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This report, like the others in the series, contains information on well construction, ground-water withdrawal from wells, water-level changes, precipitation, streamflow, and chemical quality of water. Information on well construction included in this report refers only to wells constructed for new appropriations of ground water. Supplementary data are included in reports of this series only for those years or areas which are important to a discussion of changing ground-water conditions and for which applicable data are available.
This report includes individual discussions of selected significant areas of ground-water development in the State for calendar year 1997. Most of the reported data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Divisions of Water Rights and Water Resources.
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The results of these studies show a delayed and blunted but more prolonged corticosterone response to CRH in the fat-preferring rats compared with that of the carbohydrate-preferring rats.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/1028415X.1998.11747235","issn":"1028415X","usgsCitation":"Herminghuysen, D., Plaisance, K., Pace, R.M., and Prasad, C., 1998, Prolonged stimulation of corticosterone secretion by corticotropin-releasing hormone in rats exhibiting high preference for dietary fat: Nutritional Neuroscience, v. 1, no. 3, p. 251-254, https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.1998.11747235.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"254","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230967,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-07-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f03e4b0c8380cd7f517","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herminghuysen, D.","contributorId":11371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herminghuysen","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plaisance, K.","contributorId":37109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plaisance","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pace, R. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"572486e0e4b0b13d3915984c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arvin, Donald V. dvarvin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvin","given":"Donald","email":"dvarvin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spaeth, Ralph","contributorId":169036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spaeth","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162438,"text":"70162438 - 1998 - Effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters on swimming performance and predator avoidance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T11:12:34","indexId":"70162438","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters on swimming performance and predator avoidance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","docAbstract":"Radiotelemetry data are often used to make inferences about an entire study population; therefore, the transmitter attachment method should be the one that least affects the study animal. Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) <120 mm in fork length (FL) with either gastrically or surgically implanted transmitters had significantly lower critical swimming speeds than control fish 1 and 19-23 days after tagging. For fish >120 mm FL, fish with gastric implants swam as well as controls 1 day but not 19-23 days after tagging. In contrast, fish with surgical implants swam as well as controls 19-23 days but not 1 day after tagging. During predation trials, fish with gastric or surgical implants were eaten by smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in significantly greater numbers than controls. We do not recommend implanting transmitters (representing 4.6-10.4% of the fish's body weight) in fish <120 mm FL. Furthermore, surgical implants (representing 2.2-5.6% of the fish's body weight) may be the preferred method for biotelemetry studies of juvenile chinook salmon >120 mm FL.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing ","doi":"10.1139/f97-285","usgsCitation":"Adams, N., Rondorf, D., Evans, S., Kelly, J., and Perry, R., 1998, Effects of surgically and gastrically implanted radio transmitters on swimming performance and predator avoidance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 55, no. 4, p. 781-787, https://doi.org/10.1139/f97-285.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"781","endPage":"787","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75552e4b0b28f1184d81e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, N.S.","contributorId":93175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"N.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, S.D.","contributorId":69282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelly, J.E.","contributorId":20216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perry, R.W.","contributorId":43947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70162617,"text":"70162617 - 1998 - Purification of Piscirickettsia salmonis and partial characterisation of antigens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-27T10:31:28","indexId":"70162617","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Purification of Piscirickettsia salmonis and partial characterisation of antigens","docAbstract":"Piscirickettsia salmonis is the etiological agent of salmonid rickettsial septicemia, an economically significant disease affecting the salmon aquaculture industry. As with other rickettsial pathogens, antigenic analysis of P. salmonis has been limited by the inherent difficulties of purifying an intracellular organism away from host cell material. In this report, we describe the use of diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium (DMDS) density gradient centrifugation to purify P. salmonis grown in chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cells. Plaque assay titers and total protein assays confirmed that viable P. salmonis was consistently concentrated in a visible band within the DMDS density gradient at a density of 1.15 to 1.16 g ml-1. Recovery of purified, viable organisms from DMDS density gradients varied from 0.6 to 3%. Preparations of uninfected CHSE-214 cells, CHSE-214 cells infected with P. salmonis, and gradient-purified P. salmonis were compared using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to assess the degree of purification and to identify P. salmonis-specific proteins. Although gradient-purified P. salmonis preparations were not completely free of host cell material, 8 bacterial proteins were identified. Polyclonal rabbit antiserum was used in an immunoblot of proteins from purified P. salmonis to identify 3 major and 5 minor antigens. The major antigens of 56, 30 and 20 kDa were potential candidates for experimental vaccines and development of novel diagnostic assays.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","doi":"10.3354/dao033033","usgsCitation":"Barnes, M., Landolt, M., Powell, D., and Winton, J., 1998, Purification of Piscirickettsia salmonis and partial characterisation of antigens: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 33, no. 1, p. 33-41, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao033033.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao033033","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a9f84ae4b012c193aa3eda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, M.N.","contributorId":152613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landolt, M.L.","contributorId":73148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landolt","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, D.B.","contributorId":63646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162615,"text":"70162615 - 1998 - Comparison of the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the polymerase chain reaction to detect Renibacterium salmoninarum in salmon ovarian fluid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T15:57:57","indexId":"70162615","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2492,"text":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the polymerase chain reaction to detect Renibacterium salmoninarum in salmon ovarian fluid","docAbstract":"Ovarian fluid samples from naturally infected chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were examined for the presence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test (MF-FAT), an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On the basis of the MF-FAT, 64% (66/103) samples contained detectable levels of R. salmoninarum cells. Among the positive fish, the R. salmoninarum concentrations ranged from 25 cells/ml to 4.3 × 109cells/ml. A soluble antigenic fraction of R. salmoninarum was detected in 39% of the fish (40/103) by the ELISA. The ELISA is considered one of the most sensitive detection methods for bacterial kidney disease in tissues, yet it did not detect R. salmoninarum antigen consistently at bacterial cell concentrations below about 1.3 × 104cells/ml according to the MF-FAT counts. When total DNA was extracted and tested in a nested PCR designed to amplify a 320-base-pair region of the gene encoding a soluble 57-kD protein of R. salmoninarum, 100% of the 100 samples tested were positive. The results provided strong evidence that R. salmoninarum may be present in ovarian fluids thought to be free of the bacterium on the basis of standard diagnostic methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians","doi":"10.1177/104063879801000111","usgsCitation":"Pascho, R.J., Chase, D.M., and McKibben, C.L., 1998, Comparison of the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the polymerase chain reaction to detect Renibacterium salmoninarum in salmon ovarian fluid: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v. 10, no. 1, p. 60-66, https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879801000111.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879801000111","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a9f83fe4b012c193aa3ec0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pascho, Ronald J.","contributorId":177070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pascho","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chase, Dorothy M. dchase@usgs.gov","contributorId":4786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Dorothy","email":"dchase@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKibben, Constance L. cmckibben@usgs.gov","contributorId":3831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKibben","given":"Constance","email":"cmckibben@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162633,"text":"70162633 - 1998 - Detection of PIT-tagged subyearling Chinook salmon at a Snake River dam: Implications for summer flow augmentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-12T12:20:32","indexId":"70162633","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of PIT-tagged subyearling Chinook salmon at a Snake River dam: Implications for summer flow augmentation","docAbstract":"Rearing subyearling chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (≥60 mm in fork length) were captured in the Snake River and tagged with passive integrated transponders to provide an index of their survival to Lower Granite Dam, the first of eight dams encountered by seaward migrants. Water was released from reservoirs upstream of Lower Granite Dam to augment summer flows and thereby increase subyearling chinook salmon survival. Mean summer flow and maximum summer water temperature in Lower Granite Reservoir were highly correlated (N = 4; r = −0.999). Acknowledging this correlation, we conducted two separate least-squares regressions using detection rate as the dependent variable. Detection rate at Lower Granite Dam was positively related to mean summer flow (N = 4; r 2 = 0.993; P = 0.003) and negatively related to maximum summer water temperature (N = 4; r 2 = 0.984; P = 0.008). Summer flow augmentation increased flow and decreased water temperature in Lower Granite Reservoir especially in low-flow years. Our results support summer flow augmentation as a beneficial interim recovery measure for enhancing survival of subyearling chinook salmon in the Snake River. Additional research should include replicate within-year releases of PIT-tagged subyearlings as well as studies of fish guidance efficiency.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0530:DOPTSC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Connor, W., Burge, H., and Bennett, D., 1998, Detection of PIT-tagged subyearling Chinook salmon at a Snake River dam: Implications for summer flow augmentation: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 18, no. 3, p. 530-536, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0530:DOPTSC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"530","endPage":"536","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314932,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lower Granite Dam, Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.65842437744139,\n 46.6303429204695\n ],\n [\n -117.41020202636719,\n 46.6303429204695\n ],\n [\n -117.41020202636719,\n 46.71679791956449\n ],\n [\n -117.65842437744139,\n 46.71679791956449\n ],\n [\n -117.65842437744139,\n 46.6303429204695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49c1e4b07ca61bfea501","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connor, W.P.","contributorId":98090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burge, H.L.","contributorId":57104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burge","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, D.H.","contributorId":28698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162619,"text":"70162619 - 1998 - Evaluation of a new miniature pressure-sensitive radio transmitter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-27T10:49:18","indexId":"70162619","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Evaluation of a new miniature pressure-sensitive radio transmitter","docAbstract":"A miniature pressure-sensitive radio transmitter (tag) was evaluated and field tested as a tool for determining the depths of juvenile salmonids. The tag had an effective radiated power of −19.7 decibels (1 mW reference), dimensions of 23 mm × 7 mm, and a weight of 2.2 g in air. The pulse rate of the tag increased with pressure, resulting in an expected tag life of approximately 11 d at the water surface and 7.5 d at 10.5 m. The tags were accurate to within 16 mm with 95% of observations within ±0.32 m of the true depth. The resolution of the tags was 0.2 m. Errors in indicated depth resulting from differences between the calibration and operating temperatures were minimized by means of a correction factor. Tags surgically implanted in juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss indicated a depth 0.2 m less than the same tags in water. This difference was not affected by pressure or temperature and was rectified by adjusting data from tags in fish. A test tag in a Columbia River reservoir was detected from distances of 1,133 m at a depth of 2 m and 148 m at a depth of 14 m. Results ind
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0458:EOANMP>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Beeman, J., Haner, P., and Maule, A., 1998, Evaluation of a new miniature pressure-sensitive radio transmitter: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 18, no. 2, p. 458-464, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0458:EOANMP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"458","endPage":"464","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314917,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a9f839e4b012c193aa3eb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beeman, J.W.","contributorId":32646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haner, P.V.","contributorId":63912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haner","given":"P.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162614,"text":"70162614 - 1998 - Vertical distribution of the chloromonad flagellate Heterosigma carterae in columns: Implications for bloom development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-27T09:40:22","indexId":"70162614","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical distribution of the chloromonad flagellate Heterosigma carterae in columns: Implications for bloom development","docAbstract":"Blooms of the marine flagellate Heterosigma carterae have been associated with catastrophic fish kills at mariculture facilities around the world. The precise cause(s) of the sudden appearance and disappearance of Heterosigma surface blooms has not been completely described or understood. Environmental data from prior studies of blooms indicate the presence of vertical stratification of the water column that is often induced by freshwater runoff. We report the relatively rapid concentration of Heterosigma cells at the surface of tubes shortly after the addition of distilled water to the surface. This phenomenon of cell concentration in surface waters may partially explain the sudden appearance of Heterosigma cells near the surface and subsequent disappearance when vertical stratification is lost due to turbulence or mixing. The results may lead to bloom mitigation techniques for net pen aquaculture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing ","doi":"10.1139/f97-131","usgsCitation":"Hershberger, P., Rensel, J., Matter, A., and Taub, F., 1998, Vertical distribution of the chloromonad flagellate Heterosigma carterae in columns: Implications for bloom development: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 54, no. 10, p. 2228-2234, https://doi.org/10.1139/f97-131.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2228","endPage":"2234","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314912,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a9f850e4b012c193aa3eee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hershberger, P.K. 0000-0002-2261-7760","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-7760","contributorId":58818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rensel, J.E.","contributorId":152575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rensel","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matter, A.L.","contributorId":77324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matter","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taub, F.B.","contributorId":152577,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taub","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162449,"text":"70162449 - 1998 - Instability of development and fractal architecture in dryland plants as an index of grazing pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T11:53:44","indexId":"70162449","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Instability of development and fractal architecture in dryland plants as an index of grazing pressure","docAbstract":"Developmental instability has been used to monitor the well-being of natural populations exposed to physical, chemical and biological stressors. Here, we use developmental instability to assess the impact of grazing on Chrysothamnus greenii and Seriphidium novumshrubs, and Oryzopsis hymenoidesgrass, common in the arid intermountain west of the U.S.A. Statistical noise in allometric relations was used as an indicator of developmental instability arising from grazing-induced stress. Unpalatable species that are not grazed (Chrysothamnus greenii) or species that are dormant during the winter–spring grazing period (Oryzopsis hymenoides) show lower allometric variability under high grazing pressure. Palatable species (Seriphidium novum) exhibit high developmental instability under low and high grazing pressure. Grazing pressure imposed by presumably co-adapted wild herbivores enhances developmental stability in species habituated to moderate grazing, likeOryzopsis hymenoides, but stresses plants such as Chrysothamnus greenii that prefer disturbed environments. These grazing effects are probably due to the impact grazing has on competitive relationships and not to the direct action of the herbivore on the plants.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elselvier","doi":"10.1006/jare.1997.0317","usgsCitation":"Alados, C., Emlen, J., Wachocki, B., and Freeman, D., 1998, Instability of development and fractal architecture in dryland plants as an index of grazing pressure: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 38, no. 1, p. 63-76, https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1997.0317.","productDescription":"14","startPage":"63","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1997.0317","text":"External Repository"},{"id":314765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a75562e4b0b28f1184d856","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alados, C.L.","contributorId":22925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alados","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wachocki, B.","contributorId":152514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wachocki","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, D.C.","contributorId":21309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162621,"text":"70162621 - 1998 - Thermally induced chronic developmental stress in coho salmon: Integrating measures of mortality, early growth and fluctuating asymmetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-02T15:51:11.21161","indexId":"70162621","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermally induced chronic developmental stress in coho salmon: Integrating measures of mortality, early growth and fluctuating asymmetry","docAbstract":"Developmental stability, or homeostasis, facilitates the production of consistent phenotypes by buffering against stress. Fluctuating asymmetry is produced by developmental instability and is manifested as small random departures from bilateral symmetry. Increased fluctuating asymmetry is thought to parallel compromised fitness, in part, because stress promotes energy dissipation. Compensatory energy expenditures within the organism are required to complete development, thus promoting instability through reductions in homeostasis. Increased heterozygosity may enhance developmental stability by reducing energy dissipation from stress through increased metabolic efficiency, possibly by providing greater flexibility in metabolic pathways. Traditionally, fluctuating asymmetry has been used as a bioindicator of chronic stress, provided that selective mortality of less fit individuals did not reduce stress-mediated increases in fluctuating asymmetry to background levels produced by natural developmental error, or create data inconsistencies such as higher asymmetry in groups exposed to lower stress. Unfortunately, absence of selective mortality and its effects, while often assumed, can be difficult to substantiate. We integrated measures of early growth, mortality, fluctuating asymmetry (mandibular pores, pectoral finrays, pelvic finrays, and gillrakers on the upper and lower arms of the first branchial arch) and directional asymmetry (branchiostegal rays) to assess chronic thermal stress (fluctuating temperatures as opposed to ambient temperatures) in developing eggs from two different coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) stocks and their reciprocal hybrids. Hybridization provided insight on the capacity of heterozygosity to reduce stress during development. Although egg losses were consistently higher in crosses exposed to fluctuating temperatures, egg mortality was predominantly a function of maternal stock of origin. Post-hatch losses were higher in crosses exposed to ambient temperatures than in crosses exposed to fluctuating temperatures during embryogenesis. Observed patterns of early growth revealed no heterosis, but instead reflected maternal effects, with some crosses slowing growth and yolk utilization when exposed to fluctuating temperatures. Analyses of fluctuating asymmetry also showed no effects from heterosis. While analyses of composite asymmetry scores and branchiostegal rays were inconclusive, analyses of individual characters showed significantly higher fluctuating asymmetry in pelvic finray counts and a marginal change in the numbers of fish asymmetric for this character in crosses exposed to chronic thermal stress. In contrast, the fluctuating asymmetry in lower gillraker counts was significantly higher in crosses exposed to ambient temperatures and there were significantly more fish asymmetric for this character. Data on mortalities and fluctuating asymmetry indicate pelvic finray development was thermally stressed, while the heightened fluctuating asymmetry in lower gillraker counts under ambient temperatures was due to a greater frequency of less fit fish that had not been culled by thermal stress. Changes in early growth patterns in response to developmental stress yielded no parallel responses in meristic characters. We conclude that chronic thermal stress produced both selectively lethal and sublethal effects that directly shaped fluctuating asymmetry and fitness profiles in these crosses. Implicit in this conclusion is that developmental instability analyses can detect more than just chronic sublethal stress, thus providing substantial credence for using instability studies as proactive bioassessment methodologies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3547059","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W., Emlen, J., and Hershberger, W., 1998, Thermally induced chronic developmental stress in coho salmon: Integrating measures of mortality, early growth and fluctuating asymmetry: Oikos, v. 81, no. 2, p. 398-410, https://doi.org/10.2307/3547059.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"398","endPage":"410","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a9f850e4b012c193aa3eec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W.B.","contributorId":152606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hershberger, W.K.","contributorId":77084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162451,"text":"70162451 - 1998 - Developmental instability of gynodioecious Teucrium lusitanicum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T12:00:39","indexId":"70162451","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1603,"text":"Evolutionary Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developmental instability of gynodioecious Teucrium lusitanicum","docAbstract":"Developmental instability was assessed in two geographical races of Teucrium lusitanicum using morphometric measures of vegetative and reproductive structures. T. lusitanicum is a gynodioecious species. Male sterile (female) individuals showed greater developmental instability at all sites. Plants located inland had higher developmental instability of vegetative characters and lower developmental instability of reproductive characters than coastal plants. These results support the contentions that (1) developmental instability is affected more by the disruption of co-adapted gene complexes than by lower heterozygosity, and (2) different habitat characteristics result in the differential response of vegetative and reproductive structures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1006502922611","usgsCitation":"Alados, C., Navarro, T., Cabezudo, B., Emlen, J., and Freeman, C., 1998, Developmental instability of gynodioecious Teucrium lusitanicum: Evolutionary Ecology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006502922611.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-06-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a7554ce4b0b28f1184d7e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alados, C.L.","contributorId":22925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alados","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Navarro, T.","contributorId":68497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Navarro","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cabezudo, B.","contributorId":59986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabezudo","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Freeman, C.","contributorId":152519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freeman","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70162447,"text":"70162447 - 1998 - A ribonuclease protection assay can distinguish spring viremia of carp virus from pike fry rhabdovirus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T11:47:09","indexId":"70162447","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1123,"text":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A ribonuclease protection assay can distinguish spring viremia of carp virus from pike fry rhabdovirus","docAbstract":"Thirteen rhabdovirus isolates from 10 teleost fish species as well as reference strains of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) and pike fry rhabdovirus (PFRV) cross-reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence assay and were thus indistinguishable by this method. A ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) using a super(32)P-labeled RNA probe made from a cloned copy of the full length SVCV glycoprotein (G) gene was able to discriminate clearly between the type strains of SVCV and PFRV and among the 13 rhabdovirus isolates. Results for the RPA were generally in agreement with standard serum neutralisation assays; however, the RPA was also able to detect genomic differences between isolates of SVCV. These results have implications for fish disease control programs for SVCV.
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P.","contributorId":78488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hostetler, S. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":30336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hsu, K.","contributorId":99467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsu","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Qin, B.","contributorId":18271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qin","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vassiljev, J.","contributorId":21458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vassiljev","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020504,"text":"70020504 - 1998 - Seasonal inorganic nitrogen release in alpine lakes on the Colorado western slope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T16:43:00.556525","indexId":"70020504","displayToPublicDate":"2013-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3059,"text":"Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal inorganic nitrogen release in alpine lakes on the Colorado western slope","docAbstract":"In the Rocky Mountains, the association of increases in acidic deposition with increased atmospheric loading of sulfate and direct changes in surface water chemistry has been well established. The importance, though, of increased nitrogen (N) deposition in the episodic acidification of alpine lakes and N saturation in alpine ecosystems is only beginning to be documented. In alpine areas of the Colorado Front Range, modest loadings of N in deposition have been associated with leakage of N to surface waters. On the Colorado western slope, however, no leakage of N to surface waters has been reported. A 1995 study that included early season under-ice water samples that were not available in earlier studies showed that there is, in fact, N leakage to surface waters in some western slope basins. Under-ice nitrate (NO- 3) concentrations were as high as 10.5 μeq L-1 and only decreased to detection limits in September. Landscape type appears to be important in leakage of N to surface waters, which is associated with basins having steep slopes, thin soils, and large amounts of exposed bedrock. NO- 3 leakage compounds the existing sensitivity to episodic acidification from low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), which is less than 40 μeq L-1 in those basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02723646.1998.10642658","issn":"02723646","usgsCitation":"Inyan, B., Williams, M., Tonnessen, K., Turk, J., and Campbell, D.H., 1998, Seasonal inorganic nitrogen release in alpine lakes on the Colorado western slope: Physical Geography, v. 19, no. 5, p. 406-420, https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1998.10642658.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"406","endPage":"420","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231027,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.0251292448699,\n 41.023159036799285\n ],\n [\n -109.0251292448699,\n 36.98299258705342\n ],\n [\n -105.35019738940173,\n 36.98299258705342\n ],\n [\n -105.35019738940173,\n 41.023159036799285\n ],\n [\n -109.0251292448699,\n 41.023159036799285\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88b2e4b08c986b316af4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Inyan, B.I.","contributorId":27222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inyan","given":"B.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, M.W.","contributorId":15565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tonnessen, K.","contributorId":77903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonnessen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turk, J.T.","contributorId":94259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":386468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020511,"text":"70020511 - 1998 - Prospects for Ukrainian ferrous metals in the post-Soviet period","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-24T16:25:24.187577","indexId":"70020511","displayToPublicDate":"2013-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3104,"text":"Post-Soviet Geography and Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prospects for Ukrainian ferrous metals in the post-Soviet period","docAbstract":"Two specialists on the mineral industries of the countries of the former USSR survey current problems confronting producers of ferrous metals in Ukraine and future prospects for domestic production and exports. A series of observations documenting the importance of ferrous metals production to Ukraine's economy is followed by sections describing investment plans and needs in the sector, and the role played by Ukraine within the iron and steel industry of the Soviet Union. The focus then turns to assessment of the current regional and global competitive position of Ukrainian producers for each of the major commodities of the sector-iron ore, manganese ore, ferroalloys, steel, and the products of the machine manufacturing and metal working industries. In conclusion, the paper discusses a potential regional industrial integration strategy analogous to that employed in the United States' Great Lakes/Midwest region, which possesses similar types of iron ore deposits and similar transport cost advantages and metallurgical and manufacturing industries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10889388.1998.10641072","issn":"10889388","usgsCitation":"Levine, R., and Bond, A., 1998, Prospects for Ukrainian ferrous metals in the post-Soviet period: Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, v. 39, no. 3, p. 151-163, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.1998.10641072.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"163","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ukraine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 22.947185835779095,\n 52.28433970544285\n ],\n [\n 22.33286273632544,\n 48.13499466452933\n ],\n [\n 25.306559224408197,\n 47.56425984942703\n ],\n [\n 27.340675182332532,\n 48.256353638844445\n ],\n [\n 31.629326557588662,\n 44.54578471861984\n ],\n [\n 36.54224275554856,\n 44.107176698288754\n ],\n [\n 41.11848740679736,\n 47.730671853393744\n ],\n [\n 34.579070887980976,\n 52.392677768952865\n ],\n [\n 30.212972963336057,\n 51.88759477372889\n ],\n [\n 22.947185835779095,\n 52.28433970544285\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f55e4b0c8380cd7f6d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levine, R.M.","contributorId":90050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levine","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond, A.R.","contributorId":20910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70043840,"text":"70043840 - 1998 - Exploring caves: teaching packet for grades K-3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T11:56:03","indexId":"70043840","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Exploring caves: teaching packet for grades K-3","docAbstract":"\"Exploring Caves\" is an interdisciplinary set of materials on caves for grades K-3. Caves entail at least five scientific disciplines: earth science, hydrology, mapping, biology, and anthropology. Each of these disciplines involves a unique content area as well as the development of particular intellectual skills. This unit aims at helping teachers to sort and organize the most important ideas in this rich scientific area. Detailed lesson plans serve as ways to pass these ideas on to very young students. Most American caves are big holes that form in limestone rock. The holes begin as cracks in limestone. The cracks get bigger and bigger. They grow into underground streams, rivers, and even lakes. When water drains away, the waterways turn into open cave tunnels, passages, and caverns. It takes 10,000 to 100,000 years to form a cave big enough for people to move around inside. Water drips constantly in caves. The drips dissolve limestone minerals in one part of the cave. As water dries out, the minerals build up in other places. In this way, beautiful cave rock formations and crystals grow over thousands of years. These rock formations change dark limestone caves into hidden fantasy lands.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70043840","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, Exploring caves: teaching packet for grades K-3: General Information Product, 9 documents, https://doi.org/10.3133/70043840.","productDescription":"9 documents","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":362100,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70043840/chapter-1.pdf","text":"Chapter 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Lost in the cave"},{"id":267856,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70043840/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":362102,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70043840/chapter-3.pdf","text":"Chapter 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"A strange lunch in the cave"},{"id":362101,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70043840/chapter-2.pdf","text":"Chapter 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Bat shows off the cave"},{"id":362103,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70043840/chapter-4.pdf","text":"Chapter 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Water and cave sculptures"},{"id":362104,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70043840/chapter-5.pdf","text":"Chapter 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Caves guard the past"},{"id":362105,"rank":8,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70043840/multimedia.pdf","text":"List of multimedia resources on caves","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":362106,"rank":9,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70043840/teacher.pdf","text":"Teaching guide","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":362107,"rank":10,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70043840/evaluation.pdf","text":"Evaluation","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":362108,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70043840/poster.pdf","text":"Poster","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5125fe80e4b09d00759cd081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045627,"text":"70045627 - 1998 - Fluorspar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-27T15:35:50","indexId":"70045627","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorspar","docAbstract":"The state of the fluorspar industry worldwide for 1997 is discussed. The U.S. had no reported mining of fluorspar in 1997. Reported consumption in the U.S. decreased to 490 kt. U.S. imports, mainly from China, totaled 533 kt. Exports, synthetic fluorspar production, and industry developments are also reviewed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Miller, M., 1998, Fluorspar: Mining Engineering, v. 50, no. 6, p. 37-38.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"38","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517cf369e4b0d8907b2881c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M.","contributorId":13178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045455,"text":"70045455 - 1998 - Asbestos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-16T16:04:44","indexId":"70045455","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Asbestos","docAbstract":"Part of a special section on the state of industrial minerals in 1997. The state of the asbestos industry in 1997 is discussed. World production of asbestos in 1997 was estimated to be 2.07 Mt. Consumption in the U.S. fell 3 percent to 21 kt, and it is expected to continue to decline at a rate of 2–4 percent per year.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","publisherLocation":"Englewood, CO","usgsCitation":"Virta, R., 1998, Asbestos: Mining Engineering, v. 50, no. 6, p. 27-27.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271015,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516e72dfe4b00154e4368b87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, R.L.","contributorId":39357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045431,"text":"70045431 - 1998 - Clays, specialty","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-16T11:07:25","indexId":"70045431","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clays, specialty","docAbstract":"Part of a special section on the state of industrial minerals in 1997. The state of the specialty clay industry worldwide for 1997 is discussed. The specialty clays mined in the U.S. are ball clay, fuller's earth, bentonite, fire clay, and kaolin. Sales of specialty clays in the U.S. were around 17 Mt in 1997. Approximately 53 kt of specialty clays were imported.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","publisherLocation":"Englewood, CO","usgsCitation":"Virta, R., 1998, Clays, specialty: Mining Engineering, v. 50, no. 6, p. 35-36.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516e72e7e4b00154e4368bc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, R.L.","contributorId":39357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}