (the only three of the 50 that had previously been drilled) show that: (1) Soils above the SBF pipe contain significant enrichment of Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ga, K, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sc, Th, U and Zn, and depletion in Ca, Mg and Sr, in contrast to soils outside the topographic and structural rim; (2) Soils over the inner treeless zone of the Canyon pipe show Mo and Pb enrichment anf As and Ga depletion, in contrast to soils from the surrounding forest; and (3) The soil survey of the Mohawk Canyon pipe was a failure because of the rocky terrane and lack of a B soil horizon, or because the pipe plunges. At least 11 of the 47 other collapse structures studied contain anomalous soil enrichments similar to the SBF uranium ore-bearing pipe, and thus have good potential as exploration targets for uranium. One of these 11, #1102, does contain surface mineralized rock. These surveys suggest that soil geochemical sampling is a useful tool for the recognition of many collapse structures with underlying ore-bearing breccia pipes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90065-5","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Wenrich, K., and Aumente-Modreski, R.M., 1994, Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 4, p. 431-454, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90065-5.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.31581652045145,\n 36.43233656059891\n ],\n [\n -114.31581652045145,\n 35.60134849448217\n ],\n [\n -112.90029352070502,\n 35.60134849448217\n ],\n [\n -112.90029352070502,\n 36.43233656059891\n ],\n [\n -114.31581652045145,\n 36.43233656059891\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16a8e4b0c8380cd5520f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenrich, K. J.","contributorId":40203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenrich","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aumente-Modreski, R. M.","contributorId":63825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aumente-Modreski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017586,"text":"70017586 - 1994 - Geochemistry of the 1989-1990 eruption of redoubt volcano: Part II. Evidence from mineral and glass chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70017586","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of the 1989-1990 eruption of redoubt volcano: Part II. Evidence from mineral and glass chemistry","docAbstract":"Early stages (December 1989) of the 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano produced two distinct lavas. Both lavas are high-silica andesites with a narrow range of bulk composition (58-64 wt.%) and similar mineralogies (phenocrysts of plagioclase, hornblende, augite, hypersthene and FeTi oxides in a groundmass of the same phases plus glass). The two lavas are distinguished by groundmass glass compositions, one is dacitic and the other rhyolitic. Sharp boundaries between the two glasses in compositionally banded pumices, lack of extensive coronas on hornblende phenocrysts, and seismic data suggest that a magma-mixing event immediately preceeded the eruption in December 1989. Textural disequilibrium in the phenocrysts suggests both magmas (dacitic and rhyolitic glasses) had a mixing history prior to their interaction and eruption in 1989. Sievey plagioclase and overgrowths of magnetite on ilmenite are textures that are at least consistent with magma mixing. The presence of two hornblende compositions (one a high-Al pargasitic hornblende and one a low-Al magnesiohornblende) in both the dacitic and rhyolitic groundmasses indicates a mixing event to yield these two amphibole populations prior to the magma mixing in December 1989. The pargasitic hornblende and the presence of Ca-rich overgrowths in the sievey zones of the plagioclase together indicate at least one component of this earlier mixing event was a mafic magma, either a basalt or a basaltic andesite. Eruptions in 1990 produced only andesite with a rhyolitic groundmass glass. Glass compositions in the 1990 andesite are identical to the rhyolitic glass in the 1989 andesite. Cognate xenoliths from the magma chamber (or conduit) are also found in the 1990 lavas. Magma mixing probably triggered the eruption in 1989. The eruption ended when this rather viscous (rhyolitic groundmass glass, magma capable of entraining sidewall xenoliths) magma stabalized within the conduit. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Swanson, S., Nye, C., Miller, T.P., and Avery, V., 1994, Geochemistry of the 1989-1990 eruption of redoubt volcano: Part II. Evidence from mineral and glass chemistry: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 453-468.","startPage":"453","endPage":"468","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1719e4b0c8380cd553a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, S.E.","contributorId":84505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nye, C.J.","contributorId":42734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Avery, V.F.","contributorId":51811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avery","given":"V.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008439,"text":"1008439 - 1994 - The effects of drought on population structure, activity, and orientation of toads Bufo quercicus and B. terrestris at a temporary pond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T15:03:09","indexId":"1008439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1590,"text":"Ethology Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of drought on population structure, activity, and orientation of toads Bufo quercicus and B. terrestris at a temporary pond","docAbstract":"From 1985 through 1990, I monitored the populations of two species of toads, Bufo quercicus and B. terrestris, at a temporary pond in the xeric uplands of north-central Florida. A drift fence with pitfall traps completely encircled the pond basin; the fence was monitored 5 days per week throughout the year. The 5-year study coincided with a severe regional drought that resulted in generally short hydroperiods at unpredictable times of the year. More than 800 toads were captured. Successful metamorphosis never occurred at the pond although toads continued to visit it throughout the study. The sex ratio was male biased in B. quercicus but not in B. terrestris, although significant variation was observed from one year to the next. Likewise, the size-class structure and length-weight patterns varied among species, sexes, and years. Although fewer toads entered the pond basin as the study progressed, toads may have gone elsewhere to breed or they may have remained in refugia. Thus, decreased capture does not necessarily indicate that a drought-related population decline occurred. Drought may have disrupted normal arrival patterns and length of stay within the pond basin. Drought also could be responsible for variation in annual size-class structure of captured toads. The uncertainty of the hydroperiod both spatially and temporally in adjacent breeding sites, the ability of toads to move long distances with the potential for migration between breeding sites, and the lack of specificity in the choice of breeding sites (i.e. permanent versus different types of temporary wetlands) may lead to the formation of metapopulations in the xeric upland habitats of north-central Florida. Long-term monitoring under a variety of climatic conditions is needed to assess the effects of drought and other types of environmental stresses on toad populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08927014.1994.9522985","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., 1994, The effects of drought on population structure, activity, and orientation of toads Bufo quercicus and B. terrestris at a temporary pond: Ethology Ecology and Evolution, v. 6, no. 3, p. 331-349, https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1994.9522985.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"349","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":131514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016706,"text":"70016706 - 1994 - Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016706","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano","docAbstract":"An elastic point source model proposed by Mogi for magma chamber inflation and deflation has been applied to geodetic data collected at many volcanoes. The volume of ground surface uplift or subsidence estimated from this model is closely related to the volume of magma injection into or withdrawal from the reservoir below. The analytical expressions for these volumes are reviewed for a spherical chamber and it is shown that they differ by the factor 2(1-v), where v is Poisson's ratio of the host rock. For the common estimate v=0.25, as used by Mogi and subsequent workers, the uplift volume is 3/2 the injection volume. For highly fractured rocks, v can be even less and the uplift volume can approach twice the injection volume. Unfortunately, there is no single relation between the inflation of magma reservoirs and the dilation or contraction of host rocks. The inflation of sill-like bodies, for instance, generates no overall change in host rock volume. Inflation of dike-like bodies generates contraction such that, in contrast with Mogi's result, the uplift volume is generally less than the injection volume; for v=0.25, the former is only 3/4 of the latter. Estimates of volumes of magma injection or withdrawal are there-fore greatly dependent on the magma reservoir configuration. Ground surface tilt data collected during the 1960 collapse of Kilauea crater, one of the first events interpreted with Mogi's model and one of the largest collapses measured at Kilauea, is not favored by any one of a variety of deformation models. These models, however, predict substantially different volumes of both magma withdrawal and ground surface subsidence. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302823","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Delaney, P., and McTigue, D., 1994, Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 6-7, p. 417-424, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302823.","startPage":"417","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205533,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302823"},{"id":224699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc363e4b08c986b32b13d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delaney, P.T.","contributorId":69980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McTigue, D.F.","contributorId":57605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McTigue","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}