Harvest of crocodilian eggs and young for captive rearing (ranching) has been used worldwide as an option for producing crocodilian skins and meat from wild stock. The long-term effects of harvesting a certain proportion of early age class, wild American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) without repatriation is unknown. We removed an estimated 50% of annual production of alligators on Lakes Griffin and Jesup in central Florida over an 11-year period and monitored population levels via night-light counts. Densities of the total alligator population increased (P < 0.037) on all areas. Count densities of adult (≥183 cm total length [TL]) alligators increased (P < 0.003) on harvest areas but remained stable (P = 0.830) on the control (no harvest) area, Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge (Lake Woodruff NWR). Observed densities of juvenile (<122 cm TL) alligators remained stable (P > 0.117), and subadult (122-182 cm TL) alligators increased (P < 0.011) on harvest areas. The density of juveniles on the control area increased (P = 0.006), and the density of subadults showed some evidence of increasing (P = 0.088). No changes were detected in size distributions on the treatment areas. Nest production, as observed from aerial helicopter surveys, increased (P < 0.039) on Lake Woodruff NWR and Lake Jesup and showed some evidence of an increase on Lake Griffin (P = 0.098) during 1983-91. A 50% harvest rate of eggs or hatchlings did not adversely affect recruitment into the subadult or adult size classes.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2215::AID-HYP882>3.0.CO;2-V","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Stottlemyer, R., and Toczydlowski, D., 1999, Seasonal change in precipitation, snowpack, snowmelt, soil water and streamwater chemistry, northern Michigan: Hydrological Processes, v. 13, no. 14-15, p. 2215-2231, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2215::AID-HYP882>3.0.CO;2-V.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2215","endPage":"2231","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229906,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"14-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b887fe4b08c986b3169d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":44493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toczydlowski, D.","contributorId":9790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toczydlowski","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021753,"text":"70021753 - 1999 - Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-02T16:24:19.700447","indexId":"70021753","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model","docAbstract":"Before coupled atmosphere-lake models can be used to study the response of large lake systems to climatic forcings, we must first evaluate how well they simulate the water balance and associated lake atmosphere interactions under present-day conditions. We evaluate the hydrology simulated by a lake model coupled to NCAR's regional climate model (RegCM2) in a study of the Aral Sea. The meteorological variables that are input to the lake model are simulated well by RegCM2. Simulated surface air temperatures closely match observed values, except during spring and fall when the simulated temperatures are too cold. The magnitude of precipitation is too high in the region surrounding the Aral Sea during summer and fall. On a yearly basis, RegCM2 produces a reasonable amount of runoff throughout the drainage basin. The lake model coupled to RegCM2 accurately simulates Aral Sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The lake model also simulates observed mid-winter ice fraction well, although the onset of ice growth occurs too late in the year and the ice melts too rapidly in the spring. The simulated annual evaporation from the Aral Sea is consistent with observed estimates; however, the simulated evaporation is greater than observed during summer and less than observed during winter. In a “stand-alone” lake model simulation, the simulated Aral Sea hydrology does not match observations as closely as in the coupled model experiment. These results suggest that a stand-alone lake model would not accurately simulate the hydrologic response of the Aral Sea to various forcings.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JD02348","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Small, E., Sloan, L., Hostetler, S., and Giorgi, F., 1999, Simulating the water balance of the Aral Sea with a coupled regional climate-lake model: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 104, no. D6, p. 6583-6602, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02348.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"6583","endPage":"6602","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479458,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd02348","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229263,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"D6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fdee4b08c986b3191b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Small, E.E.","contributorId":56403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Small","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, L.C.","contributorId":83688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, S. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":30336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014804,"text":"1014804 - 1999 - A review of early mortality syndrome (EMS) Great Lakes salmonids: relationship with thiamine deficiency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:31","indexId":"1014804","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":698,"text":"Ambio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of early mortality syndrome (EMS) Great Lakes salmonids: relationship with thiamine deficiency","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ambio","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"99-054/NF","usgsCitation":"Fitzsimons, J., Brown, S., Honeyfield, D., and Hnath, J., 1999, A review of early mortality syndrome (EMS) Great Lakes salmonids: relationship with thiamine deficiency: Ambio, v. 28, no. 1, p. 9-15.","productDescription":"p. 9-15","startPage":"9","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzsimons, J.D.","contributorId":50845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzsimons","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, S.B.","contributorId":107636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Honeyfield, D. C. 0000-0003-3034-2047","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-2047","contributorId":73136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honeyfield","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hnath, J.G.","contributorId":34852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hnath","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021248,"text":"70021248 - 1999 - Stress loading from viscous flow in the lower crust and triggering of aftershocks following the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:50","indexId":"70021248","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress loading from viscous flow in the lower crust and triggering of aftershocks following the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"Following the M(w) 6.7 Northridge earthquake, significant postseismic displacements were resolved with GPS. Using a three-dimensional viscoelastic model, we suggest that this deformation is mainly driven by viscous flow in the lower crust. Such flow can transfer stress to the upper crust and load the rupture zone of the main shock at a decaying rate. Most aftershocks within the rupture zone, especially those that occurred after the first several weeks of the main shock, may have been triggered by continuous stress loading from viscous flow. The long-term decay time of aftershocks (about 2 years) approximately matches the decay of viscoelastic loading, and thus is controlled by the viscosity of the lower crust. Our model provides a physical interpretation of the observed correlation between aftershock decay rate and surface heat flow.Following the Mw 6.7 Northridge earthquake, significant postseismic displacements were resolved with GPS. Using a three-dimensional viscoelastic model, we suggest that this deformation is mainly driven by viscous flow in the lower crust. Such flow can transfer stress to the upper crust and load the rupture zone of the main shock at a decaying rate. Most aftershocks within the rupture zone, especially those that occurred after the first several weeks of the main shock, may have been triggered by continuous stress loading from viscous flow. The long-term decay time of aftershocks (about 2 years) approximately matches the decay of viscoelastic loading, and thus is controlled by the viscosity of the lower crust. Our model provides a physical interpretation of the observed correlation between aftershock decay rate and surface heat flow.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","doi":"10.1029/1999GL010496","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Deng, J., Hudnut, K., Gurnis, M., and Hauksson, E., 1999, Stress loading from viscous flow in the lower crust and triggering of aftershocks following the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, no. 21, p. 3209-3212, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010496.","startPage":"3209","endPage":"3212","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479445,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl010496","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206472,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010496"},{"id":229902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b5de4b08c986b31ce22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deng, J.","contributorId":11360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deng","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudnut, K.","contributorId":92439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gurnis, M.","contributorId":13395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurnis","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hauksson, E.","contributorId":10932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauksson","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014808,"text":"1014808 - 1999 - The effect of migration distance and timing on metabolic enzyme activity in an anadromous clupeid, the American shad (Alosa sapidissima)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T15:26:04.742517","indexId":"1014808","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1651,"text":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of migration distance and timing on metabolic enzyme activity in an anadromous clupeid, the American shad (Alosa sapidissima)","docAbstract":"The American shad (Alosa sapidissima) is a common anadromous fish species with ecological and economic importance on the east coast of North America. This iteroparous species undergoes an energetically costly upriver spawning migration in spring. To evaluate metabolic changes associated with this migration, we assessed the maximum activity of five metabolic enzymes (citrate synthase (CS), phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), β-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD), alanine aminotransferase (GPT)) in liver, red muscle and white muscle during upstream migration in two successive years in the Connecticut River. For aerobic capacity (CS), glycolytic capacity (LDH) and utilization of stored lipid and protein energy (HOAD and GPT), there is a general pattern of increasing activity with a subsequent decline at the most upriver sites. Red muscle CS activity increased by as much as 40% during the migration while white muscle CS activity was 120% higher in the river than in the ocean. In contrast, muscle anaerobic capacity, indicated by PFK, was low as fish entered the river and then increased 5-fold at the most upriver sites. White muscle HOAD increased ∼30% while red muscle HOAD and muscle GPT increased as much as 60%. There were interannual and sex-associated differences in enzyme activity during upstream migration and through time at a single location. In some cases interannual differences can be larger than those seen during upriver migration as in the case of red muscle CS where sampling years differed by 125%. These interannual differences may be a result of differing river conditions that affect migratory effort. We have demonstrated that American shad use tissue and sex-specific regulation of enzyme activity during migration and we suggest that American shad metabolically acclimate to upstream migration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1023/A:1007751701668","usgsCitation":"Leonard, J.B., and McCormick, S., 1999, The effect of migration distance and timing on metabolic enzyme activity in an anadromous clupeid, the American shad (Alosa sapidissima): Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 163-179, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007751701668.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6677b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leonard, J. B. K.","contributorId":40159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008024,"text":"1008024 - 1999 - The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). III. Thermoregulation at depth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T14:25:02.408911","indexId":"1008024","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2275,"text":"Journal of Experimental Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). III. Thermoregulation at depth","docAbstract":"During diving, marine mammals initiate a series of cardiovascular changes that include bradycardia and decreased peripheral circulation. Because heat transfer from thermal windows located in peripheral sites of these mammals depends on blood flow, such adjustments may limit their thermoregulatory capabilities during submergence. Here, we demonstrate how the thermoregulatory responses of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are coordinated with the diving response. Heart rate, skin temperature and heat transfer from the dorsal fin and flank were measured while dolphins rested on the water surface, stationed 5–50 m under water and floated at the surface immediately following a dive. The results showed that heat flow ranged from 42.9±7.3 to 126.2±23.1 W m−2 and varied with anatomical site and diving activity. Upon submergence, heat flow declined by 35 % from the dorsal fin and by 24 % from the flank. An immediate increase in heat flow to levels exceeding pre-dive values occurred at both sites upon resurfacing. Changes in heart rate during diving paralleled the thermoregulatory responses. Mean pre-dive heart rate (102.0±2.6 beats min−1, N=26) decreased by 63.4 % during dives to 50 m and immediately returned to near resting levels upon resurfacing. These studies indicate that heat dissipation by dolphins is attenuated during diving. Rather than challenge the diving response, heat transfer is delayed until post-dive periods when the need for oxygen conservation is reduced.
","language":"English","publisher":"Company of Biologists","doi":"10.1242/jeb.202.20.2763","usgsCitation":"Williams, T.M., Noren, D., Berry, P., Estes, J.A., Allison, C., and Kirtland, J., 1999, The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). III. Thermoregulation at depth: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 202, p. 2763-2769, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.20.2763.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2763","endPage":"2769","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"202","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6682f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, T. M.","contributorId":76689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noren, D.","contributorId":16369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noren","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berry, P.","contributorId":27405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allison, C.","contributorId":89842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allison","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kirtland, J.","contributorId":21499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirtland","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1014817,"text":"1014817 - 1999 - Potential effects of pathogen-induced hemlock forest decline on aquatic biodiversity in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-05T10:46:07","indexId":"1014817","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2581,"text":"Keystone Surveyor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of pathogen-induced hemlock forest decline on aquatic biodiversity in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Keystone Surveyor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"99-112/AE/NF","usgsCitation":"Snyder, C., Young, J., Lemarie, D., Smith, D., Ross, R., and Bennett, R., 1999, Potential effects of pathogen-induced hemlock forest decline on aquatic biodiversity in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area: Keystone Surveyor, no. Summer/Fall, p. 6-7.","productDescription":"p. 6-7","startPage":"6","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"Summer/Fall","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, C.D.","contributorId":73540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, J.A. 0000-0002-4500-3673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":37674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lemarie, D.","contributorId":62538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ross, R.","contributorId":8410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bennett, R.","contributorId":59374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1008025,"text":"1008025 - 1999 - Studies of reproductive output of the desert tortoise at Joshua Tree National Park, the Mojave National Preserve, and comparative sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T13:32:52","indexId":"1008025","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3014,"text":"Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of reproductive output of the desert tortoise at Joshua Tree National Park, the Mojave National Preserve, and comparative sites","docAbstract":"The stability of any population is a function of how many young are produced and how many survive to reproduce. Populations with low reproductive output and high mortality will decline until such time as deaths and births are at least balanced. Monitoring populations of sensitive species is particularly important to ensure that conditions do not favor decline or extinction.
Turtles, including tortoises, are characterized by life history traits that make them slow to adapt to rapid changes in mortality and habitat alteration. Long life spans (in excess of 50 years), late maturity, and widely variable nest success are traits that allowed turtles to outlive the dinosaurs, but they are poorly adapted for life in the rapidly changing modern world. Increased mortality of young and adults can seriously tip the delicate balance required for turtles to survive.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lovich, J., Medica, P., Avery, H., Meyer, K., Bowser, G., and Brown, A., 1999, Studies of reproductive output of the desert tortoise at Joshua Tree National Park, the Mojave National Preserve, and comparative sites: Park Science, v. 19, no. 1, p. 22-24.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329219,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dmg.gov/documents/STDY_Rprdctve_Output_DT_at_JTNP_MNP_Lovich_et_al_090199.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":131079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699fe2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovich, J.E.","contributorId":102411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medica, P.","contributorId":36491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avery, H.","contributorId":59758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avery","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, K.","contributorId":28204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowser, G.","contributorId":33670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowser","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brown, A.","contributorId":27825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1008040,"text":"1008040 - 1999 - Temporal and spatial variability in thalweg profiles of a gravel-bed river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:47:39","indexId":"1008040","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal and spatial variability in thalweg profiles of a gravel-bed river","docAbstract":"This study used successive longitudinal thalweg profiles in gravel-bed rivers to monitor changes in bed topography following floods and associated large sediment inputs. Variations in channel bed elevations, distributions of residual water depths, percentage of channel length occupied by riffles, and a spatial autocorrelation coefficient (Moran's I) were used to quantify changes in morphological diversity and spatial structure in Redwood Creek basin, northwestern California. Bed topography in Redwood Creek and its major tributaries consists primarily of a series of pools and riffles. The size, frequency and spatial distribution of the pools and riffles have changed significantly during the past 20 years. Following large floods and high sediment input in Redwood Creek and its tributaries in 1975, variation in channel bed elevations was low and the percentage of the channel length occupied by riffles was high. Over the next 20 years, variation in bed elevations increased while the length of channel occupied by riffles decreased. An index [(standard deviation of residual water depth/bankfull depth) × 100] was developed to compare variations in bed elevation over a range of stream sizes, with a higher index being indicative of greater morphological diversity. Spatial autocorrelation in the bed elevation data was apparent at both fine and coarse scales in many of the thalweg profiles and the observed spatial pattern of bed elevations was found to be related to the dominant channel material and the time since disturbance. River reaches in which forced pools dominated, and in which large woody debris and bed particles could not be easily mobilized, exhibited a random distribution of bed elevations. In contrast, in reaches where alternate bars dominated, and both wood and gravel were readily transported, regularly spaced bed topography developed at a spacing that increased with time since disturbance. This pattern of regularly spaced bed features was reversed following a 12-year flood when bed elevations became more randomly arranged.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199911)24:12<1153::AID-ESP41>3.0.CO;2-8","usgsCitation":"Madej, M.A., 1999, Temporal and spatial variability in thalweg profiles of a gravel-bed river: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 24, no. 12, p. 1153-1169, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199911)24:12<1153::AID-ESP41>3.0.CO;2-8.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1153","endPage":"1169","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68563e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008041,"text":"1008041 - 1999 - Reply to Garshelis and Johnson","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T13:22:29","indexId":"1008041","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to Garshelis and Johnson","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Science","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., 1999, Reply to Garshelis and Johnson: Science, v. 283.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"177","numberOfPages":"177","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"283","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008058,"text":"1008058 - 1999 - Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T16:05:59.947114","indexId":"1008058","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago","docAbstract":"We studied productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA, during the summers of 1993 and 1994. Productivity on Adak, Tanaga, and Amchitka Islands ranged from 0.88 to 1.24 young produced per occupied site and was comparable to that of healthy populations in the lower 48 United States. However, productivity on Kiska Island was depressed, averaging 0.67 young per occupied site. The lower reproductive success on Kiska was associated with elevated levels of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and other organochlorine pesticides. Many of the organochlorine pesticides were elevated in bald eagle eggs from the four islands, but concentrations of these contaminants and Hg were significantly higher in eggs from Kiska Island than in eggs from the other islands. In contrast, polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations were higher in eggs from Adak, Amchitka, and Kiska (where military facilities have been installed) than in those from Tanaga (which has had little military activity). The most likely source of these contaminants in bald eagles was from their diets, which were variable spatially and temporally. Fish made up most (56%) of the eagles' diet on Adak and Tanaga Islands, followed by birds (25%) and mammals (19%). In contrast, birds comprised the majority (60%) of bald eagle diets on Amchitka and Kiska Islands, followed by mammals (30%) and fish (10%). The high proportion of seabirds in the diet of eagles from Kiska Island could be the major source of organochlorine and Hg contamination. Elevated concentrations of organochlorines in bald eagle eggs from the Aleutian Archipelago was surprising, because of the distance to agricultural areas. The results indicate that these contaminants can be transported long distances and affect wildlife populations in remote and pristine areas. We also discuss potential sources and transport mechanisms of these contaminants to the Aleutian Islands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620180925","usgsCitation":"Anthony, R., Miles, A., Estes, J.A., and Isaacs, F., 1999, Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, no. 9, p. 2054-2062, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180925.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2054","endPage":"2062","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":130785,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, R.G.","contributorId":107641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miles, A.K. 0000-0002-3108-808X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-808X","contributorId":85902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"A.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Isaacs, F.B.","contributorId":39733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isaacs","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008083,"text":"1008083 - 1999 - Effect of high aluminum consumption on mechanics and composition of furculae of free-ranging coots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T16:33:04.356154","indexId":"1008083","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of high aluminum consumption on mechanics and composition of furculae of free-ranging coots","docAbstract":"High levels of ingested Al can affect mechanical properties of bones. Because of the spring action of the furcula during the wingbeat, small changes in the mechanical properties of this bone may have measurable impacts on long-distance flight. We examined the furculae and ingesta of free-ranging American coots (Fulica americana) in San Francisco Bay (California, USA), where they consume a diet high in Al. We measured the spring stiffness and phase angle (δ) of the furculae and the concentrations of Al, Ca, F, Mg, and P in both the furculae and ingesta. The ingesta had mean Al concentrations (2,384 μg/g, dry weight) and Al:P molar ratios (6.4:1) predicted to affect bone integrity but the bone concentrations of Al were near the normal range and the furcula stiffness did not change with Al concentration. The tan δ of the furculae changed with Al concentration but the relationship was weak. The chemical speciation of the ingested Al may have affected its physiologic role and the high mean levels of ingested calcium (71,283 μg/g, dry weight) very likely neutralized the activity of the Al. Controlled feeding studies have shown that F strengthens avian bones. The bones in our study had molar concentrations of F more than two orders of magnitude greater than Al (170:1) but F appears to have insignificant influence on bone mechanics. The coots in San Francisco Bay apparently are not suffering furcula impairment despite a diet high in Al.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620180523","usgsCitation":"Hui, C.A., and Ellers, O., 1999, Effect of high aluminum consumption on mechanics and composition of furculae of free-ranging coots: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, no. 5, p. 970-975, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180523.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"970","endPage":"975","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hui, C. A.","contributorId":79824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hui","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellers, O.","contributorId":106844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellers","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008101,"text":"1008101 - 1999 - The northern pintail in North America: status and conservation needs of a struggling population","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-12T13:50:02","indexId":"1008101","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The northern pintail in North America: status and conservation needs of a struggling population","docAbstract":"The number of northern pintails (Anas acuta) in North America continues to be low despite sub- stantially improved wetland habitat conditions as recorded by the May Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (May Survey, United States Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS] 1998; Figure 1). In 1993-97, following extended drought during the 1980s and early 1990s, favorable precipitation pat- terns returned to the critical waterfowl nesting areas of the northern Great Plains of the United States (U.S.) and Canada (USFWS 1997), the area known as the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR, Bellrose 1980). Historically, when the number of wetlands (May ponds) counted on the May Survey increased in the PPR, pintail breeding populations (BPOP) also increased (e.g., Smith 1970). However, even though May ponds attained record high levels 1996 and 1997, the expected increase in pintail populations did not occur (Figure 1). Even after a 30% increase in the BPOP between 1996 and 1997, pintails remained 19% below the long-term average and 36% below the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP) goal of 5.6 million (USFWS et al. 1994); additionally, peaks and lows in pintail BPOP have been successively lower since 1955-56 (Figure 1). In contrast, all other PPR-nest- ing dabbling ducks (tribe Anatini) rebounded in the 1990s to levels that exceeded objectives set by NAWMP (USFWS 1997). The minimal recovery of pintails is perplexing, given the very large popula- tions attained during previous periods of abundant May ponds (Figure 1).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., and Duncan, D.C., 1999, The northern pintail in North America: status and conservation needs of a struggling population: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 3, p. 788-800.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"788","endPage":"800","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b46a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Michael R.","contributorId":45796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12709,"text":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":316746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncan, David C.","contributorId":175272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncan","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008103,"text":"1008103 - 1999 - Reference intervals and physiologic alterations in hematologic and biochemical values of free-ranging desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T13:21:33","indexId":"1008103","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reference intervals and physiologic alterations in hematologic and biochemical values of free-ranging desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) populations have experienced precipitous declines resulting from the cumulative impact of habitat loss, and human and disease-related mortality. Evaluation of hematologic and biochemical responses of desert tortoises to physiologic and environmental factors can facilitate the assessment of stress and disease in tortoises and contribute to management decisions and population recovery. The goal of this study was to obtain and analyze clinical laboratory data from free-ranging desert tortoises at three sites in the Mojave Desert (California, USA) between October 1990 and October 1995, to establish reference intervals, and to develop guidelines for the interpretation of laboratory data under a variety of environmental and physiologic conditions. Body weight, carapace length, and venous blood samples for a complete blood count and clinical chemistry profile were obtained from 98 clinically healthy adult desert tortoises of both sexes at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural area (western Mojave), Goffs (eastern Mojave) and Ivanpah Valley (northeastern Mojave). Samples were obtained four times per year, in winter (February/March), spring (May/June), summer (July/August), and fall (October). Years of near-, above- and below-average rainfall were represented in the 5 yr period. Minimum, maximum and median values, and central 95 percentiles were used as reference intervals and measures of central tendency for tortoises at each site and/or season. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance for significant (P < 0.01) variation on the basis of sex, site, season, and interactions between these variables. Significant sex differences were observed for packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, aspartate transaminase activity, and cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations. Marked seasonal variation was observed in most parameters in conjunction with reproductive cycle, hibernation, or seasonal rainfall. Year-to-year differences and long-term alterations primarily reflected winter rainfall amounts. Site differences were minimal, and largely reflected geographic differences in precipitation patterns, such that results from these studies can be applied to other tortoise populations in environments with known rainfall and forage availability patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.212","usgsCitation":"Christopher, M.M., Berry, K.H., Wallis, I., Nagy, K., Henen, B., and Peterson, C., 1999, Reference intervals and physiologic alterations in hematologic and biochemical values of free-ranging desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 35, no. 2, p. 212-238, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.212.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"212","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.212","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6351ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christopher, Mary M.","contributorId":44473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christopher","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallis, I.R.","contributorId":80612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallis","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nagy, K.A.","contributorId":39727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagy","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Henen, B.T.","contributorId":67457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henen","given":"B.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peterson, C.C.","contributorId":24725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021558,"text":"70021558 - 1999 - Reaeration equations derived from U.S. geological survey database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021558","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reaeration equations derived from U.S. geological survey database","docAbstract":"Accurate estimation of the reaeration-rate coefficient (K2) is extremely important for waste-load allocation. Currently, available K2 estimation equations generally yield poor estimates when applied to stream conditions different from those for which the equations were derived because they were derived from small databases composed of potentially highly inaccurate measurements. A large data set of K2 measurements made with tracer-gas methods was compiled from U.S. Geological Survey studies. This compilation included 493 reaches on 166 streams in 23 states. Careful screening to detect and eliminate erroneous measurements reduced the date set to 371 measurements. These measurements were divided into four subgroups on the basis of flow regime (channel control or pool and riffle) and stream scale (discharge greater than or less than 0.556 m3/s). Multiple linear regression in logarithms was applied to relate K2 to 12 stream hydraulic and water-quality characteristics. The resulting best-estimation equations had the form of semiempirical equations that included the rate of energy dissipation and discharge or depth and width as variables. For equation verification, a data set of K2 measurements made with tracer-gas procedures by other agencies was compiled from the literature. This compilation included 127 reaches on at least 24 streams in at least seven states. The standard error of estimate obtained when applying the developed equations to the U.S. Geological Survey data set ranged from 44 to 61%, whereas the standard error of estimate was 78% when applied to the verification data set.Accurate estimation of the reaeration-rate coefficient (K2) is extremely important for waste-load allocation. Currently, available K2 estimation equations generally yield poor estimates when applied to stream conditions different from those for which the equations were derived because they were derived from small databases composed of potentially highly inaccurate measurements. A large data set of K2 measurements made with tracer-gas methods was compiled from U.S. Geological Survey studies. This compilation included 493 reaches on 166 streams in 23 states. Careful screening to detect and eliminate erroneous measurements reduced the data set to 371 measurements. These measurements were divided into four subgroups on the basis of flow regime (channel control or pool and riffle) and stream scale (discharge greater than or less than 0.556 m3/s). Multiple linear regression in logarithms was applied to relate K2 to 12 stream hydraulic and water-quality characteristics. The resulting best-estimation equations had the form of semiempirical equations that included the rate of energy dissipation and discharge or depth and width as variables. For equation verification, a data set of K2 measurements made with tracer-gas procedures by other agencies was compiled from the literature. This compilation included 127 reaches on at least 24 streams in at least seven states. The standard error of estimate obtained when applying the developed equations to the U.S. Geological Survey data set ranged from 44 to 61%, whereas the standard error of estimate was 78% when applied to the verification data set.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:5(407)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Melching, C., and Flores, H., 1999, Reaeration equations derived from U.S. geological survey database: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 125, no. 5, p. 407-414, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:5(407).","startPage":"407","endPage":"414","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206393,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:5(407)"},{"id":229618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9593e4b0c8380cd81ad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":23973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flores, H.E.","contributorId":53549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021557,"text":"70021557 - 1999 - Classification of species attributes for Pacific Northwest freshwater fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021557","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of species attributes for Pacific Northwest freshwater fishes","docAbstract":"Fish assemblages integrate physical and chemical habitat conditions and are used to evaluate the condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. To facilitate such evaluations, we classified each of the 132 freshwater fish species known to occur in the Pacific Northwest (Idaho, Oregon, Washington) by its origin, overall pollution tolerance, adult habitat, adult feeding, and water temperature preference. Recommendations from regional fishery experts, published literature, and the aggregate experience of the authors were used to classify species. The attribute classifications were responsive to human disturbance of aquatic habitats when applied to fish assemblages sampled from throughout the region. Our attribute classification of fish species promotes use of fish assemblages to evaluate water resource conditions regionally and fosters greater acceptance of biological measures of water resource quality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northwest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Zaroban, D., Mulvey, M., Maret, T., Hughes, R.M., and Merritt, G., 1999, Classification of species attributes for Pacific Northwest freshwater fishes: Northwest Science, v. 73, no. 2, p. 81-93.","startPage":"81","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f61ce4b0c8380cd4c5d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zaroban, D.W.","contributorId":104655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaroban","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulvey, M.P.","contributorId":106667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulvey","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maret, T.R.","contributorId":9015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, R. M.","contributorId":69997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Merritt, G.D.","contributorId":37492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021275,"text":"70021275 - 1999 - Volcanogenic Sulfur on Earth and Io: Composition and Spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70021275","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanogenic Sulfur on Earth and Io: Composition and Spectroscopy","docAbstract":"The causes of Io's variegated surface, especially the roles of sulfur, and the geochemical history of sulfur compounds on Io are not well understood. Suspecting that minor impurities in sulfur might be important, we have investigated the major and trace element chemistry and spectroscopic reflectance of natural sulfur from a variety of terrestrial volcanic-hydrothermal environments. Evidence suggests that Io may be substantially coated with impure sulfur. On Earth, a few tenths of a percent to a few percent of chalcophile trace elements (e.g., As and Se) comonly occur in sulfur and appear to stabilize material of yellow, brown, orange, and red hues, which may persist even at low temperatures. Percentage levels of chalcophile impurities are reasonably expected to occur on Io in vapor sublimate deposits and flows derived from such deposits. Such impurities join a host of other mechanisms that might explain Io's reds and yellows. Two-tenths to two percent opaque crystalline impurities, particularly pyrite (FeS2), commonly produces green, gray, and black volcanic sulfur on Earth and might explain areas of Io having deposits of these colors. Pyrite produces a broad absorption near 1 ??m that gradually diminishes out to 1.6 ??m - similar but not identical to the spectrum of Io seen in Galileo NIMS data. Percentage amounts of carbonaceous impurities and tens of percent SiO2 (as silicates) also strongly affect the spectral properties of Earth's sulfur. Io's broad absorption between 0.52 and 0.64 ??m remains unexplained by these data but could be due to sodium sulfides, as suggested previously by others, or to As, Se, or other impurities. These impurities and others, such as P and Cl (which could exist on Io's surface in amounts over 1% that of sulfur), greatly alter the molecular structure of molten and solid sulfur. Minor impurities could impact Io's geology, such as the morphology of sulfur lava flows and the ability of sulfur to sustain high relief. We have not found any natural sulfur containing significant Na beyond that attributable to silicate inclusions. In sum, the unique physical-chemical properties of S-rich systems and the strong affinity of certain elements for S may have broad implications for the appearance, spectroscopic interpretation, and geologic processes of Io. Identification of impurities in sulfur may be helpful in tracing the geochemical evolution of surface deposits on Io. Perhaps foretelling of new areas of investigation, Cl has recently been reported in the Io torus (M. Kueppers and N. M. Schneider 1999, Eos Trans.80, 5207), suggesting the presence on Io of either salts, such as halite, or sulfur chlorides. Further evidence of minor iogenic impurities should be sought in Io's neutral cloud and plasma torus as well as in further scrutiny of Io's reflectance spectra. ?? 1999 Academic Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1999.6183","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Kargel, J., Delmelle, P., and Nash, D., 1999, Volcanogenic Sulfur on Earth and Io: Composition and Spectroscopy: Icarus, v. 142, no. 1, p. 249-280, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6183.","startPage":"249","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206445,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6183"}],"volume":"142","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc341e4b08c986b32b04a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delmelle, P.","contributorId":50682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delmelle","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nash, D.B.","contributorId":50562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015972,"text":"1015972 - 1999 - Effects of military training activities on shrub-steppe raptors in southwestern Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:33:46.091035","indexId":"1015972","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of military training activities on shrub-steppe raptors in southwestern Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"), northern harriers (Circus cyaneus), burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia), and short-eared owls (Asio flammeus) inside and outside a military training site in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area, southwestern Idaho. The Orchard Training Area is used primarily for armored vehicle training and artillery firing by the Idaho Army National Guard. Relative abundance of nesting pairs inside and outside the training site was not significantly different from 1991 to 1993 but was significantly higher on the training site in 1994 (P ≤ 0.03). Nesting success varied among years but was not significantly different inside and outside the training site (P > 0.26). In 1994, short-eared owl and burrowing owl nests were significantly closer to firing ranges used early in the spring before owls laid eggs than were random points (P < 0.001). In 1993, distances from occupied burrowing owl nests to firing ranges used early in the year were similar to those from random points to the same firing ranges (P = 0.16). Military activity contributed to some nesting failures from 1992 to 1994, but some pairs nested successfully near military activity.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ingenta","doi":"10.4031/MTSJ.33.3.10","issn":"00253324","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., 1999, U.S. geological survey measurement programs and models pertinent to ocean and coastal prediction modeling: Marine Technology Society Journal, v. 33, no. 3, p. 88-92, https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.33.3.10.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"88","endPage":"92","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487368,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.33.3.10","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230112,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb2fe4b08c986b328553","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021140,"text":"70021140 - 1999 - Use of implantable pellets to administer low levels of methyl mercury to fish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70021140","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of implantable pellets to administer low levels of methyl mercury to fish","docAbstract":"Implantable pellets of methyl mercury chloride were tested in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to appraise the effectiveness of the method for chronic studies of mercury. Two dosing regimes of 15 and 1.5 grams/CH3HgCl pellet (test 1) and 1 and 0.1 grams/pellet (test 2-3) of methyl mercury chloride were used in three tests. Additional pellets containing only matrix were used as controls. The pellets were inserted into the peritoneal cavity along with a microchip for identification. Three methods of incision closure: sutures and two types of surgical glue, were tested. Pellets used in test one released the dose too fast, resulting in premature death of the fish. Results from test 2 and 3 show blood mercury concentrations over time and tissue levels at necropsy consistent with dose suggesting that this is a viable method of dosing fish.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1998 8th Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Standardization of Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption and Environmental Assessment","conferenceDate":"20 April 1998 through 22 April 1998","conferenceLocation":"Atlanta, GA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","publisherLocation":"Conshohocken, PA, United States","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Arnold, B., Jagoe, C.H., and Gross, T., 1999, Use of implantable pellets to administer low levels of methyl mercury to fish, in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1364, Atlanta, GA, USA, 20 April 1998 through 22 April 1998, p. 413-422.","startPage":"413","endPage":"422","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1364","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf29e4b08c986b3299c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnold, B.S.","contributorId":56586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jagoe, C. H.","contributorId":97456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagoe","given":"C.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020980,"text":"70020980 - 1999 - Fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry compared to heat-flow models of maximum paleotemperature next to dikes, western onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-21T00:43:29.50137","indexId":"70020980","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry compared to heat-flow models of maximum paleotemperature next to dikes, western onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia","docAbstract":"Nine basalt dikes, ranging from 6 cm to 40 m thick, intruding the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Strzelecki Group, western onshore Gippsland Basin, were used to study maximum temperatures (Tmax) reached next to dikes. Tmax was estimated from fluid inclusion and vitrinite-reflectance geothermometry and compared to temperatures calculated using heat-flow models of contact metamorphism. Thermal history reconstruction suggests that at the time of dike intrusion the host rock was at a temperature of 100–135°C. Fracture-bound fluid inclusions in the host rocks next to thin dikes (<3.4 m thick) suggest Tmax systematically increases towards the dike margin to at least 500°C. The estimated Tmax next to the thickest dike (thickness (D)=40 m) suggests an extended zone of elevated Rv-r to at least a distance from the dike contact (X) of 60 m or at X/D>1.5, using a normalized distance ratio used for comparing measurements between dikes regardless of their thickness. In contrast, the pattern seen next to the thin dikes is a relatively narrow zone of elevated Rv-r. Heat-flow modeling, along with whole rock elemental and isotopic data, suggests that the extended zone of elevated Rv-r is caused by a convection cell with local recharge of the hydrothermal fluids. The narrow zone of elevated Rv-r found next to thin dikes is attributed to the rise of the less dense, heated fluids at the dike contact causing a flow of cooler groundwater towards the dike and thereby limiting its heating effects. The lack of extended heating effects suggests that next to thin dikes an incipient convection system may form in which the heated fluid starts to travel upward along the dike but cooling occurs before a complete convection cell can form. Close to the dike contact at X/D<0.3, Rv-r often decreases even though fluid inclusion evidence indicates that Tmax is still increasing. Further, fluid inclusion evidence indicates that the evolution of water vapor or supercritical fluids in the rock pores corresponds to the zone where Rv-r begins to decrease. The generation of the water vapor or supercritical fluids near the dike contact seems to change vitrinite evolution reactions. These metamorphic conditions, closer to the dike than X/D=0.3 make vitrinite-reflectance unreliable as a geothermometer. The form of the Rv-r profile, as it indicates Tmax, can be interpreted using temperature profiles estimated from various heat-flow models to infer whether the dike cooled by conduction, incipient convection, or a convection cell. A contact aureole that consists of decreasing Rv-r or Tmax extending out to X/D≥2 and that has a Tcontact≫(Tmagma+Thost)/2 appears to be a signature of simple conductive cooling. Incipient convection is indicated by a Rv-r profile that decreases to background levels at X/D<1. A convection cell is indicated by a wave-like form of the Rv-r profile and consistently high Rv-r that may not decrease to background levels until beyond distances of X/D>1.5.