Immature source rock chips containing different types of kerogen (I, II, IIS, III) were artificially matured in isotopically distinct waters by hydrous pyrolysis and by pyrolysis in supercritical water. Converging isotopic trends of inorganic (water) and organic (kerogen, bitumen, oil) hydrogen with increasing time and temperature document that water-derived hydrogen is added to or exchanged with organic hydrogen, or both, during chemical reactions that take place during thermal maturation. Isotopic mass-balance calculations show that, depending on temperature (310–381°C), time (12–144 h), and source rock type, between ca. 45 and 79% of carbon-bound hydrogen in kerogen is derived from water. Estimates for bitumen and oil range slightly lower, with oil–hydrogen being least affected by water-derived hydrogen. Comparative hydrous pyrolyses of immature source rocks at 330°C for 72 h show that hydrogen in kerogen, bitumen, and expelled oil/wax ranks from most to least isotopically influenced by water-derived hydrogen in the order IIS > II ≈ III > I. Pyrolysis of source rock containing type II kerogen in supercritical water at 381°C for 12 h yields isotopic results that are similar to those from hydrous pyrolysis at 350°C for 72 h, or 330°C for 144 h.
Bulk hydrogen in kerogen contains several percent of isotopically labile hydrogen that exchanges fast and reversibly with hydrogen in water vapor at 115°C. The isotopic equilibration of labile hydrogen in kerogen with isotopic standard water vapors significantly reduces the analytical uncertainty of D/H ratios when compared with simple D/H determination of bulk hydrogen in kerogen.
If extrapolation of our results from hydrous pyrolysis is permitted to natural thermal maturation at lower temperatures, we suggest that organic D/H ratios of fossil fuels in contact with formation waters are typically altered during chemical reactions, but that D/H ratios of generated hydrocarbons are subsequently little or not affected by exchange with water hydrogen at typical reservoir conditions over geologic time. It will be difficult to utilize D/H ratios of thermally mature bulk or fractions of organic matter to quantitatively reconstruct isotopic aspects of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. Hope resides in compound-specific D/H ratios of thermally stable, extractable biomarkers (“molecular fossils”) that are less susceptible to hydrogen exchange with water-derived hydrogen.
Periodic blooms of algae, including true algae, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria or blue-green algae have been reported in marine and freshwater bodies throughout the world. Although many blooms are merely an aesthetic nuisance, some species of algae produce toxins that kill fish, shellfish, humans, livestock and wildlife. Pigmented blooms of toxinproducing marine algae are often referred to as “red tides” (Fig. 36.1). Proliferations of freshwater toxin-producing cyanobacteria are simply called “cyanobacterial blooms” or “toxic algal blooms.” Cyanobacterial blooms initially appear green and may later turn blue, sometimes forming a “scum” in the water (Fig. 36.2).
Although algal blooms historically have been considered a natural phenomenon, the frequency of occurrence of harmful algae appears to have increased in recent years. Agricultural runoff and other pollutants of freshwater and marine wetlands and water bodies have resulted in increased nutrient loading of phosphorus and nitrogen, thus providing conditions favorable to the growth of potentially toxic algae. The detrimental impact of red tides and cyanobacterial blooms on wetland, shore, and pelagic species has long been suspected but not often been substantiated because information on the effects of these toxins in fish and wildlife species is lacking and diagnostic tools are limited.
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Until recently, sickness or death caused by mycotoxins were rarely reported in migratory birds. Identification of mycotoxins as the cause of a mortality event can be difficult for a number of reasons. The effects may be subtle and difficult to detect or identify, or the effects may be delayed and the bird may have moved away from the contaminated food source before becoming sick or dying. Also, grain containing toxin-producing molds can be difficult or impossible to recognize because it may not appear overtly moldy.
Techniques to detect and quantify a variety of mycotoxins important to domestic animal and human health are available through many diagnostic laboratories that serve health needs for those species. These same techniques are applicable for wildlife. Further study and improved diagnostic technology is likely to result in identification of additional types of mycotoxins as causes of disease and death in waterfowl and other wildlife.
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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for fungi","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, R.J., Cullen, D., Kurtzman, C., and Khachatourians, G., 1999, Estimation of fungal diversity via molecular methods, chap. of Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for fungi.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335950,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58aeb140e4b01ccd54f9ee44","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mueller, G.M.","contributorId":113869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670308,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bills, G.F.","contributorId":103392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670309,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cullen, D.","contributorId":178681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cullen","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kurtzman, C.","contributorId":178682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kurtzman","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Khachatourians, G.","contributorId":178683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khachatourians","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1016561,"text":"1016561 - 1999 - [Book review] Range Plant Identification, by United States Forest Service","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-02T16:02:24","indexId":"1016561","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Range Plant Identification, by United States Forest Service","docAbstract":"Review of: Range plant identification. United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 1979. Washington, D.C.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prairie Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"United States Forest Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Igl, L., 1999, [Book review] Range Plant Identification, by United States Forest Service: Prairie Naturalist, v. 31, p. 57-57.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c599","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Igl, L.D. 0000-0003-0530-7266","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":13568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008105,"text":"1008105 - 1999 - Impacts of brown-headed cowbird parasitism on productivity of the endangered least Bell's vireo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:37","indexId":"1008105","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of brown-headed cowbird parasitism on productivity of the endangered least Bell's vireo","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., 1999, Impacts of brown-headed cowbird parasitism on productivity of the endangered least Bell's vireo: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 18, p. 160-166.","productDescription":"p. 160-166","startPage":"160","endPage":"166","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f8636","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015944,"text":"1015944 - 1999 - Diving and foraging patterns of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus): Testing predictions from optimal-breathing models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T12:20:37.922185","indexId":"1015944","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diving and foraging patterns of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus): Testing predictions from optimal-breathing models","docAbstract":"The diving behavior of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) was studied using telemetry along the Oregon coast during the 1995 and 1996 breeding seasons and examined in relation to predictions from optimal-breathing models. Duration of dives, pauses, dive bouts, time spent under water during dive bouts, and nondiving intervals between successive dive bouts were recorded. Most diving metrics differed between years but not with oceanographic conditions or shore type. There was no effect of water depth on mean dive time or percent time spent under water even though dive bouts occurred in depths from 3 to 36 m. There was a significant, positive relationship between mean dive time and mean pause time at the dive-bout scale each year. At the dive-cycle scale, there was a significant positive relationship between dive time and preceding pause time in each year and a significant positive relationship between dive time and ensuing pause time in 1996. Although it appears that aerobic diving was the norm, there appeared to be an increase in anaerobic diving in 1996. The diving performance of Marbled Murrelets in this study appeared to be affected by annual changes in environmental conditions and prey resources but did not consistently fit predictions from optimal-breathing models.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z99-113","usgsCitation":"Jodice, P.G., and Collopy, M.W., 1999, Diving and foraging patterns of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus): Testing predictions from optimal-breathing models: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 77, no. 9, p. 1409-1418, https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-113.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1409","endPage":"1418","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f464","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jodice, Patrick G.R. 0000-0001-8716-120X pjodice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8716-120X","contributorId":1119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jodice","given":"Patrick","email":"pjodice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":323340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collopy, Michael W.","contributorId":77890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collopy","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008122,"text":"1008122 - 1999 - Seroepidemiology of upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T13:28:39","indexId":"1008122","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seroepidemiology of upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise of California","docAbstract":"Several factors have combined with an upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) to produce declines on some population numbers of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in the western USA. This study was designed to determine the seroepidemiology of URTD in a population of wild adult tortoises at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area (DTNA) study site in Kern County (California, USA). Prior to initiation of the study, there was a dramatic decline in the number of individuals in this population. At each individual time point, samples were obtained from 12 to 20 tortoises with radiotransmitters during winter, spring, summer, and fall from 1992 through 1995. During the course of the study, 35 animals were sampled at one or more times. Only 10 animals were available for consistent monitoring throughout the 4 yr period. Specific antibody (Ab) levels to Mycoplasma agassizii were determined for individual tortoises by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Specific Ab levels were not influenced by the gender of the tortoise. Levels of Ab and distribution of ELISA+, ELISA– and suspect animals were not consistently affected by season within a single year or for a season among the study years. Significantly more tortoises presented with clinical signs in 1992 and 1995. The profile of ELISA+ animals with clinical signs shifted from 5% (1992) to 42% (1995). In 1992, 52% of tortoises lacked clinical signs and were ELISA–. In 1995, this category accounted for only 19% of tortoises. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that URTD was present in this population as evidenced by the presence of ELISA+ individual animals, and that the infectious agent is still present as evidenced by seroconversion of previously ELISA– animals during the course of the study. There is evidence to suggest that animals may remain ELISA+ without showing overt disease, a clinical pattern consistent with the chronic nature of most mycoplasmal infections. Further, there are trends suggesting that the clinical expression of disease may be cyclical. Continued monitoring of this population could provide valuable information concerning the spread of URTD in wild tortoise populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-35.4.716","usgsCitation":"Brown, M., Berry, K.H., Schumacher, I.M., Nagy, K.A., Christopher, M.M., and Klein, P.A., 1999, Seroepidemiology of upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise of California: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 35, no. 4, p. 716-727, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.4.716.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"716","endPage":"727","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6ee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Mary B.","contributorId":48072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Mary B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schumacher, Isabella M.","contributorId":74718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumacher","given":"Isabella","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nagy, Kenneth A.","contributorId":174983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nagy","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christopher, Mary M.","contributorId":44473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christopher","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klein, Paul A.","contributorId":44085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1008104,"text":"1008104 - 1999 - Summertime transport of current-use pesticides from California's Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:35","indexId":"1008104","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summertime transport of current-use pesticides from California's Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, USA","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"LeNoir, J.S., McConnell, L., Fellers, G.M., Cahill, T., and Seiber, J., 1999, Summertime transport of current-use pesticides from California's Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, no. 12, p. 2715-2722.","productDescription":"p. 2715-2722","startPage":"2715","endPage":"2722","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6986f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeNoir, James S.","contributorId":23897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeNoir","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McConnell, L.L.","contributorId":53344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnell","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fellers, G. M.","contributorId":82653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cahill, T.M.","contributorId":16374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seiber, J.N.","contributorId":19123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiber","given":"J.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70181032,"text":"70181032 - 1999 - Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year B.P. caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T13:09:14","indexId":"70181032","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year B.P. caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"A discontinuous pumiceous sand, a few centimeters to tens of centimeters thick, is located up to 15 m above mean high tide within Holocene peat along the northern Bristol Bay coastline of Alaska. The bed consists of fine-to-coarse, poorly to moderately well-sorted, pumice-bearing sand near the top of a 2-m-thick peat sequence. The sand bed contains rip-up clasts of peat and tephra and is unique in the peat sequence. Major element compositions of juvenile glass from the deposit and radiocarbon dating of enclosing peat support correlation of the pumiceous sand with the caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano. The distribution of the sand and its sedimentary characteristics are consistent with emplacement by tsunami. The pumiceous sand most likely represents redeposition by tsunami of climactic fallout tephra and beach sand during the approximately 3.5 ka Aniakchak caldera-forming eruption on the Alaska Peninsula. We propose that a tsunami was generated by the sudden entrance of a rapidly moving, voluminous pyroclastic flow from Aniakchak into Bristol Bay. A seismic trigger for the tsunami is unlikely, because tectonic structures suitable for tsunami generation are present only south of the Alaska Peninsula. The pumiceous sand in coastal peat of northern Bristol Bay is the first documented geologic evidence of a tsunami initiated by a volcanic eruption in Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004450050220","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., and Neal, C.A., 1999, Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year B.P. caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 60, no. 2, p. 110-124, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050220.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"124","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aniakchak Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 61\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a0254fe4b099f50d3e04da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":663387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825 tneal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina","email":"tneal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":663388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180393,"text":"70180393 - 1999 - Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180393,"text":"70180393 - 1999 - Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska","indexId":"70180393","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"CC","title":"Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":21986,"text":"ofr9834 - 1999 - The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska","indexId":"ofr9834","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":21986,"text":"ofr9834 - 1999 - The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska","indexId":"ofr9834","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:17:25","indexId":"70180393","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-34","chapter":"CC","title":"Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska","docAbstract":"Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks are potential hydrocarbon reservoir facies for four plays in the 1002 area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. These rocks include several units in the pre-Carboniferous basement and the Carboniferous Lisburne Group. Data from exploratory wells west of the 1002 area, outcrops south of the 1002 area, seismic lines, and well logs are synthesized herein to infer carbonate lithofacies, extent, and reservoir character beneath the northeastern Arctic coastal plain.
A chiefly shallow-water basement carbonate succession of Late Proterozoic through Early Devonian age (Katakturuk Dolomite, Nanook Limestone, and Mount Copleston Limestone) is interpreted to be present beneath much of the south-central 1002 area; it reaches 3,700 m thick in outcrop and is the primary reservoir for the Deformed Franklinian Play. A more heterogeneous lithologic assemblage of uncertain age forms basement in the northwestern part of the 1002 area; well data define three subunits that contain carbonate intervals 5- 50 m thick. These strata are prospective reservoirs for the Undeformed Franklinian Play and could also be reservoirs for the Niguanak- Aurora Play. Regional lithologic correlations suggest a Cambrian-Late Proterozoic(?) age for subunits one and two, and a slightly younger, later Cambrian-Silurian age for subunit three. Seismic and well data indicate that subunit one overlies subunit two and is overlain by subunit three. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Lisburne Group, a predominantly carbonate platform succession as much as 1 km thick, is projected beneath the southernmost part of the 1002 area and is a potential reservoir for the Ellesmerian Thrust-belt and Niguanak-Aurora Plays.
Carbonate rocks in the 1002 area probably retain little primary porosity but may have locally well developed secondary porosity. Measured reservoir parameters in basement carbonate strata are low (porosity generally ≤ 5%; permeability ≤ 0.2 md) but drill-stem tests found locally reasonable flow rates (4,220-4,800 bpd) and, in the Flaxman Island area, recovered gas and condensate from these rocks. The Lisburne Group has produced up to 50,000 bbl of oil/ day from the Lisburne field at Prudhoe Bay. Reservoir parameters of the Lisburne in northeastern Alaska range from low (porosities ≤ 5% in most limestones) to good (porosities average 6.5-10% in some dolostones). Reservoir quality in Carboniferous and older carbonate strata in the 1002 area should be greatest where these rocks are highly fractured and (or) truncated by the Lower Cretaceous Unconformity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area, Alaska (Open File Report 98-34)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70180393","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., 1999, Carboniferous and older carbonate rocks: Lithofacies, extent, and reservoir quality: Chapter CC in The oil and gas resource potential of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-34, CC-33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70180393.","productDescription":"CC-33 p.","startPage":"CC-1","endPage":"CC-33","numberOfPages":"57","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334268,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334267,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0034/"},{"id":334266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0034/CC.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"ANWR, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 1002 Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -142.00927734375,\n 69.84246157021256\n ],\n [\n -142.71514892578125,\n 69.69524461137115\n ],\n [\n -142.91015625,\n 69.60259197307883\n ],\n [\n -143.02276611328125,\n 69.57768853364969\n ],\n [\n -143.909912109375,\n 69.5776885336496\n ],\n [\n -143.909912109375,\n 69.64944636884633\n ],\n [\n -144.613037109375,\n 69.64944636884633\n ],\n [\n -144.613037109375,\n 69.69333832362335\n ],\n [\n -146.2554931640625,\n 69.69333832362335\n ],\n [\n -146.2554931640625,\n 69.72001075967263\n ],\n [\n -146.4422607421875,\n 69.8225761110076\n ],\n [\n -146.4312744140625,\n 69.85854556489717\n ],\n [\n -146.1236572265625,\n 70.02434079930296\n ],\n [\n -146.0247802734375,\n 70.04309814378463\n ],\n [\n -145.865478515625,\n 70.16460963678996\n ],\n [\n -145.04150390625,\n 70.01683312770945\n ],\n [\n -144.580078125,\n 70.02434079930296\n ],\n [\n -143.6737060546875,\n 70.15715255172064\n ],\n [\n -142.9705810546875,\n 70.13849806648298\n ],\n [\n -142.5421142578125,\n 70.01307827710367\n ],\n [\n -142.1246337890625,\n 69.8736722051942\n ],\n [\n -142.00927734375,\n 69.84246157021256\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"Originally published in a 2-CD-ROM set; the file is now available online.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588f0d76e4b072a7ac08c12b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1004110,"text":"1004110 - 1999 - Changes in element contents of four lichens over 11 years in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-04T16:41:43.683635","indexId":"1004110","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1575,"text":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in element contents of four lichens over 11 years in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Four species of lichen (Cladina rangiferina, Evernia mesomorpha, Hypogymnia physodes, and Parmelia sulcata) were sampled at six locations in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness three times over a span of 11 years and analyzed for concentrations of 16 chemical elements to test the hypotheses that corticolous species would accumulate higher amounts of chemical elements than terricolous species, and that 11 years were sufficient to detect spatial patterns and temporal trends in element contents. Multivariate analyses of over 2770 data points revealed two principal components that accounted for 68% of the total variance in the data. These two components, the first highly loaded with Al, B, Cr, Fe, Ni and S, and the second loaded with Ca, Cd, Mg and Mn, were inversely related to each other over time and space. The first component was interpreted as consisting of an anthropogenic and a dust component, while the second, primarily a nutritional component. Cu, K, Na, P, Pb and Zn were not highly loaded on either component. Component 1 decreased significantly over the 11 years and from west to east, while component 2 increased. The corticolous species were more enriched in heavy metals than the terricolous species. All four elements in component 2 in H. physodes were above enrichment thresholds for this species. Species differences on the two components were greater than the effects of time and space, suggesting that biomonitoring with lichens is strongly species dependent. Some localities in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness appear enriched in some anthropogenic elements for no obvious reasons.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00055-0","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., and Wetmore, C.M., 1999, Changes in element contents of four lichens over 11 years in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, northern Minnesota: Environmental and Experimental Botany, v. 41, no. 1, p. 75-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00055-0.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Boundary Waters","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.28923768284771,\n 48.04818270788198\n ],\n [\n -90.2933028235245,\n 48.11064886039284\n ],\n [\n -90.75266372000586,\n 48.10250540260512\n ],\n [\n -90.85429223692648,\n 48.26242328251959\n ],\n [\n -90.95592075384717,\n 48.23264591910663\n ],\n [\n -91.43967249438973,\n 48.05361755828051\n ],\n [\n -91.5941478401091,\n 48.10250540260512\n ],\n [\n -91.73236262312133,\n 48.20014174802935\n ],\n [\n -92.06163901794453,\n 48.35705411093949\n ],\n [\n -92.35839428735292,\n 48.37325892048108\n ],\n [\n -92.26896119246263,\n 48.243476057264246\n ],\n [\n -92.4275016788588,\n 47.88487042872998\n ],\n [\n -91.27300172663998,\n 47.76477982489226\n ],\n [\n -90.28923768284771,\n 48.04818270788198\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, James P.","contributorId":100323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wetmore, C. M.","contributorId":65036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wetmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021019,"text":"70021019 - 1999 - Growth patterns of Hawaiian Stilt chicks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70021019","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth patterns of Hawaiian Stilt chicks","docAbstract":"We studied chick growth and plumage patterns in the endangered Hawaiian Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni). Body mass of captive chicks closely fit a Gompertz growth curve, revealing a growth coefficient (K) of 0.065 day-1 and point of inflection (T) of 17 days. When chicks fledged about 28 days after hatching, they weighed only 60% of adult body mass; at 42 d, birds still were only 75% of adult mass; culmen, tarsus, and wing chord at fledging also were less than adult size. This trend of continued growth to adult size after fledging is typical for most shorebirds. After hatching, captive chicks grew more rapidly than wild chicks, probably because of an unlimited food supply. We found no evidence for adverse effects of weather on the growth of wild chicks. As with other shorebirds, the tarsus started relatively long, with culmen and then wing chord growing more rapidly in later development. Tarsal and wing chord growth were sigmoidal, whereas culmen growth was linear. We describe plumage characteristics of weekly age classes of chicks to help researchers age birds in the wild.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Reed, J., Gray, E., Lewis, D., Oring, L., Coleman, R., Burr, T., and Luscomb, P., 1999, Growth patterns of Hawaiian Stilt chicks: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 111, no. 4, p. 478-487.","startPage":"478","endPage":"487","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dfee4b0c8380cd5c1ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, J.M.","contributorId":66441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, E.M.","contributorId":62781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, D.","contributorId":7444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oring, L.W.","contributorId":46451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oring","given":"L.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coleman, R.","contributorId":47520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burr, T.","contributorId":88062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burr","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Luscomb, P.","contributorId":106278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luscomb","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1008151,"text":"1008151 - 1999 - Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T13:16:55","indexId":"1008151","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes","docAbstract":"California shrubland wildfires are increasingly destructive, and it is widely held that the problem has been intensified by fire suppression, leading to larger, more intense wildfires. However, analysis of the California Statewide Fire History Database shows that, since 1910, fire frequency and area burned have not declined, and fire size has not increased. Fire rotation intervals have declined, and fire season has not changed, implying that fire intensity has not increased. Fire frequency and population density were correlated, and it is suggested that fire suppression plays a critical role in offsetting potential impacts of increased ignitions. Large fires were not dependent on old age classes of fuels, and it is thus unlikely that age class manipulation of fuels can prevent large fires. Expansion of the urban-wildland interface is a key factor in wildland fire destruction.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.284.5421.1829","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Fotheringham, C.J., and Morais, M., 1999, Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes: Science, v. 284, no. 5421, p. 1829-1832, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5421.1829.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1829","endPage":"1832","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"284","issue":"5421","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6351e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fotheringham, C. J.","contributorId":63334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fotheringham","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morais, Marco","contributorId":175075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morais","given":"Marco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008102,"text":"1008102 - 1999 - Letters: Defending whole animal collections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-05T13:49:04.630338","indexId":"1008102","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Letters: Defending whole animal collections","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1313470","usgsCitation":"Scott, N., and Jennings, M., 1999, Letters: Defending whole animal collections: BioScience, v. 49, p. 511-512, https://doi.org/10.2307/1313470.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"511","endPage":"512","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479610,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1313470","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, N.J. Jr.","contributorId":8407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"N.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, M.R.","contributorId":18296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021450,"text":"70021450 - 1999 - Galileo's Multiinstrument Spectral View of Europa's Surface Composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021450","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Galileo's Multiinstrument Spectral View of Europa's Surface Composition","docAbstract":"We have combined spectral reflectance data from the Solid State Imaging (SSI) experiment, the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), and the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) in an attempt to determine the composition and implied genesis of non-H2O components in the optical surface of Europa. We have considered four terrains: (1) the \"dark terrains\" on the trailing hemisphere, (2) the \"mottled terrain,\" (3) the linea on the leading hemisphere, and (4) the linea embedded in the dark terrain on the trailing hemisphere. The darker materials in these terrains exhibit remarkably similar spectra in both the visible and near infrared. In the visible, a downturn toward shorter wavelengths has been attributed to sulfur. The broad concentrations of dark material on the trailing hemisphere was originally thought to be indicative of exogenic sulfur implantation. While an exogenic cause is still probable, more recent observations by the UVS team at higher spatial resolution have led to their suggestions that the role of the bombardment may have primarily been to sputter away overlying ice and to reveal underlying endogenic non-H2O contaminants. If so, this might explain why the spectra in all these terrains are so similar despite the fact that the contaminants in the linea are clearly endogenic and those in the mottled terrain are almost certainly so. In the near infrared, all these terrains exhibit much more asymmetrical bands at 1.4 and 2.0 ??m at shorter wavelengths than spectra from elsewhere on Europa. It has been argued that this is because the water molecules are bound in hydrated salts. However, this interpretation has been challenged and it has also been argued that pure coarse ice can exhibit such asymmetric bands under certain conditions. The nature of this controversy is briefly discussed, as are theoretical and experimental studies bearing on this problem. ?? 1999 Academic Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1999.6117","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Fanale, F.P., Granahan, J.C., McCord, T.B., Hansen, G., Hibbitts, C.A., Carlson, R., Matson, D., Ocampo, A., Kamp, L., Smythe, W., Leader, F., Mehlman, R., Greeley, R., Sullivan, R., Geissler, P., Barth, C., Hendrix, A., Clark, B., Helfenstein, P., Veverka, J., Belton, M.J., Becker, K., and Becker, T., 1999, Galileo's Multiinstrument Spectral View of Europa's Surface Composition: Icarus, v. 139, no. 2, p. 179-188, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6117.","startPage":"179","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206374,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6117"}],"volume":"139","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14aee4b0c8380cd54af4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fanale, F. 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Traditional suture and epoxy attachment methods were used on Xantus' Murrelets in 1995 and 1996, while the modified attachment was used for Xantus' Murrelets in 1996 and 1997 and Marbled Murrelets in 1997. Modifications included use of an inhalant anesthetic, placing the anchor in a more cranial position on the back, application of marine epoxy, and place- ment of a single subcutaneous non-absorbable suture at the caudal end of the radio to hold the radio in place initially. We located 22 of 56 (39%) Xantus' Murrelets radio-marked using suture and epoxy during aerial surveys in 1995 and 1996. Of birds radio-marked using the subcutaneous anchor attachment, we located 92 of 113 (81%) Xantus' Murrelets marked in 1996 and 1997 and all 28 (100%) Marbled Murrelets marked in 1997 during aerial surveys. The maximum confirmed duration for the subcutaneous anchor transmitter attachment was 51 d for Xantus' Murrelets and 78 d for Marbled Murrelets versus 41 d for the suture and epoxy attachment used on Xantus' Murrelets. Recapture rates of radio-marked Xantus' Mur- relets were similar to recapture rates of unmarked Xantus' Murrelets. Our post-release ob- servations indicated negligible short-term physical effects from the attachment procedure, while telemetry data and examination of recaptured murrelets indicated no evidence of infection or other long-term physical effects. Breeding behavior of some murrelets was not disrupted; however, further evaluation of potential effects of this attachment technique on breeding and behavior is needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Field Ornithologists","usgsCitation":"Newman, S.H., Takekawa, J.Y., Whitworth, D.L., and Burkett, E.E., 1999, Subcutaneous anchor attachment increases retention of radio transmitters on Xantus' and marbled murrelets: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 70, no. 4, p. 520-534.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"520","endPage":"534","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newman, Scott H.","contributorId":101372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":316876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitworth, Darrell L.","contributorId":87338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitworth","given":"Darrell","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burkett, Esther E.","contributorId":174939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burkett","given":"Esther","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021258,"text":"70021258 - 1999 - Direct measurement of the combined effects of lichen, rainfall, and temperature onsilicate weathering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:50","indexId":"70021258","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct measurement of the combined effects of lichen, rainfall, and temperature onsilicate weathering","docAbstract":"A key uncertainty in models of the global carbonate-silicate cycle and long-term climate is the way that silicates weather under different climatologic conditions, and in the presence or absence of organic activity. Digital imaging of basalts in Hawaii resolves the coupling between temperature, rainfall, and weathering in the presence and absence of lichens. Activation energies for abiotic dissolution of plagioclase (23.1 ?? 2.5 kcal/mol) and olivine (21.3 ?? 2.7 kcal/mol) are similar to those measured in the laboratory, and are roughly double those measured from samples taken underneath lichen. Abiotic weathering rates appear to be proportional to rainfall. Dissolution of plagioclase and olivine underneath lichen is far more sensitive to rainfall.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00251-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Brady, P., Dorn, R., Brazel, A., Clark, J., Moore, R.B., and Glidewell, T., 1999, Direct measurement of the combined effects of lichen, rainfall, and temperature onsilicate weathering: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, no. 19-20, p. 3293-3300, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00251-3.","startPage":"3293","endPage":"3300","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206524,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00251-3"},{"id":230100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"19-20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01afe4b0c8380cd4fcf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, P.V.","contributorId":96038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"P.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorn, R.I.","contributorId":61172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorn","given":"R.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brazel, A.J.","contributorId":23709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brazel","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, J.","contributorId":27004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, R. 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Using historical presence-absence data and our own surveys, we estimated annual rates of extirpation and recolonization for several populations of the goby in southern California. As predicted, large wetlands had lower rates of extirpation than small wetlands. There was a negative but statistically nonsignificant correlation between recolonization rate and distance to the nearest northerly source population. Populations at small sites were sensitive to drought, presumably because droughts can eliminate suitable habitat at small wetlands. Populations in small wetlands have declined over time, even after accounting for variation in stream flow, supporting the species' endangered status. Our study emphasizes the need to understand metapopulation dynamics for conserving species where the unit of conservation is a local population. It is also emphasizes the importance of not treating metapopulations as identical units. 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