We have developed regression relationships between Modified Mercalli Intensity (Imm) and peak ground acceleration (PGA) and velocity (PGV) by comparing horizontal peak ground motions to observed intensities for eight significant California earthquakes. For the limited range of Modified Mercalli intensities (Imm), we find that for peak acceleration with V ≤ Imm ≤ VIII, Imm = 3.66 log(PGA) − 1.66, and for peak velocity with V ≤ Imm ≤ IX, Imm = 3.47 log(PGV) + 2.35. From comparison with observed intensity maps, we find that a combined regression based on peak velocity for intensity > VII and on peak acceleration for intensity < VII is most suitable for reproducing observed Imm patterns, consistent with high intensities being related to damage (proportional to ground velocity) and with lower intensities determined by felt accounts (most sensitive to higher-frequency ground acceleration). These new Imm relationships are significantly different from the Trifunac and Brady (1975) correlations, which have been used extensively in loss estimation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Publications","doi":"10.1193/1.1586058","usgsCitation":"Wald, D.J., Quitoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., and Kanamori, H., 1999, Relationships between peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California: Earthquake Spectra, v. 15, no. 3, p. 557-564, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586058.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"564","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229322,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a7ace4b0e8fec6cdc53e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, David J. 0000-0002-1454-4514 wald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"David","email":"wald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":390245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quitoriano, Vincent 0000-0003-4157-1101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-1101","contributorId":317884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quitoriano","given":"Vincent","affiliations":[{"id":69179,"text":"under contract to U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heaton, Thomas H.","contributorId":187505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kanamori, Hiroo","contributorId":106120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"Hiroo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021488,"text":"70021488 - 1999 - Obtaining environmental measures to facilitate vertebrate habitat modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70021488","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Obtaining environmental measures to facilitate vertebrate habitat modeling","docAbstract":"Published literature generally lacks habitat information needed to adequately model the habitats of most wildlife species at large scales (>1:100,000). We searched in primary and secondary literature for occurrence of several potentially useful habitat measures for 20 species of interest to the Idaho Department of Fish and Game. We found adequate information for modeling only the habitats of certain game species and species of special interest. We suggest that many more researchers could collect simple habitat information regarding vegetation composition and structure, topographic features, soils, temperature, and distance to special landscape features such that current research expenses would not be increased significantly. We recommend that habitat data be consistently reported in peer-reviewed literature or deposited into a central data repository. This will not only help fill the gaps in our current knowledge of wildlife but also place it in a format that is readily accessible by the scientific community.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Karl, J., Wright, N., Heglund, P., and Scott, J.M., 1999, Obtaining environmental measures to facilitate vertebrate habitat modeling: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 2, p. 357-365.","startPage":"357","endPage":"365","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b0ce4b0c8380cd744ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karl, J.W.","contributorId":63978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, N.M.","contributorId":72149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heglund, P.J.","contributorId":44505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heglund","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021171,"text":"70021171 - 1999 - Middle Miocene paleotemperature anomalies within the Franciscan Complex of northern California: Thermo-tectonic responses near the Mendocino triple junction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70021171","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Miocene paleotemperature anomalies within the Franciscan Complex of northern California: Thermo-tectonic responses near the Mendocino triple junction","docAbstract":"This study documents three localities in the Franciscan accretionary complex of northern California, now adjacent to the San Andreas fault, that were overprinted thermally between 13.9 and 12.2 Ma: Point Delgada-Shelter Cove (King Range terrane); Bolinas Ridge (San Bruno Mountain terrane); and Mount San Bruno (San Bruno Mountain terrane). Vein assemblages of quartz, carbonate, sulfide minerals, and adularia were precipitated locally in highly fractured wall rock. Vitrinite reflectance (Rm) values and illite crystallinity decrease away from the zones of metalliferous veins, where peak wall-rock temperatures, as determined from Rm, were as high as 315??C. The ??18O values of quartz and calcite indicate that two separate types of fluid contributed to vein precipitation. Higher ??18O fluids produced widespread quartz and calcite veins that are typical of the regional paleothermal regime. The widespread veins are by-products of heat conduction and diffuse fluid flow during zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite-grade metamorphism, and we interpret their paleofluids to have evolved through dehydration reactions and/or extensive isotopic exchange with accreted Franciscan rocks. Lower ??18O fluids, in contrast, evolved from relatively high temperature exchange between seawater (or meteoric water) and basaltic and/or sedimentary host rocks; focused flow of those fluids resulted in local deposition of the metalliferous veins. Heat sources for the three paleothermal anomalies remain uncertain and may have been unrelated to one another. Higher temperature metalliferous fluids in the King Range terrane could have advected either from a site of ridge-trench interaction north of the Mendocino fracture zone or from a \"slabless window\" in the wake of the northward migrating Mendocino triple junction. A separate paradox involves the amount of Quaternary offset of Franciscan basement rocks near Shelter Cove by on-land faults that some regard as the main active trace of the San Andreas plate boundary. Contouring of vitrinite reflectance values to the north of an area affected by A.D. 1906 surface rupture indicates that the maximum dextral offset within the interior of the King Range terrane is only 2.5 km. If this fault extends inland, and if it has been accommodating most of the strike-slip component of San Andreas offset at a rate of 3-4 cm/yr, then its activity began only 83-62 ka. This interpretation would also mean that a longer term trace of the San Andreas fault must be nearby, either offshore or along the northeast boundary of the King Range terrane. An offshore fault trace would be consistent with peak heating of King Range strata north of the Mendocino triple junction. Conversely, shifting the fault to the east would be compatible with a slabless window heat source and long-distance northward translation of the King Range terrane after peak heating.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Underwood, M., Shelton, K., McLaughlin, R.J., Laughland, M., and Solomon, R., 1999, Middle Miocene paleotemperature anomalies within the Franciscan Complex of northern California: Thermo-tectonic responses near the Mendocino triple junction: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 10, p. 1448-1467.","startPage":"1448","endPage":"1467","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56d7e4b0c8380cd6d87a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Underwood, M.B.","contributorId":47386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelton, K.L.","contributorId":87698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLaughlin, R. J. 0000-0002-4390-2288","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2288","contributorId":107271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laughland, M.M.","contributorId":71174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laughland","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Solomon, R.M.","contributorId":78499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021489,"text":"70021489 - 1999 - Evaluation of confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70021489","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer model","docAbstract":"The fact that dependent variables of groundwater models are generally nonlinear functions of model parameters is shown to be a potentially significant factor in calculating accurate confidence intervals for both model parameters and functions of the parameters, such as the values of dependent variables calculated by the model. The Lagrangian method of Vecchia and Cooley [Vecchia, A.V. and Cooley, R.L., Water Resources Research, 1987, 23(7), 1237-1250] was used to calculate nonlinear Scheffe-type confidence intervals for the parameters and the simulated heads of a steady-state groundwater flow model covering 450 km2 of a leaky aquifer. The nonlinear confidence intervals are compared to corresponding linear intervals. As suggested by the significant nonlinearity of the regression model, linear confidence intervals are often not accurate. The commonly made assumption that widths of linear confidence intervals always underestimate the actual (nonlinear) widths was not correct. Results show that nonlinear effects can cause the nonlinear intervals to be asymmetric and either larger or smaller than the linear approximations. Prior information on transmissivities helps reduce the size of the confidence intervals, with the most notable effects occurring for the parameters on which there is prior information and for head values in parameter zones for which there is prior information on the parameters.The fact that dependent variables of groundwater models are generally nonlinear functions of model parameters is shown to be a potentially significant factor in calculating accurate confidence intervals for both model parameters and functions of the parameters, such as the values of dependent variables calculated by the model. The Lagrangian method of Vecchia and Cooley was used to calculate nonlinear Scheffe-type confidence intervals for the parameters and the simulated heads of a steady-state groundwater flow model covering 450 km2 of a leaky aquifer. The nonlinear confidence intervals are compared to corresponding linear intervals. As suggested by the significant nonlinearity of the regression model, linear confidence intervals are often not accurate. The commonly made assumption that widths of linear confidence intervals always underestimate the actual (nonlinear) widths was not correct. Results show that nonlinear effects can cause the nonlinear intervals to be asymmetric and either larger or smaller than the linear approximations. Prior information on transmissivities helps reduce the size of the confidence intervals, with the most notable effects occurring for the parameters on which there is prior information and for head values in parameter zones for which there is prior information on the parameters.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00055-4","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Christensen, S., and Cooley, R., 1999, Evaluation of confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer model: Advances in Water Resources, v. 22, no. 8, p. 807-817, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00055-4.","startPage":"807","endPage":"817","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206214,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(98)00055-4"},{"id":229134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c68e4b0c8380cd52b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, R.L.","contributorId":9272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021394,"text":"70021394 - 1999 - Very long-period signals associated with vulcanian explosions at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70021394","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Very long-period signals associated with vulcanian explosions at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico","docAbstract":"Very long period (VLP) seismic signals associated with large summit eruptions of Popocatepetl volcano in the last four years are investigated using data from a broadband seismometer (0.04-120 s) deployed on the north flank of the volcano at a radial distance of 5 km from the active crater. The VLP signals associated with individual eruptions share similar waveforms. Discrete VLP signals accompanying long-period (LP) events also share similar signatures and have dominant periods that are nearly identical to those observed in the VLP waveforms of explosions. The VLP particle motions for eruption onsets consistently point to a source located a few km beneath the crater. The VLP ground displacement response to each explosion is marked by a compression, followed by a dilatation and terminating with another compression, suggesting a sequence of pressurization-depressurization-repressurization of the conduit. The repetitive nature of the waveforms points to a non-destructive source process which has remained active in the magmatic system of Popocatepetl at least since April 1997.Very long period (VLP) seismic signals associated with large summit eruptions of Popocatepetl volcano in the last four years are investigated using data from a broadband seismometer (0.04-120 s) deployed on the north flank of the volcano at a radial distance of 5 km from the active crater. The VLP signals associated with individual eruptions share similar waveforms. Discrete VLP signals accompanying long-period (LP) events also share similar signatures and have dominant periods that are nearly identical to those observed in the VLP waveforms of explosions. The VLP particle motions for eruption onsets consistently point to a source located a few km beneath the crater. The VLP ground displacement response to each explosion is marked by a compression, followed by a dilatation and terminating with another compression, suggesting a sequence of pressurization-depressurization-repressurization of the conduit. The repetitive nature of the waveforms points to a non-destructive source process which has remained active in the magmatic system of Popocatepetl at least since April 1997.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","doi":"10.1029/1999GL005390","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Arciniega-Ceballos, A., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 1999, Very long-period signals associated with vulcanian explosions at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, no. 19, p. 3013-3016, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL005390.","startPage":"3013","endPage":"3016","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487403,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl005390","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206446,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL005390"}],"volume":"26","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc24ce4b08c986b32aa57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arciniega-Ceballos, A.","contributorId":42742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arciniega-Ceballos","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021395,"text":"70021395 - 1999 - Analysis of atmospheric paniculate matter; application of optical and selected geochemical techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-21T00:42:13.195582","indexId":"70021395","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of atmospheric paniculate matter; application of optical and selected geochemical techniques","docAbstract":"An increase in particulate matter in the atmosphere has been shown to be linked to increased mortality but this relationship is poorly understood. Light microscopy, electron microscopy, electron microprobe, and micro-FTIR techniques have been applied to study atmospheric particulates in Brisbane, Australia as a part of a study on asthma. The particulate matter samples were collected daily from April to August 1992, and the sampling covered the autumn period which is typically a time of high asthma incidence in Brisbane. Volumetrically, most atmospheric particulate matter is less than 2 μm in size. The microscopic analysis reveals that this material is composed mainly of combusted and incompletely burned hydrocarbons from motor vehicle exhaust emissions, quiescent spores of Mucorales, soil bacteria, and inorganic matter in the form of quartz and other silicates. Elemental and functional group analyses confirm microscope identification, documenting carbon-rich, aromatic exhaust material, more aliphatic pollen and spore material and inorganic matter. Fungal spores dominate bioaerosol and are very abundant from the end of April through May to mid-June. The cytoplasmic content of pollens or fungal spores is commonly regarded as allergenic. Particulates from the exhaust emissions and crustal material in a sub-micrometer size range may act as carriers or dispersive mechanisms for cytoplasmic material from fungal spores and pollens, perhaps causing periods of the highest exhaust emission to be the most allergenic.
Carlin-type gold deposits are difficult to date and a wide range of ages has been reported for individual deposits. Therefore, several methods were employed to constrain the age of the gold deposits in the Jerritt Canyon district. Dated igneous rocks with well-documented crosscutting relationships to ore provided the most reliable constraints. K/Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates on igneous rocks are as follows: andesite dikes 324 Ma, sericitic alteration in andesite dikes 118 Ma, basalt dikes 40.8 Ma, quartz monzonite dikes 39.2 Ma, and calc-alkaline ignimbrites 43.1 to 40.1 Ma. Of these, only the andesite and basalt dikes are clearly altered and mineralized. The gold deposits are, therefore, younger than the 40.8 Ma basalt dikes. The sericitic alteration in the andesite dikes is unrelated to the gold deposits. A number of dating techniques did not work. K/Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates on mica from mineralized Ordovician to Devonian sedimentary rocks gave misleading results. The youngest date of 149 Ma from the smallest <0.1-mu m-size fraction shows that the temperature (120 degrees -260 degrees C) and duration (?) of hydrothermal activity was insufficient to reset preexisting fine-grained micas in the host rocks. The temperature and duration was also insufficient to anneal fission tracks in zircon from Ordovician quartzites as they yield Middle Proterozoic dates in both mineralized and barren samples. Apatites were too small for fission track dating. Hydrothermal sulfides have pronounced crustal osmium isotope signatures ( 187 Os/ 188 Os initial = 0.9-3.6) but did not yield a meaningful isochron due to very low Re and Os concentrations and large analytical uncertainties. Paleomagnetic dating techniques failed because the hydrothermal fluids sulfidized nearly all of the iron in the host rocks leaving no remnant magnetism.When published isotopic dates from other Carlin-type deposits in Nevada and Utah are subject to the rigorous evaluation developed for the Jerritt Canyon study, most deposits can be shown to have formed between 42 and 30 Ma. K/Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates on the youngest preore igneous rocks range from 41 to 32 Ma, whereas the oldest postore igneous rocks range from 35 to 33 Ma. Hydrothermal adularia from the Twin Creeks deposit yields similar 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates of 42 Ma. K/Ar dates on supergene alunite range from 4 to 30 Ma. K/Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates on micas separated from sedimentary (395-43 Ma) and igneous (145-38 Ma) rocks are usually much older than the gold deposits and most are suspect because they are from incompletely reset preore micas or from mixtures of preore and ore-stage mica. Fission track dates on zircons are also generally older than the deposits (169-35 Ma) and are not completely reset by mineralization. Apatites are likley to be reset by the hydrothermal systems (and by younger thermal events) and yield dates (83-22 Ma) that are younger than those from zircon. Independent support of a mid-Tertiary age is provided by the low delta D (sub H 2 O) values of hydrothermal fluids from 10 widely separated Carlin-type deposits (-134 + or - 23ppm). The low delta D (sub H 2 O) values are consistent with a mid-Tertiary age when the climate was cool but are inconsistent with the Cretaceous and Jurassic ages favored by some workers when the climate was warm. The age and distribution of Carlin-type deposits coincides with areas that underwent extension and calc-alkaline magmatism over the same time period. Despite this relationship, the deposits lack clear spatial or genetic relationships to mid-Tertiary epizonal plutons. Rather, many deposits are localized along preexisting crustal fault zones. In the Getchell trend, structures tapped deep-sourced metamorphic (or magmatic) fluids and subsequently variably exchanged meteoric water. In the other trends and districts only variably exchanged meteoric water has been detected. These relationships suggest either that all of the deposits formed from deep-sourced fluids and were subsequently flooded by meteoric water, or, that fluids from different sources evolved to produce deposits with similar charateristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.94.6.769","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hofstra, A., Snee, L., Rye, R.O., Folger, H.W., Phinisey, J., Loranger, R., Dahl, A., Naeser, C.W., Stein, H.J., and Lewchuk, M., 1999, Age constraints on Jerritt Canyon and other Carlin-type gold deposits in the western United States-relationship to mid-Tertiary extension and magmatism: Economic Geology, v. 94, no. 6, p. 769-802, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.94.6.769.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"769","endPage":"802","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229830,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e5e4b0c8380cd47f66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Folger, H. W.","contributorId":7302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Phinisey, J.D.","contributorId":9024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phinisey","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Loranger, R.J.","contributorId":37495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loranger","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dahl, A.R.","contributorId":104241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahl","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Stein, H. J.","contributorId":98748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lewchuk, M.","contributorId":43522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewchuk","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70021389,"text":"70021389 - 1999 - Use of female nest characteristics in the sexual behaviour of male sockeye salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021389","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of female nest characteristics in the sexual behaviour of male sockeye salmon","docAbstract":"On three island beaches in Iliamna Lake, Alaska, large numbers of male sockeye salmon gathered and spawned in artificial excavations that mimicked a female's nest immediately prior to spawning, while apparently ignoring the control site. The number of males attracted was correlated positively with changes in the operational sex ratio. In contrast, on the mainland beach examined, no reaction to the artificial nests was apparent. The results are discussed in terms of mate searching behaviour by males, the duration of the spawning period, and associated selection pressures on males to use characteristics of their environment that provide information on availability of females.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jfbi.1999.0988","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Hamon, T., Foote, C., and Brown, G., 1999, Use of female nest characteristics in the sexual behaviour of male sockeye salmon: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 55, no. 3, p. 459-471, https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.1999.0988.","startPage":"459","endPage":"471","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206427,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.1999.0988"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbefee4b08c986b3298de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamon, T.R.","contributorId":38778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamon","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foote, C.J.","contributorId":66020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foote","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, G.S.","contributorId":60408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021567,"text":"70021567 - 1999 - Evaluation of AQUI-S(TM) (efficacy and minimum toxic concentration) as a fish anaesthetic/sedative for public aquaculture in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021567","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":857,"text":"Aquaculture Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of AQUI-S(TM) (efficacy and minimum toxic concentration) as a fish anaesthetic/sedative for public aquaculture in the United States","docAbstract":"A preliminary evaluation of efficacy and minimum toxic concentration of AQUI-S(TM), a fish anaesthetic/sedative, was determined in two size classes of six species of fish important to US public aquaculture (bluegill, channel catfish, lake trout, rainbow trout, walleye and yellow perch). In addition, efficacy and minimum toxic concentration were determined in juvenile-young adult (fish aged 1 year or older) rainbow trout acclimated to water at 7 ??C, 12 ??C and 17 ??C. Testing concentrations were based on determinations made with range-finding studies for both efficacy and minimum toxic concentration. Most of the tested juvenile-young adult fish species were induced in 3 min or less at a nominal AQUI-S(TM) concentration of 20 mg L-1. In juvenile-young adult fish, the minimum toxic concentration was at least 2.5 times the selected efficacious concentration. Three out of five species of fry-fingerlings (1.25-12.5 cm in length and < 1 year old) were induced in ??? 4.1 min at a nominal concentration of 20 mg L-1 AQUI-S(TM), with the other two species requiring nominal concentrations of 25 and 35 mg L-1 for similar times of induction. Recovery times were ??? 7.3 rain for all species in the two size classes. In fry-fingerlings, the minimum toxic concentration was at least 1.4 times the selected efficacious concentration. There appeared to be little relationship between size of fish and concentrations or times to induction, recovery times and minimum toxic concentration. The times required for induction and for recovery were increased in rainbow trout as the acclimation temperature was reduced.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquaculture Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00339.x","issn":"1355557X","usgsCitation":"Stehly, G., and Gingerich, W., 1999, Evaluation of AQUI-S(TM) (efficacy and minimum toxic concentration) as a fish anaesthetic/sedative for public aquaculture in the United States: Aquaculture Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 365-372, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00339.x.","startPage":"365","endPage":"372","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206232,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00339.x"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c0de4b0c8380cd529fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stehly, G. R.","contributorId":34081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehly","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gingerich, W.H.","contributorId":83481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021448,"text":"70021448 - 1999 - Depositional history of the Fire Clay coal bed (Late Duckmantian), Eastern Kentucky, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021448","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depositional history of the Fire Clay coal bed (Late Duckmantian), Eastern Kentucky, USA","docAbstract":"More than 3800 coal thickness measurements, proximate analyses from 97 localities, and stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses from more than 300 outcrops and cores were used in conjunction with previously reported palynological and petrographic studies to map individual benches of the coal and document bench-scale variability in the Fire Clay (Hazard No. 4) coal bed across a 1860 km2 area of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field. The bench architecture of the Fire Clay coal bed consists of uncommon leader benches, a persistent but variable lower bench, a widespread, and generally thick upper bench, and local, variable rider benches. Rheotrophic conditions are inferred for the leader benches and lower bench based on sedimentological associations, mixed palynomorph assemblages, locally common cannel coal layers, and generally high ash yields. The lower bench consistently exhibits vertical variability in petrography and palynology that reflects changing trophic conditions as topographic depressions infilled. Infilling also led to unconfined flooding and ultimately the drowning of the lower bench mire. The drowned mire was covered by an air-fall volcanic-ash deposit, which produced the characteristic flint clay parting. The extent and uniform thickness of the parting suggests that the ash layer was deposited in water on a relatively flat surface without a thick canopy or extensive standing vegetation across most of the study area. Ash deposits led to regional ponding and establishment of a second planar mire. Because the topography had become a broadly uniform, nutrient-rich surface, upper-bench peats became widespread with large areas of the mire distant to clastic sources. Vertical sections of thick (> 70 cm), low-ash yield, upper coal bench show a common palynomorph change from arborescent lycopod dominance upward to fern and densospore-producing, small lycopod dominance, inferred as a shift from planar to ombrotrophic mire phases. Domed mires appear to have been surrounded by wide areas of planar mires, where the coal was thinner (< 70 cm), higher in ash yield, and dominated by arborescent lycopods. Rectangular thickness trends suggest that syndepositional faulting influenced peat accumulation, and possibly the position of the domed mire phase. Faulting also influenced post-depositional clastic environments of deposition, resulting in sandstone channels with angular changes in orientation. Channels and lateral facies were locally draped by high-ash-yield rider coal benches, which sometimes merged with the upper coal bench. These arborescent-lycopod dominant rider coal benches were profoundly controlled by palcotopography, much like the leader coal benches. Each of the benches of coal documented here represent distinctly different mires that came together to form the Fire Clay coal bed, rather than a single mire periodically split by clastic influx. This is significant as each bench of the coal has its own characteristics, which contribute to the total coal characteristics. The large data set allows interpretation of both vertical and lateral limits to postulated domed phases in the upper coal bench, and to the delineation of subtle tectonic structures that allow for meaningful thickness projections beyond the limits of present mining.A study was conducted to analyze the depositional history of the Fire Clay coal bed in the eastern Kentucky coal field. The study involved over 3800 coal thickness measurements, proximate analyses from 97 localities, and stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses from more than 300 outcrops and cores in conjunction with previously reported palynological and petrographic studies to map individual benches of the coal and document bench-scale variability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00004-X","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Greb, S., Eble, C., and Hower, J., 1999, Depositional history of the Fire Clay coal bed (Late Duckmantian), Eastern Kentucky, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 40, no. 4, p. 255-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00004-X.","startPage":"255","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206367,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00004-X"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fec6e4b0c8380cd4ef04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greb, S.F.","contributorId":48294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021307,"text":"70021307 - 1999 - Stress transfer by the 1988-1989 M=5.3 and 5.4 Lake Elsman foreshocks to the Loma Prieta fault: Unclamping at the site of peak mainshock slip","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:04:19.060444","indexId":"70021307","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress transfer by the 1988-1989 M=5.3 and 5.4 Lake Elsman foreshocks to the Loma Prieta fault: Unclamping at the site of peak mainshock slip","docAbstract":"We study the stress transferred by the June 27, 1988, M = 5.3 and August 8, 1989, M = 5.4 Lake Elsman earthquakes, the largest events to strike within 15 km of the future Loma Prieta rupture zone during 74 years before the 1989 M = 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake. We find that the first Lake Elsman event brought the rupture plane of the second event 0.3–1.6 bars (0.03–0.16 MPa) closer to Coulomb failure but that the Lake Elsman events did not bring the future Loma Prieta hypocentral zone closer to failure. Instead, the Lake Elsman earthquakes are calculated to have reduced the normal stress on (or “undamped”) the Loma Prieta rupture surface by 0.5–1.0 bar (0.05–0.10 MPa) at the site where the greatest slip subsequently occurred in the Loma Prieta earthquake. This association between the sites of peak unclamping and slip suggests that the Lake Elsman events did indeed influence the Loma Prieta rupture process. Unclamping the fault would have locally lowered the resistance to sliding. Such an effect could have been enhanced if the lowered normal stress permitted fluid infusion into the undamped part of the fault. Although less well recorded, the ML = 5.0 1964 and ML = 5.3 1967 Corralitos events struck within 10 km of the southwest end of the future Loma Prieta rupture. No similar relationship between the normal stress change and subsequent Loma Prieta slip is observed, although the high-slip patch southwest of the Loma Prieta epicenter corresponds roughly to the site of calculated Coulomb stress increase for a low coefficient of friction. The Lake Elsman-Loma Prieta result is similar to that for the 1987 M = 6.2 Elmore Ranch and M = 6.7 Superstition Hills earthquakes, suggesting that foreshocks might influence the distribution of mainshock slip rather than the site of mainshock nucleation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900092","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Perfettini, H., Stein, R., Simpson, R., and Cocco, M., 1999, Stress transfer by the 1988-1989 M=5.3 and 5.4 Lake Elsman foreshocks to the Loma Prieta fault: Unclamping at the site of peak mainshock slip: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B9, p. 20169-20182, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900092.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"20169","endPage":"20182","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229708,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b67e4b08c986b31ce70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perfettini, H.","contributorId":95641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perfettini","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, R.","contributorId":49934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cocco, M.","contributorId":70128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocco","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021543,"text":"70021543 - 1999 - Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021543","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes","docAbstract":"Measurements of a large suite of metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and several others) and sulfur at Kilauea volcano over an extended period of time has yielded a detailed record of the atmospheric injection of ordinarily-rare metals from this quiescently degassing volcano, representative of an important type. We have combined the Kilauea data with data of recent studies by others (emissions from volcanoes in the Indonesian arc; the large Laki eruption of two centuries ago; Etna: estimates of total volcanic emissions of sulfur) to form the basis for a new working estimate of the rate of worldwide injection of metals to the atmosphere by volcanoes. The new estimate is that volcanoes inject a substantially smaller mass of ordinarily-rare metals into the atmosphere than was stated in a widely cited previous estimate [J.O. Nriagu, A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals, Nature 338 (1989) 47-49]. Our estimate, which is an upper limit, is an annual injection mass of about 10,000 tons of the metals considered, versus the earlier estimate of about 23,000 tons. Also, the proportions of the metals are substantially different in our new estimate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., Lamothe, P.J., Wilson, S., Finnegan, D., and Gerlach, T., 1999, Metal emissions from Kilauea, and a suggested revision of the estimated worldwide metal output by quiescent degassing of volcanoes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 170, no. 3, p. 315-325, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X.","startPage":"315","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206306,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00103-X"},{"id":229354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"170","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a547be4b0c8380cd6cfbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, S. A. 0000-0002-9468-0005","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-0005","contributorId":23561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finnegan, David L.","contributorId":80410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finnegan","given":"David L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021219,"text":"70021219 - 1999 - Interactive effects of nutrient additions and predation on infaunal communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T18:51:14.210747","indexId":"70021219","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive effects of nutrient additions and predation on infaunal communities","docAbstract":"Nutrient additions represent an important anthropogenic stress on coastal ecosystems. At moderate levels, increased nutrients may lead to increased primary production and, possibly, to increased biomass of consumers although complex trophic interactions may modify or mask these effects. We examined the influence of nutrient additions and interactive effects of trophic interactions (predation) on benthic infaunal composition and abundances through small-scale field experiments in 2 estuaries that differed in ambient nutrient conditions. A blocked experimental design was used that allowed an assessment of direct nutrient effects in the presence and absence of predation by epibenthic predators as well as an assessment of the independent effects of predation. Benthic microalgal, production increased with experimental nutrient additions and was greater when infaunal abundances were lower, but there were no significant interactions between these factors. Increased abundances of one infaunal taxa,Laeonereis culveri, as well as the grazer feeding guild were observed with nutrient additions and a number of taxa exhibited higher abundances with predator exclusion. In contrast to results from freshwater systems there were no significant interactive effects between nutrient additions and predator exclusion as was predicted. The infaunal responses observed here emphasize the importance of both bottom-up (nutrient addition and primary producer driven) and top-down (predation) controls in structuring benthic communities. These processes may work at different spatial and temporal scales, and affect different taxa, making observation of potential interactive effects difficult.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1353111","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Posey, M., Alphin, T., Cahoon, L., Lindquist, D., and Becker, M., 1999, Interactive effects of nutrient additions and predation on infaunal communities: Estuaries, v. 22, no. 3B, p. 785-792, https://doi.org/10.2307/1353111.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"785","endPage":"792","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230021,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Bradley Creek, Pages Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.81171201598545,\n 34.18845440754163\n ],\n [\n -77.78838185070711,\n 34.21563567034666\n ],\n [\n -77.78047425167793,\n 34.230452375199235\n ],\n [\n -77.74530778188638,\n 34.26884103243326\n ],\n [\n -77.79970046358822,\n 34.29038547562577\n ],\n [\n -77.81288226148969,\n 34.27975672042213\n ],\n [\n -77.81707394663911,\n 34.27391081851401\n ],\n [\n -77.83160364957688,\n 34.260436162775704\n ],\n [\n -77.85286210409865,\n 34.23957399678123\n ],\n [\n -77.87531710445401,\n 34.213482094256506\n ],\n [\n -77.81171201598545,\n 34.18845440754163\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cdae4b0c8380cd630d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Posey, M.H.","contributorId":27633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Posey","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alphin, T.D.","contributorId":60399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alphin","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cahoon, L.","contributorId":29597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindquist, D.","contributorId":55169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindquist","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Becker, M.E.","contributorId":76084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021339,"text":"70021339 - 1999 - Metolachlor and alachlor breakdown product formation patterns in aquatic field mesocosms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T06:55:35","indexId":"70021339","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metolachlor and alachlor breakdown product formation patterns in aquatic field mesocosms","docAbstract":"The transformation of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] and alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] in aquatic systems was investigated using outdoor tank mesocosms. Metolachlor and alachlor levels and their ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanillic acid breakdown products were monitored over time under five experimental treatments (each in quadruplicate). Background water conditions were identical in all treatments with each treatment differing based on the level and type(s) of herbicide present. Treatments included a no-herbicide control, 10 μg/L metolachlor, 25 μg/L metolachlor, 25 μg/L alachlor, and 25 μg/L alachlor plus 25 μg/L metolachlor in combination. The experiment was initiated by adding herbicide(s) to the units to the target concentrations; herbicide and breakdown product levels and other chemical parameters were then monitored for 85 days. In general, metolachlor half-lives were longer than alachlor half-lives under all treatments, although the differences were not statistically significant. Metolachlor half-lives (±95% confidence limits) ranged from 33.0 d (±14.1 d) to 46.2 d (±40.0 d), whereas alachlor half-lives ranged from 18.7 d (±3.5 d) to 21.0 d (±6.5 d) for different treatments. Formation patterns of ESA were similar in all treatments, whereas oxanillic acid formation differed for the two herbicides. Alachlor oxanillic acid was produced in larger quantities than metolachlor oxanillic acid and either ESA under equivalent conditions. Our results suggest that the transformation pathways for alachlor and metolachlor in aquatic systems are similar and resemble the acetochlor pathway in soils proposed by Feng (Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 1991, 34, 136); however, the oxanillic acid branch of the pathway is favored for alachlor as compared with metolachlor.
We present a new three-dimensional inventory of the southern San Francisco Bay area faults and use it to calculate stress applied principally by the 1989 M = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake and to compare fault seismicity rates before and after 1989. The major high-angle right-lateral faults exhibit a different response to the stress change than do minor oblique (right-lateral/thrust) faults. Seismicity on oblique-slip faults in the southern Santa Clara Valley thrust belt increased where the faults were undamped. The strong dependence of seismicity change on normal stress change implies a high coefficient of static friction. In contrast, we observe that faults with significant offset (>50–100 km) behave differently; microseismicity on the Hayward fault diminished where right-lateral shear stress was reduced and where it was undamped by the Loma Prieta earthquake. We observe a similar response on the San Andreas fault zone in southern California after the Landers earthquake sequence. Additionally, the offshore San Gregorio fault shows a seismicity rate increase where right-lateral/oblique shear stress was increased by the Loma Prieta earthquake despite also being clamped by it. These responses are consistent with either a low coefficient of static friction or high pore fluid pressures within the fault zones. We can explain the different behavior of the two styles of faults if those with large cumulative offset become impermeable through gouge buildup; coseismically pressurized pore fluids could be trapped and negate imposed normal stress changes, whereas in more limited offset faults, fluids could rapidly escape. The difference in behavior between minor and major faults may explain why frictional failure criteria that apply intermediate coefficients of static friction can be effective in describing the broad distributions of aftershocks that follow large earthquakes, since many of these events occur both inside and outside major fault zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900056","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Stein, R., Simpson, R., and Reasenberg, P., 1999, Stress sensitivity of fault seismicity: A comparison between limited-offset oblique and major strike-slip faults: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B9, p. 20183-20202, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900056.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"20183","endPage":"20202","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230184,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b65e4b08c986b31ce5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021485,"text":"70021485 - 1999 - Influence of prerelease experience on reintroduced black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70021485","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of prerelease experience on reintroduced black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes)","docAbstract":"Captive breeding is increasingly being used to create supplies of endangered animals for release into natural habitats, but rearing strategies vary and debates arise over which methods are most efficient. We assessed postrelease behaviors and survival of three groups of black-footed ferrets, each with different prerelease experience. Eighteen ferret kits ???60 days of age were moved with their dams from cages to 80-m2 outdoor pens with prairie dog burrows. These animals were compared to animals reared in standard cages (n = 72), some of which were given experience killing prairie dogs (n = 32). Ferrets were released onto white-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys leucurus) colonies in Wyoming, USA, in fall, 1992. Radio-tagged cage-reared ferrets made longer nightly moves and dispersed further from release sites than their pen-reared counterparts. The band return rate was 4-fold higher for pen-reared animals than for cage-reared animals during surveys conducted about 1 month after release. We recommend routine use of quasi-natural outdoor pens for prerelease conditioning of black-footed ferrets.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00158-X","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Biggins, E., Vargas, A., Godbey, J.L., and Anderson, S., 1999, Influence of prerelease experience on reintroduced black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes): Biological Conservation, v. 89, no. 2, p. 121-129, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00158-X.","startPage":"121","endPage":"129","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206185,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00158-X"}],"volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b69e4b0c8380cd624ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggins, E.","contributorId":88303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vargas, Astrid","contributorId":42380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vargas","given":"Astrid","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godbey, Jerry L.","contributorId":58988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godbey","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, S.H.","contributorId":33667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021177,"text":"70021177 - 1999 - Simultaneous reduction of nitrate and selenate by cell suspensions of selenium-respiring bacteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T17:58:48.6387","indexId":"70021177","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simultaneous reduction of nitrate and selenate by cell suspensions of selenium-respiring bacteria","docAbstract":"Washed-cell suspensions of Sulfurospirillum barnesiireduced selenate [Se(VI)] when cells were cultured with nitrate, thiosulfate, arsenate, or fumarate as the electron acceptor. When the concentration of the electron donor was limiting, Se(VI) reduction in whole cells was approximately fourfold greater in Se(VI)-grown cells than was observed in nitrate-grown cells; correspondingly, nitrate reduction was ∼11-fold higher in nitrate-grown cells than in Se(VI)-grown cells. However, a simultaneous reduction of nitrate and Se(VI) was observed in both cases. At nonlimiting electron donor concentrations, nitrate-grown cells suspended with equimolar nitrate and selenate achieved a complete reductive removal of nitrogen and selenium oxyanions, with the bulk of nitrate reduction preceding that of selenate reduction. Chloramphenicol did not inhibit these reductions. The Se(VI)-respiring haloalkaliphile Bacillus arsenicoselenatis gave similar results, but its Se(VI) reductase was not constitutive in nitrate-grown cells. No reduction of Se(VI) was noted for Bacillus selenitireducens, which respires selenite. The results of kinetic experiments with cell membrane preparations of S. barnesii suggest the presence of constitutive selenate and nitrate reduction, as well as an inducible, high-affinity nitrate reductase in nitrate-grown cells which also has a low affinity for selenate. The simultaneous reduction of micromolar Se(VI) in the presence of millimolar nitrate indicates that these organisms may have a functional use in bioremediating nitrate-rich, seleniferous agricultural wastewaters. Results with75Se-selenate tracer show that these organisms can lower ambient Se(VI) concentrations to levels in compliance with new regulations proposed for release of selenium oxyanions into the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.65.10.4385-4392.1999","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R., Blum, J., Bindi, A., Dowdle, P., Herbel, M., and Stolz, J., 1999, Simultaneous reduction of nitrate and selenate by cell suspensions of selenium-respiring bacteria: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 65, no. 10, p. 4385-4392, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.10.4385-4392.1999.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4385","endPage":"4392","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479482,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.10.4385-4392.1999","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230017,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.40714829011188,\n 34.95937166589886\n ],\n [\n -119.17094223542429,\n 34.93235539692385\n ],\n [\n -119.07206528229949,\n 34.95036723202318\n ],\n [\n -118.87980454011176,\n 34.81067208951639\n ],\n [\n -118.57768051667443,\n 35.00887836602165\n ],\n [\n -118.7479686026119,\n 35.14374438857065\n ],\n [\n -118.50626938386176,\n 35.31873662181887\n ],\n [\n -118.77543442292438,\n 35.368025122142015\n ],\n [\n -118.69853012604949,\n 35.98825513872099\n ],\n [\n -118.86881821198696,\n 36.312052039937\n ],\n [\n -119.12699692292446,\n 36.53747196450577\n ],\n [\n -119.30827133698673,\n 36.76375023684244\n ],\n [\n -119.46207993073685,\n 37.03171841353769\n ],\n [\n -119.78068344636188,\n 37.259406489282455\n ],\n [\n -119.78068344636188,\n 37.403545027625654\n ],\n [\n -120.00041000886173,\n 37.48640837134141\n ],\n [\n -120.28056137604918,\n 37.877670317750244\n ],\n [\n -120.4563426260492,\n 38.19782619497977\n ],\n [\n -121.25834457917418,\n 38.14146103768468\n ],\n [\n -121.62089340729938,\n 37.773311592507085\n ],\n [\n -121.75822250886182,\n 37.5994269502673\n ],\n [\n -121.4506053213619,\n 37.47310583288018\n ],\n [\n -121.34074204011196,\n 37.26792445847737\n ],\n [\n -121.14848129792423,\n 36.9876272964828\n ],\n [\n -120.92326157136179,\n 36.73487809132645\n ],\n [\n -120.92326157136179,\n 36.55858482355269\n ],\n [\n -120.63761704011182,\n 36.49237086778392\n ],\n [\n -120.6156443838619,\n 36.38188839542441\n ],\n [\n -120.39591782136168,\n 36.31109710946848\n ],\n [\n -120.48930161042426,\n 36.05838065952628\n ],\n [\n -120.19816391511156,\n 35.8697070697518\n ],\n [\n -120.06632797761169,\n 35.669141344991104\n ],\n [\n -119.89054672761165,\n 35.43674739770823\n ],\n [\n -119.68180649323656,\n 35.221632774539046\n ],\n [\n -119.40714829011188,\n 34.95937166589886\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90d6e4b08c986b31969b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blum, J.S.","contributorId":105070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bindi, A.B.","contributorId":83391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bindi","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dowdle, P.R.","contributorId":77678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdle","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herbel, M.","contributorId":77799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbel","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stolz, J.F.","contributorId":94022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolz","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021211,"text":"70021211 - 1999 - Uncommon breeding birds in North Dakota: Population estimates and frequencies of occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-13T13:05:12.989101","indexId":"70021211","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uncommon breeding birds in North Dakota: Population estimates and frequencies of occurrence","docAbstract":"Breeding bird populations were surveyed on 128 randomly selected quarter-sections throughout North Dakota in 1967, 1992, and 1993. Population estimates and frequencies of occurrence are reported for 92 uncommon breeding bird species with statewide frequencies of less than 10%.","language":"English","publisher":"Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club","issn":"00083550","usgsCitation":"Igl, L., Johnson, D.H., and Kantrud, H., 1999, Uncommon breeding birds in North Dakota: Population estimates and frequencies of occurrence: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 113, no. 4, p. 646-651.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"651","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422528,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/358667"},{"id":229901,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"113","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc2ae4b08c986b328a90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Igl, L.D. 0000-0003-0530-7266","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":13568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kantrud, H.A.","contributorId":28553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrud","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021483,"text":"70021483 - 1999 - Dendrochronology and late Holocene history of Bering piedmont glacier, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021483","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dendrochronology and late Holocene history of Bering piedmont glacier, Alaska","docAbstract":"Fluctuations of the piedmont lobe of Bering Glacier and its sublobe Steller Glacier over the past two millennia are reconstructed using 34 radiocarbon dates and tree-ring data from 16 sites across the glaciers' forelands. The general sequence of glacial activity is consistent with well-dated fluctuations of tidewater and land-terminating glaciers elsewhere along the Gulf of Alaska. Extensive forested areas along 25 km of the Bering ice margin were inundated by glacio-lacustrine and glacio-fluvial sediments during a probable ice advance shortly before 500 cal yr A.D. Regrowth of forests followed the retreating ice as early as the 7th century A.D., with frequent interruptions of tree growth due to outwash aggradation. Forests overrun by ice and buried in outwash indicate readvance about 1080 cal yr A.D. Retreat followed, with ice-free conditions maintained along the distal portions of the forefield until the early 17th century after which the ice advanced to within a few kilometers of its outer Neoglacial moraine. Ice reached this position after the mid-17th century and prior to 200 yr ago. Since the early 20th century, glacial retreat has been punctuated by periodic surges. The record from forests overrun by the nonsurging Steller Lobe shows that this western ice margin was advancing by 1250 A.D., reaching near its outer moraine after 1420 cal yr A.D. Since the late 19th century, the lobe has dominantly retreated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2054","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Wiles, G., Post, A., Muller, E., and Molnia, B.F., 1999, Dendrochronology and late Holocene history of Bering piedmont glacier, Alaska: Quaternary Research, v. 52, no. 2, p. 185-195, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2054.","startPage":"185","endPage":"195","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206391,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2054"},{"id":229615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe94e4b0c8380cd4ede2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiles, G.C.","contributorId":40364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiles","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, A.","contributorId":51033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Post","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller, E.H.","contributorId":35350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Molnia, B. F.","contributorId":29386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2001095,"text":"2001095 - 1999 - Candidiasis","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001095,"text":"2001095 - 1999 - Candidiasis","indexId":"2001095","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Candidiasis"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T14:04:15","indexId":"2001095","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Candidiasis","docAbstract":"Candida albicans, a yeast-like fungi, is the primary cause of candidiasis or candidiosis. C. albicans is a normal inhabitant of the human alimentary canal, as well as that of many species of lower animals. Ingestion in food or in water is the usual means for its transmission. Contaminated environments, such as litter from poultry and gamebird rearing facilities, refuse disposal areas, discharge sites for poultry operations, and areas contaminated with human waste have all been suggested as sources for Candidia exposure for birds.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1999, Candidiasis: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=147","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6cd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021452,"text":"70021452 - 1999 - Influence of infection with Renibacterium salmoninarum on susceptibility of juvenile spring chinook salmon to gas bubble trauma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T10:47:03","indexId":"70021452","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of infection with Renibacterium salmoninarum on susceptibility of juvenile spring chinook salmon to gas bubble trauma","docAbstract":"During experiments in our laboratory to assess the progression and severity of gas bubble trauma (GBT) in juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, we had the opportunity to assess the influence of Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, on the susceptibility of salmon to GBT. We exposed fish with an established infection of Rs to 120% total dissolved gas (TDG) for 96 h and monitored severity of GBT signs in the fins and gills, Rs infection level in kidneys by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and mortality. Mortality occurred rapidly after exposure to 120% TDG, with a LT20 (time necessary to kill 20% of the population) of about 37 h, which is at a minimum about 16% earlier than other bioassays we have conducted using fish that had no apparent signs of disease. Fish that died early (from 31 to 36 h and from 49 to 52 h) had significantly higher infection levels (mean ?? SE ELISA absorbance = 1.532 ?? 0.108) than fish that survived for 96h (mean ?? SE ELISA absorbance = 0.828 ?? 0.137). Fish that died early also had a significantly greater number of gill filaments occluded with bubbles than those that survived 96 h. Conversely, fish that survived for 96 h had a significantly higher median fin severity ranking than those that died early. Our results indicate that fish with moderate to high levels of Rs infection are more vulnerable to the effects of dissolved gas supersaturation (DGS) and die sooner than fish with lower levels of Rs infection. However, there is a substantial amount of individual variation in susceptibility to the apparent cumulative effects of DGS and Rs infection. Collectively, our findings have important implications to programs designed to monitor the prevalence and severity of GBT in juvenile salmonids in areas like the Columbia River basin and perhaps elsewhere.
","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0123:IOIWRS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Weiland, L., Mesa, M., and Maule, A., 1999, Influence of infection with Renibacterium salmoninarum on susceptibility of juvenile spring chinook salmon to gas bubble trauma: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 11, no. 2, p. 123-129, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0123:IOIWRS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"129","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b45e4b0c8380cd623a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiland, L.K.","contributorId":37493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiland","given":"L.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021212,"text":"70021212 - 1999 - Preliminary study on the mode of occurrence of arsenic in high arsenic coals from southwest Guizhou Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T15:48:14.506092","indexId":"70021212","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3350,"text":"Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary study on the mode of occurrence of arsenic in high arsenic coals from southwest Guizhou Province","docAbstract":"Coal samples from high arsenic coal areas have been analyzed by electron micropbe analyzer (EMPA), scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffinction analysis (XRD), low temperature ashing (LTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), instnunent neutron activation analysis (INAA) and wet chemical analysis. Although some As-bearing minerals such as pyrite, arsenopyrite, realgar (?), As-bearing sulfate, and As-bearing clays are found in the high arsenic coals, their contents do not account for the abundance of arsenic in the some coals. Analysis of the coal indicates that arsenic exists mainly in the form of As 5+ and As 3+, combined with compounds in the organic matrix. The occurrence of such exceptionally high arsenic contents in coal and the fact that the arsenic is dominantly organically associated are unique observations. The modes of occurrence of arsenic in high As-coals are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02877793","issn":"10069313","usgsCitation":"Ding, Z., Zheng, B., Zhang, J., Belkin, H., Finkelman, R.B., Zhao, F., Zhou, D., Zhou, Y., and Chen, C., 1999, Preliminary study on the mode of occurrence of arsenic in high arsenic coals from southwest Guizhou Province: Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences, v. 42, no. 6, p. 655-661, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02877793.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"655","endPage":"661","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229941,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ac2e4b0c8380cd7e0ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ding, Z.","contributorId":51045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zheng, B.","contributorId":51489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Jiahua","contributorId":35479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiahua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhao, F.","contributorId":15362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhao","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zhou, D.","contributorId":98037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zhou, Y.","contributorId":70526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Chen, C.","contributorId":98490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70021397,"text":"70021397 - 1999 - Highest pluvial-lake shorelines and Pleistocene climate of the western Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70021397","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Highest pluvial-lake shorelines and Pleistocene climate of the western Great Basin","docAbstract":"Shoreline altitudes of several pluvial lakes in the western Great Basin of North America record successively smaller lakes from the early to the late Pleistocene. This decrease in lake size indicates a long-term drying trend in the regional climate that is not seen in global marine oxygen-isotope records. At +70 m above its late Pleistocene shoreline, Lake Lahontan in the early middle Pleistocene submerged some basins previously thought to have been isolated. Other basins known to contain records of older pluvial lakes that exceeded late Pleistocene levels include Columbus-Fish Lake (Lake Columbus-Rennie), Kobeh-Diamond (Lakes Jonathan and Diamond), Newark, Long (Lake Hubbs), and Clover. Very high stands of some of these lakes probably triggered overflows of previously internally drained basins, adding to the size of Lake Lahontan. Simple calculations based on differences in lake area suggest that the highest levels of these pluvial lakes required a regional increase in effective moisture by a factor of 1.2 to 3 relative to late Pleistocene pluvial amounts (assuming that effective moisture is directly proportional to the hydrologic index, or lake area/tributary basin area). These previously unknown lake levels reflect significant changes in climate, tectonics, and (or) drainage-basin configurations, and could have facilitated migration of aquatic species in the Great Basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2064","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M., 1999, Highest pluvial-lake shorelines and Pleistocene climate of the western Great Basin: Quaternary Research, v. 52, no. 2, p. 196-205, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2064.","startPage":"196","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487405,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2064","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206461,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2064"},{"id":229831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3144e4b0c8380cd5dd9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, M. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":51044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}