The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids in groundwater downgradient from a crude-oil spill near Bemidji, Minnesota, was studied over a five year period (1986–1990). The organic acids are metabolic intermediates of the degradation of components of the crude oil and are structurally related to hydrocarbon precursors. The concentrations of organic acids, particularly aliphatic acids, increase as the microbial alteration of hydrocarbons progresses. The organic-acid pool changes in composition and concentration over time and in space as the degradation processes shift from Fe(III) reduction to methanogenesis. Over time, the aquifer system evolves into one in which the groundwater contains more oxidized products of hydrocarbon degradation and the reduced forms of iron, manganese, and nitrogen. Laboratory microcosm experiments with aquifer material support the hypothesis that organic acids observed in the groundwater originate from the microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons under anoxic conditions.
The geochemistry of two other shallow aquifers in coastal plain sediments, one contaminated with creosote waste and the other with gasoline, were compared to the Bemidji site. The geochemical evolution of the low-molecular-weight organic acid pool in these systems is controlled, in part, by the presence of electron acceptors available for microbially mediated electron-transfer reactions. The depletion of electron acceptors in aquifers leads to the accumulation of aliphatic organic acids in anoxic groundwater.
From 1985 through 1990, I monitored the populations of two species of toads, Bufo quercicus and B. terrestris, at a temporary pond in the xeric uplands of north-central Florida. A drift fence with pitfall traps completely encircled the pond basin; the fence was monitored 5 days per week throughout the year. The 5-year study coincided with a severe regional drought that resulted in generally short hydroperiods at unpredictable times of the year. More than 800 toads were captured. Successful metamorphosis never occurred at the pond although toads continued to visit it throughout the study. The sex ratio was male biased in B. quercicus but not in B. terrestris, although significant variation was observed from one year to the next. Likewise, the size-class structure and length-weight patterns varied among species, sexes, and years. Although fewer toads entered the pond basin as the study progressed, toads may have gone elsewhere to breed or they may have remained in refugia. Thus, decreased capture does not necessarily indicate that a drought-related population decline occurred. Drought may have disrupted normal arrival patterns and length of stay within the pond basin. Drought also could be responsible for variation in annual size-class structure of captured toads. The uncertainty of the hydroperiod both spatially and temporally in adjacent breeding sites, the ability of toads to move long distances with the potential for migration between breeding sites, and the lack of specificity in the choice of breeding sites (i.e. permanent versus different types of temporary wetlands) may lead to the formation of metapopulations in the xeric upland habitats of north-central Florida. Long-term monitoring under a variety of climatic conditions is needed to assess the effects of drought and other types of environmental stresses on toad populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08927014.1994.9522985","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., 1994, The effects of drought on population structure, activity, and orientation of toads Bufo quercicus and B. terrestris at a temporary pond: Ethology Ecology and Evolution, v. 6, no. 3, p. 331-349, https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1994.9522985.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"349","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":131514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017527,"text":"70017527 - 1994 - Statistical forecasting of repetitious dome failures during the waning eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, February-April 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70017527","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical forecasting of repetitious dome failures during the waning eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, February-April 1990","docAbstract":"The waning phase of the 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano in the Cook Inlet region of south-central Alaska comprised a quasi-regular pattern of repetitious dome growth and destruction that lasted from February 15 to late April 1990. The dome failures produced ash plumes hazardous to airline traffic. In response to this hazard, the Alaska Volcano Observatory sought to forecast these ash-producing events using two approaches. One approach built on early successes in issuing warnings before major eruptions on December 14, 1989 and January 2, 1990. These warnings were based largely on changes in seismic activity related to the occurrence of precursory swarms of long-period seismic events. The search for precursory swarms of long-period seismicity was continued through the waning phase of the eruption and led to warnings before tephra eruptions on March 23 and April 6. The observed regularity of dome failures after February 15 suggested that a statistical forecasting method based on a constant-rate failure model might also be successful. The first statistical forecast was issued on March 16 after seven events had occurred, at an average interval of 4.5 days. At this time, the interval between dome failures abruptly lengthened. Accordingly, the forecast was unsuccessful and further forecasting was suspended until the regularity of subsequent failures could be confirmed. Statistical forecasting resumed on April 12, after four dome failure episodes separated by an average of 7.8 days. One dome failure (April 15) was successfully forecast using a 70% confidence window, and a second event (April 21) was narrowly missed before the end of the activity. The cessation of dome failures after April 21 resulted in a concluding false alarm. Although forecasting success during the eruption was limited, retrospective analysis shows that early and consistent application of the statistical method using a constant-rate failure model and a 90% confidence window could have yielded five successful forecasts and two false alarms; no events would have been missed. On closer examination, the intervals between successive dome failures are not uniform but tend to increase with time. This increase attests to the continuous, slowly decreasing supply of magma to the surface vent during the waning phase of the eruption. The domes formed in a precarious position in a breach in the summit crater rim where they were susceptible to gravitational collapse. The instability of the February 15-April 21 domes relative to the earlier domes is attributed to reaming the lip of the vent by a laterally directed explosion during the major dome-destroying eruption of February 15, a process which would leave a less secure foundation for subsequent domes. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Page, R., Lahr, J., Chouet, B., Power, J., and Stephens, C., 1994, Statistical forecasting of repetitious dome failures during the waning eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, February-April 1990: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 183-196.","startPage":"183","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b972de4b08c986b31b915","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017356,"text":"70017356 - 1994 - Eruptive activity at Mount St Helens, Washington, USA, 1984-1988: a gas geochemistry perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T11:02:04","indexId":"70017356","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruptive activity at Mount St Helens, Washington, USA, 1984-1988: a gas geochemistry perspective","docAbstract":"The results from two different types of gas measurement, telemetered in situ monitoring of reducing gases on the dome and airborne measurements of sulfur dioxide emission rates in the plume by correlation spectrometry, suggest that the combination of these two methods is particularly effective in detecting periods of enhanced degassing that intermittently punctuate the normal background leakage of gaseous effluent from Mount St Helens to the atmosphere. Gas events were recorded before lava extrusion for each of the four dome-building episodes at Mount St Helens since mid-1984. For two of the episodes, precursory reducing gas peaks were detected, whereas during three of the episodes, COSPEC measurements recorded precursory degassing of sulfur dioxide. During one episode (October 1986), both reducing gas monitoring and SO2 emission rate measurements simultaneously detected a large gas release several hours before lava extrusion. Had both types of gas measurements been operational during each of the dome-building episodes, it is thought that both would have recorded precursory signals for all four episodes. Evidence from the data presented herein suggests that increased degassing at Mount St Helens becomes detectable when fresh upward-moving magma is between 2 km and a few hundred meters below the base of the dome and between about 60 and 12 hours before the surface extrusion of lava. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302825","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"McGee, K., and Sutton, A.J., 1994, Eruptive activity at Mount St Helens, Washington, USA, 1984-1988: a gas geochemistry perspective: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 6-7, p. 435-446, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302825.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"446","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302825"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a54e4b0c8380cd522e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186674,"text":"70186674 - 1994 - Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T09:36:19","indexId":"70186674","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases","docAbstract":"The measurement of concentrations of volatile species in soil gases has potential for use in geochemical exploration for concealed ore deposits and for monitoring of subsurface contaminants. However, the interpretation of anomalies in surficial gases can be difficult because soil-gas concentrations are dependent on both meteorological and environmental conditions.
For this study, concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 and meteorological conditions were monitored for 10–14 months at eight nonmineralized sites in both humid and dry environments. Gases were collected at 0.6–0.7-m depth at seven sites. At one site, gases were collected from 0.3-, 0.6-, 1.2-, and 2.0-m depths; diurnal monitoring studies were conducted at this site also. Rain and snowfall, soil and air temperatures, barometric pressure, and relative humidity were monitored at all the sites. The sand, silt and clay content, and the organic carbon content of surficial soil were measured at each site.
Meteorological conditions generally affected He and CO2 concentrations in the same way at all the sites; however, these effects were modified by local environmental conditions. Both seasonal and diurnal concentration changes occurred. The most important seasonal concentration changes were related to rain and snowfall and soil and air temperatures. Seasonal changes tended to be larger then the diurnal changes, but both could be related to the same processes. Local conditions of soil type and organic content affected the amount of pore space and moisture present in the soil and therefore the soil-gas concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90052-3","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, M., 1994, Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil gases: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 1, p. 53-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90052-3.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"53","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Margaret","contributorId":36918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185147,"text":"70185147 - 1994 - [Book review] The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T13:00:19","indexId":"70185147","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands","docAbstract":"Leadership in ecological research on north-temperate-zone seabirds has long been associated with the region of the northeastern Atlantic, which enjoys a tradition of detailed, innovative work spanning several decades. Although the temperate North Pacific is home to several of the same species that figure prominently in the Atlantic and also has a host of interesting species found nowhere else, Pacific birds had until recently received comparatively little attention. Few important advances in seabird biology had come from the northern North Pacific, which tended to leave those of us who work in the region harboring a slight inferiority complex. Happily, this situation is beginning to change. First, we are learning that in some instances the population dynamics of shared species differ greatly between the North Pacific and North Atlantic. The Pacific work, therefore, is more than just a rehash of that which was already known. It takes an important step toward understanding geographic variation in demography – variation that would not have been anticipated from any casual comparison of the environments, which appear superficially similar. Second, we are starting to see the results of in-depth work on species unique to the region. Tony Gaston’s book, the first monographic treatment of any North Pacific alcid, is one encouraging sign that seabird research in the temperate North Pacific is coming of age.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088537","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 1994, [Book review] The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands: The Auk, v. 111, no. 1, p. 242-243, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088537.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"1","publicComments":"This is a review of the following work: The Ancient Murrelet. A natural history in the Queen Charlotte Islands. – Anthony J. Gaston. 1992. T&AD Poyser Ltd, London, and Academic press, San Diego, California. xviii + 249 pp., 22 black-and-white plates, 69 text figures, 22 tables, 2 appendices. ISBN 0-85661-071-4. $34.95.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52ffe4b0849ce97c8758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185144,"text":"70185144 - 1994 - Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T12:39:55","indexId":"70185144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets","docAbstract":"The incidental catch of seabirds in high-seas drift nets was recorded in 1990-1991 by scientific observers on commercial squid and large-mesh fishery vessels operating in the North Pacific Transitional Zone. Twenty-six Synthliboramphus murrelet deaths were recorded in the months of August through December. All but one were from the Korean squid fishery in a small area bounded by 38°-44°N and 142°-157°E. Five specimens of the dead birds were collected and later identified as Japanese Murrelets (S. wumizusume). As fishing effort was widely distributed over a large area east of Japan, these data suggest that postbreeding Japanese Murrelets migrate north to winter in a relatively small area southeast of Hokkaido, where persistent eddies form at the confluence of the Oyashio and Kuroshio currents. Fronts between cold Oyashio water and Kuroshio warm-core eddies promote the aggregation of zooplankton and pelagic fishes, which in turn may attract murrelets during the nonbreeding season. The estimated total mortality of Japanese Murrelets in high-seas drift-net fisheries represents a significant proportion of the total world population of this rare and endangered species.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088827","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., and Gould, P.J., 1994, Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets: The Auk, v. 111, no. 4, p. 953-961, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088827.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"953","endPage":"961","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"North Pacific Transitional Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 147,\n 36\n ],\n [\n 141,\n 36\n ],\n [\n 141,\n 45\n ],\n [\n 147,\n 45\n ],\n [\n 147,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca5301e4b0849ce97c875a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gould, Patrick J.","contributorId":11667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175166,"text":"70175166 - 1993 - Coupled effects of vertical mixing and benthic grazing on phytoplankton populations in shallow, turbid estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T06:11:07","indexId":"70175166","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-07T06:15:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2379,"text":"Journal of Marine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coupled effects of vertical mixing and benthic grazing on phytoplankton populations in shallow, turbid estuaries","docAbstract":"Coastal ocean waters tend to have very different patterns of phytoplankton biomass variability from the open ocean, and the connections between physical variability and phytoplankton bloom dynamics are less well established for these shallow systems. Predictions of biological responses to physical variability in these environments is inherently difficult because the recurrent seasonal patterns of mixing are complicated by aperiodic fluctuations in river discharge and the high-frequency components of tidal variability. We might expect, then, less predictable and more complex bloom dynamics in these shallow coastal systems compared with the open ocean. Given this complex and dynamic physical environment, can we develop a quantitative framework to define the physical regimes necessary for bloom inception, and can we identify the important mechanisms of physical-biological coupling that lead to the initiation and termination of blooms in estuaries and shallow coastal waters? Numerical modeling provides one approach to address these questions. Here we present results of simulation experiments with a refined version of Cloern's (1991) model in which mixing processes are treated more realistically to reflect the dynamic nature of turbulence generation in estuaries. We investigated several simple models for the turbulent mixing coefficient. We found that the addition of diurnal tidal variation to Cloern's model greatly reduces biomass growth indicating that variations of mixing on the time scale of hours are crucial. Furthermore, we found that for conditions representative of South San Francisco Bay, numerical simulations only allowed for bloom development when the water column was stratified and when minimal mixing was prescribed in the upper layer. Stratification, however, itself is not sufficient to ensure that a bloom will develop: minimal wind stirring is a further prerequisite to bloom development in shallow turbid estuaries with abundant populations of benthic suspension feeders.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sears Foundation for Marine Research","doi":"10.1357/0022240933223954","usgsCitation":"Koseff, J.R., Holen, J.K., Monismith, S., and Cloern, J.E., 1993, Coupled effects of vertical mixing and benthic grazing on phytoplankton populations in shallow, turbid estuaries: Journal of Marine Research, v. 51, no. 4, p. 843-868, https://doi.org/10.1357/0022240933223954.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"868","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a072b1e4b060ce18fb2d94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koseff, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":37915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koseff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holen, Jacqueline K.","contributorId":173302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holen","given":"Jacqueline","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018034,"text":"70018034 - 1993 - Ice thickness, ablation, and other glaciological measurements on Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T16:54:55.179077","indexId":"70018034","displayToPublicDate":"2013-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3059,"text":"Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ice thickness, ablation, and other glaciological measurements on Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Glaciological investigations of the Upper Fremont Glacier in the Wind River Range of Wyoming were conducted during 1990–1991. The glaciological data will provide baseline information for monitoring future changes to the glacier and support ongoing research utilizing glacial-ice-core composition to reconstruct paleoenvironmental records. Ice thickness, determined by radio-echo sounding, ranged from 60 to 172 m in the upper half of the glacier. Radio-echo sounding of ice thickness at one point was confirmed by drilling 159.7 m to bedrock. The difference between radio-echo sounding depth and measured drilling depth was about 4 m. Annual ablation (including snow, firn, and ice) measured for the 1990–1991 period averaged about 0.93 m/a. Densification proceeds rapidly on Upper Fremont Glacier. Measured densities in the near-surface parts of the glacier ranged from 4.4 x 105 g/m3 at the surface to larger than 8.5 x 105 g/m3 at depths exceeding 14 m. Surface ice velocity and direction were monitored from July 1990 to August 1991. Ice velocity decreased in a downslope direction. The largest measured velocity was about 3.1 m/a and the smallest was 0.8 m/a. The yearly mean air temperature of the study site during the period from July 11, 1990 to July 10, 1991 was -6.9°. Borehole temperatures from 10-m depths are 0 ± 0.4°. The warmer borehole temperatures relative to the yearly mean air temperature may be caused by the latent heat of freezing, as meltwater from the surface percolates into the glacier and refreezes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02723646.1993.10642488","issn":"02723646","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., and Smith, M., 1993, Ice thickness, ablation, and other glaciological measurements on Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming: Physical Geography, v. 14, no. 4, p. 404-414, https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1993.10642488.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"404","endPage":"414","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228642,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Fremont Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.72994107718391,\n 43.854490295941474\n ],\n [\n -109.72994107718391,\n 42.91105485137706\n ],\n [\n -108.47855150485833,\n 42.91105485137706\n ],\n [\n -108.47855150485833,\n 43.854490295941474\n ],\n [\n -109.72994107718391,\n 43.854490295941474\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37f4e4b0c8380cd612f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, M.E.","contributorId":104525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017934,"text":"70017934 - 1993 - Evidence for a late thermal event of unequilibrated enstatite chondrites: a Rb-Sr study of Qingzhen and Yamato 6901 (EH3) and Khairpur (EL6)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T15:44:58.798721","indexId":"70017934","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2714,"text":"Meteoritics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for a late thermal event of unequilibrated enstatite chondrites: a Rb-Sr study of Qingzhen and Yamato 6901 (EH3) and Khairpur (EL6)","docAbstract":"The Rb-Sr whole rock and internal systematics of two EH3 chondrites, Qingzhen and Yamato 6901, and of one EL6 chondrite, Khairpur, were determined. Sulfides were separated using a stepwise dissolution technique. The mineral species in each fraction were estimated based on the chemical analyses of 12 major elements. The internal Rb-Sr systematics of the EH3 chondrites are highly disturbed. Fractions corresponding to sulfide phases show excess 87Sr, while other fractions corresponding to silicate phases produce a linear trend on a Rb-Sr evolution diagram. If these linear relations are interpreted as isochrons, the ages of the silicate phases are 2.12 ± 0.23 Ga and 2.05 ± 0.33 Ga with the initial Sr isotopic ratios of 0.7112 ± 0.0018 and 0.7089 ± 0.0032, for Qingzhen and Yamato 6901, respectively. The process of the isotopic disturbance probably involved the breakdown of the major K-bearing sulfide (djerfisherite), and a lack of isotopic exchange between sulfide and silicate phases indicates moderate temperatures of reheating. Although a complete Sr isotopic re-homogenization among silicate phases was not attained, we interpret the Rb-Sr results as indicative of a late thermal event about 2 Ga ago on the parent bodies of these EH3 chondrites. These ages agree well with previously published K-Ar ages. An older isochron age of 4.481 ± 0.036 Ga with a low initial Sr isotopic ratio of 0.69866 ± 0.00038 was obtained for the data from silicate fractions of Khairpur, indicating early petrological equilibration on the parent body of EL6 chondrites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.1993.tb00275.x","issn":"00261114","usgsCitation":"Torigoye, N., and Shima, M., 1993, Evidence for a late thermal event of unequilibrated enstatite chondrites: a Rb-Sr study of Qingzhen and Yamato 6901 (EH3) and Khairpur (EL6): Meteoritics, v. 28, no. 4, p. 515-527, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1993.tb00275.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"527","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228734,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d2ee4b0c8380cd52e6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torigoye, N.","contributorId":88510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torigoye","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shima, M.","contributorId":57564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shima","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222889,"text":"5222889 - 1993 - Morphological, biochemical, and histopathological indices and contaminant burdens of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) at three hazardous waste sites near Houston, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:03","indexId":"5222889","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:10","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphological, biochemical, and histopathological indices and contaminant burdens of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) at three hazardous waste sites near Houston, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"Male cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were studied at three industrial waste sites near Houston, Texas, to determine whether various morphological, biochemical, and histopathological indices provided evidence of contaminant exposure and toxic insult. Only modest changes were detected in cotton rats residing at waste sites compared with reference sites. No single parameter was consistently altered, except hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentration which was lower ( [Formula: see text] ) at two waste sites, and tended to be lower ( [Formula: see text] ) at a third waste site. Elevated petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations were detected in rats at one waste site, but contaminant burdens of rats from the other sites were unremarkable. Unlike rats captured in summer, those trapped in winter exhibited hepatocellular hypertrophy and up to a 65% increase in liver: body weight ratio, cytochrome P-450 concentration, and activities of aniline hydroxylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, and glutathione S-transferase. Although genotoxicity has been previously documented in cotton rats residing at two of the waste sites, biomarkers in the present study provided little evidence of exposure and damage","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(93)90181-M","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B., Flickinger, E.L., and Hoffman, D.J., 1993, Morphological, biochemical, and histopathological indices and contaminant burdens of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) at three hazardous waste sites near Houston, Texas, USA: Environmental Pollution, v. 79, no. 1, p. 85-93, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90181-M.","productDescription":"85-93","startPage":"85","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16479,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90181-M","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":197800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b475f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flickinger, Edward L.","contributorId":48907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flickinger","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222919,"text":"5222919 - 1993 - Effects of dietary aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus on egg and bone of European starlings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-19T13:11:48","indexId":"5222919","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:10","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dietary aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus on egg and bone of European starlings","docAbstract":"Egg and bone of passerine birds nesting in acidified habitats may be affected by high levels of Al or P, or low levels of Ca. Nine treatments of three levels of dietary Al (target levels of 200, 1,000, and 5,000 μg/g) and three levels of Ca:P (target levels of NN = 1.3% Ca: 0.9% P; LL = 0.19 Ca:0.45 P; LH = 0.19 Ca: 1.65 P) were fed to 16–17 starling pairs during two breeding seasons. Eggs of starlings fed the LH diet were smaller and weighed less than eggs from the NN and LL treatments. Treatment effects on thickness, strength, and weight of eggshells were not consistent between seasons, probably because of differences in actual dietary levels of Al, Ca, and P or in incubation intervals. In one season, birds fed the highest Al diet had thicker eggshells than those from the other Al treatments (no effect from Ca:P); the following season, eggshells from the NN and LH treatments were thicker and stronger than those from the LL treatment. Eggshells from the NN treatment weighed more than those from the other Ca:P treatments. Starlings on the LH diet had the strongest femurs, but the effect was interactive with different levels of dietary Al. Effects of Ca:P on egg and bone were more evident than Al effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01141350","usgsCitation":"Miles, A., Grue, C., Pendleton, G., and Soares, J.H., 1993, Effects of dietary aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus on egg and bone of European starlings: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 24, no. 2, p. 206-212, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01141350.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615d82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miles, A.K. 0000-0002-3108-808X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-808X","contributorId":85902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"A.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pendleton, G.W.","contributorId":51688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendleton","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soares, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":31707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soares","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222780,"text":"5222780 - 1993 - 'Tool' use by the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T14:20:12","indexId":"5222780","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:09","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"'Tool' use by the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)","docAbstract":"Perhaps the best documented example of regular tool use for a falconiform is the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) striking an Ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg with a stone (J. van Lawick-Goodall and H. van Lawick-Goodall 1966, Nature 212:1468-1469; R.K. Brooke 1979, Ostrich 50:257-258). Another species, the Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus), routinely drops bones on stone slabs to gain access to the marrow within (L. Brown and D Amadon 1968, Eagles, hawks and falcons of the world, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY U.S.A.). Some, however, would argue that, because the stone is not manipulated, the bone-dropping Lammergeier is not actually using a tool. Another reported example of tool use is the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) that allegedly cast a stone at a human intruder near its nest (C.L. Blair 1981, Raptor Research 15:120).]
The following may be yet another example of tool use by a raptor. On 5 June 1985, we observed an adult Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) soaring low (ca 15 m) over the grass-covered slopes of the Galiuro Mountains in southern Arizona. The bird had, probably just moments before, captured a ca I m snake (probably a glossy snake, Arizona elegans, judging by size, shape and color). When the hawk passed near us, it was holding the snake by both feet near the snake's midpoint. With head elevated and mouth open, the snake appeared intent upon biting the hawk. When the hawk was ca 100 m distant from us, it made several shallow stoops over a scattered group of large boulders. On some (and perhaps all) passes, the bird swept sharply upward as it passed over and nearly collided with a boulder. The centrifugal force associated with this change in direction caused the snake to pendulate below the hawk's talons and strike the boulder. During one pass, we observed the snake's head and tail flipping up behind the hawk after slapping the boulder. Not all swoops were over the same boulder, but one particularly obtrusive (ca 1 m tall) boulder was used at least twice. On the last two swoops, the snake hung limp and apparently lifeless from the hawk's talons After the last swoop, the hawk dropped out of sight into tall grass ca 200 m from our position and presumably ate the snake because we could observe no prey in the hawk's talons when it soared up 13 rain later.
If the anvil (not held in the hand) is a tool as well as the hammer (held in the hand), then the Red-tailed Hawk may be added to the short list of raptors that have been known to use tools
","language":"English","publisher":"Raptor Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., and Brunson, S., 1993, 'Tool' use by the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis): Journal of Raptor Research, v. 27, no. 2, p. 128-128.","productDescription":"1","startPage":"128","endPage":"128","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16446,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.raptorresearchfoundation.org/publications/journal-of-raptor-research/online-access/","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":" Galiuro Mountains","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b45bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, David H.","contributorId":70901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brunson, Shawn","contributorId":78048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunson","given":"Shawn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222742,"text":"5222742 - 1993 - Resource protection for waterbirds in Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:52:54.077345","indexId":"5222742","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:09","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resource protection for waterbirds in Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"Many living resources in the Chesapeake Bay estuary have deteriorated over the past 50 years. As a result, many governmental committees, task forces, and management plans have been established. Most of the recommendations for implementing a bay cleanup focus on reducing sediments and nutrient flow into the watershed. We emphasize that habitat requirements other than water quality are necessary for the recovery of much of the bay's avian wildlife, and we use a waterbird example as illustration. Some of these needs are: (1) protection of fast-eroding islands, or creation of new ones by dredge deposition to improve nesting habitat for American black ducks(Anas rubripes), great blue herons(Ardea herodias), and other associated wading birds; (2) conservation of remaining brackish marshes, especially near riparian areas, for feeding black ducks, wading birds, and wood ducks(Aix sponsa); (3) establishment of sanctuaries in open-water, littoral zones to protect feeding and/or roosting areas for diving ducks such as canvasbacks(Aythya valisineria) and redheads(Aythya americana), and for bald eagles(Haliaeetus leucocephalus); and (4) limitation of disturbance by boaters around nesting islands and open-water feeding areas. Land (or water) protection measures for waterbirds need to include units at several different spatial scales, ranging from ?points? (e.g., a colony site) to large-area resources (e.g., a marsh or tributary for feeding). Planning to conserve large areas of both land and water can be achieved following a biosphere reserve model. Existing interagency committees in the Chesapeake Bay Program could be more effective in developing such a model for wildlife and fisheries resources.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/bf02393723","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., Haramis, G., Krementz, D., and Funderburk, S., 1993, Resource protection for waterbirds in Chesapeake Bay: Environmental Management, v. 17, no. 5, p. 613-619, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02393723.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"619","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.11190558460805,\n 39.97297812871477\n ],\n [\n -78.11190558460805,\n 36.38156142539066\n ],\n [\n -74.88192511585801,\n 36.38156142539066\n ],\n [\n -74.88192511585801,\n 39.97297812871477\n ],\n [\n -78.11190558460805,\n 39.97297812871477\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b003","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haramis, G.M.","contributorId":101212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krementz, D.G.","contributorId":74332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Funderburk, S.L.","contributorId":95012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funderburk","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223626,"text":"5223626 - 1993 - Research, conservation, and collaboration: The role of visiting scientists in developing countries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T09:22:03","indexId":"5223626","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:09","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Research, conservation, and collaboration: The role of visiting scientists in developing countries","docAbstract":"As awareness of environmental problems and the need to protect our natural resources or use them wisely has grown, scientists have become increasingly interested in conservation. Some individuals are involved in conservation-related activities through research or teaching, but most of us participate only as citizens concerned about the world in which we live. Often, we decline to take an active role in conservation issues because we think that \"it will take too much time away from our science,\" or that it is \"too much trouble.\" Both perspectives, I think, are inaccurate. Sometimes investigators fail to participate because they are ignorant of the ways in which scientists (or scientific organizations) interface with conservation - in other words, of how one goes about getting personally involved. Whatever the reason, this lack of involvement is unfortunate, because scientists, and especially \"whole organism\" biologists (including ornithologists), can make unique contributions to conservation programs, as scientists, without a significant increase in effort or any change in the quality of their work. At the same time, they reap both professional and personal rewards.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Foster, M.S., 1993, Research, conservation, and collaboration: The role of visiting scientists in developing countries: The Auk, v. 110, no. 2, p. 414-417.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"417","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16451,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4088579"}],"volume":"110","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c5c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Mercedes S.","contributorId":72088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Mercedes","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223682,"text":"5223682 - 1993 - Use of satellite telemetry for study of a gyrfalcon in Greenland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5223682","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:08","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of satellite telemetry for study of a gyrfalcon in Greenland","docAbstract":"Long-term research in Greenland has yielded 1 8 years of incidental sightings and 2 years of surveys and observations of gyrfalcons(Falco rusticolus) around Sondrestromfjord, Greenland. Gyrfalcons nest on cliffs along fjords and near rivers and lakes throughout our 2590 sq. km study area. Nestlings are present mid-June to July. In 1990, we marked one adult female gyrfalcon with a 65 g radio-transmitter to obtain location estimates via the ARGOS polar orbiting satellite system. The unit transmitted 8 hours/day every two days. We obtained 145 locations during 5 weeks of the nestling and fledgling stage of breeding. We collected 1-9 locations/day, with a mean of 4/day. We calculated home range estimates based on the Minimum Convex Polygon( MCP) and Harmonic Mean (HM methods and tested subsets of the data based on location quality and number of transmission hours per day. Home range estimated by MCP using higher quality locations was approximately 589 sq. km. Home range estimates were larger when lower-quality locations were included in the estimates. Estimates based on data collected for 4 hours/day were similar to those for 8 hours/day. In the future, it might be possible to extend battery life of the transmitters by reducing the number of transmission hours/day. A longer-lived transmitter could provide information on movements and home ranges throughout the year.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Abstracts of presentations made at the annual meeting of the Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., held at Bellevue, Washington, on 11-15 November 1992","usgsCitation":"Klugman, S., Fuller, M., Howey, P., Yates, M., Oar, J., Seegar, J., Seegar, W., Mattox, G., and Maechtle, T., 1993, Use of satellite telemetry for study of a gyrfalcon in Greenland: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 27, no. 1, p. 75-76(abs).","productDescription":"75-76 (abstract)","startPage":"75","endPage":"76(abs)","numberOfPages":"-74","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16432,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v027n01/p00053-p00096.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":202269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klugman, S.S.","contributorId":69667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klugman","given":"S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howey, P.W.","contributorId":38257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howey","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yates, M.A.","contributorId":79593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oar, J.J.","contributorId":70879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oar","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Seegar, J.M.","contributorId":11314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seegar","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Seegar, W.S.","contributorId":11301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seegar","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mattox, G.M.","contributorId":59155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Maechtle, T.L.","contributorId":62185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maechtle","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70018377,"text":"70018377 - 1993 - Seismicity of the Adriatic microplate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:25:24.720898","indexId":"70018377","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity of the Adriatic microplate","docAbstract":"The Adriatic microplate was previously considered to be a unique block, tectonically active only along its margins. The seismic sequences that took place in the basin from 1986 to 1990 give new information about the geodynamics of this area. Three subsets of well recorded events were relocated by the joint hypocentre determination technique. On the whole, this seismic activity was concentrated in a belt crossing the southern Adriatic sea around latitude 42°, in connection with regional E-W fault systems. Some features of this seismicity, similar to those observed in other well known active margins of the Adriatic plate, support a model of a southern Adriatic lithospheric block, detached from the Northern one. Other geophysical information provides evidence of a transitional zone at the same latitude.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(93)90323-C","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Console, R., Di Giovambattista, R., Favali, P., Presgrave, B., and Smriglio, G., 1993, Seismicity of the Adriatic microplate: Tectonophysics, v. 218, no. 4, p. 343-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90323-C.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"354","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Adriatic microplate","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 7.901074646922638,\n 45.36537747665571\n ],\n [\n 7.925319937349542,\n 40.09529757596667\n ],\n [\n 15.659655459453305,\n 36.911856470118124\n ],\n [\n 20.530395376757042,\n 39.790757885787514\n ],\n [\n 19.89113932560724,\n 42.11828271163941\n ],\n [\n 18.052461504968505,\n 44.5684811567877\n ],\n [\n 13.967414468815335,\n 46.00369103273495\n ],\n [\n 7.901074646922638,\n 45.36537747665571\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"218","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bb8e4b08c986b317a2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Console, R.","contributorId":51476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Console","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Di Giovambattista, R.","contributorId":7021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Di Giovambattista","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Favali, P.","contributorId":47534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Favali","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Presgrave, B.W.","contributorId":103298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presgrave","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smriglio, G.","contributorId":50673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smriglio","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018223,"text":"70018223 - 1993 - Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data: A first report from Death Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T14:54:08.82958","indexId":"70018223","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data: A first report from Death Valley, California","docAbstract":"Efflorescent salt crusts in Death Valley, California, were mapped by using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data and a recently developed least-squares spectral band-fitting algorithm. Eight different saline minerals were remotely identified, including three borates, hydroboracite, pinnoite, and rivadavite, that have not been previously reported from the Death Valley efflorescent crusts. The three borates are locally important phases in the crusts, and at least one of the minerals, rivadavite, appears to be forming directly from brine. Borates and other evaporite minerals provide a basis for making remote chemical measurements of desert hydrologic systems. For example, in the Eagle Borax Spring area, the AVIRIS mineral maps pointed to elevated magnesium and boron levels in the ground waters, and to the action of chemical divides causing subsurface fractionation of calcium. Many other chemical aspects of playa brines should have an expression in the associated evaporite assemblages. Certain anhydrous evaporites, including anhydrite, glauberite, and thenardite, lack absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared wavelength range, and crusts composed of these minerals could not be characterized by using AVIRIS. In these situations, thermal-infrared remote sensing data may complement visible and near-infrared data for mapping evaporites. Another problem occurred in wet areas of Death Valley, where water absorption caused low signal levels in the 2.0-2.5 ??m wavelength region that obscured any spectral features of evaporite minerals. Despite these difficulties, the results of this study demonstrate the potential for using AVIRIS and other imaging spectrometer data to study playa chemistry. Such data can be useful for understanding chemical linkages between evaporites and ground waters, and will facilitate studies of how desert ground-water regimes change through time in response to climatic and other variables.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(93)90025-S","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., 1993, Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data: A first report from Death Valley, California: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 44, no. 2-3, p. 337-356, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90025-S.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"356","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.68655810627652,\n 36.921398315526645\n ],\n [\n -117.68655810627652,\n 35.9185137883743\n ],\n [\n -116.61296354270263,\n 35.9185137883743\n ],\n [\n -116.61296354270263,\n 36.921398315526645\n ],\n [\n -117.68655810627652,\n 36.921398315526645\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5070e4b0c8380cd6b6be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":136,"text":"wsp2400 - 1993 - National water summary 1990-91: Hydrologic events and stream water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T22:33:24.152547","indexId":"wsp2400","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2400","title":"National water summary 1990-91: Hydrologic events and stream water quality","docAbstract":"National Water Summary 1990-91 Hydrologic Events and Stream Water Quality was planned to complement existing Federal-State water-quality reporting to the U.S. Congress that is required by the Clean Water Act of 1972. This act, formally known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-500), and its amendments in 1977,1979,1980,1981,1983, and 1987, is the principal basis for Federal-State cooperation on maintaining and reporting on water quality in the United States. Under section 305(b) of the Clean Water Act, the States must designate uses for waterbodies, biennially assess whether the waterbodies meet designated uses, and report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which in turn summarizes the findings of the State assessments in a biennial National Water Quality Inventory report to the Congress.
\nThis volume of the National Water Summary uses a nationally consistent data base and methods of statistical analysis to document stream water quality in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Western Pacific Islands. As a basis for preparation of this report, the U.S. Geological Survey (uses) created a data base of waterquality data from about 2,900 stream water-quality monitoring stations in the United States (Lanfear, 1993). These data, which were extracted primarily from the uses National Water Information System (NWIS) and supplemented with data from the EPA national data base known as STORET, consisted mostly of water-chemistry and physical-sediment data. About 1,400 of these stations met a criterion, used in this volume for trends analysis of data, of having a period of record that began before water year 1980. (A water year is the period from October 1 through September 30 and is identified by the calendar year at the end of the period.) Inasmuch as the determination of trends requires about 10 years of data, few biological data were suitable for trends analysis because biological indicators of water quality were not being collected extensively by water year 1980. Also, because of the lack of long-term data, an assessment of the water quality of lakes and reservoirs is not included in this National Water Summary. Constituent and waterproperty data were selected from this data base and analyzed with statistical techniques that have been used extensively by the uses to summarize conditions and trends in water quality. (Throughout the remainder of this article, the term \"constituent\" is used also to represent water properties, such as pH and alkalinity.) Selected results from this analysis are presented graphically, both by State and nationally, in this volume.
\nThe data base created for preparation of this volume and the resulting nationally consistent statistical analysis of these data provide a unique opportunity to compare and contrast stream water-quality conditions and trends nationally and State by State. Because of the complexity of water quality and the natural seasonal and diurnal variations in the concentrations of waterquality constituents, the determination of trends in water quality requires a relatively long period of record. Trends in constituent concentrations in the State summaries in this volume were calculated for one or more of four periods water years 1970-89,1975-89,1980- 89, and 1982-89. Unfortunately, few water-quality monitoring stations have periods of record of more than 10 or 15 years, and therefore most analyses in the State summaries were done for 8- or 10-year periods. Although interest in water quality has continued to heighten since passage of the Clean Water Act, funds for support of data-collection programs are limited and data records of many of the constituents now of current concern, especially organic constituents, do not exist or are less than 10-years long; consequently only a modest number of organic constituents are presented in this volume. Discussion of conditions and trends in water quality in this National Water Summary also draw upon information about land use, population, water use, application of agricultural chemicals in rural areas, the siting of industrial facilities, and other ancillary information. Because the results of analysis of a restricted number of constituents are presented in this volume, State 305(b) reports also are cited in the discussion of water quality in each State.
\nThe following discussion is an overview of the three parts of this 1990-91 National Water Summary - \"Hydrologic Conditions and Water-Related Events, Water Years 1990-91,\" \"Hydrologic Perspectives on Water Issues,\" and \"State Summaries of Stream Water Quality.\"
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2400","usgsCitation":"1993, National water summary 1990-91: Hydrologic events and stream water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2400, ix, 590 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2400.","productDescription":"ix, 590 p.","numberOfPages":"602","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395505,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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W.","contributorId":84729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573731,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17423,"text":"ofr93128 - 1993 - National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-06T12:36:38","indexId":"ofr93128","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-128","title":"National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1992","docAbstract":"This report, one in a series of annual reports, provides current information about the National Research Program (NRP) of the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division (WRD) during fiscal year 1992. Organized by NRP's six research disciplines, the volume contains a summary of the problem, objective, approach, and progress for each project that was active during fiscal year 1992. It also contains bibliographic information that, because of the long-term nature of the program, covers a 5-year period. The bibliographic information does not include abstracts or informal reports. Rather it contains those reports that are readily available in the form of journal articles, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications, book chapters, or books.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93128","usgsCitation":"1993, National Research Program of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey, Fiscal Year 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-128, viii, 392 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93128.","productDescription":"viii, 392 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349764,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0128/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0128/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69875d","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Nichols, Martha L.","contributorId":55457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Martha L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724184,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Linda C.","contributorId":98702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Linda C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":724185,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29805,"text":"wri934032 - 1993 - Geomorphic and hydraulic assessment of the Bear River in and near Evanston, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri934032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4032","title":"Geomorphic and hydraulic assessment of the Bear River in and near Evanston, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Geomorphic and hydraulic characteristics of the Bear River in and near Evanston, Wyoming, were assessed to assist planners in stabilizing the river channel. Present-day channel instability is the result of both human-made and natural factors. The primary factor is channelization of the river in Evanston, where several meander loops were cut off artificially during early development of the city. Other contributing factors include channel-width constrictions, bank stabilization, isolated bend cutoffs upstream from the city, and flooding in 1983 and 1984. A geomorphic analysis of bankfull-channel pattern, based on four aerial photographs taken during 1946-86, quantified geomorphic properties (reach sinuosity, bend sinuosity, bend radius of curvature, and bed length) that are characteristic of the study reach. The reach sinuosity of reach 2 (the channelized reach in Evanston) was 1.18 in 1986 and remained about the same throughout the period (1946-86). The reach sinuosity of reach 2 prior to channelization was substantially larger, about 2.3 as determined from maps prepared before 1946. Hydraulic analysis of the present-day channel (surveyed 1981-87) using a one-dimensional water-surface-profile computer model identified a bankfull discharge for the study reach of 3,600 cu ft/sec. A comparison of bankfull hydraulic properties for reaches 1, 2, and 3 indicated that the effects in reach 2 of channelization and channel-width constriction--increased slope, faster velocities, and greater hydraulic radii. The present-day channel slope in reach 2 is 0.00518 ft/ft, whereas a more stable slope would be between 0.00431 ft/ft (present-day slope in reach 1) and 0.00486 ft/ft (present-day slope in reach 3).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934032","usgsCitation":"Smith, M., and Maderak, M., 1993, Geomorphic and hydraulic assessment of the Bear River in and near Evanston, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4032, v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934032.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4032/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58605,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4032/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, M.E.","contributorId":104525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maderak, M.L.","contributorId":41452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maderak","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197489,"text":"70197489 - 1993 - Regional stratigraphic framework of surficial sediments and bedrock beneath Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-07T12:09:35","indexId":"70197489","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1773,"text":"Geographie Physique et Quaternaire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional stratigraphic framework of surficial sediments and bedrock beneath Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"Approximately 2550 km of single-channel high-resolution seismic reflection profiles have been interpreted and calibrated with lithological and geochronological information from four representative piston cores and one grab sample to provide a regional stratigraphie framework for the subbottom deposits of Lake Ontario. Five units overlying Paleozoic bedrock were identified and mapped. These are classified as informal units and represent, from oldest to youngest: (A) subglacial till (?) deposited by the Port Huron ice at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation; (B) an ice-marginal (?) unit confined to the western part of the lake that was probably deposited during retreat of the Port Huron ice shortly after 13 ka; (C) a regionally extensive unit of laminated glacio-lacustrine clay that accumulated until about 11 ka; (D) a weakly laminated to more massive lake clay deposited during a period of reduced water supply and rising water levels after the drawdown of the high-level glacial lakes (Iroquois and successors); and (E) modern lake clay less than 10 m thick that began accumulating around 6-8 ka with the subsequent return of upper Great Lakes drainage through the Ontario basin. Seismic reflections also define the configuration of the bedrock surface and pre-glacial stream valleys incised in the bedrock surface. Several anomalous bottom and subbottom features in the surficial sediments are mapped, such as discontinuous and offset reflections, furrows, gas pockets, and areas of large subbottom relief. None of these features appear to be spatially correlative with the diffuse seismicity that characterizes the lake area or with deeper structures such as Paleozoic bedrock faults or crustal-penetrating faults in the Precambrian basement.
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R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, C.F.","contributorId":75018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hund, G.","contributorId":34349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hund","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243611,"text":"70243611 - 1993 - Exopolymer microenvironments of microbial flora: Multiple and interactive effects on trophic relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-15T00:57:22.086339","indexId":"70243611","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T19:54:43","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exopolymer microenvironments of microbial flora: Multiple and interactive effects on trophic relationships","docAbstract":"Microbial cells in natural environments are often encased in different types of exopolymer secretions (EPS), ranging from tight capsules surrounding individual cells to the looser slime matrices of biofilms. The different physical and chemical properties of exopolymers could have secondary effects on trophic interactions between microbial cells and consumer animals. Laboratory studies showed that capsule EPS is significantly less digestible to consumers than slime EPS, even when extracted from the same bacterial strain. Bacterial cells with EPS capsules are less efficiently digested than noncapsuled cells, suggesting that capsules protect against digestion. Follow-up experiments determined that polysaccharide-rich fractions of slime EPS are absorbed with very high efficiencies while protein portions, which are more abundant in capsular polymers, are absorbed relatively poorly. Another series of experiments showed that dissolved organic matter (DOM), when adsorbed directly to the mineralogical portions of sediment particles, is available to deposit feeders. However, the further presence of an exopolymer coating on sediments more than doubled the bioavailability of adsorbed DOM to the consumer. Observations using cold-stage scanning electron microscopy indicated that exopolymer microenvironments are a common feature of natural marine sediments. Microbial exopolymers range from easily digestible carbon sources to relatively refractory ones that effectively protect some microbial cells from consumer digestion. Exopolymer microenvironments may also make recently adsorbed DOM highly accessible to particle-ingesting animals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1993.38.8.1633","usgsCitation":"Decho, A.W., and Lopez, G.R., 1993, Exopolymer microenvironments of microbial flora: Multiple and interactive effects on trophic relationships: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 38, no. 8, p. 1633-1645, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.8.1633.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1633","endPage":"1645","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.8.1633","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":417020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan W.","contributorId":22107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopez, Glenn R.","contributorId":305393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186914,"text":"70186914 - 1993 - Numerical investigation of steady liquid water flow in a variably saturated fracture network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T16:45:03","indexId":"70186914","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical investigation of steady liquid water flow in a variably saturated fracture network","docAbstract":"Numerical simulation was used to study steady liquid water movement in a 5-m by 5-m vertical section containing a hypothetical fracture network under conditions of variable saturation. The fracture network was assumed to be embedded within an impermeable rock matrix. Three variations of a network were considered. The “mixed” network consisted of two fracture sets, a subvertical set containing five 125 μm average aperture fractures and a subhorizontal set containing four 25 μm average aperture fractures. The other two networks had identical fracture orientation and contained either all 125 μm or all 25 μm average aperture fractures. The TOUGH simulator was used to calculate the total steady liquid water flux through the network, the flux through individual fracture segments, and the pressure head at each fracture segment. A unit hydraulic gradient was imposed on the network by applying fixed pressure head boundaries (ranging from −0.25 to 0.0 m of water) of equal value to the top and bottom. Saturation and permeability versus pressure head relations for the two sets of fractures were determined with the VSFRAC model, which assumed that aperture was variable within an individual fracture. Results showed that the spatial distributions of pressure head and flux within the network, as well as the location of the dominant pathways, depended strongly on the prescribed boundary pressure head. For the mixed network, both pressure head and flux tended to become more spatially uniform when the boundary pressure head approached the pressure head at which the permeability thickness products of the large- and small-aperture fractures are equal (the crossover pressure head). These results imply that for systems similar to the one considered here, interpretation of actual measurements of pressure head and flux may be quite complex, and that representation of variably saturated fracture networks as an equivalent continuum may be more valid for some ranges in pressure head than for others. Equivalent permeability as a function of pressure head was calculated for the fracture network, illustrating how information collected on individual fractures may be used to estimate the flow properties of rock at larger scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR02348","usgsCitation":"Kwicklis, E.M., and Healy, R.W., 1993, Numerical investigation of steady liquid water flow in a variably saturated fracture network: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 12, p. 4091-4102, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02348.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"4091","endPage":"4102","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f08e64e4b06911a29fa874","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kwicklis, Edward M.","contributorId":25970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186675,"text":"70186675 - 1993 - Rock-forming metals and Pb in modern Alaskan snow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T09:39:47","indexId":"70186675","displayToPublicDate":"1993-11-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock-forming metals and Pb in modern Alaskan snow","docAbstract":"Metal concentrations in annual and subannual increments of snowpack from the accumulation zone of a south central Alaska glacier indicate that the deposition of Pb with and upon snow is decoupled from that of rock dusts. Rock dusts accumulate, apparently as dry deposition, on the topmost, exposed surfaces of snowpacks in spring and summer, whereas Pb does not. Pb concentration is elevated throughout the latest one third of an annual snowpack, whereas that of rock dusts is not. For whole-year snowpacks, there is a generally sympathetic relationship among concentration of Pb, concentration of rock dust, degree of dominance of rock dusts over ocean solutes, and ferromagnesian character of the rock dusts; however, the fractional abundance of Pb in whole year samples may decrease when rock dust masses become large and/or when rock dusts dominate most strongly over salts. The metal suite chosen to characterize rock dusts and to distinguish them from ocean solutes gives detailed information about rock type of dust source areas and about the nature of the degraded rock products that are taken up, transported, and deposited by the atmosphere. Rock dusts are present at concentrations of only about 300 nanograms (ng) of dust per gram of snow in the Alaskan snowpacks. Concentrations of Pb in the Alaska snow samples are moderate, ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 ng Pb/g snow. This contrasts with larger Pb concentrations of 0.4 to 0.9 ng Pb/g snow in whole-year snowpack samples from the Sierra Nevada, California; with similar to smaller concentrations from north and south Greenland of about 0.04 ng Pb/g snow or less, and about 0.2 ng Pb/g snow or less, respectively, and with much smaller concentrations from Antarctica, now believed to range from a minimum of about 0.001 to a maximum of 0.005 (or 0.01) ng Pb/g snow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93JD02257","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., 1993, Rock-forming metals and Pb in modern Alaskan snow: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 98, no. D11, p. 20537-20545, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD02257.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"20537","endPage":"20545","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339384,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"D11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54be4b09da6799d63eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, Todd K. 0000-0001-8507-6271 thinkley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":1497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"Todd","email":"thinkley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}