Among the solar wind-implanted volatiles present in the lunar regolith, ³He is possibly the most valuable resource because of its potential as a fusion fuel. The abundance of ³He in the lunar regolith at a given location depends on surface maturity, the amount of solar wind fluence, and titanium content, because ilmenite (FeTiO3) retains helium much better than other major lunar minerals. Surface maturity and TiO2 maps from Clementine multispectral data sets are combined here with a solar wind fluence model to produce a ³He abundance map of the Moon. Comparison of the predicted ³He values to landing site observations shows good correlation. The highest ³He abundances occur in the farside maria (due to greater solar wind fluence received) and in higher TiO2 nearside mare regions.
The location of the San Andreas fault in the Shelter Cove area of northern California has been the subject of long-standing debate within the geological community. Although surface ruptures were reported near Shelter Cove in 1906, several subsequent workers questioned whether these ruptures represented true fault slip or shaking-related, gravity-driven deformation. This study, involving geologic and geomorphic mapping, historical research, and excavation across the 1906 rupture zone, concludes that the surface ruptures reported in 1906 were the result of strike-slip faulting, and that a significant Quaternary fault is located onshore near Shelter Cove. Geomorphic arguments suggest that the Holocene slip rate of this fault is greater than about 14 mm/yr, indicating that it plays an important role within the modern plate-boundary system. The onshore trace of the fault zone is well expressed as far north as Telegraph Hill; north of Telegraph Hill, its location is less well-constrained, but we propose that a splay of the fault may continue onshore northward for at least 9 km to the vicinity of Saddle Mountain.
Economic theory suggests that willingness to pay for two goods independently offered should remain unchanged when the survey instrument changes slightly. Four survey treatments consisting of comprehensive good and a subset of that good were used. The surveys alternated in the question ordering and in the embedded good which accompanied the comprehensive good. We tested for sequencing and instrument context effects using both a combined and split sample designs. In the combined sample case we found some evidence to sequencing effects in the data containing the first subset good. Likelihood ratio tests indicated that sequencing did not effect scale or location of parameters. In the test for instrument context effects, evidence was found indicating context does effect willingness to pay estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/000368499323670","usgsCitation":"Giraud, K., Loomis, J., and Johnson, R.L., 1999, Two valuation questions in one survey: Is it a recipe for sequencing and instrument context effects?: Applied Economics, v. 31, no. 8, p. 957-964, https://doi.org/10.1080/000368499323670.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"957","endPage":"964","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb98ae4b08c986b327c4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giraud, K.L.","contributorId":14589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giraud","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loomis, J.B.","contributorId":55985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loomis","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":169575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021781,"text":"70021781 - 1999 - Characterization of rock thermal conductivity by high-resolution optical scanning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70021781","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of rock thermal conductivity by high-resolution optical scanning","docAbstract":"We compared thress laboratory methods for thermal conductivity measurements: divided-bar, line-source and optical scanning. These methods are widely used in geothermal and petrophysical studies, particularly as applied to research on cores from deep scientific boreholes. The relatively new optical scanning method has recently been perfected and applied to geophysical problems. A comparison among these methods for determining the thermal conductivity tensor for anisotropic rocks is based on a representative collection of 80 crystalline rock samples from the KTB continental deep borehole (Germany). Despite substantial thermal inhomogeneity of rock thermal conductivity (up to 40-50% variation) and high anisotropy (with ratios of principal values attaining 2 and more), the results of measurements agree very well among the different methods. The discrepancy for measurements along the foliation is negligible (<1%). The component of thermal conductivity normal to the foliation reveals somewhat larger differences (3-4%). Optical scanning allowed us to characterize the thermal inhomogeneity of rocks and to identify a three-dimensional anisotropy in thermal conductivity of some gneiss samples. The merits of optical scanning include minor random errors (1.6%), the ability to record the variation of thermal conductivity along the sample, the ability to sample deeply using a slow scanning rate, freedom from constraints for sample size and shape, and quality of mechanical treatment of the sample surface, a contactless mode of measurement, high speed of operation, and the ability to measure on a cylindrical sample surface. More traditional methods remain superior for characterizing bulk conductivity at elevated temperature.Three laboratory methods including divided-bar, line-source and optical scanning are widely applied in geothermal and petrophysical studies. In this study, these three methods were compared for determining the thermal conductivity tensor for anisotropic rocks. For this study, a representative collection of 80 crystalline rock samples from the KTB continental deep borehole was used. Despite substantial thermal inhomogeneity of rock thermal conductivity and high anisotropy, measurement results were in excellent agreement among the three methods.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00007-3","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Popov, Y., Pribnow, D., Sass, J., Williams, C., and Burkhardt, H., 1999, Characterization of rock thermal conductivity by high-resolution optical scanning: Geothermics, v. 28, no. 2, p. 253-276, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00007-3.","startPage":"253","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206221,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00007-3"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4d7e4b0c8380cd4bf63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Popov, Y.A.","contributorId":28027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popov","given":"Y.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pribnow, D.F.C.","contributorId":92817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pribnow","given":"D.F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":391162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, C.F. 0000-0003-2196-5496","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":20401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":391159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burkhardt, H.","contributorId":29975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021987,"text":"70021987 - 1999 - Dissolved oxygen conditions in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70021987","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolved oxygen conditions in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries","docAbstract":"Because deficient dissolved oxygen (DO) levels may have severe detrimental effects on estuarine and marine life, DO has been widely used as an indicator of ecological conditions by environmental monitoring programs. The U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) monitored DO conditions in the estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico from 1991 to 1994. DO was measured in two ways: 1)instantaneous profiles from the surface to the bottom were taken during the day, and 2) continuous measurements were taken near the bottom at 15 min intervals for at least 12 h. This information was summarized to assess the spatial distribution and severity of DO conditions in these estuaries. Depending on the criteria used to define hypoxia (DO concentrations usually < 2 mg L-1 or 15 mg L-1) and the method by which DO is measured, we estimate that between 5.2 and 29.3% of the total estuarine area in the Louisianian Province was affected by low DO conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1005980410752","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Engle, V., Summers, J., and Macauley, J., 1999, Dissolved oxygen conditions in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 57, no. 1, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005980410752.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206211,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005980410752"},{"id":229129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a023be4b0c8380cd4ff6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engle, V.D.","contributorId":15562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"V.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Summers, J.Kevin","contributorId":25721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"J.Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Macauley, J.M.","contributorId":90491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macauley","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021986,"text":"70021986 - 1999 - Tolerance of an albino fish to ultraviolet-B radiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T14:55:02","indexId":"70021986","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1564,"text":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tolerance of an albino fish to ultraviolet-B radiation","docAbstract":"We exposed albino and pigmented medakaOryzias latipes to simulated solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation to determine if albino medaka were less tolerant of UVB radiation than medaka pigmented with melanin. There was no difference in the number of albino and pigmented medaka that died during the exposure period. Spectrophotometric analyses of the outer dorsal skin layers from albino and pigmented medaka indicated that, prior to exposure, both groups of fish had similar amounts of an apparent colorless non-melanin photoprotective substance that appears to protect other fish species from UVB radiation. Our results indicate that albino medaka were as tolerant of UVB radiation as pigmented medaka because they had similar amounts of this photoprotective substance in the outer layers of the skin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02987550","issn":"09441344","usgsCitation":"Fabacher, D.L., Little, E.E., and Ostrander, G.K., 1999, Tolerance of an albino fish to ultraviolet-B radiation: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 6, no. 2, p. 69-71, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987550.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb42fe4b08c986b326228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fabacher, David L.","contributorId":6815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabacher","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostrander, Gary K.","contributorId":113895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostrander","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021939,"text":"70021939 - 1999 - Effects of hydraulic roughness on surface textures of gravel‐bed rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-20T15:28:15","indexId":"70021939","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of hydraulic roughness on surface textures of gravel‐bed rivers","docAbstract":"Field studies of forest gravel‐bed rivers in northwestern Washington and southeastern Alaska demonstrate that bed‐surface grain size is responsive to hydraulic roughness caused by bank irregularities, bars, and wood debris. We evaluate textural response by comparing reach‐average median grain size (D50) to that predicted from the total bank‐full boundary shear stress (т0bf), representing a hypothetical reference condition of low hydraulic roughness. For a given т0bf, channels with progressively greater hydraulic roughness have systematically finer bed surfaces, presumably due to reduced bed shear stress, resulting in lower channel competence and diminished bed load transport capacity, both of which promote textural fining. In channels with significant hydraulic roughness, observed values D50 can be up to 90% smaller than those predicted from т0bf. We find that wood debris plays an important role at our study sites, not only providing hydraulic roughness but also influencing pool spacing, frequency of textural patches, and the amplitude and wavelength of bank and bar topography and their consequent roughness. Our observations also have biological implications. We find that textural fining due to hydraulic roughness can create usable salmonid spawning gravels in channels that otherwise would be too coarse.
Correlation and correlation‐based measures (e.g., the coefficient of determination) have been widely used to evaluate the “goodness‐of‐fit” of hydrologic and hydroclimatic models. These measures are oversensitive to extreme values (outliers) and are insensitive to additive and proportional differences between model predictions and observations. Because of these limitations, correlation‐based measures can indicate that a model is a good predictor, even when it is not. In this paper, useful alternative goodness‐of‐fit or relative error measures (including the coefficient of efficiency and the index of agreement) that overcome many of the limitations of correlation‐based measures are discussed. Modifications to these statistics to aid in interpretation are presented. It is concluded that correlation and correlation‐based measures should not be used to assess the goodness‐of‐fit of a hydrologic or hydroclimatic model and that additional evaluation measures (such as summary statistics and absolute error measures) should supplement model evaluation tools.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900018","usgsCitation":"Legates, D.R., and McCabe, G.J., 1999, Evaluating the use of “goodness‐of‐fit” measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 1, p. 233-241, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900018.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"241","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c01e4b0c8380cd529c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Legates, David R.","contributorId":194273,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Legates","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. Jr.","contributorId":124577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022065,"text":"70022065 - 1999 - Temporal variations in dissolved selenium in Lake Kinneret (Israel)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T13:05:02","indexId":"70022065","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":873,"text":"Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal variations in dissolved selenium in Lake Kinneret (Israel)","docAbstract":"Selenium is an essential micronutrient for the growth of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense that dominates the spring algal bloom in Lake Kinneret (LK). The relationship between the levels of dissolved selenium species and the occurance of algal blooms in this lake was studied. During algal blooms of P. gatunense in spring and of the blue-green Aphanizomenon ovalisporum in fall (in 1994) the concentration of epilimnetic dissolved organic Se (Se(org)) increased whereas that of selenite (SeIV) decreased, to levels below the limit of detection: 5 ng/l. The disappearance of SeIV during these blooms is attributed to algal uptake and it is suggested that the growth of both algae may have depended on Se(org) regeneration. A budget performed for selenate (SeVI) suggests that this species is also consumed by algae but to a lesser extent than SeIV (in 1994 ~40% of the epilimnetic load). During the stratification period the hypolimnion of Lake Kinneret becomes anoxic, with high levels of dissolved sulfide. The affects of this environment on the distribution of Se oxy-anions, selenite (SeIV) and selenate(SeVI), were also studied. At the onset of thermal stratification (March) about 35% of the lake inventory of both Se oxidized species are entrapped in the hypolimnion. During stages of oxygen depletion and H2S accumulation, SeIV is completely and SeVI partially removed from this layer. The removal is attributed to reduction followed by formation of particulate reduced products, such as elemental selenium Se(o). The ratio between SeVI to total dissolved selenium (SE(T)) in water sources to the lake is ~0.84, about twice the corresponding ratio in the lake (~0.44, during holomixis). In the lake about 75% of annual SeVI inflow from external sources undergoes reduction to selenide (Se-II) and Se(o) through epilimnetic algal assimilation and hypolimnetic anoxic reduction, respectively. It is suggested that the latter oxidation of the dissolved organic selenide released from biogenic particles and of Se(o) only to the tetravalent species is the cause for the lower ratio of SeVI/Se(T) in the lake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s000270050063","issn":"10151621","usgsCitation":"Nishri, A., Brenner, I., Hall, G., and Taylor, H.E., 1999, Temporal variations in dissolved selenium in Lake Kinneret (Israel): Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 3, p. 215-233, https://doi.org/10.1007/s000270050063.","startPage":"215","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206832,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000270050063"},{"id":230888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba52be4b08c986b320872","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nishri, A.","contributorId":24520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishri","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brenner, I.B.","contributorId":23711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner","given":"I.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, G.E.M.","contributorId":67671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"G.E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021932,"text":"70021932 - 1999 - A record of hydrocarbon input to San Francisco Bay as traced by biomarker profiles in surface sediment and sediment cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:46:58","indexId":"70021932","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A record of hydrocarbon input to San Francisco Bay as traced by biomarker profiles in surface sediment and sediment cores","docAbstract":"San Francisco Bay is one of the world's largest urbanized estuarine systems. Its water and sediment receive organic input from a wide variety of sources; much of this organic material is anthropogenically derived. To document the spatial and historical record of the organic contaminant input, surficial sediment from 17 sites throughout San Francisco Bay and sediment cores from two locations Richardson Bay and San Pablo Bay were analyzed for biomarker constituents. Biomarkers, that is, 'molecular fossils', primarily hopanes, steranes, and n-alkanes, provide information on anthropogenic contamination, especially that related to petrogenic sources, as well as on recent input of biogenic material. The biomarker parameters from the surficial sediment and the upper horizons of the cores show a dominance of anthropogenic input, whereas the biomarker profiles at the lower horizons of the cores indicate primarily biogenic input. In the Richardson Bay core the gradual upcore transition from lower maturity background organics to a dominance of anthropogenic contamination occurred about 70-100 years ago and corresponds to the industrial development of the San Francisco Bay area. In San Pablo Bay, the transition was very abrupt, reflecting the complex depositional history of the area. This sharp transition, perhaps indicating a depositional hiatus or erosional period, dated at pre-1952, is clearly visible. Below, the hiatus the biomarker parameters are immature; above, they are mature and show an anthropogenic overlay. Higher concentrations of terrigenous n-alkanes in the upper horizons in this core are indicative of an increase in terrigenous organic matter input in San Pablo Bay, possibly a result of water diversion projects and changes in the fresh water flow into the Bay from the Delta. Alternatively, it could reflect a dilution of organic material in the lower core sections with hydraulic mining debris.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00088-7","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F., Pereira, W.E., Kvenvolden, K., VanGeen, A., Luoma, S., Fuller, C.C., and Anima, R., 1999, A record of hydrocarbon input to San Francisco Bay as traced by biomarker profiles in surface sediment and sediment cores: Marine Chemistry, v. 64, no. 1-2, p. 115-127, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00088-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 39.40224434029275\n ],\n [\n -123.81591796875,\n 36.56260003738545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e53ce4b0c8380cd46c12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anima, R.","contributorId":77304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70021985,"text":"70021985 - 1999 - Comparison of post-fire seedling establishment between scrub communities in mediterranean and non-mediterranean climate ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70021985","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of post-fire seedling establishment between scrub communities in mediterranean and non-mediterranean climate ecosystems","docAbstract":"I Both fire regimes and the conditions under which fires occur vary widely. Abiotic conditions (such as climate) in combination with fire season, frequency and intensity could influence vegetation responses to fire. A variety of adaptations facilitate post-fire recruitment in mediterranean climate ecosystems, but responses of other communities are less well known. We evaluated the importance of climate by comparing sites with mediterranean and subtropical climates. 2 We used paired burned and mature sites in chamise chaparral, mixed chaparral and coastal sage scrub (California), and rosemary scrub, sand pine scrub and sand-hill (Florida), to test whether (i) patterns of pre-fire and post-fire seedling recruitment are more similar between communities within a region than between regions, and (ii) post-fire stimulation of seedling establishment is greater in regions with marked fire-induced contrasts in abiotic site characteristics. 3 Post-fire seedling densities were more similar among sites within climatic regions than between regions. Both seedling densities and proportions of species represented by seedlings after fires were generally higher in California. 4 The only site characteristic showing a pre-fire-post-fire contrast was percentage open canopy, and the effect was greater in California than in Florida. Soil properties were unaffected by fire. 5 Mediterranean climate ecosystems in other regions have nutrient-poor soils similar to our subtropical Florida sites, but show post-fire seedling recruitment patterns more similar to the nutrient-rich sites in California. Climate therefore appears to play a more major role than soil characteristics.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00419.x","issn":"00220477","usgsCitation":"Carrington, M., and Keeley, J., 1999, Comparison of post-fire seedling establishment between scrub communities in mediterranean and non-mediterranean climate ecosystems: Journal of Ecology, v. 87, no. 6, p. 1025-1036, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00419.x.","startPage":"1025","endPage":"1036","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206210,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00419.x"},{"id":229127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f883e4b0c8380cd4d15d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrington, M.E.","contributorId":28930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrington","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021271,"text":"70021271 - 1999 - D/H isotope ratios of kerogen, bitumen, oil, and water in hydrous pyrolysis of source rocks containing kerogen types I, II, IIS, and III","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T12:24:08.872161","indexId":"70021271","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"D/H isotope ratios of kerogen, bitumen, oil, and water in hydrous pyrolysis of source rocks containing kerogen types I, II, IIS, and III","docAbstract":"Immature source rock chips containing different types of kerogen (I, II, IIS, III) were artificially matured in isotopically distinct waters by hydrous pyrolysis and by pyrolysis in supercritical water. Converging isotopic trends of inorganic (water) and organic (kerogen, bitumen, oil) hydrogen with increasing time and temperature document that water-derived hydrogen is added to or exchanged with organic hydrogen, or both, during chemical reactions that take place during thermal maturation. Isotopic mass-balance calculations show that, depending on temperature (310–381°C), time (12–144 h), and source rock type, between ca. 45 and 79% of carbon-bound hydrogen in kerogen is derived from water. Estimates for bitumen and oil range slightly lower, with oil–hydrogen being least affected by water-derived hydrogen. Comparative hydrous pyrolyses of immature source rocks at 330°C for 72 h show that hydrogen in kerogen, bitumen, and expelled oil/wax ranks from most to least isotopically influenced by water-derived hydrogen in the order IIS > II ≈ III > I. Pyrolysis of source rock containing type II kerogen in supercritical water at 381°C for 12 h yields isotopic results that are similar to those from hydrous pyrolysis at 350°C for 72 h, or 330°C for 144 h.
Bulk hydrogen in kerogen contains several percent of isotopically labile hydrogen that exchanges fast and reversibly with hydrogen in water vapor at 115°C. The isotopic equilibration of labile hydrogen in kerogen with isotopic standard water vapors significantly reduces the analytical uncertainty of D/H ratios when compared with simple D/H determination of bulk hydrogen in kerogen.
If extrapolation of our results from hydrous pyrolysis is permitted to natural thermal maturation at lower temperatures, we suggest that organic D/H ratios of fossil fuels in contact with formation waters are typically altered during chemical reactions, but that D/H ratios of generated hydrocarbons are subsequently little or not affected by exchange with water hydrogen at typical reservoir conditions over geologic time. It will be difficult to utilize D/H ratios of thermally mature bulk or fractions of organic matter to quantitatively reconstruct isotopic aspects of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. Hope resides in compound-specific D/H ratios of thermally stable, extractable biomarkers (“molecular fossils”) that are less susceptible to hydrogen exchange with water-derived hydrogen.
Fly ash samples collected from two locations in the exhaust stream of a coal-fired power plant differ markedly with respect to the abundance of thin (≈0.1 μm) sulfur-rich surface coatings that are observable by scanning electron microscopy. The coatings, tentatively identified as an aluminum-potassium-sulfate phase, probably form upon reaction between condensed sulfuric acid aerosols and glass surfaces, and are preferentially concentrated on ash exposed to exhaust stream gases for longer. The coatings are highly soluble and if sufficiently abundant, can impart an acidic pH to solutions initially in contact with ash. These observations suggest that proposals for ash use and predictions of ash behavior during disposal should consider the transient, acid-generating potential of some ash fractions and the possible effects on initial ash leachability and alteration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00146-X","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Fishman, N., Rice, C.A., Breit, G.N., and Johnson, R., 1999, Sulfur-bearing coatings on fly ash from a coal-fired power plant: Composition, origin, and influence on ash alteration: Fuel, v. 78, no. 2, p. 187-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00146-X.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"196","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229458,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9de8e4b08c986b31db7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishman, N.S.","contributorId":59441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, C. A.","contributorId":106116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breit, G. N.","contributorId":94664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, R.D.","contributorId":62360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021935,"text":"70021935 - 1999 - Stochastic analysis of virus transport in aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T09:08:50","indexId":"70021935","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stochastic analysis of virus transport in aquifers","docAbstract":"A large-scale model of virus transport in aquifers is derived using spectral perturbation analysis. The effects of spatial variability in aquifer hydraulic conductivity and virus transport (attachment, detachment, and inactivation) parameters on large-scale virus transport are evaluated. A stochastic mean model of virus transport is developed by linking a simple system of local-scale free-virus transport and attached-virus conservation equations from the current literature with a random-field representation of aquifer and virus transport properties. The resultant mean equations for free and attached viruses are found to differ considerably from the local-scale equations on which they are based and include effects such as a free-virus effective velocity that is a function of aquifer heterogeneity as well as virus transport parameters. Stochastic mean free-virus breakthrough curves are compared with local model output in order to observe the effects of spatial variability on mean one-dimensional virus transport in three-dimensionally heterogeneous porous media. Significant findings from this theoretical analysis include the following: (1) Stochastic model breakthrough occurs earlier than local model breakthrough, and this effect is most pronounced for the least conductive aquifers studied. (2) A high degree of aquifer heterogeneity can lead to virus breakthrough actually preceding that of a conservative tracer. (3) As the mean hydraulic conductivity is increased, the mean model shows less sensitivity to the variance of the natural-logarithm hydraulic conductivity and mean virus diameter. (4) Incorporation of a heterogeneous colloid filtration term results in higher predicted concentrations than a simple first-order adsorption term for a given mean attachment rate. (5) Incorporation of aquifer heterogeneity leads to a greater range of virus diameters for which significant breakthrough occurs. (6) The mean model is more sensitive to the inactivation rate of viruses associated with solid surfaces than to the inactivation rate of viruses in solution.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900059","usgsCitation":"Campbell Rehmann, L.L., Welty, C., and Harvey, R.W., 1999, Stochastic analysis of virus transport in aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 7, p. 1987-2006, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900059.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1987","endPage":"2006","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9849e4b08c986b31bf5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell Rehmann, Linda L.","contributorId":15073,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell Rehmann","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welty, Claire","contributorId":39416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welty","given":"Claire","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021957,"text":"70021957 - 1999 - Denitrification in marine shales in northeastern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T17:53:49","indexId":"70021957","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification in marine shales in northeastern Colorado","docAbstract":"Parts of the South Platte River alluvial aquifer in northeastern Colorado are underlain by the Pierre Shale, a marine deposit of Late Cretaceous age that is <1000 m thick. Ground water in the aquifer is contaminated with NO3‐, and the shale contains abundant potential electron donors for denitrification in the forms of organic carbon and sulfide minerals. Nested piezometers were sampled, pore water was squeezed from cores of shale, and an injection test was conducted to determine if denitrification in the shale was a sink for alluvial NO3− and to measure denitrification rates in the shale. Measured values of NO3−, N2, NH4+, δ15N[NO3−], δ15N[N2], and δ15N[NH4+] in the alluvial and shale pore water indicated that denitrification in the shale was a sink for alluvial NO3−. Chemical gradients, reaction rate constants, and hydraulic head data indicated that denitrification in the shale was limited by the slow rate of NO3− transport (possibly by diffusion) into the shale. The apparent in situ first‐order rate constant for denitrification in the shale based on diffusion calculations was of the order of 0.04–0.4 yr−1, whereas the potential rate constant in the shale based on injection tests was of the order of 60 yr−1. Chemical data and mass balance calculations indicate that organic carbon was the primary electron donor for denitrification in the shale during the injection test, and ferrous iron was a minor electron donor in the process. Flux calculations for the conditions encountered at the site indicate that denitrification in the shale could remove only a small fraction of the annual agricultural NO3‐input to the alluvial aquifer. However, the relatively large potential first‐order rate constant for denitrification in the shale indicated that the percentage of NO3− uptake by the shale could be considerably larger in areas where NO3− advection.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900004","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., Böhlke, J., and Bruce, B.W., 1999, Denitrification in marine shales in northeastern Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 5, p. 1629-1642, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900004.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1629","endPage":"1642","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 38.41055825094609\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe99e4b0c8380cd4ee02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bruce, Breton W. bbruce@usgs.gov","contributorId":1127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"Breton","email":"bbruce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021796,"text":"70021796 - 1999 - Estimates of bottom roughness length and bottom shear stress in South San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T16:20:40.225353","indexId":"70021796","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimates of bottom roughness length and bottom shear stress in South San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"A field investigation of the hydrodynamics and the resuspension and transport of particulate matter in a bottom boundary layer was carried out in South San Francisco Bay (South Bay), California, during March-April 1995. Using broadband acoustic Doppler current profilers, detailed measurements of turbulent mean velocity distribution within 1.5 m above bed have been obtained. A global method of data analysis was used for estimating bottom roughness length zo and bottom shear stress (or friction velocities u*). Field data have been examined by dividing the time series of velocity profiles into 24-hour periods and independently analyzing the velocity profile time series by flooding and ebbing periods. The global method of solution gives consistent properties of bottom roughness length zo and bottom shear stress values (or friction velocities u*) in South Bay. Estimated mean values of zo and u* for flooding and ebbing cycles are different. The differences in mean zo and u* are shown to be caused by tidal current flood-ebb inequality, rather than the flooding or ebbing of tidal currents. The bed shear stress correlates well with a reference velocity; the slope of the correlation defines a drag coefficient. Forty-three days of field data in South Bay show two regimes of zo (and drag coefficient) as a function of a reference velocity. When the mean velocity is >25–30 cm s−1, the ln zo (and thus the drag coefficient) is inversely proportional to the reference velocity. The cause for the reduction of roughness length is hypothesized as sediment erosion due to intensifying tidal currents thereby reducing bed roughness. When the mean velocity is <25–30 cm s−1, the correlation between zo and the reference velocity is less clear. A plausible explanation of scattered values of zo under this condition may be sediment deposition. Measured sediment data were inadequate to support this hypothesis, but the proposed hypothesis warrants further field investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998JC900126","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., Ling, C.#., Gartner, J.W., and Wang, P., 1999, Estimates of bottom roughness length and bottom shear stress in South San Francisco Bay, California: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 104, no. C4, p. 7715-7728, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900126.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"7715","endPage":"7728","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479618,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998jc900126","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"C4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-04-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ad8e4b0c8380cd52478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ling, C. #NAME?","contributorId":14133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ling","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gartner, J. W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, P.-F.","contributorId":25311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"P.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022080,"text":"70022080 - 1999 - Tools for groundwater protection planning: An example from McHenry County, Illinois, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022080","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tools for groundwater protection planning: An example from McHenry County, Illinois, USA","docAbstract":"This paper presents an approach for producing aquifer sensitivity maps from three-dimensional geologic maps, called stack-unit maps. Stack-unit maps depict the succession of geologic materials to a given depth, and aquifer sensitivity maps interpret the successions according to their ability to transmit potential contaminants. Using McHenry County, Illinois, as a case study, stack-unit maps and an aquifer sensitivity assessment were made to help land-use planners, public health officials, consultants, developers, and the public make informed decisions regarding land use. A map of aquifer sensitivity is important for planning because the county is one of the fastest growing counties in the nation, and highly vulnerable sand and gravel aquifers occur within 6 m of ground surface over 75% of its area. The aquifer sensitivity map can provide guidance to regulators seeking optimal protection of groundwater resources where these resources are particularly vulnerable. In addition, the map can be used to help officials direct waste-disposal and industrial facilities and other sensitive land-use practices to areas where the least damage is likely to occur, thereby reducing potential future liabilities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag New York","publisherLocation":"Secaucus, NJ, United States","doi":"10.1007/s002679900189","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Berg, R.C., Curry, B.B., and Olshansky, R., 1999, Tools for groundwater protection planning: An example from McHenry County, Illinois, USA: Environmental Management, v. 23, no. 3, p. 321-331, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900189.","startPage":"321","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206656,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002679900189"},{"id":230478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb43ce4b08c986b326271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berg, R. C.","contributorId":11673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curry, B. Brandon","contributorId":104224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brandon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olshansky, R.","contributorId":101160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olshansky","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022195,"text":"70022195 - 1999 - Long‐term trends in stream water and precipitation chemistry at five headwater basins in the northeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-20T15:03:13","indexId":"70022195","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long‐term trends in stream water and precipitation chemistry at five headwater basins in the northeastern United States","docAbstract":"Stream water data from five headwater basins in the northeastern United States covering water years 1968–1996 and precipitation data from eight nearby precipitation monitoring sites covering water years 1984‐1996 were analyzed for temporal trends in chemistry using the nonparametric seasonal Kendall test. Concentrations of SO4declined at three of five streams during 1968–1996 (p < 0.1), and all of the streams exhibited downward trends in SO4 over the second half of the period (1984–1996). Concentrations of SO4 in precipitation declined at seven of eight sites from 1984 to 1996, and the magnitudes of the declines (−0.7 to −2.0 µeq L−1 yr−1) generally were similar to those of stream water SO4. These results indicate that changes in precipitation SO4 were of sufficient magnitude to account for changes in stream water SO4. Concentrations of Ca + Mg declined at three of five streams and five of eight precipitation sites from 1984 to 1996. Precipitation acidity decreased at five of eight sites during the same period, but alkalinity increased in only one stream. In most cases the decreases in stream water SO4 were similar in magnitude to declines in stream water Ca + Mg, which is consistent with the theory of leaching by mobile acid anions in soils. In precipitation the magnitudes of SO4 declines were similar to those of hydrogen, and declines in Ca +Mg were much smaller. This indicates that recent decreases in SO4 deposition are now being reflected in reduced precipitation acidity. The lack of widespread increases in stream water alkalinity, despite the prevalence of downward trends in stream water SO4, suggests that at most sites, increases in stream water pH and acid‐neutralizing capacity may be delayed until higher soil base‐saturation levels are achieved.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900050","usgsCitation":"Clow, D.W., and Mast, M.A., 1999, Long‐term trends in stream water and precipitation chemistry at five headwater basins in the northeastern United States: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 2, p. 541-554, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900050.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"541","endPage":"554","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900050","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49ace4b0c8380cd687d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021795,"text":"70021795 - 1999 - The color of the Martian sky and its influence on the illumination of the Martian surface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T15:30:30.425969","indexId":"70021795","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The color of the Martian sky and its influence on the illumination of the Martian surface","docAbstract":"The dust in the atmosphere above the Mars Pathfinder landing site produced a bright, red sky that increases in redness toward the horizon at midday. There is also evidence for an absorption band in the scattered light from the sky at 860 nm. A model of the sky brightness has been developed [Markiewicz et al., this issue] and tested against Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) observations of calibration targets on the lander. The resulting model has been used to quantify the total diffuse flux onto a surface parallel to the local level for several solar elevation angles and optical depths. The model shows that the diffuse illumination in shadowed areas is strongly reddened while areas illuminated directly by the Sun (and the blue forward scattering peak) see a more solar-type spectrum, in agreement with Viking and IMP observations. Quantitative corrections for the reddening in shadowed areas are demonstrated. It is shown quantitatively that the unusual appearance of the rock Yogi (the east face of which appeared relatively blue in images taken during the morning but relatively red during the afternoon) can be explained purely by the changing illumination geometry. We conclude that any spectrophotometric analysis of surfaces on Mars must take into account the diffuse flux. Specifically, the reflectances of surfaces viewed under different illumination geometries cannot be investigated for spectral diversity unless a correction has been applied which removes the influence of the reddened diffuse flux.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JE02556","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Thomas, N., Markiewicz, W., Sablotny, R., Wuttke, M., Keller, H., Johnson, J.R., Reid, R., and Smith, R., 1999, The color of the Martian sky and its influence on the illumination of the Martian surface: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E4, p. 8795-8808, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02556.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"8795","endPage":"8808","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479630,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98je02556","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229368,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"104","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa3ee4b08c986b32278c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, N.","contributorId":72490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markiewicz, W.J.","contributorId":33869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markiewicz","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sablotny, R.M.","contributorId":78106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sablotny","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wuttke, M.W.","contributorId":52353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wuttke","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keller, H.U.","contributorId":84526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"H.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reid, R.J.","contributorId":88899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Smith, R.H.","contributorId":31932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70021794,"text":"70021794 - 1999 - GIXAFS study of Fe3+ sorption and precipitation on natural quartz surfaces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T16:43:41.611101","indexId":"70021794","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2473,"text":"Journal of Synchrotron Radiation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"GIXAFS study of Fe3+ sorption and precipitation on natural quartz surfaces","docAbstract":"Grazing-incidence EXAFS has been used to characterize the structure of Fe3+ sorbed onto natural single crystal quartz surfaces. Fe3+ sorption at ca. 5% monolayer coverage on a natural crystal allowed to equilibrate in air resulted in formation of hematite nuclei with strong texturing on r-and m-planes. EXAFS calculations suggests that both O and Fe backscattering is necessary to yield acceptable structural models, that about 50% of the sorbed iron resides in nuclei, and that the approximate dimensions of the nuclei can be estimated via Feff 7.0 calculations of various nuclei sizes and shapes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Scripts","doi":"10.1107/s0909049599001764","issn":"09090495","usgsCitation":"Waychunas, G., Davis, J., and Reitmeyer, R., 1999, GIXAFS study of Fe3+ sorption and precipitation on natural quartz surfaces: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, v. 6, no. 3, p. 615-617, https://doi.org/10.1107/s0909049599001764.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"617","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479496,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107/s0909049599001764","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a146ce4b0c8380cd54a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waychunas, G.","contributorId":37098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waychunas","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.","contributorId":41376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reitmeyer, R.","contributorId":87710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reitmeyer","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}