{"pageNumber":"344","pageRowStart":"8575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16506,"records":[{"id":70023720,"text":"70023720 - 2001 - Compound-specific carbon isotope analysis of a contaminant plume in Kingsford, Michigan, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:20:32","indexId":"70023720","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compound-specific carbon isotope analysis of a contaminant plume in Kingsford, Michigan, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Compound-specific isotope analysis was used to study a contaminated site near Kingsford, Michigan, USA. Organic compounds at three of the sites studied had similar 13C values indicating that the contaminant source is the same for all sites. At a fourth site, chemical and 13C values had evolved due to microbial degradation of organics, with the 13C being much heavier than the starting materials. A microcosm experiment was run to observe isotopic changes with time in the methane evolved and in compounds remaining in the water during degradation. The 13C values of the methane became heavier during the initial period of the run when volatile fatty acids were being consumed. There was an abrupt decrease in the 13C values when fatty acids had been consumed and phenols began to be utilized. The 13C value of the propionate remaining in solution also increased, similar to the results found in the field.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS-AISH Publication","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Michel, R.L., Silva, S.R., Bemis, B., Godsy, E., and Warren, E., 2001, Compound-specific carbon isotope analysis of a contaminant plume in Kingsford, Michigan, USA: IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 269, p. 311-316.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Kingsford","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-87.6203,45.9852],[-87.6208,45.8973],[-87.6993,45.8976],[-87.6994,45.7219],[-87.8187,45.7217],[-87.8468,45.7218],[-87.8475,45.7218],[-87.8495,45.724],[-87.8527,45.7259],[-87.8566,45.7278],[-87.8593,45.7304],[-87.8621,45.7331],[-87.8635,45.7365],[-87.8642,45.7397],[-87.8654,45.7427],[-87.8665,45.7458],[-87.8691,45.7485],[-87.873,45.7508],[-87.8775,45.7536],[-87.8814,45.7545],[-87.8853,45.7549],[-87.8877,45.7551],[-87.8892,45.7551],[-87.8925,45.7543],[-87.8957,45.7539],[-87.899,45.7543],[-87.9016,45.7552],[-87.9056,45.7574],[-87.9076,45.758],[-87.9087,45.7581],[-87.9121,45.7577],[-87.9146,45.7582],[-87.9151,45.7583],[-87.9173,45.7587],[-87.9199,45.7586],[-87.9219,45.7573],[-87.9232,45.7569],[-87.9258,45.7574],[-87.9284,45.7581],[-87.9324,45.7593],[-87.9356,45.7598],[-87.9415,45.7584],[-87.9472,45.7581],[-87.9545,45.7587],[-87.9591,45.7588],[-87.9641,45.7601],[-87.9673,45.7615],[-87.9705,45.7633],[-87.9725,45.7644],[-87.9757,45.7663],[-87.9796,45.7676],[-87.9841,45.7695],[-87.9874,45.7705],[-87.9908,45.772],[-87.9919,45.7732],[-87.9905,45.7755],[-87.9892,45.7764],[-87.9879,45.7773],[-87.9858,45.7796],[-87.9845,45.7823],[-87.9858,45.7845],[-87.9872,45.7881],[-87.9885,45.7903],[-87.9901,45.7924],[-87.994,45.7952],[-87.9971,45.7967],[-87.9984,45.7964],[-87.9991,45.7962],[-88.0031,45.7953],[-88.0064,45.7931],[-88.0084,45.7926],[-88.0104,45.7922],[-88.014,45.791],[-88.0199,45.79],[-88.0264,45.789],[-88.0296,45.7886],[-88.0313,45.7883],[-88.0333,45.7879],[-88.0392,45.7866],[-88.0439,45.7847],[-88.0497,45.7833],[-88.0509,45.783],[-88.0549,45.7819],[-88.0583,45.7818],[-88.0595,45.7818],[-88.0641,45.7809],[-88.0694,45.7814],[-88.071,45.7818],[-88.0732,45.7826],[-88.0779,45.7848],[-88.0805,45.7861],[-88.0862,45.788],[-88.0908,45.789],[-88.095,45.7905],[-88.0989,45.7914],[-88.103,45.7937],[-88.1064,45.7966],[-88.1082,45.7991],[-88.1109,45.8013],[-88.1155,45.8035],[-88.1201,45.8053],[-88.1237,45.8067],[-88.1275,45.8086],[-88.1283,45.8092],[-88.1314,45.8118],[-88.1341,45.8143],[-88.1359,45.8164],[-88.1365,45.8196],[-88.1349,45.8225],[-88.1323,45.8249],[-88.1298,45.8273],[-88.1265,45.8296],[-88.1195,45.8342],[-88.1159,45.8368],[-88.1154,45.8371],[-88.1124,45.8388],[-88.1093,45.8408],[-88.1079,45.8431],[-88.1059,45.8454],[-88.1042,45.8472],[-88.1025,45.8486],[-88.101,45.8499],[-88.0984,45.8523],[-88.0951,45.8541],[-88.0926,45.8562],[-88.0899,45.8584],[-88.0873,45.8603],[-88.0853,45.8626],[-88.0817,45.8644],[-88.0772,45.8658],[-88.074,45.869],[-88.0733,45.8713],[-88.0728,45.8721],[-88.0748,45.8735],[-88.0774,45.8749],[-88.0807,45.8768],[-88.085,45.8777],[-88.0882,45.879],[-88.089,45.8792],[-88.0925,45.8802],[-88.0965,45.882],[-88.1005,45.8838],[-88.1018,45.8865],[-88.1037,45.8893],[-88.1042,45.8906],[-88.1046,45.8925],[-88.1061,45.8985],[-88.1055,45.9016],[-88.1053,45.9044],[-88.104,45.9067],[-88.1036,45.9071],[-88.103,45.9076],[-88.1005,45.9099],[-88.0992,45.9117],[-88.0965,45.9131],[-88.0954,45.9141],[-88.096,45.9154],[-88.098,45.9168],[-88.1013,45.9182],[-88.1046,45.9196],[-88.1085,45.9203],[-88.1125,45.9216],[-88.1149,45.9221],[-88.1171,45.9225],[-88.1187,46.1216],[-88.1178,46.2471],[-87.7424,46.2469],[-87.6189,46.2476],[-87.6187,46.1582],[-87.6205,46.0712],[-87.6203,45.9852]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Dickinson\",\"state\":\"MI\"}}]}","issue":"269","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f93ee4b0c8380cd4d50b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bemis, B.","contributorId":55608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bemis","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Godsy, E.M.","contributorId":56685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warren, E.","contributorId":15360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023718,"text":"70023718 - 2001 - Effect of natural gas exsolution on specific storage in a confined aquifer undergoing water level decline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:34:57.210806","indexId":"70023718","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of natural gas exsolution on specific storage in a confined aquifer undergoing water level decline","docAbstract":"<p>The specific storage of a porous medium, a function of the compressibility of the aquifer material and the fluid within it, is essentially constant under normal hydrologic conditions. Gases dissolved in ground water can increase the effective specific storage of a confined aquifer, however, during water level declines. This causes a reduction in pore pressure that lowers the gas solubility and results in exsolution. The exsolved gas then displaces water from storage, and the specific storage increases because gas compressibility is typically much greater than that of water or aquifer material.</p><p>This work describes the effective specific storage of a confined aquifer exsolving dissolved gas as a function of hydraulic head and the dimensionless Henry's law constant for the gas. This relation is applied in a transient simulation of ground water discharge from a confined aquifer system to a collapsed salt mine in the Genesee Valley in western New York. Results indicate that exsolution of gas significantly increased the effective specific storage in the aquifer system, thereby decreasing the water level drawdown.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02340.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., and Fountain, J., 2001, Effect of natural gas exsolution on specific storage in a confined aquifer undergoing water level decline: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 4, p. 517-525, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02340.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"517","endPage":"525","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05f5e4b0c8380cd5104e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, R. M.","contributorId":8069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fountain, J.C.","contributorId":43104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023714,"text":"70023714 - 2001 - Inter-annual changes in the benthic community structure of riffles and pools in reaches of contrasting gradient","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:45:43","indexId":"70023714","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inter-annual changes in the benthic community structure of riffles and pools in reaches of contrasting gradient","docAbstract":"The inter-annual variation in the structure of the benthic community of riffles and pools was evaluated in contrasting geomorphic settings. The community structure of riffles and pools was a function of habitat, reach gradient, and discharge and was taxon specific. In years of below average peak discharge, riffles had higher taxon richness than pools (66 versus 47) but richness was similar between habitats during a year of average discharge (56 versus 54). The percentage composition of oligochaetes and elmid beetles was more variable inter-annually in pools and low gradient reaches than in high gradient reaches. Differences in the percentage of collector-gatherers and scrapers in riffles and pools appeared related to inter-annual differences in discharge regimes. Two components of the annual discharge regime appear to differentially affect the composition of the benthic community in the snowmelt dominated stream studied: the magnitude of the annual peak discharge and the duration and timing of the period of extended high flow.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1012535013043","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., and Fend, S., 2001, Inter-annual changes in the benthic community structure of riffles and pools in reaches of contrasting gradient: Hydrobiologia, v. 459, no. 1-3, p. 187-200, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012535013043.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"200","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207634,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012535013043"}],"volume":"459","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c9fe4b0c8380cd62ec8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, J.L.","contributorId":26030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fend, S.V. 0000-0002-4638-6602","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4638-6602","contributorId":99702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fend","given":"S.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022791,"text":"70022791 - 2001 - Consumption of tropospheric levels of methyl bromide by C1 compound-utilizing bacteria and comparison to saturation kinetics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:59:18","indexId":"70022791","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consumption of tropospheric levels of methyl bromide by C1 compound-utilizing bacteria and comparison to saturation kinetics","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstract-1\" class=\"section abstract\" data-gtm-vis-first-on-screen-6041348_20=\"1964\" data-gtm-vis-total-visible-time-6041348_20=\"100\" data-gtm-vis-has-fired-6041348_20=\"1\"><p id=\"p-2\">Pure cultures of methylotrophs and methanotrophs are known to oxidize methyl bromide (MeBr); however, their ability to oxidize tropospheric concentrations (parts per trillion by volume [pptv]) has not been tested. Methylotrophs and methanotrophs were able to consume MeBr provided at levels that mimicked the tropospheric mixing ratio of MeBr (12 pptv) at equilibrium with surface waters (≈2 pM). Kinetic investigations using picomolar concentrations of MeBr in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were performed using strain IMB-1 and<i>Leisingeria methylohalidivorans</i><span>&nbsp;</span>strain MB2<sup>T</sup>— terrestrial and marine methylotrophs capable of halorespiration. First-order uptake of MeBr with no indication of threshold was observed for both strains. Strain MB2<sup>T</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>displayed saturation kinetics in batch experiments using micromolar MeBr concentrations, with an apparent<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub><i>s</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>of 2.4 μM MeBr and a<i>V</i><span>&nbsp;</span><sub>max</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>of 1.6 nmol h<sup>−1</sup>(10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>cells)<sup>−1</sup>. Apparent first-order degradation rate constants measured with the CSTR were consistent with kinetic parameters determined in batch experiments, which used 35- to 1 × 10<sup>7</sup>-fold-higher MeBr concentrations.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Ruegeria algicola</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(a phylogenetic relative of strain MB2<sup>T</sup>), the common heterotrophs<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Escherichia coli</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<i>Bacillus pumilus</i>, and a toluene oxidizer,<i>Pseudomonas mendocina</i><span>&nbsp;</span>KR1, were also tested. These bacteria showed no significant consumption of 12 pptv MeBr; thus, the ability to consume ambient mixing ratios of MeBr was limited to C<sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>compound-oxidizing bacteria in this study. Aerobic C<sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>bacteria may provide model organisms for the biological oxidation of tropospheric MeBr in soils and waters.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ASM","doi":"10.1128/AEM.67.12.5437-5443.2001","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, K., Varner, R., Crill, P., and Oremland, R.S., 2001, Consumption of tropospheric levels of methyl bromide by C1 compound-utilizing bacteria and comparison to saturation kinetics: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 67, no. 12, p. 5437-5443, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.12.5437-5443.2001.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"5437","endPage":"5443","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478859,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/93327","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa25e4b0c8380cd4d95e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodwin, K.D.","contributorId":45472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Varner, R.K.","contributorId":92837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varner","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crill, P.M.","contributorId":42723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crill","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023708,"text":"70023708 - 2001 - Seasonal and event-scale variations in solute chemistry for four Sierra Nevada catchments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023708","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal and event-scale variations in solute chemistry for four Sierra Nevada catchments","docAbstract":"Hydrobiogeochemical processes controlling stream water chemistry were examined in four small (<5 km2) catchments having contrasting bedrock lithologies in the western Sierra Nevada foothills of California. The Mediterranean climate with its cool/wet and hot/dry cycle produces strong seasonal patterns in hydrological, biological and geochemical processes. Stream water solutes fall into three general groups according to seasonal fluctuation in concentration: Strong, rainy season minimum-dry season maximum (Cl-, SO42-, base cations); weak, rainy season minimum-dry season maximum (Si); and rainy season maximum-dry season minimum (NO3- and K+). Solute dynamics in soil solutions and stream water suggest that mixing of drainage waters from bedrock and soil sources regulate stream water solute concentrations. Patterns are further altered by the leaching of solutes accumulated in the soil over the summer period of desiccation and the temporal discoupling of nutrient cycles that occurs due to differences in the timing between vegetation growth (late spring) and leaching (early winter). Solute concentrations are remarkably similar between watersheds with varying bedrock types, with the exception of nitrate, sulfate and bicarbonate. Three watersheds have nitrogen-bearing metasedimentary bedrock that contributes to elevated nitrate concentrations in stream waters. Watersheds whose bedrock includes mineralized veins of sulfide and carbonate minerals similarly have greater sulfate and bicarbonate concentrations in stream water. Hydrobiogeochemical processes are highly dynamic at the seasonal and storm-event temporal scales and spatially complex at the watershed scale making management of stream water chemical composition, such as nitrate concentrations, very challenging. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00424-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Holloway, J., and Dahlgren, R., 2001, Seasonal and event-scale variations in solute chemistry for four Sierra Nevada catchments: Journal of Hydrology, v. 250, no. 1-4, p. 106-121, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00424-3.","startPage":"106","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207565,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00424-3"},{"id":232622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"250","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8870e4b08c986b31698c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holloway, J.M. 0000-0003-3603-7668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-7668","contributorId":103041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dahlgren, R.A.","contributorId":28409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahlgren","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023706,"text":"70023706 - 2001 - Petrographic and geochemical evidence for the formation of primary, bacterially induced lacustrine dolomite: La Roda 'white earth' (Pliocene, Central Spain)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023706","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrographic and geochemical evidence for the formation of primary, bacterially induced lacustrine dolomite: La Roda 'white earth' (Pliocene, Central Spain)","docAbstract":"Upper Pliocene dolomites ('white earth') from La Roda, Spain, offer a good opportunity to evaluate the process of dolomite formation in lakes. The relatively young nature of the deposits could allow a link between dolomites precipitated in modern lake systems and those present in older lacustrine formations. The La Roda Mg-carbonates (dolomite unit) occur as a 3??5- to 4-m- thick package of poorly indurated, white, massive dolomite beds with interbedded thin deposits of porous carbonate displaying root and desiccation traces as well as local lenticular gypsum moulds. The massive dolomite beds consist mainly of loosely packed 1- to 2-??m-sized aggregates of dolomite crystals exhibiting poorly developed faces, which usually results in a subrounded morphology of the crystals. Minute rhombs of dolomite are sparse within the aggregates. Both knobbly textures and clumps of spherical bodies covering the crystal surfaces indicate that bacteria were involved in the formation of the dolomites. In addition, aggregates of euhedral dolomite crystals are usually present in some more clayey (sepiolite) interbeds. The thin porous carbonate (mostly dolomite) beds exhibit both euhedral and subrounded, bacterially induced dolomite crystals. The carbonate is mainly Ca-dolomite (51-54 mol% CaCO3), showing a low degree of ordering (degree of ordering ranges from 0??27 to 0??48). Calcite is present as a subordinate mineral in some samples. Sr, Mn and Fe contents show very low correlation coefficients with Mg/Ca ratios, whereas SiO2 and K contents are highly correlated. ??18O- and ??13C-values in dolomites range from -3??07??? to 5??40??? PDB (mean = 0??06, ?? = 1??75) and from -6??34??? to -0??39??? PDB (mean = -3??55, ?? = 1??33) respectively. Samples containing significant amounts of both dolomite and calcite do not in general show significant enrichment or depletion in 18O and 13C between the two minerals. The correlation coefficient between ??18O and ??13C for dolomite is extremely low and negative (r = -0??05), whereas it is higher and positive (r = 0??47) for calcite. The lacustrine dolomite deposit from La Roda is interpreted mainly as a result of primary precipitation of dolomite in a shallow, hydrologically closed perennial lake. The lake was supplied by highly saturated HCO3-/CO32- groundwater that leached dolomitic Mesozoic formations. Precipitation of dolomite from alkaline lake waters took place under a semi-arid to arid climate. However, according to our isotopic data, strong evaporative conditions were not required for the formation of the La Roda dolomite. A significant contribution by bacteria to the formation of the dolomites is assumed in view of both petrographic and geochemical evidence.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00388.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Garcia, D., Cura, M., Calvo, J.P., Ordonez, S., Jones, B., and Canaveras, J., 2001, Petrographic and geochemical evidence for the formation of primary, bacterially induced lacustrine dolomite: La Roda 'white earth' (Pliocene, Central Spain): Sedimentology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 897-915, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00388.x.","startPage":"897","endPage":"915","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478922,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00388.x","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207545,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00388.x"},{"id":232582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7791e4b0c8380cd7851a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, Del","contributorId":72169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Del","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cura, M.A.","contributorId":92017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cura","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calvo, J. P.","contributorId":24136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ordonez, S.","contributorId":100156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ordonez","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Canaveras, J.C.","contributorId":66885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canaveras","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023702,"text":"70023702 - 2001 - Trace metal concentrations in shallow ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:07:20","indexId":"70023702","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace metal concentrations in shallow ground water","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Trace metal clean sampling and analysis techniques were used to examine the temporal patterns of Hg, Cu, and Zn concentrations in shallow ground water, and the relationships between metal concentrations in ground water and in a hydrologically connected river. Hg, Cu, and Zn concentrations in ground water ranged from 0.07 to 4.6 ng L<sup>−1</sup>, 0.07 to 3.10 μg L<sup>−1</sup>, and 0.17 to 2.18 μg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. There was no apparent seasonal pattern in any of the metal concentrations. Filtrable Hg, Cu, and Zn concentrations in the North Branch of the Milwaukee River ranged from below the detection limit to 2.65 ng Hg L<sup>−1</sup>,0.51 to 4.30 μg Cu L<sup>−1</sup>, and 0.34 to 2.33 μg Zn L<sup>−1</sup>. Thus, metal concentrations in ground water were sufficiently high to account for a substantial fraction of the filtrable trace metal concentration in the river. Metal concentrations in the soil ranged from 8 to 86 ng Hg g<sup>−1</sup>, 10 to 39 μg Cu g<sup>−1</sup>, and 15 to 84 μg Zn g<sup>−1</sup>. Distribution coefficients, K<sub>D</sub>, in the aquifer were 7900,22,000, and 23,000 L kg<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for Hg, Cu, and Zn, respectively. These values were three to 40 times smaller than K<sub>D</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values observed in the Milwaukee River for suspended particulate matter.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02336.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Zelewski, L., Krabbenhoft, D., and Armstrong, D., 2001, Trace metal concentrations in shallow ground water: Ground Water, v. 39, no. 4, p. 485-491, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02336.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"491","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb66de4b08c986b326c68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zelewski, L.M.","contributorId":27641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelewski","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armstrong, D.E.","contributorId":75278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023685,"text":"70023685 - 2001 - U.S. Geological Survey programs and investigations related to soil and water conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-15T11:03:13","indexId":"70023685","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2072,"text":"International Journal of Sediment Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey programs and investigations related to soil and water conservation","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has a rich tradition of collecting hydrologic data, especially for fluxes of water and suspended sediment, that provide a foundation for studies of soil and water conservation. Applied and basic research has included investigations of the effects of land use on rangelands, croplands, and forests; hazards mapping; derivation of flood and drought frequency, and other statistics related to streamflow and reservoir storage; development and application of models of rainfall-runoff relations, chemical quality, and sediment movement; and studies of the interactive processes of overland and channel flow with vegetation. Networks of streamgaging stations and (or) sampling sites within numerous drainage basins are yielding information that extends databases and enhances the ability to use those data for interpretive studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Sediment Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","issn":"10016279","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Gray, J.R., 2001, U.S. Geological Survey programs and investigations related to soil and water conservation: International Journal of Sediment Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 421-429.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"429","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbafee4b08c986b32843f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":63372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023677,"text":"70023677 - 2001 - Trends in total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations of tributaries to the Swan - Canning Estuary, 1987 to 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70023677","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations of tributaries to the Swan - Canning Estuary, 1987 to 1998","docAbstract":"Temporal wet-season trends from 1987 to 1998 of total N and total P concentrations (TN and TP, respectively) in 14 tributaries to the Swan-Canning Estuary in Western Australia were evaluated using the Mann-Kendall or Seasonal kendall tests. Six of the catchments drained clay soils primarily on the Darling Plateau, which borders the sandy coastal plain on the east; two rural catchments drained the coastal plain; and six urban catchments drained the coastal plain. Generally, TN and TP were lower in tributaries draining clay soils than in tributaries draining siliceous sandy soils. Annual median TN and TP were relatively constant and no trends were detected in tributaries draining clay soils. TN and TP were higher (median TN = 1.6 and TP = 0.1 mg 1-1) and more variable temporally in tributaries draining the coastal plain. Statistically significant (?? < 0.01) TN trends were detected in 50% of the urban coastal plain tributaries and most were decreasing (-0.07 to +0.53 mg 1-1 year-1). Decreasing TP trends were detected at the two rural coastal plain tributaries and two of the urban drains (-0.01 to 0.15 mg 1-1 year-1 over periods from 5 to 12 years). Flow adjustment of TN and TP was responsible for removing trends in the raw data at some sites. The inter-annual variability of TN and TP of coastal plain tributaries was also related to the proximity of the water table to the land surface, which in turn was related to the annual precipitation. Fixed-interval sampling may be able to detect TN and TP changes associated with the implementation of management strategies in sandy coastal plain catchments. Tributary sampling during rainstorms and continuous monitoring of discharge are needed to better define processes controlling nutrient flux and concentration variability, and to detect trends in the urban catchments and the clay soil catchments, primarily those draining the Darling Plateau. Copyright ?? 2001 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.300","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Donohue, R., Davidson, W., Peters, N., Nelson, S., and Jakowyna, B., 2001, Trends in total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations of tributaries to the Swan - Canning Estuary, 1987 to 1998: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 13, p. 2411-2434, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.300.","startPage":"2411","endPage":"2434","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207307,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.300"},{"id":232145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb816e4b08c986b32767b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donohue, R.","contributorId":20925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donohue","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davidson, W.A.","contributorId":107065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, S.","contributorId":18138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jakowyna, B.","contributorId":80037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakowyna","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022802,"text":"70022802 - 2001 - Modelling middle pliocene warm climates of the USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70022802","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2997,"text":"Palaeontologia Electronica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling middle pliocene warm climates of the USA","docAbstract":"The middle Pliocene warm period represents a unique time slice in which to model and understand climatic processes operating under a warm climatic regime. Palaeoclimatic model simulations, focussed on the United States of America (USA), for the middle Pliocene (ca 3 Ma) were generated using the USGS PRISM2 2?? ?? 2?? data set of boundary conditions and the UK Meteorological Office's HadAMS General Circulation Model (GCM). Model results suggest that conditions in the USA during the middle Pliocene can be characterised as annually warmer (by 2?? to 4??C), less seasonal, wetter (by a maximum of 4 to 8 mm/day) and with an absence of freezing winters over the central and southern Great Plains. A sensitivity experiment suggests that the main forcing mechanisms for surface temperature changes in near coastal areas are the imposed Pliocene sea surface temperatures (SST's). In interior regions, reduced Northern Hemisphere terrestrial ice, combined with less snow cover and a reduction in the elevation of the western cordillera of North America, generate atmospheric circulation changes and positive albedo feedbacks that raise surface temperatures. A complex set of climatic feedback mechanisms cause an enhancement of the hydrological cycle magnifying the moisture bearing westerly wind belt during the winter season (Dec., Jan., Feb.). Predictions produced by the model are in broad agreement with available geological evidence. However, the GCM appears to underestimate precipitation levels in the interior and central regions of the southern USA. Copyright: Palaeontological Association, 22 June 2001.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeontologia Electronica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10948074","usgsCitation":"Haywood, A., Valdes, P., Sellwood, B., Kaplan, J., and Dowsett, H., 2001, Modelling middle pliocene warm climates of the USA: Palaeontologia Electronica, v. 4, no. 1.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c6de4b0c8380cd6fcaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haywood, A.M.","contributorId":101050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haywood","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Valdes, P.J.","contributorId":77331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdes","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sellwood, B.W.","contributorId":78509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sellwood","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaplan, J.O.","contributorId":97288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaplan","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022794,"text":"70022794 - 2001 - Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: Implications from recent age-dating research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70022794","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: Implications from recent age-dating research","docAbstract":"Remarkable advances in age dating Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits provide a new opportunity to understand how and where these deposits form in the Earth's crust. These dates are summarized and examined in a framework of global tectonics, paleogeography, fluid migration, and paleoclimate. Nineteen districts have been dated by paleomagnetic and/or radiometric methods. Of the districts that have both paleomagnetic and radiometric dates, only the Pine Point and East Tennessee districts have significant disagreements. This broad agreement between paleomagnetic and radiometric dates provides added confidence in the dating techniques used. The new dates confirm the direct connection between the genesis of MVT lead-zinc ores with global-scale tectonic events. The dates show that MVT deposits formed mainly during large contractional tectonic events at restricted times in the history of the Earth. Only the deposits in the Lennard Shelf of Australia and Nanisivik in Canada have dates that correspond to extensional tectonic events. The most important period for MVT genesis was the Devonian to Permian time, which corresponds to a series of intense tectonic events during the assimilation of Pangea. The second most important period for MVT genesis was Cretaceous to Tertiary time when microplate assimilation affected the western margin of North America and Africa-Eurasia. There is a notable paucity of MVT lead-zinc ore formation following the breakup of Rodinia and Pangea. Of the five MVT deposits hosted in Proterozoic rocks, only the Nanisivik deposit has been dated as Proterozoic. The contrast in abundance between SEDEX and MVT lead-zinc deposits in the Proterozoic questions the frequently suggested notion that the two types of ores share similar genetic paths. The ages of MVT deposits, when viewed with respect to the orogenic cycle in the adjacent orogen suggest that no single hydrologic model can be universally applied to the migration of the ore fluids. However, topographically driven models best explain most MVT districts. The migration of MVT ore fluids is not a natural consequence of basin evolution; rather, MVT districts formed mainly where platform carbonates had some hydrological connection to orogenic belts. There may be a connection between paleoclimate and the formation of some MVT deposits. This possible relationship is suggested by the dominance of evaporated seawater in fluid inclusions in MVT ores, by hydrological considerations that include the need for multiple-basin volumes of ore fluid to form most MVT districts, and the need for adequate precipitation to provide sufficient topographic head for topographically-driven fluid migration. Paleoclimatic conditions that lead to formation of evaporite conditions but yet have adequate precipitation to form large hydrological systems are most commonly present in low latitudes. For the MVT deposits and districts that have been dated, more than 75% of the combined metal produced are from deposits that have dates that correspond to assembly of Pangea in Devonian through Permian time. The exceptional endowment of Pangea and especially, North America with MVT lead-zinc deposits may be explained by the following: (1) Laurentia, which formed the core of North America, stayed in low latitudes during the Paleozoic, which allowed the development of vast carbonate platforms; (2) intense orogenic activity during the assembly of Pangea created ground preparation for many MVT districts through far-field deformation of the craton; (3) uplifted orogenic belts along Pangean suture zones established large-scale migration of basin fluids; and (4) the location of Pangea in low latitudes with paleoclimates with high evaporation rates led to the formation of brines by the evaporation of seawater and infiltration of these brines into deep basin aquifers during Pangean orogenic events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s001260100208","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., Bradley, D., Lewchuk, M.T., Symons, D.T., De Marsily, G., and Brannon, J., 2001, Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: Implications from recent age-dating research: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, no. 8, p. 711-740, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260100208.","startPage":"711","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208061,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260100208"},{"id":233456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b5ae4b0c8380cd6f4ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, D.","contributorId":20087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewchuk, Michael T.","contributorId":74890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewchuk","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Symons, David T. A.","contributorId":26824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"T. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Marsily, G.","contributorId":8262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Marsily","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brannon, J.","contributorId":33890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brannon","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023663,"text":"70023663 - 2001 - Nutrient transport to the Swan - Canning Estuary, Western Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023663","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient transport to the Swan - Canning Estuary, Western Australia","docAbstract":"Catchment nutrient availability in Western Australia is primarily controlled by the disposal of animal waste and the type and rate of fertilizer application, particularly on the relatively narrow (~25 km wide), sandy coastal plain. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) concentrations and fluxes during the wet season of 15 tributaries, including four urban drains to the Swan-Canning Estuary, were evaluated from 1986 to 1992 and additionally concentrations only were evaluated throughout the year from 1993 to 1996. Concentrations of filtered reactive P (FRP) and total P (TP) were generally low, with the volume-weighted means for all sites being 0.06 mg 1-1 and 0.12 mg 1-1 respectively. The urban drains had higher TP concentrations (volume-weighted mean of 0.21 mg 1-1) than the streams (0.12 mg 1-1), with the high concentrations associated with particulate matter. Total inorganic N (TIN, NH4N plus NO3N) and total N (TN), which is of interest to eutrophic status of the N-limited estuary, were likewise low, compared with other developed areas having a similar climate. Both TIN and TN were higher in the urban drains (0.76 mg 1-1 and 1.5 mg 1-1 respectively) than the streams (0.31 mg 1-1 and 1.2 mg 1-1 respectively). The Avon River, which drains 98.5% of the 121 000 km2 catchment area, contributes most of the N (0.03 kg ha-1 year-1 or 65%) and a high percentage of the P (<0.01 kg ha-1 year-1 or 32%) to the estuaries. The Avon River nutrient fluxes are much less than other tributaries closer to the estuary. The coastal plain receives significantly higher rainfall (1,200 mm year-1) and has more intense horticulture and animal production than inland areas (<300 mm year-1). Annual rainfall is seasonal, occuring primarily from May through December. The surficial aquifers on the coastal plain generally are sandy with a low nutrient retention capacity, and rapidly transmit soluble and colloidal material in subsurface flow. Ellen Brook, on the coastal plain, drains pastures treated with superphosphate and has the highest FRP (0.51 mg 1-1), TP (0.7 mg 1-1) and TN (2.1 mg 1-1) of any tributary to the estuary. The coastal plain is also undergoing urbanization, particularly in areas adjacent to the estuary. Nutrients are subsequently available for transport during the onset of seasonal wet weather. Perennial baseflow from urban areas is an important source of nutrients. Water yield from the urban areas was high, being as much as 50% of annual rainfall. The timing of the nutrients delivered by the tributaries may be an important control on estuarine ecology. Copyright ?? 2001 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.304","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., and Donohue, R., 2001, Nutrient transport to the Swan - Canning Estuary, Western Australia: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 13, p. 2555-2577, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.304.","startPage":"2555","endPage":"2577","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207522,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.304"},{"id":232541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a699ae4b0c8380cd73dfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donohue, R.","contributorId":20925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donohue","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023646,"text":"70023646 - 2001 - Effects of acidic recharge on groundwater at the St. Kevin Gulch site, Leadville, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:59:17","indexId":"70023646","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of acidic recharge on groundwater at the St. Kevin Gulch site, Leadville, Colorado","docAbstract":"The acid rock drainage-affected stream of St. Kevin Gulch recharges the Quaternary sand and gravel aquifer of Tennessee Park, near Leadville, Colorado, lowering pH and contributing iron, cadmium, copper, zinc and sulphate to the ground-water system. Dissolved metal mobility is controlled by the seasonal spring runoff as well as oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions in the aquifer. Oxidizing conditions occur in the unconfined portions of the aquifer whilst sulphate-reducing conditions are found down gradient where semi-confined groundwater flow occurs beneath a natural wetland. Iron-reducing conditions occur in the transition from unconfined to semi-confined groundwater flow. Dissolved iron concentrations are low to not detectable in the alluvial fan recharge zone and increase in a down gradient direction. The effects of low-pH, metal-rich recharge are pronounced during low-flow in the fall when there is a defined area of low pH groundwater with elevated concentrations of dissolved zinc, cadmium, copper and sulphate adjacent to St. Kevin Gulch. Dissolved metal and sulphate concentrations in the recharge zone are diluted during spring runoff, although the maximum concentrations of dissolved zinc, cadmium, copper and sulphate occur at selected down gradient locations during high flow. Dissolved zinc, cadmium and copper concentrations are low to not detectable, whereas dissolved iron concentrations are greatest, in groundwater samples from the sulphate-reducing zone. Attenuation of zinc, cadmium and copper beneath the wetland suggests sulphide mineral precipitation is occurring in the semi-confined aquifer, in agreement with previous site investigations and saturation index calculations. Adsorption of dissolved zinc, cadmium and copper onto iron hydroxides is a minor attenuation process due to the low pH of the groundwater system.","language":"English","publisher":"GSW","doi":"10.1144/geochem.1.1.3","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Paschke, S., Harrison, W., and Walton-Day, K., 2001, Effects of acidic recharge on groundwater at the St. Kevin Gulch site, Leadville, Colorado: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 1, no. 1, p. 3-14, https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem.1.1.3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"St. Kevin Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.45923614501953,\n              39.273992339346364\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.29718780517578,\n              39.273992339346364\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.29718780517578,\n              39.381548769326415\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.45923614501953,\n              39.381548769326415\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.45923614501953,\n              39.273992339346364\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a067be4b0c8380cd51278","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paschke, S.S.","contributorId":76423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paschke","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, W.J.","contributorId":34263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walton-Day, K.","contributorId":14054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023636,"text":"70023636 - 2001 - Widespread potential for microbial MTBE degradation in surface-water sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:27:57","indexId":"70023636","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Widespread potential for microbial MTBE degradation in surface-water sediments","docAbstract":"Microorganisms indigenous to stream and lake bed sediments, collected from 11 sites throughout the United States, demonstrated significant mineralization of the fuel oxygenate, methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Mineralization of [U-14C]MTBE to 14CO2 ranged from 15 to 66% over 50 days and did not differ significantly between sediments collected from MTBE contaminated sites and from sites with no history of MTBE exposure. This result suggests that even the microbial communities indigenous to newly contaminated surface water systems will exhibit some innate ability to attenuate MTBE under aerobic conditions. The magnitude of MTBE mineralization was related to the sediment grain size distribution. A pronounced, inverse correlation (p < 0.001; r2 = 0.73) was observed between the final recovery of 14CO2 and the percentage content of silt and clay sized grains (grain diameter < 0.125 mm). The results of this study indicate that the microorganisms that inhabit the bed sediments of streams and lakes can degrade MTBE efficiently and that this capability is widespread in the environment. Thus aerobic bed sediment microbial processes may provide a significant environmental sink for MTBE in surface water systems throughout the United States and may contribute to the reported transience of MTBE in some surface waters.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es0015489","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., Landmeyer, J., and Chapelle, F.H., 2001, Widespread potential for microbial MTBE degradation in surface-water sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 4, p. 658-662, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0015489.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"658","endPage":"662","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207305,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0015489"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0b8e4b08c986b32f00a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023629,"text":"70023629 - 2001 - Transient storage assessments of dye-tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T10:45:03","indexId":"70023629","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient storage assessments of dye-tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"Rhodamine WT dye-tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin yield concentration-time curves with characteristically long recession times suggestive of active transient storage processes. The scale of drainage areas contributing to the stream reaches studied in the Willamette Basin ranges from 10 to 12,000 km2. A transient storage assessment of the tracer studies has been completed using the U.S. Geological Survey's One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model, which incorporates storage exchange and decay functions along with the traditional dispersion and advection transport equation. The analysis estimates solute transport of the dye. It identifies first-order decay coefficients to be on the order of 10-5/sec for the nonconservative Rhodamine WT. On an individual subreach basis, the first-order decay is slower (typically by an order of magnitude) than the transient storage process, indicating that nonconservative tracers may be used to evaluate transient storage in rivers. In the transient storage analysis, a dimensionless parameter (As/A) expresses the spatial extent of storage zone area relative to stream cross section. In certain reaches of Willamette Basin pool-and-riffle, gravel-bed rivers, this parameter was as large as 0.5. A measure of the storage exchange flux was calculated for each stream subreach in the simulation analysis. This storage exchange is shown subjectively to be higher at higher stream discharges. Hyporheic linkage between streams and subsurface flows is the probable physical mechanism contributing to a significant part of this inferred active transient storage. Hyporheic linkages are further suggested by detailed measurements of river discharge with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler system delineating zones in two large rivers where water alternately enters and leaves the surface channels through graveland-cobble riverbeds. Measurements show patterns of hyporheic exchange that are highly variable in time and space.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00975.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., and Bencala, K., 2001, Transient storage assessments of dye-tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 2, p. 367-377, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00975.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"377","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Basin","volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb704e4b08c986b326ff0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, A.","contributorId":92827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023619,"text":"70023619 - 2001 - Identification of methyl halide-utilizing genes in strain IMB-1, a methyl bromide-utilizing bacterium suggests a high degree of conservation of methyl halide-specific genes in gram-negative bacteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T05:19:41","indexId":"70023619","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of methyl halide-utilizing genes in strain IMB-1, a methyl bromide-utilizing bacterium suggests a high degree of conservation of methyl halide-specific genes in gram-negative bacteria","docAbstract":"Strain IMB-1, an aerobic methylotrophic member of the alpha subgroup of the Proteobacteria, can grow with methyl bromide as a sole carbon and energy source. A single cmu gene cluster was identified in IMB-1 that contained six open reading frames: cmuC, cmuA, orf146, paaE, hutI, and partial metF. CmuA from IMB-1 has high sequence homology to the methyltransferase CmuA from Methylobacterium chloromethanicum and Hyphomicrobium chloromethanicum and contains a C-terminal corrinoid-binding motif and an N-terminal methyl-transferase motif. However, cmuB, identified in M. chloromethanicum and H. chloromethanicum, was not detected in IMB-1.","language":"English","publisher":"ASM","doi":"10.1128/AEM.67.4.1959-1963.2001","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Woodall, C., Warner, K., Oremland, R., Murrell, J., and McDonald, I., 2001, Identification of methyl halide-utilizing genes in strain IMB-1, a methyl bromide-utilizing bacterium suggests a high degree of conservation of methyl halide-specific genes in gram-negative bacteria: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 67, no. 4, p. 1959-1963, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.4.1959-1963.2001.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1959","endPage":"1963","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478843,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/92821","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207502,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.4.1959-1963.2001"}],"volume":"67","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a381ce4b0c8380cd61441","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodall, C.A.","contributorId":33188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodall","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warner, K.L.","contributorId":73781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murrell, J.C.","contributorId":25731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murrell","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McDonald, I.R.","contributorId":23313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023609,"text":"70023609 - 2001 - Infiltration of late Palaeozoic evaporative brines in the reelfoot rift: A possible salt source for Illinois Basin formation waters and MVT mineralizing fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T20:03:42","indexId":"70023609","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3042,"text":"Petroleum Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infiltration of late Palaeozoic evaporative brines in the reelfoot rift: A possible salt source for Illinois Basin formation waters and MVT mineralizing fluids","docAbstract":"Salinities and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits provide important insights into the regional hydrology of the Illinois basin/Reelfoot rift system in late Palaeozoic time. Although the thermal regime of this basin system has been plausibly explained, the origin of high salinities in the basin fluids remains enigmatic. Topographically driven flow appears to have been essential in forming these MVT districts, as well as many other districts worldwide. However, this type of flow is recharged by fresh water making it difficult to account for the high salinities of the mineralizing fluids over extended time periods. Results of numerical experiments carried out in this study provide a possible solution to the salinity problem presented by the MVT zinc-lead and fluorite districts at the margins of the basin system. Evaporative concentration of surface water and subsequent infiltration into the subsurface are proposed to account for large volumes of brine that are ultimately responsible for mineralization of these districts. This study demonstrates that under a range of geologically reasonable conditions, brine infiltration into an aquifer in the deep subsurface can coexist with topographically driven flow. Infiltration combined with regional flow and local magmatic heat sources in the Reelfoot rift explain the brine concentrations as well as the temperatures observed in the Southern Illinois and Upper Mississippi Valley districts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Petroleum Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/petgeo.7.3.269","issn":"13540793","usgsCitation":"Rowan, E., and De Marsily, G., 2001, Infiltration of late Palaeozoic evaporative brines in the reelfoot rift: A possible salt source for Illinois Basin formation waters and MVT mineralizing fluids: Petroleum Geoscience, v. 7, no. 3, p. 269-279, https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.7.3.269.","startPage":"269","endPage":"279","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269822,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.7.3.269"},{"id":232336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3af5e4b0c8380cd620f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"De Marsily, G.","contributorId":8262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Marsily","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023605,"text":"70023605 - 2001 - The concept of hydrologic landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T18:30:52.645765","indexId":"70023605","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The concept of hydrologic landscapes","docAbstract":"Hydrologic landscapes are multiples or variations of fundamental hydrologic landscape units. A fundamental hydrologic landscape unit is defined on the basis of land-surface form, geology, and climate. The basic land-surface form of a fundamental hydrologic landscape unit is an upland separated from a lowland by an intervening steeper slope. Fundamental hydrologic landscape units have a complete hydrologic system consisting of surface runoff, ground-water flow, and interaction with atmospheric water. By describing actual landscapes in terms of land-surface slope, hydraulic properties of soils and geologic framework, and the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, the hydrologic system of actual landscapes can be conceptualized in a uniform way. This conceptual framework can then be the foundation for design of studies and data networks, syntheses of information on local to national scales, and comparison of process research across small study units in a variety of settings. The Crow Wing River watershed in central Minnesota is used as an example of evaluating stream discharge in the context of hydrologic landscapes. Lake-research watersheds in Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Nebraska are used as an example of using the hydrologic-landscapes concept to evaluate the effect of ground water on the degree of mineralization and major-ion chemistry of lakes that lie within ground-water flow systems.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00973.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 2001, The concept of hydrologic landscapes: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 37, no. 2, p. 335-349, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00973.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"349","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-91.217706,43.50055],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.452948,45.268925],[-96.835451,45.586129],[-96.587093,45.816445],[-96.639066,45.935318],[-104.045443,45.94531],[-104.048807,48.933636],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153314,49.384358],[-94.878454,49.333193],[-94.640803,48.741171],[-93.818375,48.534442],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.341207,48.23248],[-92.066269,48.359602],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.703702,48.096009],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.735927,47.624343],[-92.058888,46.809938],[-92.025789,46.710839],[-91.781928,46.697604],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.78804,46.844886],[-90.920813,46.637432],[-90.327548,46.550262],[-89.929158,46.29975],[-88.141001,45.930608],[-88.13364,45.823128],[-87.831442,45.714938],[-87.887828,45.358122],[-87.647454,45.345232],[-87.72796,45.207956],[-87.59188,45.094689],[-87.983065,44.72073],[-87.970702,44.530292],[-87.021088,45.296541],[-87.73063,43.893862],[-87.910172,43.236634],[-87.800477,42.49192],[-90.614589,42.508053],[-91.078097,42.806526],[-91.177728,43.118733],[-91.062562,43.243165],[-91.217706,43.50055]]],[[[-104.053249,41.001406],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-98.568936,42.998537],[-98.042011,42.767316],[-97.834172,42.868794],[-97.256752,42.853913],[-96.409408,42.487595],[-95.850188,41.184798],[-95.885349,40.721093],[-95.336242,40.019104],[-102.051744,40.003078],[-102.051614,41.002377],[-104.053249,41.001406]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.82177,45.427602],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Minnesota\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa53e4b08c986b3227d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023601,"text":"70023601 - 2001 - Detection of pesticides and pesticide metabolites using the cross reactivity of enzyme immunoassays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-25T17:31:24.461178","indexId":"70023601","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2143,"text":"Journal of AOAC International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of pesticides and pesticide metabolites using the cross reactivity of enzyme immunoassays","docAbstract":"Enzyme immunoassay is an important environmental analysis method that may be used to identify many pesticide analytes in water samples. Because of similarities in chemical structure between various members of a pesticide class, there often may be an unwanted response that is characterized by a percentage of cross reactivity. Also, there may be cross reactivity caused by degradation products of the target analyte that may be present in the sample. In this paper, the concept of cross reactivity caused by degradation products or by nontarget analytes is explored as a tool for identification of metabolites or structurally similar compounds not previously known to be present in water samples. Two examples are examined in this paper from various water quality studies. They are alachlor and its metabolite, alachlor ethane sulfonic acid, and atrazine and its class members, prometryn and propazine. A method for using cross reactivity for the detection of these compounds is explained in this paper.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/jaoac/84.1.162","issn":"10603271","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., and Aga, D., 2001, Detection of pesticides and pesticide metabolites using the cross reactivity of enzyme immunoassays: Journal of AOAC International, v. 84, no. 1, p. 162-167, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.1.162.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"162","endPage":"167","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408706,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article/84/1/162/5656441"}],"volume":"84","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff6be4b0c8380cd4f199","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aga, D.S.","contributorId":18521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aga","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023596,"text":"70023596 - 2001 - Estimating equation for mixed populations of floods in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023596","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating equation for mixed populations of floods in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A single equation for estimating the peak flows of annual floods at ungauged sites in Massachusetts was developed by combining the conditional probabilities of floods caused by tropical cyclones and ice-jam releases with the conditional probability of \"ordinary\" floods. Regression equations for these three flood populations demonstrated that two basin characteristics, drainage-basin area and basin head, and frequency of flooding determined the corresponding peak-flow rates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:1(72)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Murphy, P., 2001, Estimating equation for mixed populations of floods in Massachusetts: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 6, no. 1, p. 72-74, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:1(72).","startPage":"72","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207303,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:1(72)"},{"id":232139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b18e4b0c8380cd5257e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, P.J.","contributorId":91903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023594,"text":"70023594 - 2001 - A functional relation for field-scale nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution developed using a pore network model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:01:54","indexId":"70023594","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A functional relation for field-scale nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution developed using a pore network model","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id16\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id17\"><p><span>A pore network&nbsp;model&nbsp;with cubic chambers and rectangular&nbsp;tubes&nbsp;was used to estimate the&nbsp;nonaqueous phase liquid&nbsp;(NAPL) dissolution rate coefficient,&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>diss</sub><i>a</i><sub>i</sub><span>, and NAPL/water total specific interfacial&nbsp;area,&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><sub>i</sub>.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>diss</sub><i>a</i><sub>i</sub><span>&nbsp;was computed as a function of modified&nbsp;Peclet number(</span><i>Pe</i><span>′) for various&nbsp;NAPL&nbsp;saturations (</span><i>S</i><sub>N</sub>) and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><sub>i</sub><span>&nbsp;during&nbsp;drainage&nbsp;and&nbsp;imbibition&nbsp;and during dissolution without displacement. The largest contributor to&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><sub>i</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>was the interfacial area in the water-filled corners of chambers and tubes containing NAPL. When<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>diss</sub><i>a</i><sub>i</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>was divided by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><sub>i</sub>, the resulting curves of dissolution coefficient,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>diss</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>versus<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pe</i>′ suggested that an approximate value of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>diss</sub><span>&nbsp;could be obtained as a weak function of&nbsp;hysteresis&nbsp;or&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><sub>N</sub>. Spatially and temporally variable maps of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>diss</sub><i>a</i><sub>i</sub><span>&nbsp;calculated using the network model were used in&nbsp;field-scale&nbsp;simulations of NAPL dissolution. These simulations were compared to simulations using a constant value of&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><sub>diss</sub><i>a</i><sub>i</sub><span>&nbsp;and the empirical&nbsp;correlation&nbsp;of Powers et al. [Water Resour. Res. 30(2) (1994b) 321]. Overall, a methodology was developed for incorporating&nbsp;pore-scale&nbsp;processes into field-scale&nbsp;prediction&nbsp;of NAPL dissolution.</span></p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00171-6","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Dillard, L., Essaid, H., and Blunt, M., 2001, A functional relation for field-scale nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution developed using a pore network model: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 89-119, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00171-6.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"119","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207628,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00171-6"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3e5e4b0c8380cd462ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillard, L.A.","contributorId":32695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillard","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Essaid, H.I.","contributorId":22342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blunt, M.J.","contributorId":40764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blunt","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023593,"text":"70023593 - 2001 - Regional water-quality analysis of 2,4-D and dicamba in river water using gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T06:57:21","indexId":"70023593","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2040,"text":"International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional water-quality analysis of 2,4-D and dicamba in river water using gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract test\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Gas chromatography with isotope dilution mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used in regional National Water Quality Assessment studies of the herbicides, 2,4-D and dicamba, in river water across the United States. The GC-MS method involved solid-phase extraction, derivatized with deuterated 2,4-D, and analysis by selected ion monitoring. The ELISA method was applied after preconcentration with solid-phase extraction. The ELISA method was unreliable because of interference from humic substances that were also isolated by solid-phase extraction. Therefore, GC-MS was used to analyzed 80 samples from river water from 14 basins. The frequency of detection of dicamba (28%) was higher than that for 2,4-D (16%). Concentrations were higher for dicamba than for 2,4-D, ranging from less than the detection limit (7lt; 0.05 μg/L) to 3.77μg/L, in spite of 5 times more annual use of 2,4-D as compared to dicamba. These results suggest that 2,4-D degrades more rapidly in the environment than dicamba.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/03067310108044398","issn":"03067319","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Zimmerman, L., Aga, D., and Gilliom, R.J., 2001, Regional water-quality analysis of 2,4-D and dicamba in river water using gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry: International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, v. 79, no. 3, p. 185-198, https://doi.org/10.1080/03067310108044398.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a5a1e4b0e8fec6cdbeaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, L.R.","contributorId":28624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aga, D.S.","contributorId":18521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aga","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilliom, R. J.","contributorId":60650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023589,"text":"70023589 - 2001 - Molecular resolution and fragmentation of fulvic acid by electrospray ionization/multistage tandem mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:05:21","indexId":"70023589","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular resolution and fragmentation of fulvic acid by electrospray ionization/multistage tandem mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"Molecular weight distributions of fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia, were investigated by electrospray ionization/quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI/QMS), and fragmentation pathways of specific fulvic acid masses were investigated by electrospray ionization/ion trap multistage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MST/MS). ESI/QMS studies of the free acid form of low molecular weight poly(carboxylic acid) standards in 75% methanol/25% water mobile phase found that negative ion detection gave the optimum generation of parent ions that can be used for molecular weight determinations. However, experiments with poly(acrylic acid) mixtures and specific high molecular weight standards found multiply charged negative ions that gave a low bias to molecular mass distributions. The number of negative charges on a molecule is dependent on the distance between charges. ESI/MST/MS of model compounds found characteristic water loss from alcohol dehydration and anhydride formation, as well as CO2 loss from decarboxylation, and CO loss from ester structures. Application of these fragmentation pathways to specific masses of fulvic acid isolated and fragmented by ESI/MST/MS is indicative of specific structures that can serve as a basis for future structural confirmation after these hypothesized structures are synthesized.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/ac0012593","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Rostad, C., Gates, P.M., Furlong, E., and Ferrer, I., 2001, Molecular resolution and fragmentation of fulvic acid by electrospray ionization/multistage tandem mass spectrometry: Analytical Chemistry, v. 73, no. 7, p. 1461-1471, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0012593.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1461","endPage":"1471","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207588,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0012593"}],"volume":"73","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-03-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d10e4b0c8380cd7012d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rostad, C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gates, Paul M.","contributorId":31411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ferrer, I.","contributorId":97260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023580,"text":"70023580 - 2001 - Occurrence of cyanazine compounds in groundwater: Degradates more prevalent than the parent compound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T06:36:38","indexId":"70023580","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of cyanazine compounds in groundwater: Degradates more prevalent than the parent compound","docAbstract":"<p>A recently developed analytical method using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to investigate the occurrence of cyanazine and its degradates cyanazine acid (CAC), cyanazine amide (CAM), deethylcyanazine (DEC), and deethylcyanazine acid (DCAC) in groundwater. This research represents some of the earliest data on the occurrence of cyanazine degradates in groundwater. Although cyanazine was infrequently detected in the 64 wells across Iowa sampled in 1999, cyanazine degradates were commonly found during this study. The most frequently detected cyanazine compound was DCAC (32.8%) followed by CAC (29.7%), CAM (17.2%), DEC (3.1%), and cyanazine (3.1%). The frequency of detection for cyanazine or one or more of its degradates (CYTOT) was more than 12-fold over that of cyanazine alone (39.1% for CYTOT versus 3.1% for cyanazine). Of the total measured concentration of cyanazine, only 0.2% was derived from its parent compound - with DCAC (74.1%) and CAC (18.4%) comprising 92.5% of this total. Thus, although DCAC and CAC had similar frequencies of detection, DCAC was generally present in higher concentrations. No concentrations of cyanazine compounds for this study exceeded water-quality criteria for the protection of human health. Only cyanazine, however, has such a criteria established. Nevertheless, because these cyanazine degradates are still chlorinated, they may have similar toxicity as their parent compound - similar to what has been found with the chlorinated degradates of atrazine. Thus, the results of this study documented that data on the degradates for cyanazine are critical for understanding its fate and transport in the hydrologic system. Furthermore, the prevalence of the chlorinated degradates of cyanazine found in groundwater suggests that to accurately determine the overall effect on human health and the environment from cyanazine its degradates should also be considered. In addition, because CYTOT was found in 57.6% of the samples collected from alluvial aquifers, about 2-5 times more frequently than the other major aquifer types (glacial drift, bedrock/karst, bedrock/nonkarst) under investigation, this finding has long-term implications for the occurrence of CYTOT in streams. It is anticipated that low-level concentrations of CYTOT will continue to be detected in streams for years after the use of cyanazine has terminated (scheduled for the year 2000 in the United States), primarily through its movement from groundwater into streams during base-flow conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es001520x","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Thurman, E., and Linhart, S.M., 2001, Occurrence of cyanazine compounds in groundwater: Degradates more prevalent than the parent compound: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1217-1222, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001520x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1217","endPage":"1222","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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,{"id":70023575,"text":"70023575 - 2001 - Sources of global warming in upper ocean temperature during El Niño","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T14:02:29","indexId":"70023575","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of global warming in upper ocean temperature during El Niño","docAbstract":"<p><span>Global average sea surface temperature (SST) from 40&deg;S to 60&deg;N fluctuates &plusmn;0.3&deg;C on interannual period scales, with global warming (cooling) during El Ni&ntilde;o (La Ni&ntilde;a). About 90% of the global warming during El Ni&ntilde;o occurs in the tropical global ocean from 20&deg;S to 20&deg;N, half because of large SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific associated with El Ni&ntilde;o and the other half because of warm SST anomalies occurring over &sim;80% of the tropical global ocean. From examination of National Centers for Environmental Prediction [</span><i>Kalnay et al.</i><span>, 1996] and Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set [</span><i>Woodruff et al.</i><span>, 1993] reanalyses, tropical global warming during El Ni&ntilde;o is associated with higher troposphere moisture content and cloud cover, with reduced trade wind intensity occurring during the onset phase of El Ni&ntilde;o. During this onset phase the tropical global average diabatic heat storage tendency in the layer above the main pycnocline is 1&ndash;3 W m</span><sup>&minus;2</sup><span>above normal. Its principal source is a reduction in the poleward Ekman heat flux out of the tropical ocean of 2&ndash;5 W m</span><sup>&minus;2</sup><span>. Subsequently, peak tropical global warming during El Ni&ntilde;o is dissipated by an increase in the flux of latent heat to the troposphere of 2&ndash;5 W m</span><sup>&minus;2</sup><span>, with reduced shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes in response to increased cloud cover tending to cancel each other. In the extratropical global ocean the reduction in poleward Ekman heat flux out of the tropics during the onset of El Ni&ntilde;o tends to be balanced by reduction in the flux of latent heat to the troposphere. Thus global warming and cooling during Earth's internal mode of interannual climate variability arise from fluctuations in the global hydrological balance, not the global radiation balance. Since it occurs in the absence of extraterrestrial and anthropogenic forcing, global warming on decadal, interdecadal, and centennial period scales may also occur in association with Earth's internal modes of climate variability on those scales.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/1999JC000130","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"White, W.B., Cayan, D.R., Dettinger, M., and Auad, G., 2001, Sources of global warming in upper ocean temperature during El Niño: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 106, no. C3, p. 4349-4367, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000130.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"4349","endPage":"4367","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489785,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc000130","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b937ae4b08c986b31a4f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Warren B.","contributorId":26111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, Mike 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Mike","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":398090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Auad, Guillermo","contributorId":78120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auad","given":"Guillermo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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