Fluctuations in spring climate in the western United States over the last 4-5 decades are described by examining changes in the blooming of plants and the timing of snowmelt-runoff pulses. The two measures of spring's onset that are employed are the timing of first bloom of lilac and honeysuckle bushes from a long-term cooperative phonological network, and the timing of the first major pulse of snowmelt recorded from high-elevation streams. Both measures contain year-to-year fluctuations, with typical year-to-year fluctuations at a given site of one to three weeks. These fluctuations are spatially coherent, forming regional patterns that cover most of the west. Fluctuations in lilac first bloom dates are highly correlated to those of honeysuckle, and both are significantly correlated with those of the spring snowmelt pulse. Each of these measures, then, probably respond to a common mechanism. Various analyses indicate that anomalous temperature exerts the greatest influence upon both interannual and secular changes in the onset of spring in these networks. Earlier spring onsets since the late 1970s are a remarkable feature of the records, and reflect the unusual spell of warmer-than-normal springs in western North America during this period. The warm episodes are clearly related to larger-scale atmospheric conditions across North America and the North Pacific, but whether this is predominantly an expression of natural variability or also a symptom of global warming is not certain.
","language":"English","publisher":"AMS","doi":"10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0399:CITOOS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Cayan, D., Kammerdiener, S.A., Dettinger, M.D., Caprio, J.M., and Peterson, D.H., 2001, Changes in the Onset of Spring in the Western United States: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 82, no. 3, p. 399-415, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0399:CITOOS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"415","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0399:citoos>2.3.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f42ee4b0c8380cd4bbb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kammerdiener, Susan A.","contributorId":17801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerdiener","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caprio, Joseph M.","contributorId":9808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caprio","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70174726,"text":"70174726 - 2001 - Droughts, epic droughts and droughty centuries - lessons from a California paleoclimatic record: a PACLIM 2001 meeting report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-14T16:50:23","indexId":"70174726","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Droughts, epic droughts and droughty centuries - lessons from a California paleoclimatic record: a PACLIM 2001 meeting report","docAbstract":"During the early 1990s (but echoing studies by S.T. Harding at the University of California, from as early as the 1930s), several lines of paleoclimate evidence in and around the Sierra Nevada Range have provided the water community in California with some real horror stories. By studying ancient tree stumps submerged in Lake Tahoe and Tenaya Lake, stumps that were emerging from Mono Lake during its recent decline, and stumps that were exhumed in the Walker River bed during the floods of 1997, paleoclimatologists like Scott Stine of California State University, Hayward, assembled a picture of epic droughts in the central Sierra Nevada during the medieval period. These droughts had to be severe to drop water levels in the lakes and rivers low enough for the trees to grow in the first place, and then had to last for hundreds of years to explain tree-ring counts in these sizeable stumps. Worse yet, the evidence suggested at least two such epic droughts, one ending close to 1100 and the other close to 1350. These epic droughts challenged paleoclimatologists, as well as modern climatologists and hydrologists, to understand and, ultimately, to determine the likelihood that such droughts might recur in the foreseeable future. The first challenge, however, was to verify that such droughts were more than local events and as extreme as suggested. At this year’s Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop, held March 18–21, 2001, at Asilomar (Pacific Grove, Calif.), special sessions brought together scientists to compare paleoclimatic reconstructions of ancient droughts and pluvial (wet) epidodes to try to determine the nature of decadal and centennial climate fluctuations in western North America, with emphasis on California. A companion session brought together modern climatologists to report on the latest explanations (and evidence) for decadal climate variations during the instrumental era of the 20th century. PACLIM is an annual workshop that, since 1983, has brought together specialists from diverse fields, including physical, social, and biological sciences, to discuss and investigate climate and climate effects in the eastern Pacific and western America. This year’s PACLIM was sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, NOAA Office of Global Programs, California Department of Water Resources, and, for the first time, the CALFED Science Program. In addition to the presentations summarized here, sessions at this year’s PACLIM covered topics as varied as the North American monsoon system; recent economic and political effects of California’s climate variations, including a presentation on climate and CALFED by Sam Luoma (U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park); and research into daily-to-seasonal weather variations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., 2001, Droughts, epic droughts and droughty centuries - lessons from a California paleoclimatic record: a PACLIM 2001 meeting report: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 14, no. 3, p. 51-53.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"53","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/2001/IEPNewsletterSummer2001.pdf"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5788b7b3e4b0d27deb386fcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023374,"text":"70023374 - 2001 - Effects of Land-Cover Change, Floods, and Stream Position on Geomorphic Processes - Implications for Restoration Activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023374","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of Land-Cover Change, Floods, and Stream Position on Geomorphic Processes - Implications for Restoration Activities","docAbstract":"A geomorphic study for North Fish Creek, a northern Wisconsin tributary to Lake Superior was analyzed to determine the hydrologic and geomorphic changes caused by clear-cut logging and agricultural activity. Discharge magnitude estimated with HEC-2 for full-channel capacities indicate that modern full-channel discharges are about twice as large as pre-1946 full-channel discharges. Flood-plain deposition rates were high along the transitional main stem after European settlement. Restoration and protection activities would be most effective if focused on watershed practices to reduce runoff and on channel restoration that reduce buff and bank erosion in the upper and transitional main stems.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference","conferenceDate":"27 August 2001 through 31 August 2001","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","isbn":"0784405816","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., 2001, Effects of Land-Cover Change, Floods, and Stream Position on Geomorphic Processes - Implications for Restoration Activities, in Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference, Reno, NV, 27 August 2001 through 31 August 2001, p. 537-550.","startPage":"537","endPage":"550","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a065ae4b0c8380cd511f9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hayes D.F.Hayes D.F.","contributorId":128356,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Hayes D.F.Hayes D.F.","id":536497,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178174,"text":"70178174 - 2001 - Assessment of selenium effects in lotic ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T13:02:32","indexId":"70178174","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1480,"text":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of selenium effects in lotic ecosystems","docAbstract":"The selenium literature has grown substantially in recent years to encompass new information in a variety of areas. Correspondingly, several different approaches to establishing a new water quality criterion for selenium have been proposed since establishment of the national water quality criterion in 1987. Diverging viewpoints and interpretations of the selenium literature have lead to opposing perspectives on issues such as establishing a national criterion based on a sediment-based model, using hydrologic units to set criteria for stream reaches, and applying lentic-derived effects to lotic environments. This Commentary presents information on the lotic verse lentic controversy. Recently, an article was published that concluded that no adverse effects were occurring in a cutthroat trout population in a coldwater river with elevated selenium concentrations (C. J. Kennedy, L. E. McDonald, R. Loveridge, and M. M. Strosher, 2000, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 46–52). This article has added to the controversy rather than provided further insight into selenium toxicology. Information, or rather missing information, in the article has been critically reviewed and problems in the interpretations are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/eesa.2001.2111","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S., and Palace, V.P., 2001, Assessment of selenium effects in lotic ecosystems: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 50, no. 3, p. 161-166, https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2001.2111.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"166","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330767,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2ce4b0dee4cc90cbd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palace, Vince P.","contributorId":176210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palace","given":"Vince","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176091,"text":"70176091 - 2001 - Online bibliographic sources in hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T12:28:06","indexId":"70176091","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Online bibliographic sources in hydrology","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Information and the professional scientist and engineer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Haworth Information Press","publisherLocation":"Binghamton, NY","usgsCitation":"Haworth Information Press, 2001, Online bibliographic sources in hydrology, chap. of Information and the professional scientist and engineer.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":327846,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c016c9e4b0f2f0ceb8735b"} ,{"id":1001745,"text":"1001745 - 2001 - Use of macroinvertebrates to identify cultivated wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T10:29:00","indexId":"1001745","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of macroinvertebrates to identify cultivated wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region","docAbstract":"We evaluated the use of macroinvertebrates as a potential tool to identify dry and intensively farmed temporary and seasonal wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region. The techniques we designed and evaluated used the dried remains of invertebrates or their egg banks in soils as indicators of wetlands. For both the dried remains of invertebrates and their egg banks, we weighted each taxon according to its affinity for wetlands or uplands. Our study clearly demonstrated that shells, exoskeletons, head capsules, eggs, and other remains of macroinvertebrates can be used to identify wetlands, even when they are dry, intensively farmed, and difficult to identify as wetlands using standard criteria (i.e., hydrology, hydrophytic vegetation, and hydric soils). Although both dried remains and egg banks identified wetlands, the combination was more useful, especially for identifying drained or filled wetlands. We also evaluated the use of coarse taxonomic groupings to stimulate use of the technique by nonspecialists and obtained satisfactory results in most situations.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0223:UOMTIC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N.H., Mushet, D.M., and Johnson, D.H., 2001, Use of macroinvertebrates to identify cultivated wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region: Wetlands, v. 21, no. 2, p. 223-231, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0223:UOMTIC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"231","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60457d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, Ned H. Jr. ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","suffix":"Jr.","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mushet, David M. 0000-0002-5910-2744 dmushet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":1299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"David","email":"dmushet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008202,"text":"1008202 - 2001 - Erosion and sediment delivery following removal of forest roads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:44:55","indexId":"1008202","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosion and sediment delivery following removal of forest roads","docAbstract":"Erosion control treatments were applied to abandoned logging roads in California, with the goal of reducing road-related sediment input to streams and restoring natural hydrologic patterns on the landscape. Treatment of stream crossings involved excavating culverts and associated road fill and reshaping streambanks. A variety of techniques were applied to road benches, which included decompacting the road surface, placing unstable road fill in more stable locations, and re-establishing natural surface drainage patterns. Following treatment and a 12-year recurrence-interval storm, some road reaches and excavated stream crossings showed evidence of mass movement failures, gullying, bank erosion and channel incision. Post-treatment erosion from excavated stream crossings was related to two variables: a surrogate for stream power (drainage area × channel gradient) and the volume of fill excavated from the channel. Post-treatment erosion on road reaches was related to four explanatory variables: method of treatment, hillslope position (upper, mid-slope or lower), date of treatment, and an interaction term (hillslope position × method of treatment). Sediment delivery from treated roads in upper, middle and lower hillslope positions was 10, 135 and 550 m3 of sediment per kilometre of treated roads, respectively. In contrast, inventories of almost 500 km of forest roads in adjacent catchments indicate that untreated roads produced 1500 to 4700 m3 of sediment per kilometre of road length. Erosion from 300 km of treated roads contributed less than 2 per cent of the total sediment load of Redwood Creek during the period 1978 to 1998. Although road removal treatments do not completely eliminate erosion associated with forest roads, they do substantially reduce sediment yields from abandoned logging roads.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/1096-9837(200102)26:2<175::AID-ESP174>3.0.CO;2-N","usgsCitation":"Madej, M.A., 2001, Erosion and sediment delivery following removal of forest roads: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 26, no. 2, p. 175-190, https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200102)26:2<175::AID-ESP174>3.0.CO;2-N.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdfae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015133,"text":"1015133 - 2001 - Simulated limnological effects of the Shasta Lake temperature control device","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:40:41","indexId":"1015133","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulated limnological effects of the Shasta Lake temperature control device","docAbstract":"We estimated the effects of a temperature control device (TCD) on a suite of thermodynamic and limnological attributes for a large storage reservoir, Shasta Lake, in northern California. Shasta Dam was constructed in 1945 with a fixed-elevation penstock. The TCD was installed in 1997 to improve downstream temperatures for endangered salmonids by releasing epilimnetic waters in the winter/spring and hypolimnetic waters in the summer/fall. We calibrated a two-dimensional hydrodynamic reservoir water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2, and applied a structured design-of-experiment simulation procedure to predict the principal limnological effects of the TCD under a variety of environmental scenarios. Calibration goodness-of-fit ranged from good to poor depending on the constituent simulated, with an R2 of 0.9 for water temperature but 0.3 for phytoplankton. Although the chemical and thermal characteristics of the discharge changed markedly, the reservoir's characteristics remained relatively unchanged. Simulations showed the TCD causing an earlier onset and shorter duration of summer stratification, but no dramatic affect on Shasta's nutrient composition. Peak in-reservoir phytoplankton production may begin earlier and be stronger in the fall with the TCD, while outfall phytoplankton concentrations may be much greater in the spring. Many model predictions differed from our a priori expectations that had been shaped by an intensive, but limited-duration, data collection effort. Hydrologic and meteorological variables, most notably reservoir carryover storage at the beginning of the calendar year, influenced model predictions much more strongly than the TCD. Model results indicate that greater control over reservoir limnology and release quality may be gained by carefully managing reservoir volume through the year than with the TCD alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s0026702324","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J., Hanna, R., Saito, L., Lieberman, D., and Horn, M., 2001, Simulated limnological effects of the Shasta Lake temperature control device: Environmental Management, v. 27, no. 4, p. 609-626, https://doi.org/10.1007/s0026702324.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"626","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, J.","contributorId":62181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanna, R.B.","contributorId":48922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanna","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saito, L.","contributorId":59402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saito","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lieberman, D.","contributorId":32396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lieberman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Horn, M.","contributorId":7962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":44913,"text":"wri20014149 - 2001 - Water quality and occurrence of methyl-tert butyl ether (MTBE) and other fuel related compounds in lakes and ground water at lakeside communities in Sussex and Morris Counties, New Jersey, 1998-1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-05T20:08:32.319617","indexId":"wri20014149","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4149","displayTitle":"Water Quality and Occurrence of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) and Other Fuel-Related Compounds in Lakes and Ground Water at Lakeside Communities in Sussex and Morris Counties, New Jersey, 1998-1999","title":"Water quality and occurrence of methyl-tert butyl ether (MTBE) and other fuel related compounds in lakes and ground water at lakeside communities in Sussex and Morris Counties, New Jersey, 1998-1999","docAbstract":"Densely populated communities surround many of the larger lakes in northwestern New Jersey. These communities derive most of their water supply from wells. The lakes can be navigated by gasoline-powered watercraft, can be in various stages of eutrophication, may contain pathogens associated with bathing and waterfowl, and are periodically subjected to chemical applications to control aquatic plant growth. Another feature that contributes to water-quality concerns in lakeside communities is the widespread use of septic tanks. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline oxygenate, in samples from Cranberry Lake and Lake Lackawanna ranged from 20 to 30 ug/L (micrograms per liter) and 5 to 14 ug/L during the summers of 1998 and 1999, respectively. These levels were persistent throughout the depth of the lakes when mixing conditions were present. MTBE concentrations in samples from the top 20 feet of Lake Hopatcong during summer 1999 were about 10 ug/L and about 2 to 3 ug/L in samples below 20 feet. The source of the MTBE in the lakes was determined to be gasoline-powered watercraft. Other constituents of gasoline--tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX)--were detected in the lakes but at much lower concentrations than MTBE. \r\n\r\nAmbient ground-water quality at Cranberry Lake and Lake Lackawanna appears to be affected by the use of gasoline-powered watercraft. MTBE was detected in water samples from 13 of the 14 wells sampled at Cranberry Lake in fall 1998 and summer 1999. The wells were selected to monitor ambient ground-water quality and had no history of contamination. In ground-water samples collected during fall 1998, MTBE concentrations ranged from 0.12 to 19.8 ug/L, and the median concentration was 0.43 ug/L. In samples from summer 1999, MTBE concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 13.2 ug/L, and the median concentration was 0.38 ug/L. MTBE was detected in samples from four of the five wells at Lake Lackawanna in summer 1999;concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.19 ug/L. Lake/ground water interaction is a feasible explanation for the nearly ubiquitous presence of MTBE in ground water. The movement of water from lakes to wells is feasible because many static water levels and essentially all pumped water levels in the wells were below lake levels. Furthermore, diatom fragments were present in samples from the wells. \r\n\r\nAmbient ground water at Cranberry Lake also may be affected by septic-tank effluent, as indicated by the relation among concentrations of nitrate, boron, and chloroform. This result indicates potential vulnerability of the water supply to contamination by other chemicals and pathogens. Radon in ambient ground water is a concern throughout northern New Jersey. In particular, the median radon concentrations in ground-water samples collected from 14 wells at Cranberry Lake in 1998 and 1999 were 1,282 and 1,046 pCi/L, respectively. The median radon concentration in five ground-water samples collected at Lake Lackawanna in 1999 was 340 pCi/L. Although these values exceed regulatory levels, they are not high relative to radon concentrations measured in northwestern New Jersey. \r\n\r\nEight wells in a neighborhood of Cranberry Lake with known MTBE contamination were sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey in summer 1998. MTBE was detected at concentrations greater than or equal to 40 ug/L in five of the wells. Concentrations of TAME, another gasoline oxygenate, were highly correlated with concentrations of MTBE; MTBE concentrations were about 10 times the TAME concentrations. In all samples, however, the concentrations of the BTEX compounds were less than 0.05 ug/L, and the sample from the most highly contaminated well, where the MTBE concentration was 900 ug/L, had no detectable BTEX.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20014149","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., and Reilly, T.J., 2001, Water quality and occurrence of methyl-tert butyl ether (MTBE) and other fuel related compounds in lakes and ground water at lakeside communities in Sussex and Morris Counties, New Jersey, 1998-1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4149, vii, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014149.","productDescription":"vii, 87 p.","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415294,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46462.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11688,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4149/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Sussex County, Morris County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.7583,\n 40.9333\n ],\n [\n -74.7583,\n 40.975\n ],\n [\n -74.6333,\n 40.975\n ],\n [\n -74.6333,\n 40.9333\n ],\n [\n -74.7583,\n 40.9333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd3e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Timothy J. 0000-0002-2939-3050 tjreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2939-3050","contributorId":1858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Timothy","email":"tjreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44907,"text":"wri014045 - 2001 - Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T19:21:49.283202","indexId":"wri014045","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4045","title":"Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92","docAbstract":"Lake Maumelle is the major drinking-water source for the Little Rock metropolitan area in central Arkansas. Urban and agricultural development has increased in the Lake Maumelle Basin and information is needed related to constituent transport and water quality response to changes in constituent loading or hydrologic regime. This report characterizes ambient conditions in Lake Maumelle and its major tributary, Maumelle River; describes the calibration and verification of a numerical model of hydrodynamics and water quality; and provides several simulations that describe constituent transport and water quality response to changes in constituent loading and hydrologic regime.
Ambient hydrologic and water-quality conditions demonstrate the relatively undisturbed nature of Lake Maumelle and the Maumelle River. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were low, one to two orders of magnitude lower than estimates of national background nutrient concentrations. Phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations in Lake Maumelle demonstrate its oligotrophic/mesotrophic condition. However, concentrations of chlorophyll a appeared to increase since 1990 within the upper and middle reaches of the reservoir.
A two-dimensional, laterally averaged hydrodynamic and water-quality model developed and calibrated for Lake Maumelle simulates water level, currents, heat transport and temperature distribution, conservative material transport, and the transport and transformation of 11 chemical constituents. Simulations included the movement and dispersion of spills or releases in the reservoir during stratified and unstratified conditions, release of the fish nursery pond off the southern shore of Lake Maumelle, and algal responses to changes in external loading.
The model was calibrated using 1991 data and verified using 1992 data. Simulated temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations related well when compared to measured values. Simulated nutrient and algal biomass also related reasonably well when compared to measured values. A simulated spill of conservative material at the upper end of Lake Maumelle during a major storm event took less than 102 hours to disperse the entire length of the reservoir. Simulation of a nursery pond release into a tributary to Lake Maumelle demonstrated how the released water plunges within the receiving embayment and enters the main stem of the reservoir at mid depths. Simulations of algal response to increases of nitrogen and phosphorus loads demonstrate the phosphorus limiting condition in Lake Maumelle.
Results from this study will provide water-resource management with information to better understand how changes in hydrology and water quality in the basin affects water quality in the reservoir. With this information, managers will be able to more effectively manage their drinking-water source supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014045","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Little Rock Municipal Water Works","usgsCitation":"Green, W.R., 2001, Analysis of ambient conditions and simulation of hydrodynamics, constituent transport, and water-quality characteristics in Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4045, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014045.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403213,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400775,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_42702.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4045/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Maumelle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.67860412597655,\n 34.83691357851903\n ],\n [\n -92.47604370117186,\n 34.83691357851903\n ],\n [\n -92.47604370117186,\n 34.920282010051096\n ],\n [\n -92.67860412597655,\n 34.920282010051096\n ],\n [\n -92.67860412597655,\n 34.83691357851903\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023739,"text":"70023739 - 2001 - Effect of scale on the behavior of atrazine in surface waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023739","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of scale on the behavior of atrazine in surface waters","docAbstract":"Field runoff is an important transport mechanism by which agricultural pesticides, including atrazine, move into the hydrologic environment. Atrazine is chosen because it is widely used, is transported in runoff relatively easily, is widely observed in surface waters, and has relatively little loss in the stream network. Data on runoff of atrazine from experimental plot and field studies is combined with annual estimates of load in numerous streams and rivers, resulting in a data set with 408 observations that span 14 orders of magnitude in area. The load as a percent of use (LAPU) on an annual basis is the parameter that is compared among the studies. There is no difference in the mean or range of LAPU values for areas from the size of experimental field plots (???0.000023 ha) and small watersheds (<100 000 ha). The relatively invariant LAPU value observed across a large range of watershed areas implies that the characteristics of atrazine itself (application method and chemical properties) are important in determining the extent of runoff. The variable influences on the extent of runoff from individual watershed characteristics and weather events are superimposed on the relatively invariant LAPU value observed across the range of watershed areas. The results from this study establish the direct relevance for agricultural field plot studies to watershed studies across the full range of scale.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es001220f","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Capel, P., and Larson, S., 2001, Effect of scale on the behavior of atrazine in surface waters: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 4, p. 648-657, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001220f.","startPage":"648","endPage":"657","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207508,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es001220f"},{"id":232508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0603e4b0c8380cd5109d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022718,"text":"70022718 - 2001 - Simulation of a semi-permanent wetland basin in the Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70022718","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simulation of a semi-permanent wetland basin in the Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota","docAbstract":"A coupled surface/subsurface hydrologic model was developed to examine the effects of climatic conditions on stage fluctuations within a semi-permanent wetland located in the Prairie Pothole region of east-central North Dakota. Model calibration was accomplished using data collected from 1981 to 1996 to encompass extreme climatic conditions. Results show that the processes of precipitation largely control wetland stage. Surface runoff produces short duration, high magnitude flows typically associated with spring thaw. On the other hand, groundwater contribution provides flows smaller in magnitude but higher in duration and these become increasingly important with respect to wetland stage during extended periods of drought and flood. Peak groundwater fluxes lag one-to-two months behind peak recharge rates and therefore occur predominantly during the month of June. Groundwater fluxes then attenuate slowly for the remainder of the year to the point where water may move out of the wetland and into the underlying aquifer during the fall and winter months. Despite an over simplification of the complex groundwater component of the wetland system it was found that this modeling approach was able to predict system response over 15 years, under extreme climatic conditions and with relatively easily attainable data input.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference","conferenceDate":"27 August 2001 through 31 August 2001","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","isbn":"0784405816","usgsCitation":"Carroll, R., Pohll, G., Tracy, J., and Winter, T.C., 2001, Simulation of a semi-permanent wetland basin in the Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota, in Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference, Reno, NV, 27 August 2001 through 31 August 2001, p. 1341-1351.","startPage":"1341","endPage":"1351","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b900ce4b08c986b3192bb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hayes D.F.Hayes D.F.","contributorId":128356,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Hayes D.F.Hayes D.F.","id":536483,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Carroll, R.W.H.","contributorId":86148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carroll","given":"R.W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pohll, G.M.","contributorId":65261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pohll","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tracy, J.C.","contributorId":21734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracy","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024050,"text":"70024050 - 2001 - Applicability of NASQAN data for ecosystem assessments on the Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:13:20","indexId":"70024050","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applicability of NASQAN data for ecosystem assessments on the Missouri River","docAbstract":"The effectiveness of ecological restoration efforts on large developed rivers is often unknown because comprehensive ecological monitoring programs are often absent. Although Eulerian water-quality monitoring programs, such as the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) program, are more common, they are usually not designed for ecological assessment. Therefore, this paper addresses the value of NASQAN for ecological assessments on the Missouri River and identifies potential program additions and modifications to assess certain ecological changes in physical habitat, biological structure and function, and ecotoxicity. Five additional sites: The analysis of chlorophyll, mercury, ATP, potential endocrine disruptors, total trace elements, and selected total hydrophobic organics; and the hourly measurement of dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and temperature are recommended. Hourly measurements would require an entirely new operational aspect to NASQAN. However, the presence of data loggers and satellite transmitters in the gauging stations at all NASQAN sites substantially improves the feasibility of continuous water-quality monitoring. The use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to monitor dissolved bioaccumulating organics and trace elements, identification and enumeration of zooplankton, and characterization of the bioavailability of organic matter are also recommended. The effect of biological processes on the conservative assumptions that are used in flux and source determinations of NASQAN constituents are also evaluated. Organic carbon, organic nitrogen, dissolved phosphate, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen are the NASQAN constituents most vulnerable to biological processes and thus violation of conservative assumptions.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.215","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Blevins, D.W., and Fairchild, J., 2001, Applicability of NASQAN data for ecosystem assessments on the Missouri River: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1347-1362, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.215.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1347","endPage":"1362","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207093,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.215"}],"volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec81e4b0c8380cd492e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blevins, Dale W. dblevins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"Dale","email":"dblevins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":399808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, James","contributorId":147786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024043,"text":"70024043 - 2001 - The national stream quality accounting network: A flux-basedapproach to monitoring the water quality of large rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70024043","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The national stream quality accounting network: A flux-basedapproach to monitoring the water quality of large rivers","docAbstract":"Estimating the annual mass flux at a network of fixed stations is one approach to characterizing water quality of large rivers. The interpretive context provided by annual flux includes identifying source and sink areas for constituents and estimating the loadings to receiving waters, such as reservoirs or the ocean. Since 1995, the US Geological Survey's National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) has employed this approach at a network of 39 stations in four of the largest river basins of the USA: The Mississippi, the Columbia, the Colorado and the Rio Grande. In this paper, the design of NASQAN is described and its effectiveness at characterizing the water quality of these rivers is evaluated using data from the first 3 years of operation. A broad range of constituents was measured by NASQAN, including trace organic and inorganic chemicals, major ions, sediment and nutrients. Where possible, a regression model relating concentration to discharge and season was used to interpolate between chemical observations for flux estimation. For water-quality network design, the most important finding from NASQAN was the importance of having a specific objective (that is, estimating annual mass flux) and, from that, an explicitly stated data analysis strategy, namely the use of regression models to interpolate between observations. The use of such models aided in the design of sampling strategy and provided a context for data review. The regression models essentially form null hypotheses for concentration variation that can be evaluated by the observed data. The feedback between network operation and data collection established by the hypothesis tests places the water-quality network on a firm scientific footing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.205","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., Aulenbach, B., and Kelly, V., 2001, The national stream quality accounting network: A flux-basedapproach to monitoring the water quality of large rivers: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1089-1106, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.205.","startPage":"1089","endPage":"1106","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207041,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.205"},{"id":231600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badfbe4b08c986b323e9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aulenbach, Brent T.","contributorId":62766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"Brent T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelly, V.J.","contributorId":14009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"V.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024037,"text":"70024037 - 2001 - Linking hyporheic flow and nitrogen cycling near the Willamette River: A large river in Oregon, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:55:55","indexId":"70024037","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking hyporheic flow and nitrogen cycling near the Willamette River: A large river in Oregon, USA","docAbstract":"Several approaches were used to characterize ground water/surface water interactions near the Willamette River - A large (ninth order) river in Oregon, USA. A series of potentiometric surface maps demonstrated the presence of highly dynamic hydraulic gradients between rivers and the adjacent aquifer. Hyporheic zone gradients extended on the order of hundreds of meters. River gains and losses at the river stretch scale (tens of kilometers) were consistent with fluxes implied by the potentiometric surface maps, and apparently reflect regional ground water/surface water interactions. Gains and losses of up to 5-10% of streamflow were observed at this scale. On the river reach scale (1-2 km), gains and losses on the order of 5% of streamflow were interpreted as representing primarily local hyporheic exchange. Isotopic and chemical data collected from shallow hyporheic zone wells demonstrated interaction between regional ground water and river water. The origin of sampled hyporheic zone water ranged from a mixture dominated by regional ground water to water containing 100% river water. The common assumption that ground and river water mix primarily in the river channel is not applicable in this system. Isotopic and chemical data also indicated that significant (nearly complete) vegetative nitrate uptake and/or nitrate reduction occurred in water from 4 of 12 hyporheic zone sites. In these cases, it was primarily nitrate transported to the hyporheic zone in regional ground water that was removed from solution. Isotopes of water and nitrate indicated that hyporheic zone water sampled at two sites was composed of water originating as river water and demonstrated that significant vegetative nitrate uptake and nitrate reduction occurred along these hyporheic zone flowpaths. Thus, the hyporheic zone may, in some instances, serve to remove nitrate from river water. Additional investigations with chemical tools and microbial enzyme assays were conducted at one hyporheic site. A strong vertical redox gradient was observed, with nitrate-limited denitrification potential in deeper sediment and both nitrification and denitrification potential in shallower sediment. Since nitrogen cycling is strongly affected by redox conditions, nitrogen cycling in the hyporheic zone of this large-river system likely is affected by dynamics of ground water/surface water interactions that control fluxes of nitrogen and other redox species to hyporheic zone sediment.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00335-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, S., Duff, J., Triska, F., Laenen, A., Gates, E., Bencala, K., Wentz, D., and Silva, S.R., 2001, Linking hyporheic flow and nitrogen cycling near the Willamette River: A large river in Oregon, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 244, no. 3-4, p. 157-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00335-3.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"180","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206997,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00335-3"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -121.75,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -121.75,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 43.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"244","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47d4e4b0c8380cd679e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, S.R.","contributorId":74778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duff, J.H.","contributorId":60377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Triska, F.J.","contributorId":69560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laenen, A.","contributorId":92827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gates, E.B.","contributorId":24955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wentz, D.A.","contributorId":85206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentz","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70024023,"text":"70024023 - 2001 - Optimal estimation of suspended-sediment concentrations in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-06T16:01:12","indexId":"70024023","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal estimation of suspended-sediment concentrations in streams","docAbstract":"Optimal estimators are developed for computation of suspended-sediment concentrations in streams. The estimators are a function of parameters, computed by use of generalized least squares, which simultaneously account for effects of streamflow, seasonal variations in average sediment concentrations, a dynamic error component, and the uncertainty in concentration measurements. The parameters are used in a Kalman filter for on-line estimation and an associated smoother for off-line estimation of suspended-sediment concentrations. The accuracies of the optimal estimators are compared with alternative time-averaging interpolators and flow-weighting regression estimators by use of long-term daily-mean suspended-sediment concentration and streamflow data from 10 sites within the United States. For sampling intervals from 3 to 48 days, the standard errors of on-line and off-line optimal estimators ranged from 52.7 to 107%, and from 39.5 to 93.0%, respectively. The corresponding standard errors of linear and cubic-spline interpolators ranged from 48.8 to 158%, and from 50.6 to 176%, respectively. The standard errors of simple and multiple regression estimators, which did not vary with the sampling interval, were 124 and 105%, respectively. Thus, the optimal off-line estimator (Kalman smoother) had the lowest error characteristics of those evaluated. Because suspended-sediment concentrations are typically measured at less than 3-day intervals, use of optimal estimators will likely result in significant improvements in the accuracy of continuous suspended-sediment concentration records. Additional research on the integration of direct suspended-sediment concentration measurements and optimal estimators applied at hourly or shorter intervals is needed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.207","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Holtschlag, D., 2001, Optimal estimation of suspended-sediment concentrations in streams: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1133-1155, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.207.","startPage":"1133","endPage":"1155","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207201,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.207"}],"volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ee0e4b0c8380cd7584a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holtschlag, D. J. 0000-0001-5185-4928","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":102493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024020,"text":"70024020 - 2001 - Annual suspended sediment and trace element fluxes in the Mississippi, Columbia, Colorado, and Rio Grande drainage basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70024020","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual suspended sediment and trace element fluxes in the Mississippi, Columbia, Colorado, and Rio Grande drainage basins","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment, sediment-associated, total trace element, phosphorus (P), and total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes were determined for the Mississippi, Columbia, Rio Grande, and Colorado Basins for the study period (the 1996, 1997, and 1998 water years) as part of the US Geological Survey's redesigned National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) programme. The majority (??? 70%) of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Ba, P, As, Fe, Mn, and Al are transported in association with suspended sediment; Sr transport seems dominated by the dissolved phase, whereas the transport of Li and TOC seems to be divided equally between both phases. Average dissolved trace element levels are markedly lower than reported during the original NASQAN programme; this seems due to the use of 'clean' sampling, processing, and analytical techniques rather than to improvements in water quality. Partitioning between sediment and water for Ag, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, V, Be, As, Sb, Hg, and Ti could not be estimated due to a lack of detectable dissolved concentrations in most samples. Elevated suspended sediment-associated Zn levels were detected in the Ohio River Basin and elevated Hg levels were detected in the Tennessee River, the former may affect the mainstem Mississippi River, whereas the latter probably do not. Sediment-associated concentrations of Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co, Ba, Mo, Sb, Hg, and Fe are markedly elevated in the upper Columbia Basin, and appear to be detectable (Zn, Cd) as far downstream as the middle of the basin. These elevated concentrations seem to result from mining and/or mining-related activities. Consistently detectable concentrations of dissolved Se were found only in the Colorado River Basin. Calculated average annual suspended sediment fluxes at the mouths of the Mississippi and Rio Grande Basins were below, whereas those for the Columbia and Colorado Basins were above previously published annual values. Downstream suspended sediment-associated and total trace element fluxes increase in the Mississippi and Columbia Basins, whereas fluxes markedly decrease in the Colorado Basin. No consistent pattern in trace element fluxes was detected in the Rio Grande Basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.209","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., Elrick, K.A., and Smith, J., 2001, Annual suspended sediment and trace element fluxes in the Mississippi, Columbia, Colorado, and Rio Grande drainage basins: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1169-1207, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.209.","startPage":"1169","endPage":"1207","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207169,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.209"},{"id":231868,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec3ae4b0c8380cd4913b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elrick, K. A.","contributorId":98731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrick","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J.J.","contributorId":106175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024009,"text":"70024009 - 2001 - Chemical and isotopic evidence of nitrogen transformation in the Mississippi River, 1997-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:10:10","indexId":"70024009","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and isotopic evidence of nitrogen transformation in the Mississippi River, 1997-98","docAbstract":"Nitrate (NO3) and other nutrients discharged by the Mississippi River are suspected of causing a zone of depleted dissolved oxygen (hypoxic zone) in the Gulf of Mexico each summer. The hypoxic zone may have an adverse affect on aquatic life and commercial fisheries. The amount of NO3 delivered by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico is well documented, but the relative contributions of different sources of NO3, and the magnitude of subsequent in-stream transformations of NO3, are not well understood. Forty-two water samples collected in 1997 and 1998 at eight stations located either on the Mississippi River or its major tributaries were analysed for NO3, total nitrogen (N), atrazine, chloride concentrations and NO3 stable isotopes (δ15N and δ18O). These data are used to assess the magnitude and nature of in-stream N transformation and to determine if the δ15N and δ18O of NO3 provide information about NO3 sources and transformation processes in a large river system (drainage area 2 900 000 km2) that would otherwise be unavailable using concentration and discharge data alone. Results from 42 samples indicate that the δ15N and δ18O ratios between sites on the Mississippi River and its tributaries are somewhat distinctive, and vary with season and discharge rate. Of particular interest are two nearly Lagrangian sample sets, in which samples from the Mississippi River at St Francisville, LA, are compared with samples collected from the Ohio River at Grand Chain, II, and the Mississippi River at Thebes, IL. In both Lagrangian sets, mass-balance calculations indicate only a small amount of in-stream N loss. The stable isotope data from the samples suggest that in-stream N assimilation and not denitrification accounts for most of the N loss in the lower Mississippi River during the spring and early summer months.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.214","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Battaglin, W.A., Kendall, C., Chang, C.C., Silva, S.R., and Campbell, K., 2001, Chemical and isotopic evidence of nitrogen transformation in the Mississippi River, 1997-98: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1285-1300, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.214.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1285","endPage":"1300","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207092,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.214"},{"id":231711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f546e4b0c8380cd4c14a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Silva, Steven R. srsilva@usgs.gov","contributorId":3162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"Steven","email":"srsilva@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023999,"text":"70023999 - 2001 - The effect of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA. Part III. Downstream effects: The Spokane River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70023999","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA. Part III. Downstream effects: The Spokane River Basin","docAbstract":"During 1998/1999, surface and subsurface sediment samples were collected along the entire length of the Spokane River from its outlet at the northern end of Lake Coeur d'Alene (CDA), Idaho, to Lake Roosevelt on the Columbia River, Washington. The study was conducted to determine if the trace element enrichments observed in Lake CDA and on the floodplain and in the CDA River extend through the Spokane River Basin (SRB). As in Lake CDA, surface sediments in the SRB are enriched in Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Sb and Hg relative to local background levels. Pb, Cd and Zn are the most elevated, with maximum enrichment occurring in the upper Spokane River in close proximity to Lake CDA. On average, enrichment decreases downstream, apparently reflecting both increased distance from the inferred source (the CDA River Basin), as well as increased dilution by locally derived but unenriched materials. Only Cd and Zn display marked enrichment throughout the SRB. Pb, Zn and Cd seem to be associated mainly with an operationally defined iron oxide phase, whereas the majority of the As and Sb seem to be matrix-held. Subsurface sediments also are enriched in Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Sb and Hg relative to background levels. Based on 137Cs and excess 210Pb dating, trace element enrichment began in the middle part of the SRB (Long Lake) between 1900 and 1920. This is contemporaneous with similar enrichments observed in Lake CDA, as well as the completion of Long Lake Dam (1913). In the most downstream part of the basin (Spokane River Arm of Lake Roosevelt), enrichment began substantially later, between 1930 and 1940. The temporal difference in enrichment between Long Lake and the River Arm may reflect the latter's greater distance from the presumed source of the enrichment (the CDA River Basin); however, the difference is more likely the result of the completion of Grand Coulee Dam (1934-1941), which formed Lake Roosevelt, backed up the Spokane River, and increased water levels in the River Armby about 30 m.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.192","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Grosbois, C., Horowitz, A.J., Smith, J., and Elrick, K.A., 2001, The effect of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA. Part III. Downstream effects: The Spokane River Basin: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 5, p. 855-875, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.192.","startPage":"855","endPage":"875","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207019,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.192"},{"id":231556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-03-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab36e4b08c986b322ccb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grosbois, C.A.","contributorId":81281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosbois","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J.J.","contributorId":106175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elrick, K. A.","contributorId":98731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrick","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023998,"text":"70023998 - 2001 - Differential rates of feldspar weathering in granitic regoliths","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70023998","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differential rates of feldspar weathering in granitic regoliths","docAbstract":"Differential rates of plagioclase and K-feldspar weathering commonly observed in bedrock and soil environments are examined in terms of chemical kinetic and solubility controls and hydrologic permeability. For the Panola regolith, in the Georgia Piedmont Province of southeastern United States, petrographic observations, coupled with elemental balances and 87Sr/86Sr ratios, indicate that plagioclase is being converted to kaolinite at depths > 6 m in the granitic bedrock. K-feldspar remains pristine in the bedrock but subsequently weathers to kaolinite at the overlying saprolite. In contrast, both plagioclase and K-feldspar remain stable in granitic bedrocks elsewhere in Piedmont Province, such as Davis Run, Virginia, where feldspars weather concurrently in an overlying thick saprolite sequence. Kinetic rate constants, mineral surface areas, and secondary hydraulic conductivities are fitted to feldspar losses with depth in the Panola and Davis Run regoliths using a time-depth computer spreadsheet model. The primary hydraulic conductivities, describing the rates of meteoric water penetration into the pristine granites, are assumed to be equal to the propagation rates of weathering fronts, which, based on cosmogenic isotope dating, are 7 m/106 yr for the Panola regolith and 4 m/106 yr for the Davis Run regolith. Best fits in the calculations indicate that the kinetic rate constants for plagioclase in both regoliths are factors of two to three times faster than K-feldspar, which is in agreement with experimental findings. However, the range for plagioclase and K-feldspar rates (kr = 1.5 x 10-17 to 2.8 x 10-16 mol m-2 s-1) is three to four orders of magnitude lower than for that for experimental feldspar dissolution rates and are among the slowest yet recorded for natural feldspar weathering. Such slow rates are attributed to the relatively old geomorphic ages of the Panola and Davis Run regoliths, implying that mineral surface reactivity decreases significantly with time. Differential feldspar weathering in the low-permeability Panola bedrock environment is more dependent on relative feldspar solubilities than on differences in kinetic reaction rates. Such weathering is very sensitive to primary and secondary hydraulic conductivities (qp and qs), which control both the fluid volumes passing through the regolith and the thermodynamic saturation of the feldspars. Bedrock permeability is primarily intragranular and is created by internal weathering of networks of interconnected plagioclase phenocrysts. Saprolite permeability is principally intergranular and is the result of dissolution of silicate phases during isovolumetric weathering. A secondary to primary hydraulic conductivity ratio of qs/qp = 150 in the Panola bedrock results in kinetically controlled plagioclase dissolution but thermodynamically inhibited K-feldspar reaction. This result is in accord with calculated chemical saturation states for groundwater sampled in the Panola Granite. In contrast, greater secondary conductivities in the Davis Run saprolite, qs/qp = 800, produces both kinetically controlled plagioclase and K-feldspar dissolution. Faster plagioclase reaction, leading to bedrock weathering in the Panola Granite but not at Davis Run, is attributed to a higher anorthite component of the plagioclase and a wetter and warmer climate. In addition, the Panola Granite has an abnormally high content of disseminated calcite, the dissolution of which precedes the plagioclase weathering front, thus creating additional secondary permeability. Copyright ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00577-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., Bullen, T., Schulz, M.S., Blum, A., Huntington, T., and Peters, N., 2001, Differential rates of feldspar weathering in granitic regoliths: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, no. 6, p. 847-869, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00577-9.","startPage":"847","endPage":"869","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206996,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00577-9"}],"volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00ffe4b0c8380cd4fa30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, M. S.","contributorId":7299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blum, A.E.","contributorId":100514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Huntington, T.G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":64675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"T.G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70023992,"text":"70023992 - 2001 - Simulation of stream discharge and transport of nitrate and selected herbicides in the Mississippi River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023992","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of stream discharge and transport of nitrate and selected herbicides in the Mississippi River Basin","docAbstract":"Stream discharge and the transport of nitrate, atrazine, and metolachlor in the Mississippi River Basin were simulated using the DAFLOW/BLTM hydrologic model. The simulated domain for stream discharge included river reaches downstream from the following stations in the National Stream Quality Accounting Network: Mississippi River at Clinton, IA; Missouri River at Hermann, MO: Ohio River at Grand Chain, IL: And Arkansas River at Little Rock, AR. Coefficients of hydraulic geometry were calibrated using data from water year 1996; the model was validated by favourable simulation of observed discharges in water years 1992-1994. The transport of nitrate, atrazine, and metolachlor was simulated downstream from the Mississippi River at Thebes, IL, and the Ohio River at Grand Chain. Simulated concentrations compared favourably with observed concentrations at Baton Rouge, LA. Development of this model is a preliminary step in gaining a more quantitative understanding of the sources and fate of nutrients and pesticides delivered from the Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.208","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Broshears, R.E., Clark, G.M., and Jobson, H., 2001, Simulation of stream discharge and transport of nitrate and selected herbicides in the Mississippi River Basin: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1157-1167, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.208.","startPage":"1157","endPage":"1167","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207257,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.208"}],"volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b908ae4b08c986b319577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broshears, R. E.","contributorId":75552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, G. M.","contributorId":90325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jobson, H.E.","contributorId":44952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023987,"text":"70023987 - 2001 - Distribution of oxygen-18 and deuteriun in river waters across the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T05:24:24","indexId":"70023987","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of oxygen-18 and deuteriun in river waters across the United States","docAbstract":"Reconstruction of continental palaeoclimate and palaeohydrology is currently hampered by limited information about isotopic patterns in the modern hydrologic cycle. To remedy this situation and to provide baseline data for other isotope hydrology studies, more than 4800, depth- and width-integrated, stream samples from 391 selected sites within the USGS National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) and Hydrologic Benchmark Network (HBN) were analysed for δ18O and δ2H (http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/ofr/ofr00-160/pdf/ofr00-160.pdf). Each site was sampled bimonthly or quarterly for 2·5 to 3 years between 1984 and 1987. The ability of this dataset to serve as a proxy for the isotopic composition of modern precipitation in the USA is supported by the excellent agreement between the river dataset and the isotopic compositions of adjacent precipitation monitoring sites, the strong spatial coherence of the distributions of δ18O and δ2H, the good correlations of the isotopic compositions with climatic parameters, and the good agreement between the ‘national’ meteoric water line (MWL) generated from unweighted analyses of samples from the 48 contiguous states of δ2H=8·11δ18O+8·99 (r2=0·98) and the unweighted global MWL of sites from the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) of δ2H=8·17δ18O+10·35.
\nThe national MWL is composed of water samples that arise in diverse local conditions where the local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) usually have much lower slopes. Adjacent sites often have similar LMWLs, allowing the datasets to be combined into regional MWLs. The slopes of regional MWLs probably reflect the humidity of the local air mass, which imparts a distinctive evaporative isotopic signature to rainfall and hence to stream samples. Deuterium excess values range from 6 to 15‰ in the eastern half of the USA, along the northwest coast and on the Colorado Plateau. In the rest of the USA, these values range from −2 to 6‰, with strong spatial correlations with regional aridity. The river samples have successfully integrated the spatial variability in the meteorological cycle and provide the best available dataset on the spatial distributions of δ18O and δ2H values of meteoric waters in the USA.
\n