{"pageNumber":"3410","pageRowStart":"85225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184917,"records":[{"id":70021541,"text":"70021541 - 1999 - Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T00:42:31.298308","indexId":"70021541","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California","docAbstract":"<p><span>We have developed regression relationships between Modified Mercalli Intensity (</span><i>I<sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">mm</span></sub></i><span>) and peak ground acceleration (PGA) and velocity (PGV) by comparing horizontal peak ground motions to observed intensities for eight significant California earthquakes. For the limited range of Modified Mercalli intensities (</span><i>I<sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">mm</span></sub></i><span>), we find that for peak acceleration with V ≤&nbsp;</span><i>I<sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">mm</span></sub></i><span>&nbsp;≤ VIII,&nbsp;</span><i>I<sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">mm</span></sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 3.66&nbsp;</span><i>log</i><span>(</span><i>PGA</i><span>) − 1.66, and for peak velocity with V ≤&nbsp;</span><i>I<sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">mm</span></sub></i><span>&nbsp;≤ IX,&nbsp;</span><i>I<sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">mm</span></sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 3.47&nbsp;</span><i>log</i><span>(</span><i>PGV</i><span>) + 2.35. From comparison with observed intensity maps, we find that a combined regression based on peak velocity for intensity &gt; VII and on peak acceleration for intensity &lt; VII is most suitable for reproducing observed&nbsp;</span><i>I<sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">mm</span></sub></i><span>&nbsp;patterns, consistent with high intensities being related to damage (proportional to ground velocity) and with lower intensities determined by felt accounts (most sensitive to higher-frequency ground acceleration). These new&nbsp;</span><i>I<sub><span data-style=\"small-caps\">mm</span></sub></i><span>&nbsp;relationships are significantly different from the Trifunac and Brady (1975) correlations, which have been used extensively in loss estimation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Publications","doi":"10.1193/1.1586058","usgsCitation":"Wald, D.J., Quitoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., and Kanamori, H., 1999, Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California: Earthquake Spectra, v. 15, no. 3, p. 557-564, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586058.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"564","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229322,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a7ace4b0e8fec6cdc53e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, David J. 0000-0002-1454-4514 wald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"David","email":"wald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quitoriano, Vincent 0000-0003-4157-1101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-1101","contributorId":317884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quitoriano","given":"Vincent","affiliations":[{"id":69179,"text":"under contract to U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heaton, Thomas H.","contributorId":187505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kanamori, Hiroo","contributorId":106120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"Hiroo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021653,"text":"70021653 - 1999 - Fluid migration in a cratonic setting: The fluid histories of two fault zones in the eastern midcontinent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021653","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid migration in a cratonic setting: The fluid histories of two fault zones in the eastern midcontinent","docAbstract":"A combined field, petrographic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope study was undertaken in two fault zones in the eastern midcontinent of the North American craton in order to determine their fluid histories. Because both the Kentucky River fault zone in central Kentucky and the Bowling Green fault zone in northwest Ohio were active intermittently throughout much of the Paleozoic, it was thought that one or both may record the passage of the late Paleozoic brine migration that affected large portions of the eastern midcontinent. Three fluid events were recognized in calcite veins of the Kentucky River fault zone. Each tapped the same dominantly meteoric, low-salinity fluid reservoir, but at different times as the fault zone was cooling (T(h) 110??to 75??C) at relatively shallow depths (<1.0 km). Although the fluid history of the Bowling Green fault zone also reflects a general cooling (T(h) 115??to 60??C) at a shallow depth (<1.5 km), multiple fluid sources were involved. In the first fluid event, brown calcite was precipitated from a methane-rich, aqueous fluid with an immiscible petroleum phase derived from ascending fluids originating in underlying lower Paleozoic or basement units. The second fluid event is similar to the first except it lacks the petroleum phase which resulted in the precipitation of white, rather than brown, calcite. The third event precipitated calcite from a mixture of vertically and horizontally flowing brines. The youngest event resulted in little or no additional mineralization and is recorded by secondary fluid inclusions in preexisting veins. The fluid source is probably meteoric or seawater. From the characteristics of each fluid event, it is concluded that only the Bowling Green fault zone appears to contain evidence for the late Paleozoic regional brine migration. The Kentucky River fault zone either was bypassed by the brines, had an unfavorable orientation, or did not have any permeability at the time of brine migration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00021-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, D., and Onasch, C., 1999, Fluid migration in a cratonic setting: The fluid histories of two fault zones in the eastern midcontinent: Tectonophysics, v. 305, no. 1-3, p. 307-323, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00021-9.","startPage":"307","endPage":"323","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206295,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00021-9"}],"volume":"305","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1277e4b0c8380cd54300","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, D.W.","contributorId":95219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Onasch, C.M.","contributorId":82480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onasch","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021656,"text":"70021656 - 1999 - Caffeine and pharmaceuticals as indicators of waste water contamination in wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T01:01:34.634745","indexId":"70021656","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Caffeine and pharmaceuticals as indicators of waste water contamination in wells","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The presence of caffeine or human Pharmaceuticals in ground water with elevated nitrate concentrations can provide a clear, unambiguous indication that domestic waste water is a source of some of the nitrate. Water from domestic, public supply, and monitoring wells in three communities near Reno, Nevada, was sampled to test if caffeine or Pharmaceuticals are common, persistent, and mobile enough in the environment that they can be detected in nitrate-contaminated ground water and, thus, can be useful indicators of recharge from domestic waste water. Results of this study indicate that these compounds can be used as indicators of recharge from domestic waste water, although their usefulness is limited because caffeine is apparently nonconservative and the presence of prescription Pharmaceuticals is unpredictable. The absence of caffeine or Pharmaceuticals in ground water with elevated nitrate concentrations does not demonstrate that the aquifer is free of waste water contamination. Caffeine was detected in ground water samples at concentrations up to 0.23 μg/L. The human Pharmaceuticals chlorpropamide, phensuximide, and carbamazepine also were detected in some samples.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","publisherLocation":"United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01118.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Seiler, R.L., Zaugg, S., Thomas, J.M., and Howcroft, D., 1999, Caffeine and pharmaceuticals as indicators of waste water contamination in wells: Groundwater, v. 37, no. 3, p. 405-410, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01118.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"405","endPage":"410","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2f0e4b0c8380cd4b4c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zaugg, S.D.","contributorId":82811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howcroft, D.L.","contributorId":69740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howcroft","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021674,"text":"70021674 - 1999 - Boron isotope systematics of tourmaline formation in the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021674","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boron isotope systematics of tourmaline formation in the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"We report here the results of 54 boron isotope analyses of tourmaline associated with the giant Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. The ??11B values range from -11.1 to -2.9???, which is almost as great as the range found worldwide in tourmalines from 33 massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites in dominantly clastic metasedimentary terranes. The major control on the overall ??11B values of the Sullivan tourmalinites is the boron source. Potential controls over the large range of the data also include: (1) differences in formation temperatures of the tourmalinites, (2) different stages of tourmaline formation, (3) variations in the proportions of dissolved boron incorporated into the tourmaline (Rayleigh fractionation), (4) seawater entrainment, and (5) post-depositional metamorphism. The boron isotope data at Sullivan are consistent with boron derivation from leaching of footwall clastic sediments. However, the great abundance of tourmaline in the Sullivan deposit suggests that the local clastic sediments were not the sole source of boron, and we argue that non-marine evaporites, buried deep below the orebody, are the most viable source of this additional boron. It is likely that some of the variation in tourmaline ??11B values reflect mixing of boron from these two sources. Comparison of the potential effects of these controls with geologic and other geochemical evidence suggests that major causes for the wide range of ??11B values measured at Sullivan are seawater entrainment and Rayleigh fractionation, although in places, post-depositional alteration and thermal metamorphism were important in determining ??11B values of some of the recrystallized tourmalinites.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00023-6","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Jiang, S., Palmer, M.R., Slack, J.F., and Shaw, D., 1999, Boron isotope systematics of tourmaline formation in the Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia, Canada: Chemical Geology, v. 158, no. 1-2, p. 131-144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00023-6.","startPage":"131","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206396,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00023-6"},{"id":229625,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"158","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f221e4b0c8380cd4b00e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jiang, S.-Y.","contributorId":79248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiang","given":"S.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, M. R.","contributorId":81256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shaw, D.R.","contributorId":12041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021543,"text":"70021543 - 1999 - Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021543","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes","docAbstract":"Measurements of a large suite of metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and several others) and sulfur at Kilauea volcano over an extended period of time has yielded a detailed record of the atmospheric injection of ordinarily-rare metals from this quiescently degassing volcano, representative of an important type. We have combined the Kilauea data with data of recent studies by others (emissions from volcanoes in the Indonesian arc; the large Laki eruption of two centuries ago; Etna: estimates of total volcanic emissions of sulfur) to form the basis for a new working estimate of the rate of worldwide injection of metals to the atmosphere by volcanoes. The new estimate is that volcanoes inject a substantially smaller mass of ordinarily-rare metals into the atmosphere than was stated in a widely cited previous estimate [J.O. Nriagu, A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals, Nature 338 (1989) 47-49]. Our estimate, which is an upper limit, is an annual injection mass of about 10,000 tons of the metals considered, versus the earlier estimate of about 23,000 tons. Also, the proportions of the metals are substantially different in our new estimate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., Lamothe, P.J., Wilson, S., Finnegan, D., and Gerlach, T., 1999, Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 170, no. 3, p. 315-325, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X.","startPage":"315","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206306,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X"},{"id":229354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"170","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a547be4b0c8380cd6cfbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, S. A. 0000-0002-9468-0005","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-0005","contributorId":23561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finnegan, David L.","contributorId":80410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finnegan","given":"David L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021669,"text":"70021669 - 1999 - Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T12:21:25.232193","indexId":"70021669","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh waves","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-sm-8 col-md-8 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>The shear‐wave (<i>S</i>-wave) velocity of near‐surface materials (soil, rocks, pavement) and its effect on seismic‐wave propagation are of fundamental interest in many groundwater, engineering, and environmental studies. Rayleigh‐wave phase velocity of a layered‐earth model is a function of frequency and four groups of earth properties:<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i>-wave velocity,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocity, density, and thickness of layers. Analysis of the Jacobian matrix provides a measure of dispersion‐curve sensitivity to earth properties.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocities are the dominant influence on a dispersion curve in a high‐frequency range (&gt;5 Hz) followed by layer thickness. An iterative solution technique to the weighted equation proved very effective in the high‐frequency range when using the Levenberg‐Marquardt and singular‐value decomposition techniques. Convergence of the weighted solution is guaranteed through selection of the damping factor using the Levenberg‐Marquardt method. Synthetic examples demonstrated calculation efficiency and stability of inverse procedures. We verify our method using borehole<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave velocity measurements.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1444578","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Xia, J., Miller, R., and Park, C., 1999, Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh waves: Geophysics, v. 64, no. 3, p. 691-700, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444578.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"691","endPage":"700","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b9ae4b0c8380cd527c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Park, C.B.","contributorId":21714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021677,"text":"70021677 - 1999 - Time of day of ovulation by three duck species in subarctic Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T23:58:33.790971","indexId":"70021677","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time of day of ovulation by three duck species in subarctic Alaska","docAbstract":"I examined variation in ovulation times of Northern Pintails (Anas acuta), American Wigeon (A. americana), and Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) breeding in subarctic Alaskan wetlands. Ovulation times and, by extension, egg-laying times were highly variable in all three species, with ovulations occurring during all hours of the day. Only Lesser Scaup demonstrated a morning peak in ovulations, within a broad range of ovulation times. Lack of a distinct time of day of ovulation suggests that fitness is not related to egg-laying time for these species, particularly at subarctic latitudes with nearly perpetual daylight. Egg-laying interval may have more adaptive significance than egg-laying time for these species. Ovulation intervals were estimated to be approximately 24 hr, which is short relative to the range of intervals documented in birds, despite high energetic and nutritional costs of egg formation in these species. Evidence of approximately 24-hr ovulation intervals, particularly in the absence of a distinct time of day for egg laying, supports hypotheses that a shortened period of egg production in waterfowl may have selective advantage due to reduction in the period of nest exposure to predation, earlier hatch dates, reduced hatch asynchrony, or improved viability of early-laid eggs.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1370009","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., 1999, Time of day of ovulation by three duck species in subarctic Alaska: Condor, v. 101, no. 2, p. 422-425, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370009.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"422","endPage":"425","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb39fe4b08c986b325ede","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021179,"text":"70021179 - 1999 - Retention of an atmosphere on early Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T15:10:05.779653","indexId":"70021179","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retention of an atmosphere on early Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span>The presence of valley networks and indications of high erosion rates in ancient terrains on Mars suggest that Mars was warm and wet during heavy bombardment. Various processes that could occur on early Mars were integrated into a self-consistent model to determine what circumstances might lead to warm temperatures during and at the end of heavy bombardment. Included were weathering and burial of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;as carbonates, impact erosion, sputtering, and recycling of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;back into the atmosphere by burial and heating. The models suggest that despite losses from the atmosphere by weathering and impact erosion, Mars could retain a 0.5 to 1 bar atmosphere at the end of heavy bombardment partly because weathering temporarily sequesters CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;in the ground and protects it from impact erosion while the impact rate is declining and impact erosion is becoming less effective. Because of the low output of the early Sun, surface temperatures can be above freezing only for a very efficient greenhouse, such as that suggested by&nbsp;</span><i>Forget and Pierrehumbert</i><span>&nbsp;[1997]. With weak greenhouse models, temperatures are below freezing throughout heavy bombardment, and such a large amount of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;is left in the atmosphere at the end of heavy bombardment that it is difficult to eliminate subsequently to arrive at the present surface inventory. With strong greenhouse models, temperatures are well above freezing during heavy bombardment and drop to close to freezing at the end of heavy bombardment, at which time the atmosphere contains 0.5 to 1 bar of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>. This can be largely eliminated subsequently by sputtering and low-temperature weathering. Such a model is consistent with the change in erosion rate and the declining rate of valley formation at the end of heavy bombardment. Conditions that favor warm temperatures at the end of heavy bombardment are an efficient greenhouse, low weathering rates, low impact erosion rates, and a smaller fraction of heat lost by conduction as opposed to transport of lava to the surface.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JE001048","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., 1999, Retention of an atmosphere on early Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E9, p. 21897-21909, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001048.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"21897","endPage":"21909","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479631,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999je001048","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"104","issue":"E9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac08e4b0c8380cd86afd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":388923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021714,"text":"70021714 - 1999 - Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70021714","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression","docAbstract":"We develop a new method for estimating the biochemistry of plant material using spectroscopy. Normalized band depths calculated from the continuum-removed reflectance spectra of dried and ground leaves were used to estimate their concentrations of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to select wavelengths in the broad absorption features centered at 1.73 ??m, 2.10 ??m, and 2.30 ??m that were highly correlated with the chemistry of samples from eastern U.S. forests. Band depths of absorption features at these wavelengths were found to also be highly correlated with the chemistry of four other sites. A subset of data from the eastern U.S. forest sites was used to derive linear equations that were applied to the remaining data to successfully estimate their nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations. Correlations were highest for nitrogen (R2 from 0.75 to 0.94). The consistent results indicate the possibility of establishing a single equation capable of estimating the chemical concentrations in a wide variety of species from the reflectance spectra of dried leaves. The extension of this method to remote sensing was investigated. The effects of leaf water content, sensor signal-to-noise and bandpass, atmospheric effects, and background soil exposure were examined. Leaf water was found to be the greatest challenge to extending this empirical method to the analysis of fresh whole leaves and complete vegetation canopies. The influence of leaf water on reflectance spectra must be removed to within 10%. Other effects were reduced by continuum removal and normalization of band depths. If the effects of leaf water can be compensated for, it might be possible to extend this method to remote sensing data acquired by imaging spectrometers to give estimates of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations over large areas for use in ecosystem studies.We develop a new method for estimating the biochemistry of plant material using spectroscopy. Normalized band depths calculated from the continuum-removed reflectance spectra of dried and ground leaves were used to estimate their concentrations of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to select wavelengths in the broad absorption features centered at 1.73 ??m, 2.10 ??m, and 2.301 ??m that were highly correlated with the chemistry of samples from eastern U.S. forests. Band depths of absorption features at these wavelengths were found to also be highly correlated with the chemistry of four other sites. A subset of data from the eastern U.S. forest sites was used to derive linear equations that were applied to the remaining data to successfully estimate their nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations. Correlations were highest for nitrogen (R2 from 0.75 to 0.94). The consistent results indicate the possibility of establishing a single equation capable of estimating the chemical concentrations in a wide variety of species from the reflectance spectra of dried leaves. The extension of this method to remote sensing was investigated. The effects of leaf water content, sensor signal-to-noise and bandpass, atmospheric effects, and background soil exposure were examined. Leaf water was found to be the greatest challenge to extending this empirical method to the analysis of fresh whole leaves and complete vegetation canopies. The influence of leaf water on reflectance spectra must be removed to within 10%. Other effects were reduced by continuum removal and normalization of band depths. If the effects of leaf water can be compensated for, it might be possible to extend this method to remote sensing data acquired by imaging spectrometers to give estimates of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations over large areas for use in ecosystem studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00084-4","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R., and Clark, R.N., 1999, Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 67, no. 3, p. 267-287, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00084-4.","startPage":"267","endPage":"287","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206192,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00084-4"},{"id":229079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b95afe4b08c986b31b065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, R.F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":42381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021655,"text":"70021655 - 1999 - Late Neogene sedimentary facies and sequences in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T01:17:41.460761","indexId":"70021655","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Neogene sedimentary facies and sequences in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary","docAbstract":"This paper is part of the special publication No.156, The Mediterranean basins: Tertiary extension within the Alpine Orogen. (eds B.Durand, L. Jolivet, F.Horvath and M.Seranne). Detailed sedimentological, facies and numerical cycle analysis, combined with magnetostratigraphy, have been made in a number of boreholes in the Pannonian Basin, in order to study the causes of relative water-level changes and the history of the basin subsidence. Subsidence and infilling of the Pannonian Basin, which was an isolated lake at that time occurred mainly during the Late Miocene and Pliocene. The subsidence history was remarkably different in the individual sub-basins: early thermal subsidence was interrupted in the southern part of the basin, while high sedimentation rate and continuous subsidence was detected in the northeastern sub-basin. Three regional unconformities were detected in the Late Neogene Pannonian Basin fill, which represent 0.5 and 7.5 Ma time spans corresponding to single and composite unconformities. Consequently two main sequences build up the Late Neogene Pannonian Basin fill: a Late Miocene and a Pliocene one. Within the Late Miocene sequence there are smaller sedimentary cycles most probably corresponding to climatically driven relative lake-level changes in the Milankovitch frequency band. Considering the periods, the estimated values for precession and eccentricity in this study (19 and 370 ka) are close to the usually cited ones. In the case of obliquity the calculated period (71 ka) slightly deviates from the generally accepted number. Based on the relative amplitudes of oscillations, precession (sixth order) and obliquity (fifth order) cycles had the most significant impact on the sedimentation. Eccentricity caused cycles (fourth order) are poorly detectable in the sediments. The longer term (third order) cycles had very slight influence on the sedimentation pattern. Progradation, recorded in the Late Miocene sequence, correlates poorly in time within the basin. The dominant controls of this process probably were changes of basin subsidence rate and the very high sedimentation rate. The slow, upward trend of silt and sand bed thickness as well as that of the grain size also reflects the local progradation.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society, London","doi":"10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.156.01.16","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Juhasz, E., Phillips, L., Muller, P., Ricketts, B., Toth-Makk, A., Lantos, M., and Kovacs, L., 1999, Late Neogene sedimentary facies and sequences in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 156, p. 335-356, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1999.156.01.16.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"356","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229359,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-10-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44fbe4b0c8380cd66f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juhasz, E.","contributorId":101400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juhasz","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, L.","contributorId":63556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller, P.","contributorId":28392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ricketts, B.","contributorId":20099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ricketts","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Toth-Makk, A.","contributorId":59970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toth-Makk","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lantos, M.","contributorId":29594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantos","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kovacs, L.O.","contributorId":32700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovacs","given":"L.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70021673,"text":"70021673 - 1999 - Biosafety of parenteral Brucella abortus RB51 vaccine in bison calves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-30T11:06:50.135531","indexId":"70021673","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biosafety of parenteral Brucella abortus RB51 vaccine in bison calves","docAbstract":"<p>Vaccination is considered among the primary management tools for reducing brucellosis prevalence in Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) ungulates. Before their use, however, vaccine safety and efficacy must be demonstrated. Twenty-seven female bison (Bison bison) calves (approx 5 months old) were vaccinated with Brucella abortus Strain RB51 (1.5 × 1010 colony forming units [CFU], subcutaneously) as part of routine management. We assessed the persistence, pathology, shedding, and transmission associated with RB51 by serial necropsy, bacteriology, histopathology, and serology of 20 of these 27 vaccinated calves, and RB51 serology of 10 nonvaccinated, commingling adult females. With the exception of 1 calf, RB51 dot-blot titers at necropsy were &lt;1:80. Strain RB51 was cultured from lymph nodes in 4 of 4 calves at 14 weeks postvaccination (PV), 4 of 4 calves at 18 weeks PV, 1 of 4 calves at 22 weeks PV, 3 of 4 at 26 weeks PV, and 0 of 4 calves at 30 weeks PV. No gross lesions were observed. Mild histologic changes occurred only in a few draining lymph nodes early in sampling. Adverse clinical effects were not observed in vaccinates. Swabs from nasopharynx, conjunctiva, rectum, and vagina were uniformly culture negative for RB51. Strain RB51 dot-blot assays of bison cows were negative at a 1:20 dilution at 26 weeks PV. Our results suggest that RB51 persists longer in bison calves than in domestic cattle and is systemically distributed within lymphatic tissues. However, bison apparently clear the RB51 vaccine strain without shedding, transmission, or significant adverse reactions.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802809","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Roffe, T., Olsen, S., Gidlewski, T., Jensen, A., Palmer, M., and Huber, R., 1999, Biosafety of parenteral Brucella abortus RB51 vaccine in bison calves: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 3, p. 950-955, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802809.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"950","endPage":"955","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f195e4b0c8380cd4ad0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roffe, T.J.","contributorId":22279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roffe","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, S.C.","contributorId":10395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gidlewski, T.","contributorId":53550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gidlewski","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jensen, A.E.","contributorId":100565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Palmer, M.V.","contributorId":73367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Huber, R.","contributorId":41613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huber","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70021546,"text":"70021546 - 1999 - Standards for assessment of age and growth data for channel catfish","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T11:11:12.943512","indexId":"70021546","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standards for assessment of age and growth data for channel catfish","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><p class=\"last\">Standards for the assessment of age and growth data for channel catfish (<i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>) were developed using published data. A representative set of 102 studies of individual populations from across the geographic range of channel catfish was selected. Percentile values (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 95th) were computed from the distribution of estimated mean total lengths for fish three to ten years old. This approach for development of standards to assess data from age and growth studies of fish is proposed for consideration in development of standards for other species in addition to channel catfish.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1999.9663686","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Hubert, W., 1999, Standards for assessment of age and growth data for channel catfish: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 14, no. 3, p. 313-326, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1999.9663686.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"326","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479519,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1999.9663686","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96b1e4b08c986b31b66d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2001093,"text":"2001093 - 1999 - Duck plague","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001093,"text":"2001093 - 1999 - Duck plague","indexId":"2001093","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Duck plague"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T14:01:15","indexId":"2001093","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Duck plague","docAbstract":"<p>Duck plague is caused by a herpesvirus. Infection often results in an acute, contagious, and fatal disease. As with many other herpesviruses, duck plague virus can establish inapparent infections in birds that survive exposure to it, a state referred to as latency. During latency, the virus cannot be detected by standard methods for virus isolation. Studies of domestic species of waterfowl have detected multiple strains of the virus that vary in their ability to cause disease and death. Little is known about the response of wild waterfowl to strain differences.</p><p>Duck plague outbreaks are thought to be caused when birds that carry the virus shed it through fecal or oral discharge, thus releasing the virus into food and water with which susceptible birds may have contact. Experimental studies have demonstrated spontaneous virus shedding by duck plague carriers during spring. Changes in the duration of daylight and onset of breeding are thought to be physiological stresses that stimulate virus shedding at this time of year. The carriers are immune to the disease, but the virus shed by them causes infection and disease among susceptible waterfowl. Bird-to-bird contact and contact with virus that has contaminated the environment perpetuate an outbreak. Scavenging and decomposition of carcasses of infected birds also contaminate the environment by releasing viruses from tissues and body fluids. Virus transmission through the egg has been reported, but the role of the egg in the disease cycle remains to be resolved.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Duck plague: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"151","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15551,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=153","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633b3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021672,"text":"70021672 - 1999 - Liquefaction and soil failure during 1994 Northridge earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T16:46:15.456188","indexId":"70021672","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquefaction and soil failure during 1994 Northridge earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>The 1994 Northridge, Calif., earthquake caused widespread permanent ground deformation on the gently sloping alluvial fan surface of the San Fernando Valley. The ground cracks and distributed deformation damaged both pipelines and surface structures. To evaluate the mechanism of soil failure, detailed subsurface investigations were conducted at four sites. Three sites are underlain by saturated sandy silts with low standard penetration test and cone penetration test values. These soils are similar to those that liquefied during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, and are shown by widely used empirical relationships to be susceptible to liquefaction. The remaining site is underlain by saturated clay whose undrained shear strength is approximately half the value of the earthquake-induced shear stress at this location. This study demonstrates that the heterogeneous nature of alluvial fan sediments in combination with variations in the ground-water table can be responsible for complex patterns of permanent ground deformation. It may also help to explain some of the spatial variability of strong ground motion observed during the 1994 earthquake.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:6(438)","issn":"10900241","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T., Bennett, M.J., Ponti, D.J., and Tinsley, J., 1999, Liquefaction and soil failure during 1994 Northridge earthquake: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 125, no. 6, p. 438-452, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:6(438).","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"438","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47e8e4b0c8380cd67a8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holzer, T.L.","contributorId":35739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, Michael J. mjbennett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Michael","email":"mjbennett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ponti, Daniel J. 0000-0002-2437-5144 dponti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-5144","contributorId":1020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","email":"dponti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tinsley, John jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":140545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":900265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021550,"text":"70021550 - 1999 - How many stakes are required to measure the mass balance of a glacier?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:56:17.292821","indexId":"70021550","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1768,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How many stakes are required to measure the mass balance of a glacier?","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Glacier mass balance is estimated for South Cascade Glacier and Maclure Glacier using a one-dimensional regression of mass balance with altitude as an alternative to the traditional approach of contouring mass balance values. One attractive feature of regression is that it can be applied to sparse data sets where contouring is not possible and can provide an objective error of the resulting estimate. Regression methods yielded mass balance values equivalent to contouring methods. The effect of the number of mass balance measurements on the final value for the glacier showed that sample sizes as small as five stakes provided reasonable estimates, although the error estimates were greater than for larger sample sizes. Different spatial patterns of measurement locations showed no appreciable influence on the final value as long as different surface altitudes were intermittently sampled over the altitude range of the glacier. Two different regression equations were examined, a quadratic, and a piecewise linear spline, and comparison of results showed little sensitivity to the type of equation. These results point to the dominant effect of the gradient of mass balance with altitude of alpine glaciers compared to transverse variations. The number of mass balance measurements required to determine the glacier balance appears to be scale invariant for small glaciers and five to ten stakes are sufficient.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1468-0459.00084","issn":"04353676","usgsCitation":"Fountain, A.G., and Vecchia, A., 1999, How many stakes are required to measure the mass balance of a glacier?: Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, v. 81, no. 4, p. 563-573, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00084.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"573","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a324ee4b0c8380cd5e6d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, A.","contributorId":51488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021177,"text":"70021177 - 1999 - Simultaneous reduction of nitrate and selenate by cell suspensions of selenium-respiring bacteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T17:58:48.6387","indexId":"70021177","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simultaneous reduction of nitrate and selenate by cell suspensions of selenium-respiring bacteria","docAbstract":"<p><span>Washed-cell suspensions of&nbsp;</span><i>Sulfurospirillum barnesii</i><span>reduced selenate [Se(VI)] when cells were cultured with nitrate, thiosulfate, arsenate, or fumarate as the electron acceptor. When the concentration of the electron donor was limiting, Se(VI) reduction in whole cells was approximately fourfold greater in Se(VI)-grown cells than was observed in nitrate-grown cells; correspondingly, nitrate reduction was ∼11-fold higher in nitrate-grown cells than in Se(VI)-grown cells. However, a simultaneous reduction of nitrate and Se(VI) was observed in both cases. At nonlimiting electron donor concentrations, nitrate-grown cells suspended with equimolar nitrate and selenate achieved a complete reductive removal of nitrogen and selenium oxyanions, with the bulk of nitrate reduction preceding that of selenate reduction. Chloramphenicol did not inhibit these reductions. The Se(VI)-respiring haloalkaliphile&nbsp;</span><i>Bacillus arsenicoselenatis</i><span>&nbsp;gave similar results, but its Se(VI) reductase was not constitutive in nitrate-grown cells. No reduction of Se(VI) was noted for&nbsp;</span><i>Bacillus selenitireducens</i><span>, which respires selenite. The results of kinetic experiments with cell membrane preparations of&nbsp;</span><i>S. barnesii</i><span>&nbsp;suggest the presence of constitutive selenate and nitrate reduction, as well as an inducible, high-affinity nitrate reductase in nitrate-grown cells which also has a low affinity for selenate. The simultaneous reduction of micromolar Se(VI) in the presence of millimolar nitrate indicates that these organisms may have a functional use in bioremediating nitrate-rich, seleniferous agricultural wastewaters. Results with</span><sup>75</sup><span>Se-selenate tracer show that these organisms can lower ambient Se(VI) concentrations to levels in compliance with new regulations proposed for release of selenium oxyanions into the environment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.65.10.4385-4392.1999","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R., Blum, J., Bindi, A., Dowdle, P., Herbel, M., and Stolz, J., 1999, Simultaneous reduction of nitrate and selenate by cell suspensions of selenium-respiring bacteria: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 65, no. 10, p. 4385-4392, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.10.4385-4392.1999.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4385","endPage":"4392","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479482,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.10.4385-4392.1999","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230017,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.40714829011188,\n              34.95937166589886\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.17094223542429,\n              34.93235539692385\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.07206528229949,\n              34.95036723202318\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.87980454011176,\n              34.81067208951639\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.57768051667443,\n              35.00887836602165\n           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P.R.","contributorId":77678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdle","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herbel, M.","contributorId":77799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbel","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stolz, J.F.","contributorId":94022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolz","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70021575,"text":"70021575 - 1999 - Comparison of the stable-isotopic composition of soil water collected from suction lysimeters, wick samplers, and cores in a sandy unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:01:22","indexId":"70021575","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the stable-isotopic composition of soil water collected from suction lysimeters, wick samplers, and cores in a sandy unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"<p><span>Soil water collected from suction lysimeters and wick samplers buried in the unsaturated zone of a sand and gravel aquifer and extracted from soil cores were analyzed for stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope values. Soil water isotopic values differed among the three sampling methods in most cases. However, because each sampling method collected different fractions of the total soil-water reservoir, the isotopic differences indicated that the soil water at a given depth and time was isotopically heterogeneous. This heterogeneity reflects the presence of relatively more and less mobile components of soil water. Isotopic results from three field tests indicated that 95&ndash;100% of the water collected from wick samplers was mobile soil water while samples from suction lysimeters and cores were mixtures of more and less mobile soil water. Suction lysimeter samples contained a higher proportion of more mobile water (15&ndash;95%) than samples from cores (5&ndash;80%) at the same depth. The results of this study indicate that, during infiltration events, soil water collected with wick samplers is more representative of the mobile soil water that is likely to recharge ground water during or soon after the event than soil water from suction lysimeters or cores.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00120-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Landon, M., Delin, G., Komor, S., and Regan, C., 1999, Comparison of the stable-isotopic composition of soil water collected from suction lysimeters, wick samplers, and cores in a sandy unsaturated zone: Journal of Hydrology, v. 224, no. 1-2, p. 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00120-1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206278,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00120-1"}],"volume":"224","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8b0e4b0c8380cd4d224","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Regan, C.P.","contributorId":37364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2001095,"text":"2001095 - 1999 - Candidiasis","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001095,"text":"2001095 - 1999 - Candidiasis","indexId":"2001095","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Candidiasis"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T14:04:15","indexId":"2001095","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Candidiasis","docAbstract":"<p><i>Candida albicans</i>, a yeast-like fungi, is the primary cause of candidiasis or candidiosis. <i>C. albicans</i> is a normal inhabitant of the human alimentary canal, as well as that of many species of lower animals. Ingestion in food or in water is the usual means for its transmission. Contaminated environments, such as litter from poultry and gamebird rearing facilities, refuse disposal areas, discharge sites for poultry operations, and areas contaminated with human waste have all been suggested as sources for <i>Candidia</i> exposure for birds.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Candidiasis: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=147","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6cd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2001112,"text":"2001112 - 1999 - Miscellaneous parasitic diseases","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001112,"text":"2001112 - 1999 - Miscellaneous parasitic diseases","indexId":"2001112","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Miscellaneous parasitic diseases"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T12:02:15","indexId":"2001112","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Miscellaneous parasitic diseases","docAbstract":"<p>Free-ranging wild birds are afflicted with numerous other parasites that occasionally cause illness and death. Some of these parasites, such as two of the trematodes or flukes highlighted below, can cause major die-offs. This section about parasitic diseases concludes with descriptions of some additional parasites that field biologists may encounter in wild birds. This listing is by no means complete and it is intended only to increase awareness of the diversity of types of parasites that might be encountered during examinations of wild birds. One should not assume that the parasites found during the examination of bird carcasses caused their death. Because parasites of birds vary greatly in size from a protozoa of a few microns in length to tapeworms of several inches in length and because they can be found in virtually all tissues, body cavities and other locations within the bird, the observation of the parasites will depend on their visibility and the thoroughness of the examination. Therefore, it is generally beneficial to submit bird carcasses to qualified disease diagnostic laboratories to obtain evaluations of the significance of endoparasites or of ectoparasites. The methods that are used to preserve the carcass, tissues, or other specimens can enhance or compromise the ability of specialists to identify the parasite to species, and even to genera, in some instances. Therefore, whenever possible, it is best to contact the diagnostic laboratory that will receive the specimens and obtain instructions for collecting, preserving, and shipping field samples (See Chapters 2 and 3).</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Cole, R.A., and Friend, M., 1999, Miscellaneous parasitic diseases: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15538,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=261","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbfd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622 rcole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":2873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"rcole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021670,"text":"70021670 - 1999 - A method for nitrate collection for δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T07:35:16","indexId":"70021670","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for nitrate collection for δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations","docAbstract":"<p>&nbsp;Recently, methods have been developed to analyze NO3- for &delta;15N and &delta;18O, improving our ability to identify NO3- sources and transformations. However, none of the existing methods are suited for waters with low NO3- concentrations (0.7-10 &micro;M). We describe an improved method for collecting and recovering NO3- on exchange columns. To overcome the lengthy collection loading times imposed by the large sample volumes (7-70 L), the sample was prefiltered (0.45 &micro;m) with a large surface area filter. Switching to AG2X anion resin and using a coarser mesh size (100-200) than previous methods also enhanced sample flow. Placement of a cation column in front of the anion column minimized clogging of the anion column by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) accumulation. This also served to minimize transfer of unwanted oxygen atoms from DOC to the 18O portion of the NO3- sample, thereby contaminating the sample and shifting &delta;18O. The cat-AG2X method is suited for on-site sample collection, making it possible to collect and recover NO3- from low ionic strength waters with modest DOC concentrations (80-800 &micro;M), relieves the investigator of transporting large volumes of water back to the laboratory, and offers a means of sampling rain, snow, snowmelt, and stream samples from access-limited sites. <br /><br /></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science","doi":"10.1139/f99-126","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Chang, C.C., Langston, J., Riggs, M., Campbell, K., Silva, S.R., and Kendall, C., 1999, A method for nitrate collection for δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O analysis from waters with low nitrate concentrations: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 56, no. 10, p. 1856-1864, https://doi.org/10.1139/f99-126.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1856","endPage":"1864","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e455e4b0c8380cd465bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langston, J.","contributorId":24511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langston","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riggs, M.","contributorId":19726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70021175,"text":"70021175 - 1999 - Processes governing phytoplankton blooms in estuaries. II: The role of horizontal transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T09:11:07","indexId":"70021175","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes governing phytoplankton blooms in estuaries. II: The role of horizontal transport","docAbstract":"<p>The development and distribution of phytoplankton blooms in estuaries are functions of both local conditions (i.e. the production-loss balance for a water column at a particular spatial location) and large-scale horizontal transport. In this study, the second of a 2-paper series, we use a depth-averaged hydrodynamic-biological model to identify transport-related mechanisms impacting phytoplankton biomass accumulation and distribution on a system level. We chose South San Francisco Bay as a model domain, since its combination of a deep channel surrounded by broad shoals is typical of drowned-river estuaries. Five general mechanisms involving interaction of horizontal transport with variability in local conditions are discussed. Residual (on the order of days to weeks) transport mechanisms affecting bloom development and location include residence time/export, import, and the role of deep channel regions as conduits for mass transport. Interactions occurring on tidal time scales, i.e. on the order of hours) include the phasing of lateral oscillatory tidal flow relative to temporal changes in local net phytoplankton growth rates, as well as lateral sloshing of shoal-derived biomass into deep channel regions during ebb and back into shallow regions during flood tide. Based on these results, we conclude that: (1) while local conditions control whether a bloom is possible, the combination of transport and spatial-temporal variability in local conditions determines if and where a bloom will actually occur; (2) tidal-time-scale physical-biological interactions provide important mechanisms for bloom development and evolution. As a result of both subtidal and tidal-time-scale transport processes, peak biomass may not be observed where local conditions are most favorable to phytoplankton production, and inherently unproductive areas may be regions of high biomass accumulation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps187017","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L., Koseff, J.R., Monismith, S., Cloern, J., and Thompson, J., 1999, Processes governing phytoplankton blooms in estuaries. II: The role of horizontal transport: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 187, p. 17-30, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps187017.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487393,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps187017","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":266014,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps187017"},{"id":229979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"187","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8db2e4b0c8380cd7ed96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, L.V.","contributorId":62777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"L.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koseff, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":37915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koseff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":388898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70021713,"text":"70021713 - 1999 - Transport and attenuation of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres in fractured rock laboratory and field tracer tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:18:16","indexId":"70021713","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and attenuation of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres in fractured rock laboratory and field tracer tests","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Understanding colloid transport in ground water is essential to assessing the migration of colloid‐size contaminants, the facilitation of dissolved contaminant transport by colloids, in situ bioremediation, and the health risks of pathogen contamination in drinking water wells. Much has been learned through laboratory and field‐scale colloid tracer tests, but progress has been hampered by a lack of consistent tracer testing methodology at different scales and fluid velocities. This paper presents laboratory and field tracer tests in fractured rock that use the same type of colloid tracer over an almost three orders‐of‐magnitude range in scale and fluid velocity. Fluorescently‐dyed carboxylate‐modified latex (CML) microspheres (0.19 to 0.98 μm diameter) were used as tracers in (1) a naturally fractured tuff sample, (2) a large block of naturally fractured granite, (3) a fractured granite field site, and (4) another fractured granite/schist field site. In all cases, the mean transport time of the microspheres was shorter than the solutes, regardless of detection limit. In all but the smallest scale test, only a fraction of the injected microsphere mass was recovered, with the smaller microspheres being recovered to a greater extent than the larger microspheres. Using existing theory, we hypothesize that the observed microsphere early arrival was due to volume exclusion and attenuation was due to aggregation and/or settling during transport. In most tests, microspheres were detected using flow cytometry, which proved to be an excellent method of analysis. CML microspheres appear to be useful tracers for fractured rock in forced gradient and short‐term natural gradient tests, but longer residence times may result in small microsphere recoveries.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01116.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Becker, M., Reimus, P., and Vilks, P., 1999, Transport and attenuation of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres in fractured rock laboratory and field tracer tests: Ground Water, v. 37, no. 3, p. 387-395, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01116.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"395","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb734e4b08c986b327100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, M.W.","contributorId":35896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimus, P.W.","contributorId":91266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimus","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vilks, P.","contributorId":49134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilks","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021551,"text":"70021551 - 1999 - Pedogenic calcite as evidence for an early Holocene dry period in the San Francisco Bay area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T00:50:28.484573","indexId":"70021551","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pedogenic calcite as evidence for an early Holocene dry period in the San Francisco Bay area, California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15009462\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Rainfall at the site of Union City, California, during early Holocene time appears to have been about half that of today, 470 mm/yr. We base this conclusion on detailed descriptions and particle-size analyses of 12 soil profiles and 1:20 scale logs of the fluvial stratigraphy in two 100-m-long, 5-m-deep excavations dug perpendicular to the axis of an alluvial fan along the Hayward fault. Subsidence and right-lateral movement along the fault allowed an offset stream to produce a nearly continuous alluvial record documented by 35<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C ages on detrital charcoal. Bk (calcitic) horizons in paleosols developed in the fan suggest that a relatively dry climatic period occurred from 10 to 7 ka (calendar-corrected ages). The pedogenic calcite exists primarily as vertically oriented filaments and fine, cavernous nodules formed at ped intersections. Soils and paleosols formed before 10 ka or since 7 ka did not have Bk horizons. Bk horizons that were buried suddenly at 7 ka were overlain by leached zones averaging 41 ± 3 cm thick—about half the current depth of leaching.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0906:PCAEFA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Borchardt, G., and Lienkaemper, J.J., 1999, Pedogenic calcite as evidence for an early Holocene dry period in the San Francisco Bay area, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 6, p. 906-918, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0906:PCAEFA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"906","endPage":"918","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.20345505492553,\n              38.56384123647774\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.20345505492553,\n              37.23754129459307\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.44564255492568,\n              37.23754129459307\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.44564255492568,\n              38.56384123647774\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.20345505492553,\n              38.56384123647774\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7628e4b0c8380cd77f68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borchardt, G.","contributorId":18909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185253,"text":"70185253 - 1999 - Is a probabilistic performance assessment enough?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T09:07:40","indexId":"70185253","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is a probabilistic performance assessment enough?","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01127.x","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., and Ewing, R.C., 1999, Is a probabilistic performance assessment enough?: Groundwater, v. 37, no. 4, p. 481-482, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01127.x.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"481","endPage":"482","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01127.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337787,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba425e4b0849ce97dc7ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ewing, Rodney C.","contributorId":189440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ewing","given":"Rodney","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185259,"text":"70185259 - 1999 - Molecular analysis of microbial community structures in pristine and contaminated aquifers: Field and laboratory microcosm experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T17:34:40.082467","indexId":"70185259","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular analysis of microbial community structures in pristine and contaminated aquifers: Field and laboratory microcosm experiments","docAbstract":"<p>This study used phylogenetic probes in hybridization analysis to (i) determine in situ microbial community structures in regions of a shallow sand aquifer that were oxygen depleted and fuel contaminated (FC) or aerobic and noncontaminated (NC) and (ii) examine alterations in microbial community structures resulting from exposure to toluene and/or electron acceptor supplementation (nitrate). The latter objective was addressed by using the NC and FC aquifer materials for anaerobic microcosm studies in which phylogenetic probe analysis was complemented by microbial activity assays. Domain probe analysis of the aquifer samples showed that the communities were predominantly<i>Bacteria</i>;<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Eucarya</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Archaea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>were not detectable. At the phylum and subclass levels, the FC and NC aquifer material had similar relative abundance distributions of 43 to 65% β- and γ-<i>Proteobacteria</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(B+G), 31 to 35% α-<i>Proteobacteria</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(ALF), 15 to 18% sulfate-reducing bacteria, and 5 to 10% high G+C gram positive bacteria. Compared to that of the NC region, the community structure of the FC material differed mainly in an increased abundance of B+G relative to that of ALF. The microcosm communities were like those of the field samples in that they were predominantly<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Bacteria</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(83 to 101%) and lacked detectable<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Archaea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>but differed in that a small fraction (2 to 8%) of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Eucarya</i><span>&nbsp;</span>was detected regardless of the treatment applied. The latter result was hypothesized to reflect enrichment of anaerobic protozoa. Addition of nitrate and/or toluene stimulated microbial activity in the microcosms, but only supplementation of toluene alone significantly altered community structures. For the NC material, the dominant subclass shifted from B+G to ALF, while in the FC microcosms 55 to 65% of the<i>Bacteria</i><span>&nbsp;</span>community was no longer identifiable by the phylum or subclass probes used. The latter result suggested that toluene exposure fostered the proliferation of phylotype(s) that were otherwise minor constituents of the FC aquifer community. These studies demonstrated that alterations in aquifer microbial communities resulting from specific anthropogenic perturbances can be inferred from microcosm studies integrating chemical and phylogenetic probe analysis and in the case of hydrocarbon contamination may facilitate the identification of organisms important for in situ biodegradation processes. Further work integrating and coordinating microcosm and field experiments is needed to explore how differences in scale, substrate complexity, and other hydrogeological conditions may affect patterns observed in these systems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.65.5.2143-2150.1999","usgsCitation":"Shi, Y., Zwolinski, M., Schreiber, M., Bahr, J., Sewell, G., and Hickey, W., 1999, Molecular analysis of microbial community structures in pristine and contaminated aquifers: Field and laboratory microcosm experiments: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 65, no. 5, p. 2143-2150, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.5.2143-2150.1999.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2143","endPage":"2150","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479484,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository 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