{"pageNumber":"344","pageRowStart":"8575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":70169050,"text":"70169050 - 1993 - Hydrologic and land-use factors associated with herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T11:53:59","indexId":"70169050","displayToPublicDate":"1993-11-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic and land-use factors associated with herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers","docAbstract":"<p><span>Selected herbicides, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) metabolites, and NO</span><sup>&minus;</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;were examined in near-surface unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers in the midcontinental USA to study the hydrogeologic, spatial, and seasonal distribution of these contaminants. Groundwater samples were collected from 303 wells during the spring and late summer of 1991. At least one herbicide or atrazine metabolite was detected in 24% of the samples collected for herbicide analysis (reporting limit 0.05&nbsp;</span><i>&micro;</i><span>g/L). No herbicide concentration exceeded the USEPA's maximum contaminant level (MCL) or health advisory level. The most frequently detected compound was the at razine metabolite deethylatrazine [2-amino-4-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] followed by atrazine, deisopropylatrazine [2-amino-4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine], prometon (2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methyoxy-s-triazine), metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1methylethyl)acetamide], alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], metribuzin [4-amino-6-(</span><i>tert</i><span>-butyl)-3-methylthio-</span><i>as</i><span>-triazine-5(4H)-one], simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], and cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile]. Nitrite plus nitrate, as nitrogen (N), exceeding 3.0 mg/L (excess NO</span><sup>&minus;</sup><sub>3</sub><span>), was found in 29% of the samples, and 6% had&nbsp;</span><sup>&minus;</sup><sub>3</sub><span>exceeding the MCL of 10 mg/L. Ammonium as N was detected in excess of 0.01 mg/L in 78% of the samples. A nonlinear increase in the frequency of atrazine detection occurred with decreases in reporting limit. The frequency of atrazine residue detection (atrazine + deethylatrazine + deisopropylatrazine) was 25% greater than for atrazine alone. Herbicide detections and excess NO</span><sup>&minus;</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;were notably lacking in the eastern part of the study region where it was estimated that herbicide and fertilizer use were among the largest in the region. Prometon, the second most frequently detected herbicide, was associated with non-agricultural land use. Herbicide and excess NO</span><sup>&minus;</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;were more frequent in unconsolidated aquifers than in bedrock aquifers. Aquifer depth, as direct measurement of proximity to recharge sources, was inversely related to frequency of herbicide detection and excess NO</span><sup>&minus;</sup><sub>3</sub><span>.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040002x","usgsCitation":"Burkart, M.R., and Kolpin, D.W., 1993, Hydrologic and land-use factors associated with herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 22, no. 4, p. 646-656, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040002x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"646","endPage":"656","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-87.800477,42.49192],[-87.812461,42.232278],[-87.511043,41.696535],[-87.187651,41.629653],[-86.616978,41.896625],[-86.321803,42.310743],[-86.208309,42.762789],[-86.540916,43.633158],[-86.25395,44.64808],[-86.066745,44.905685],[-85.780439,44.977932],[-85.540497,45.210169],[-85.641652,44.810816],[-85.520205,44.960347],[-85.477423,44.813781],[-85.355478,45.282774],[-84.91585,45.393115],[-85.110884,45.526285],[-84.94565,45.708621],[-85.011433,45.757962],[-84.204218,45.627116],[-84.095905,45.497298],[-83.488826,45.355872],[-83.291346,45.062597],[-83.435822,45.000012],[-83.277213,44.7167],[-83.335248,44.357995],[-83.890145,43.934672],[-83.909479,43.672622],[-83.618602,43.628891],[-83.227093,43.981003],[-82.833103,44.036851],[-82.643166,43.852468],[-82.423086,42.988728],[-82.509935,42.637294],[-82.648776,42.550401],[-82.630922,42.64211],[-82.780817,42.652232],[-83.431103,41.757457],[-82.481214,41.381342],[-81.69325,41.514161],[-80.533774,41.973475],[-80.518991,40.638801],[-80.667957,40.582496],[-80.619297,40.26517],[-80.88036,39.620706],[-81.656138,39.277355],[-81.874857,38.881174],[-82.068864,38.984878],[-82.318111,38.457876],[-82.569368,38.406258],[-82.923694,38.750076],[-83.301951,38.598178],[-83.512571,38.701716],[-83.762445,38.652103],[-84.212904,38.805707],[-84.445242,39.114461],[-84.744149,39.147458],[-84.888873,39.066376],[-84.816506,38.80532],[-85.448862,38.713368],[-85.415272,38.555416],[-85.816164,38.282969],[-86.042354,37.958018],[-86.33281,38.182938],[-86.634271,37.843845],[-86.810913,37.99715],[-87.065388,37.810481],[-87.402632,37.942267],[-87.666522,37.827455],[-87.921744,37.907885],[-88.158374,37.639948],[-88.063311,37.515755],[-88.450127,37.411717],[-88.490068,37.067874],[-89.058036,37.188767],[-89.171881,37.068184],[-89.202607,36.601576],[-89.343753,36.630991],[-89.429311,36.481875],[-89.55264,36.577178],[-89.527029,36.341679],[-89.703511,36.243412],[-89.615128,36.113816],[-89.733095,36.000608],[-90.368718,35.995812],[-90.075934,36.281485],[-90.157136,36.484317],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.699735,36.998805],[-102.000447,36.993249],[-102.051614,41.002377],[-104.039238,41.001502],[-104.048807,48.933636],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153314,49.384358],[-94.974286,49.367738],[-94.555835,48.716207],[-93.741843,48.517347],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.341207,48.23248],[-92.066269,48.359602],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.703702,48.096009],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-92.058888,46.809938],[-91.942988,46.679939],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.78804,46.844886],[-90.920813,46.637432],[-90.398478,46.575832],[-88.982483,46.99883],[-88.400224,47.379551],[-87.816958,47.471998],[-87.730804,47.449112],[-88.349952,47.076377],[-88.462349,46.786711],[-88.167373,46.9588],[-87.915943,46.909508],[-87.619747,46.79821],[-87.366767,46.507303],[-86.850111,46.434114],[-86.188024,46.654008],[-84.964652,46.772845],[-84.969464,46.47629],[-84.177428,46.52692],[-84.097766,46.256512],[-84.247687,46.17989],[-83.931175,46.017871],[-83.63498,46.103953],[-83.49484,45.999541],[-84.345451,45.946569],[-84.656567,46.052654],[-84.820557,45.868293],[-85.047028,46.020603],[-85.528403,46.087121],[-85.663966,45.967013],[-86.278007,45.942057],[-86.687208,45.634253],[-86.532989,45.882665],[-86.92106,45.697868],[-87.018902,45.838886],[-88.027103,44.578992],[-87.943801,44.529693],[-87.428144,44.890738],[-87.021088,45.296541],[-87.73063,43.893862],[-87.910172,43.236634],[-87.800477,42.49192]]],[[[-88.684434,48.115785],[-88.447236,48.182916],[-89.022736,47.858532],[-89.255202,47.876102],[-88.684434,48.115785]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.82177,45.427602],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e7e0b9e4b0f59b85d6aa75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkart, Michael R.","contributorId":75512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003157,"text":"1003157 - 1993 - Growth and mortality of larval sunfish in backwaters of the upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-06T15:44:24.315054","indexId":"1003157","displayToPublicDate":"1993-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and mortality of larval sunfish in backwaters of the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"<p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span>We estimated the growth and mortality of larval sunfish&nbsp;</span><i>Lepomis</i><span>&nbsp;spp. in backwater habitats of the upper Mississippi River with an otolith‐based method and a length‐based method. Fish were sampled with plankton nets at one station in Navigation Pools 8 and 14 in 1989 and at two stations in Pool 8 in 1990. For both methods, growth was modeled with an exponential equation, and instantaneous mortality was estimated by regressing the natural logarithm of fish catch for each 1‐mm size‐group against the estimated age of the group, which was derived from the growth equations. At two of the stations, the otolith‐based method provided more precise estimates of sunfish growth than the length‐based method. We were able to compare length‐based and otolith‐based estimates of sunfish mortality only at the two stations where we caught the largest numbers of sunfish. Estimates of mortality were similar for both methods in Pool 14, where catches were higher, but the length‐based method gave significantly higher estimates in Pool 8, where the catches were lower. The otolith‐based method required more laboratory analysis, but provided better estimates of the growth and mortality than the length‐based method when catches were low. However, the length‐based method was more cost‐effective for estimating growth and mortality when catches were large.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1080:GAMOLS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Zigler, S.J., and Jennings, C., 1993, Growth and mortality of larval sunfish in backwaters of the upper Mississippi River: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 122, no. 6, p. 1080-1087, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1993)122<1080:GAMOLS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1080","endPage":"1087","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.31281541718155,\n              45.107429570207614\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.63708360378831,\n              43.51116443180767\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.85224177489205,\n              42.0502181844025\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.79669684428936,\n              40.28270221332478\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.71586306496908,\n              38.373707744056794\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.63502928564883,\n              36.46471327478881\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.87584674381966,\n              36.522335909403296\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.1090290077692,\n              38.868184796060966\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.06453389998158,\n              40.02057200622481\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.86123232947048,\n              40.72582832750582\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.8408880753197,\n              41.99919878732316\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.81776494730315,\n              43.077488380741585\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.19446180434727,\n              43.98010067685425\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.60242846451888,\n              45.27523959728171\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.31281541718155,\n              45.107429570207614\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"122","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696120","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zigler, S. J.","contributorId":21513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zigler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A.","contributorId":38504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70186686,"text":"70186686 - 1993 - Effect of mining and related activities on the sediment trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur D'Alene, Idaho, USA. Part I: Surface sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T10:19:57","indexId":"70186686","displayToPublicDate":"1993-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of mining and related activities on the sediment trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur D'Alene, Idaho, USA. Part I: Surface sediments","docAbstract":"<p>During the summer of 1989 surface sediment samples were collected in Lake Coeur d'Alene, the Coeur d'Alene River and the St Joe River, Idaho, at a density of approximately one sample per square kilometre. Additional samples were collected from the banks of the South Fork of the Coeur d'Alene and the Coeur d'Alene Rivers in 1991. All the samples were collected to determine trace element concentrations, partitioning and distribution patterns, and to relate them to mining, mining related and discharge operations that have occurred in the Coeur d'Alene district since the 1880s, some of which are ongoing.</p><p>Most of the surface sediments in Lake Coeur d'Alene north of Conkling Point and Carey Bay are substantially enriched in Ag, As, Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb and Zn relative to unaffected sediments in the southern portion of the lake near the St Joe River. All the trace element enriched sediments are extremely fine grained (mean grain sizes « 63 μm). Most of the enriched trace elements, based on both the chemical analyses of separated heavy and light mineral fractions and a two step sequential extraction procedure, are associated with an operationally defined Fe oxide phase; much smaller percentages are associated either with operationally defined organics/sulphides or refractory phases.</p><p>The presence, concentration and distribution of the Fe oxides and heavy minerals indicates that a substantial portion of the enriched trace elements are probably coming from the Coeur d'Alene River, which is serving as a point source. Within the lake, this relatively simple point source pattern is complicated by a combination of (1) the formation of trace element rich authigenic Fe oxides that appear to have reprecipitated from material solubilized from anoxic bed sediments and (2) physical remobilization by currents and wind driven waves. The processes that have caused the trace element enrichment in the surface sediments of Lake Coeur d'Alene are likely to continue for the foreseeable future.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360070406","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., Elrick, K.A., and Cook, R.B., 1993, Effect of mining and related activities on the sediment trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur D'Alene, Idaho, USA. Part I: Surface sediments: Hydrological Processes, v. 7, no. 4, p. 403-423, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360070406.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"403","endPage":"423","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339396,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Lake Coeur d’Alene","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.81900024414062,\n              47.694050002541715\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.94671630859375,\n              47.512563103108036\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.95770263671875,\n              47.43366127871628\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.69677734375,\n              47.306240719625585\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.66107177734375,\n              47.39091206104779\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.74621582031249,\n              47.54687159892238\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.70639038085938,\n              47.5941249027327\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.62399291992186,\n              47.615421267605434\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.63360595703125,\n              47.65891296651944\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.78054809570311,\n              47.690352481405704\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.81900024414062,\n              47.694050002541715\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54be4b09da6799d63ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, Arthur J. 0000-0002-3296-730X horowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-730X","contributorId":1400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"Arthur","email":"horowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elrick, Kent A.","contributorId":78415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrick","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cook, Robert B.","contributorId":98166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70128726,"text":"70128726 - 1993 - Changing nest placement of Hawaiian Common Amakihi during the breeding cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T13:45:49","indexId":"70128726","displayToPublicDate":"1993-09-01T11:14:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changing nest placement of Hawaiian Common Amakihi during the breeding cycle","docAbstract":"We studied the nesting behavior of the Common Amakihi (<i>Hemignathus virens</i>) from 1970-1981 on the island of Hawaii to determine if the species alters nest placement over a protracted 9-month breeding season. Birds preferentially chose the southwest quadrant of trees in which to build nests during all phases of the breeding season. It appeared that ambient temperature (Ta) was a contributing factor to differential nest placement between early and late phases of the annual breeding cycle. When Ta is low during the early (December-March) breeding period, Common Amakihi selected exposed nesting locations that benefitted them with maximum solar insolation. However, in the later phase of the breeding period (April-July) when Ta was much higher, renesting birds selected nest sites deeper in the canopy in significantly taller trees. This is one of the few documented examples in which a species changes location of nest during a breeding season, thus allowing exploitation of temporally differing microclimatic conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Bulletin","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"van Riper, C., Kern, M.D., and Sogge, M., 1993, Changing nest placement of Hawaiian Common Amakihi during the breeding cycle: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 105, no. 3, p. 436-447.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"436","endPage":"447","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295270,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","volume":"105","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b1fe4b0fd76af69cef5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kern, M. D.","contributorId":28914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sogge, M. K.","contributorId":16337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogge","given":"M. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70113778,"text":"70113778 - 1993 - Contrast enhancing and adjusting advanced very high resolution radiometer scenes for solar illumination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T14:27:46","indexId":"70113778","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T14:22:16","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrast enhancing and adjusting advanced very high resolution radiometer scenes for solar illumination","docAbstract":"<p>The AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) satellite sensors provide daily coverage of the entire Earth.  As a result, individual scenes cover broad geographic areas (roughly 3000 km by 5000 km) and can contain varying levels of solar illumination.  Mosaics of AVHRR scenes can be created for large (continental and global) study areas.  As the north-south extent of such mosaics increases, the lightness variability within the mosaic increases.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>AVHRR channels one and two of multiple daytime scenes were histogrammed to find a relationship between solar zenith and scene lightness as described by brightness value distribution.  This relationship was used to determine look-up tables (luts) which removed effects of varying solar illumination.  These luts were combined with a contrast enhancing lut and stored online.  For individual scenes, one precomputed composite lut was applied to the entire scene based on the solar zenith at scene center.  For mosaicked scenes, each pixel was adjusted based on the solar zenith at that pixel location.  These procedures reduce lightness variability within and between scenes and enhance scene contrast to provide visually pleasing imagery.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Zokaites, D.M., 1993, Contrast enhancing and adjusting advanced very high resolution radiometer scenes for solar illumination: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 569-569.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"569","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288990,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7661e4b0abf75cf2bf54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zokaites, David M.","contributorId":105231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zokaites","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70113735,"text":"70113735 - 1993 - The proposed EROSpace institute, a national center operated by space grant universities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T12:55:10","indexId":"70113735","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T12:48:46","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The proposed EROSpace institute, a national center operated by space grant universities","docAbstract":"<p>The \"EROSpace Institute\" is a proposed visiting scientist program in associated with the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center (EDC).  The Institute would be operated by a consortium of universities, possible drawn from NASA's Space Grant College and Fellowship Program consortia and the group of 17 capability-enhancement consortia, or perhaps from consortia though out the nation with a topical interest in remote sensing.  The National Center for Atmospheric Research or the Goddard Institute for Space Studies provide models for the structure of such an institute.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The objectives of the Institute are to provide ready access to the body of data housed at the EDC and to increase the cadre of knowledgeable and trained scientists able to deal with the increasing volume of remote sensing data to become available from the Earth Observing System.  The Institute would have a staff of about 100 scientists at any one time, about half permanent staff, and half visiting scientists.  The latter would include graduate and undergraduate students, as well as faculty on temporary visits, summer fellowships, or sabbatical leaves.  The Institute would provide office and computing facilities, as well as Internet linkages to the home institutions so that scientists could continue to participate in the program from their home base.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.L., Swiden, L.R., and Waltz, F.A., 1993, The proposed EROSpace institute, a national center operated by space grant universities: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 550-552.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"550","endPage":"552","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae786fe4b0abf75cf2d4d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Paul L.","contributorId":17140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swiden, LaDell R.","contributorId":46875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swiden","given":"LaDell","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waltz, Frederick A.","contributorId":20257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltz","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70113724,"text":"70113724 - 1993 - CD-ROM technology at the EROS data center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T12:33:54","indexId":"70113724","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T12:27:12","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CD-ROM technology at the EROS data center","docAbstract":"<p>The vast amount of digital spatial data often required by a single user has created a demand for media alternatives to 1/2\" magnetic tape.  One such medium that has been recently adopted at the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center is the compact disc (CD).  CD's are a versatile, dynamic, and low-cost method for providing a variety of data on a single media device and are compatible with various computer platforms.  CD drives are available for personal computers, UNIX workstations, and mainframe systems, either directly connected, or through a network.  This medium furnishes a quick method of reproducing and distributing large amounts of data on a single CD.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Several data sets are already available on CD's, including collections of historical Landsat multispectral scanner data and biweekly composites of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data for the conterminous United States.  The EROS Data Center intends to provide even more data sets on CD's.  Plans include specific data sets on a customized disc to fulfill individual requests, and mass production of unique data sets for large-scale distribution.  Requests for a single compact disc-read only memory (CD-ROM) containing a large volume of data either for archiving or for one-time distribution can be addressed with a CD-write once (CD-WO) unit.  Mass production and large-scale distribution will require CD-ROM replication and mastering.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Madigan, M.E., and Weinheimer, M.C., 1993, CD-ROM technology at the EROS data center: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 526-526.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"526","endPage":"526","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae764de4b0abf75cf2bf11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madigan, Michael E.","contributorId":71887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madigan","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weinheimer, Mary C.","contributorId":37653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weinheimer","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70113715,"text":"70113715 - 1993 - \"Relative CIR\": an image enhancement and visualization technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T12:04:19","indexId":"70113715","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T11:55:39","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"\"Relative CIR\": an image enhancement and visualization technique","docAbstract":"<p>Many techniques exist to spectrally and spatially enhance digital multispectral scanner data.  One technique enhances an image while keeping the colors as they would appear in a color-infrared (CIR) image.  This \"relative CIR\" technique generates an image that is both spectrally and spatially enhanced, while displaying a maximum range of colors.  The technique enables an interpreter to visualize either spectral or land cover classes by their relative CIR characteristics.  A relative CIR image is generated by developed spectral statistics for each class in the classifications and then, using a nonparametric approach for spectral enhancement, the means of the classes for each band are ranked.  A 3 by 3 pixel smoothing filter is applied to the classification for spatial enhancement and the classes are mapped to the representative rank for each band.  Practical applications of the technique include displaying an image classification product as a CIR image that was not derived directly from a spectral image, visualizing how a land cover classification would look as a CIR image, and displaying a spectral classification or intermediate product that will be used to label spectral classes.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Fleming, M.D., 1993, \"Relative CIR\": an image enhancement and visualization technique: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 493-493.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"493","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288977,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7608e4b0abf75cf2be58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, Michael D.","contributorId":102638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70113705,"text":"70113705 - 1993 - Raster profile development for the spatial data transfer standard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T11:06:50","indexId":"70113705","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raster profile development for the spatial data transfer standard","docAbstract":"<p>The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS), recently approved as Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 173, is designed to transfer various types of spatial data.  Implementing all of the standard's options at one time is impractical.  Profiles, or limited subsets of the SDTS, are the mechanisms by which the standards will be implemented.  The development of a raster profile is being coordinated by the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) SDTS Task Force.  This raster profile is intended to accommodate digital georeferenced image data and regularly spaces, georeferenced gridded data.  The USGS's digital elevation models (DEMs) and digital orthophoto quadrangles (DOQs), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) advanced very huh resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and Landsat data, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Earth observing system (EOS) data are among the candidate data sets for this profile.  Other raster profiles, designed to support nongeoreferenced and other types of \"raw\" sensor data will be consider in the future.  As with the Topological Vector Profile (TVP) for the SDTS, development of the raster profile includes designing a prototype profile, testing the prototype profile using sample data sets, and finally, requesting and receiving FIPS approval.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Szemraj, J.A., 1993, Raster profile development for the spatial data transfer standard: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 267-272.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288964,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7800e4b0abf75cf2c71b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szemraj, John A.","contributorId":42735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szemraj","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70113703,"text":"70113703 - 1993 - Compositing multitemporal remote sensing data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-20T10:38:28","indexId":"70113703","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-24T10:28:59","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3018,"text":"Pecora 12 Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositing multitemporal remote sensing data sets","docAbstract":"<p>To eliminate cloud and atmosphere-affected pixels, the compositing of multi temporal remote sensing data sets is done by selecting the maximum vale of the normalized different vegetation index (NDVI) within a compositing period.  The NDVI classifier, however, is strongly affected by surface type and anisotropic properties, sensor viewing geometries, and atmospheric conditions.  Consequently, the composited, multi temporal, remote sensing data contain substantial noise from these external conditions.  Consequently, the composited, multi temporal, remote sensing data contain substantial noise from these external effects.  To improve the accuracy of compositing products, two key approaches can be taken: one is to refine the compositing classifier (NDVI) and the other is to improve existing compositing algorithms.  In this project, an alternative classifier was developed and an alternative pixel selection criterion was proposed for compositing.  The new classifier and the alternative compositing algorithm were applied to an advanced very high resolution radiometer data set of different biome types in the United States.  The results were compared with the maximum value compositing and the best index slope extraction algorithms.  The new approaches greatly reduced the high frequency noises related to the external factors and repainted more reliable data.  The results suggest that the geometric-optical canopy properties of specific biomes may be needed in compositing.  Limitations of the new approaches include the dependency of pixel selection on the length of the composite period and data discontinuity.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora 12 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Qi, J., Huete, A., Hood, J., and Kerr, Y., 1993, Compositing multitemporal remote sensing data sets: Pecora 12 Symposium, p. 206-213.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"206","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae765ae4b0abf75cf2bf41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Qi, J.","contributorId":48718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huete, A.R.","contributorId":54401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huete","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hood, J.","contributorId":62143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kerr, Y.","contributorId":51494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerr","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017362,"text":"70017362 - 1993 - An empirical determination of the minimum number of measurements needed to estimate the mean random vitrinite reflectance of disseminated organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T21:19:17.397632","indexId":"70017362","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical determination of the minimum number of measurements needed to estimate the mean random vitrinite reflectance of disseminated organic matter","docAbstract":"<p><span>In coal samples, published recommendations based on statistical methods suggest 100 measurements are needed to estimate the mean random vitrinite reflectance (</span><i>R</i><sub>v−r</sub><span>) to within ±2%. Our survey of published thermal maturation studies indicates that those using dispersed organic matter (DOM) mostly have an objective of acquiring 50 reflectance measurements. This smaller objective size in DOM versus that for coal samples poses a statistical contradiction because the standard deviations of DOM reflectance distributions are typically larger indicating a greater sample size is needed to accurately estimate&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v−r</sub><span>&nbsp;in DOM. However, in studies of thermal maturation using DOM, even 50 measurements can be an unrealistic requirement given the small amount of vitrinite often found in such samples. Furthermore, there is generally a reduced need for assuring precision like that needed for coal applications. Therefore, a key question in thermal maturation studies using DOM is how many measurements of&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v−r</sub><span>&nbsp;are needed to adequately estimate the mean. Our empirical approach to this problem is to compute the reflectance distribution statistics: mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis in increments of 10 measurements. This study compares these intermediate computations of&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v−r</sub><span>&nbsp;statistics with a final one computed using all measurements for that sample. Vitrinite reflectance was measured on mudstone and sandstone samples taken from borehole M-25 in the Cerro Prieto, Mexico geothermal system which was selected because the rocks have a wide range of thermal maturation and a comparable humic DOM with depth. The results of this study suggest that after only 20–30 measurements the mean&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v−r</sub><span>&nbsp;is generally known to within 5% and always to within 12% of the mean&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v−r</sub><span>&nbsp;calculated using all of the measured particles. Thus, even in the worst case, the precision after measuring only 20–30 particles is in good agreement with the general precision of one decimal place recommended for mean&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v−r</sub><span>&nbsp;measurements on DOM. The coefficient of variation (</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;= standard deviation/mean) is proposed as a statistic to indicate the reliability of the mean&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sub>v−r</sub><span>&nbsp;estimates made at&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;⪡ 20. This preliminary study suggests a&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 0.1 indicates a reliable mean and a&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 0.2 suggests an unreliable mean in such small samples.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90050-L","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., and Pawlewicz, M.J., 1993, An empirical determination of the minimum number of measurements needed to estimate the mean random vitrinite reflectance of disseminated organic matter: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 6, p. 643-651, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90050-L.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"643","endPage":"651","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224546,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea35e4b0c8380cd486e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Charles E.","contributorId":93070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Charles E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pawlewicz, Mark J. pawlewicz@usgs.gov","contributorId":752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlewicz","given":"Mark","email":"pawlewicz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185451,"text":"70185451 - 1993 - Role of physical heterogeneity in the interpretation of small-scale laboratory and field observations of bacteria, microbial-sized microsphere, and bromide transport through aquifer sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T07:10:34","indexId":"70185451","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of physical heterogeneity in the interpretation of small-scale laboratory and field observations of bacteria, microbial-sized microsphere, and bromide transport through aquifer sediments","docAbstract":"<p><span>The effect of physical variability upon the relative transport behavior of microbial-sized microspheres, indigenous bacteria, and bromide was examined in field and flow-through column studies for a layered, but relatively well sorted, sandy glaciofluvial aquifer. These investigations involved repacked, sieved, and undisturbed aquifer sediments. In the field, peak abundance of labeled bacteria traveling laterally with groundwater flow 6 m downgradient from point of injection was coincident with the retarded peak of carboxylated microspheres (retardation factor, RF = 1.7) at the 8.8 m depth, but preceded the bromide peak and the retarded microsphere peak (RF = 1.5) at the 9.0 m depth. At the 9.5 m depth, the bacterial peak was coincident with both the bromide and the microsphere peaks. Although sorption appeared to be a predominant mechanism responsible for immobilization of microbial-sized microspheres in the aquifer, straining appeared to be primarily responsible for their removal in 0.6-m-long columns of repacked, unsieved aquifer sediments. The manner in which the columns were packed also affected optimal size for microsphere transport, which in one experiment was near the size of the small (∼2 μm) groundwater protozoa (flagellates). These data suggest that variability in aquifer sediment structure can be important in interpretation of both small-scale field and laboratory experiments examining microbial transport behavior.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00963","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R.W., Kinner, N.E., MacDonald, D., Metge, D.W., and Bunn, A., 1993, Role of physical heterogeneity in the interpretation of small-scale laboratory and field observations of bacteria, microbial-sized microsphere, and bromide transport through aquifer sediments: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 8, p. 2713-2721, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00963.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"2713","endPage":"2721","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338041,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ee4b0236b68f98f08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kinner, Nancy E.","contributorId":189349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kinner","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacDonald, Dan","contributorId":189656,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Metge, David W. dwmetge@usgs.gov","contributorId":663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"David","email":"dwmetge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bunn, Amoret","contributorId":189657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bunn","given":"Amoret","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5223275,"text":"5223275 - 1993 - Transmission risk of Lyme disease and implications for tick management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-22T17:28:04.915714","indexId":"5223275","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T12:18:09","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":727,"text":"American Journal of Epidemiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transmission risk of Lyme disease and implications for tick management","docAbstract":"<p><span>Transmission risk of Lyme disease at a site can be estimated using the probability of exposure (</span><i>P</i><sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;= probability of being bitten by at least one infected tick);&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;=1 - (1 -&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><sub>t</sub><span>)</span><sup>n</sup><span>, where&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= number of tick bites per person and&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><sub>t</sub><span>&nbsp;= spirochete prevalence in questing ticks. This probability is more directly related to the likelihood of acquiring Lyme disease than the standard measure of transmission risk (the number of infected ticks per sample) and allows for direct consideration of the level of tick/human contact (by varying&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>) in assessing exposure risk and designing management strategies. Projections predict that interventions that lower tick abundance or spirochete prevalence do not necessarily result in equivalent declines in human exposure risk. Management interventions are predicted to have greatest success at lowering disease incidence in humans when tick abundance and/or pathogen prevalence in questing ticks are initially low (e.g., for ticks in residential lawns or for low-prevalence diseases). These techniques are predicted to be less effective at lowering disease incidence in people engaged in high-risk activities at sites with high tick abundance and pathogen prevalence, such as wooded sites in highly endemic areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116778","usgsCitation":"Ginsberg, H.S., 1993, Transmission risk of Lyme disease and implications for tick management: American Journal of Epidemiology, v. 138, p. 65-73, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116778.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489990,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/pls_facpubs/182","text":"External Repository"},{"id":200164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"138","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626cc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginsberg, Howard S. hginsberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":140901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"Howard","email":"hginsberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185454,"text":"70185454 - 1993 - A pressure-packer system for conducting rising head tests in water table wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:02:34","indexId":"70185454","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pressure-packer system for conducting rising head tests in water table wells","docAbstract":"<p><span>The pressure system developed for fully-saturated well screens has been modified for conducting rising head tests in water table wells installed in highly permeable aquifers. The pressure system consists of a compressed air source and 1 inch diameter PVC piping with a packer attached at the end. The pressure system was evaluated in a series of rising head tests conducted in a well at a Superfund site in New England. The well was tested with slugs and with the pressure system. Within each technique, estimates of hydraulic conductivity showed no difference. Comparison of hydraulic conductivity estimates between techniques (slug test vs. pressure test) showed differences due to stratigraphy. The interval tested using slug tests crossed two stratigraphic units; the pressure system tested only one of these units. We conclude that the pressure system may be used to characterize the vertical hydraulic conductivity distribution in a series of successive tests by changing the packer position and the screened interval tested.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90259-C","usgsCitation":"Levy, B.S., Pannell, L.J., and Dadoly, J.P., 1993, A pressure-packer system for conducting rising head tests in water table wells: Journal of Hydrology, v. 148, no. 1-2, p. 189-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90259-C.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"189","endPage":"202","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ee4b0236b68f98f0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levy, Benjamin S.","contributorId":189662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levy","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pannell, Lawrence J.","contributorId":189663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pannell","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dadoly, John P.","contributorId":189664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dadoly","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70073341,"text":"70073341 - 1993 - Application of morphologic burrow interpretations to discern continental burrow architects: Lungfish or crayfish?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T14:45:22","indexId":"70073341","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T11:11:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of morphologic burrow interpretations to discern continental burrow architects: Lungfish or crayfish?","docAbstract":"<p>A methodology for trace fossil identification using burrowing signatures is tested by evaluating ancient and modern lungfish and crayfish burrows and comparing them to previously undescribed burrows in a stratigraphic interval thought to contain both lungfish and crayfish burrows. Permian burrows that bear skeletal remains of the lungfish<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Gnathorhiza</i>, from museum collections, were evaluated to identify unique burrow morphologies that could be used to distinguish lungfish from crayfish burrows when fossil remains are absent. The lungfish burrows were evaluated for details of the burrowing mechanism preserved in the burrow morphologies together forming burrowing signatures and were compared to new burrows in the Chinle Formation of western Colorado to<span>&nbsp;</span><i>test the</i><span>&nbsp;</span>methodology of using burrow signatures to identify unknown burrows.</p><p>Permian lungfish aestivation burrows show simple, nearly vertical, unbranched architectures and relatively smooth surficial morphologies with characteristic quasi‐horizontal striae on the burrow walls and vertical striae on the bulbous terminus. Burrow lengths do not exceed 0.5 m. In contrast, modern and ancient crayfish burrows exhibit simple to highly complex architectures with highly textured surficial morphologies. Burrow lengths may reach 4 to 5 m.</p><p>Burrow morphologies unlike those identified in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Gnathorhiza</i><span>&nbsp;</span>aestivation burrows were found in four burrow groups from museum collections. Two of these groups exhibit simple architectures and horizontal striae that were greater in sinuosity and magnitude, respectively. One of these burrows contains the remains of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lysoro‐phus</i>, but the burrow surface reveals no reliable surficial characteristics. It is not clear whether<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lysorophus</i>truly burrowed or merely occupied a pre‐existing structure. The other two groups exhibit surficial morphologies similar to those found on modern and ancient crayfish burrows and may provide evidence of freshwater crayfish in the Permian.</p><p>Burrows from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in western Colorado exhibit simple to moderately complex architectural morphologies, ranging from predominantly vertical, unbranched, with little or no chamber development to predominantly vertical, few branches, and with minor chamber development. Surficial burrow morphologies are moderate to highly textured. The burrows have scrape marks, scratch marks, mud and lag‐liners, knobby surfaces, pleopod striae, and body impressions.</p><p>Although no fossil remains of the burrowing organism were found within or associated with the Chinle burrows from western Colorado, the similarity of architectural and surficial burrow morphologies to those in the Chinle of Canyonlands, Utah and to modern crayfish burrows, clearly indicates that the Colorado burrows are the product of burrowing crayfish rather than lungfish. Evaluation of burrowing signatures preserved in the architectural and surficial burrow morphologies is a very useful tool to compare and contrast Chinle burrows from different regions on the Colorado Plateau. Documentation of crayfish burrows in the Chinle of Utah and Colorado strongly suggests that other large‐diameter Chinle burrows elsewhere on the Colorado Plateau and in stratigraphically equivalent units may also be the product of crayfish activity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420949309380105","usgsCitation":"Hasiotis, S.T., Mitchell, C., and Dubiel, R.R., 1993, Application of morphologic burrow interpretations to discern continental burrow architects: Lungfish or crayfish?: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 2, no. 4, p. 315-333, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420949309380105.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"333","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281164,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Canyonlands, Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.05,36.998 ], [ -114.05,42.0 ], [ -102.04,42.0 ], [ -102.04,36.998 ], [ -114.05,36.998 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4d9ce4b0b290850f1987","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hasiotis, Stephen T.","contributorId":77923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hasiotis","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, Charles E.","contributorId":99689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Charles E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dubiel, Russell R.","contributorId":51647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubiel","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70187139,"text":"70187139 - 1993 - Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T16:40:44","indexId":"70187139","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe","docAbstract":"<p><span>Physical experiments were conducted to investigate the transport of a dissolved volatile organic compound (trichloroethylene, TCE) from shallow groundwater to the unsaturated zone under a variety of conditions including changes in the soil moisture profile and water table position. Experimental data indicated that at moderate groundwater velocities (0.1 m/d), vertical mechanical dispersion was negligible and molecular diffusion was the dominant vertical transport mechanism. Under these conditions, TCE concentrations decreased nearly 3 orders of magnitude across the capillary fringe and soil gas concentrations remained low relative to those of underlying groundwater. Data collected during a water table drop showed a short-term increase in concentrations throughout most of the unsaturated zone, but these concentrations quickly declined and approached initial values after the water table was returned to its original level. In the deep part of the unsaturated zone, the water table drop resulted in a long-term decrease in concentrations, illustrating the effects of hysteresis in the soil moisture profile. A two-dimensional random walk advection-diffusion model was developed to simulate the experimental conditions, and numerical simulations agreed well with experimental data. A simpler, one-dimensional finite-difference diffusion-dispersion model was also developed. One-dimensional simulations based on molecular diffusion also agreed well with experimental data. Simulations which incorporated mechanical dispersion tended to overestimate flux across the capillary fringe. Good agreement between the one- and two-dimensional models suggested that a simple, one-dimensional approximation of vertical transport across the capillary fringe can be useful when conditions are appropriate.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00098","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., and Johnson, R.L., 1993, Transport of volatile organic compounds across the capillary fringe: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1675-1683, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00098.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"1675","endPage":"1683","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr00098","text":"External Repository"},{"id":340218,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ff0ea8e4b006455f2d620a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, Kathleen A. mccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Kathleen","email":"mccarthy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":692691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70216619,"text":"70216619 - 1993 - Toward the simulation of the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:18:52.512268","indexId":"70216619","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-29T15:33:27","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2786,"text":"Monthly Weather Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toward the simulation of the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate","docAbstract":"<p>This paper describes a set of numerical experiments aimed at evaluating the feasibility of applying a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research-Pennsylvania State University regional model (MM4) to regional climate simulation over the Great Lakes Basin. The objectives of this initial modeling investigation are 1) to examine whether the MM4 can capture the primary forcing exerted by the Great Lakes on the regional climate and 2) to evaluate what model resolution and configuration are needed to simulate such forcing. Simulations over the Great Lakes region are conducted with and without representation of the lakes at four model gridpoint resolutions ranging from 15 to 90 km. One experiment at 60-km resolution is discussed in which a one-dimensional thermal eddy diffusion model is interactively coupled to the MM4 to represent the lakes. Initial and lateral boundary conditions necessary to drive these simulations are provided by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses of observations. All simulations conducted are 10 days in length, from 22 December 1985 to 1 January 1986.</p><p>When driven with data from ECMWF analyses of observations, the climate version of the MM4 reproduces the basic characteristics of the distribution of lake-effect precipitation over the Great Lakes Basin. Differences between simulations with and without the lakes represented indicate that the lakes accounted for approximately 25% of the precipitation over the basin during the 10-day period simulated. Over localized areas, identified as the major snowbelts downwind from the lakes, lake effects were responsible for 50%–70% of the precipitation.</p><p>Basinwide precipitation did not vary greatly among the simulations with resolutions of 60, 30, and 15 km, although biases between model results and station observations did decrease slightly with increasing model resolution. Basinwide maximum and minimum temperature biases decreased more markedly with finer resolution. In the snowbelt regions downwind from the lakes, precipitation was underforecast at all four model resolutions, but precipitation generally increased with finer resolution. Differences between the results from the simulations at the three finest resolutions were greater over snowbelt regions than over the basin as a whole.</p><p>A simulation was conducted with the MM4 coupled to a lake model in an interactive two-way nested configuration. The implementation of this coupling was accomplished in a straightforward manner, with no model tuning required, and added very little to the computation time needed for the MM4 system. This coupled modeling system was found to produce realistic distributions of lake surface temperatures, evaporation rates, and ice thicknesses across the lakes. In climate simulations where the MM4 is nested in a general circulation model (GCM), we believe that the use of this coupled modeling system is preferable to specifying lake parameters by interpolation from GCM output. The next step in this work is to conduct a simulation of at least one annual cycle over the region to more fully test the coupled MM4-take model system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1373:TTSOTE>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bates, G.T., Giorgi, F., and Hostetler, S.W., 1993, Toward the simulation of the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate: Monthly Weather Review, v. 121, no. 5, p. 1373-1387, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1373:TTSOTE>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1373","endPage":"1387","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1373:ttsote>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":380820,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.42773437499999,\n              41.31082388091818\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.201171875,\n              41.31082388091818\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.201171875,\n              49.32512199104001\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.42773437499999,\n              49.32512199104001\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.42773437499999,\n              41.31082388091818\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"121","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bates, Gary T.","contributorId":245248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bates","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":28186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207074,"text":"70207074 - 1993 - The Parkfield prediction fallacy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T16:10:22.592362","indexId":"70207074","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Parkfield prediction fallacy","docAbstract":"<p>The Parkfield earthquake prediction is generally stated as a 95% probability that the next moderate earthquake there should occur before January 1993. That time limit is based on a two-sided 95% confidence interval. Because at the time of the prediction (1985) it was already clear that the earthquake had not occurred prior to 1985, a one-sided 95% confidence interval would have been more appropriate. That confidence interval ended in October 1991. The Parkfield prediction was based on an extrapolation of five of the six events in the 1857 to 1966 earthquake sequence; the 1934 event was omitted because it did not fit the regularity exhibited by the other data. The fallacy in the prediction is that it did not take account of other less-contrived explanations of the Parkfield seismicity (e.g., not excluding the 1934 event). Even if the Parkfield earthquake should occur in the near future, it would be better explained by less-contrived hypotheses.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0830010001","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., 1993, The Parkfield prediction fallacy: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 83, no. 1, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0830010001.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70171321,"text":"70171321 - 1993 - Rainfall-threshold conditions for landslides in a humid-tropical system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T11:49:13","indexId":"70171321","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-10T13:45:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1768,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rainfall-threshold conditions for landslides in a humid-tropical system","docAbstract":"<p>Landslides are triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall, seismic activity, and construction on hillslopes. The leading cause of landslides in Puerto Rico is intense and/or prolonged rainfall. A rainfall threshold for rainfall-triggered landsliding is delimited by 256 storms that occurred between 1959 and 1991 in the central mountains of Puerto Rico, where mean annual rainfall is close to or in excess of 2,000 mm. Forty one of the 256 storms produced intense and/or prolonged rainfall that resulted in tens to hundreds of landslides. A threshold fitted to the lower boundary of the field defined by landslide-triggering storms is expressed as</p>\n<h4>I = 91.46 D&nbsp;<sup>-0.82</sup></h4>\n<p><span>where I is rainfall intensity in millimeters per hour, and D is duration in hours. Landslide-producing storms occurred at an average rate of 1.2 per year. In general the landslides triggered by short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events were mainly shallow soil slips and debris flows, while the long-duration, low-intensity rainfall produced larger, deeper debris avalanches and slumps. For storms that had durations of up to 10 h, landsliding did not occur until rainfall intensity was as much as three times as high as the rainfall intensity reported as sufficient to trigger landsliding in temperate regions. As storm durations approach 100 h, the rainfall conditions necessary to initiate landsliding in Puerto Rico converge with those defined for temperate regions. A comparison of the Puerto Rico threshold with rainfall data from other humid-tropical regions suggests that the threshold developed for Puerto Rico may be applicable to other similar environments throughout the world.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/521049","issn":"04353676","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Simon, A., 1993, Rainfall-threshold conditions for landslides in a humid-tropical system: Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, v. 75A, no. 1/2, p. 13-23, https://doi.org/10.2307/521049.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321768,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75A","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e3ae4b07e28b664dbf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":630552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simon, Andrew","contributorId":78334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185458,"text":"70185458 - 1993 - Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-17T10:28:45","indexId":"70185458","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland","docAbstract":"<p><span>Eddy correlation measurements of sensible and latent heat flux are used with measurements of net radiation, soil heat flux, and other micrometeorological variables to develop the Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for use in a sparsely vegetated, semiarid rangeland. The Penman-Monteith model, a one-component model designed for use with dense crops, is not sufficiently accurate (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.56 for hourly data and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.60 for daily data). The Shuttleworth-Wallace model, a two-component logical extension of the Penman-Monteith model for use with sparse crops, performs significantly better (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.78 for hourly data and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.85 for daily data). The modified Priestley-Taylor model, a one-component simplified form of the Penman potential evapotranspiration model, surprisingly performs as well as the Shuttle worth-Wallace model. The rigorous Shuttleworth-Wallace model predicts that about one quarter of the vapor flux to the atmosphere is from bare-soil evaporation. Further, during daylight hours, the small leaves are sinks for sensible heat produced at the hot soil surface.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00333","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.I., 1993, Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1379-1392, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00333.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1379","endPage":"1392","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185442,"text":"70185442 - 1993 - Confirmation of rate-dependent behavior in water retention during drainage in nonswelling porous materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T05:53:39","indexId":"70185442","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Confirmation of rate-dependent behavior in water retention during drainage in nonswelling porous materials","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the water retention process in porous material, changes in water content are assumed to be independent of the rate at which the matric potential varies. Periodically, researchers have presented results that do not support this assumption, indicating that water retention may be rate-dependent under certain conditions. In the present study, long-term experiments were performed on five porous materials in which core samples were drained at different rates down to matric potentials of −50 kPa. Comparisons of these results with previous results confirm that slight rate-dependent behavior occurs during drainage of porous materials in this matric potential range. Specifically, new and previous results indicate that on average 4–5% more water was retained for a slow, multistep drainage versus a fast, one-step drainage treatment. For the present study, average results for individual materials were variable, ranging from a 1 to a 10% difference in water content due to treatment. Several possible mechanisms for the observed rate-dependent behavior are discussed. The only plausible mechanism is related to variations in pore water salt concentrations that induce differences in the pore water surface tension for fast versus slow drainage. Regardless of the mechanism, results suggest that rate-dependent behavior during water retention may contribute to an enhanced temperature dependence of water retention, due to higher rates of water redistribution at higher temperatures.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00005","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., 1993, Confirmation of rate-dependent behavior in water retention during drainage in nonswelling porous materials: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 4, p. 1331-1334, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00005.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"1331","endPage":"1334","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185751,"text":"70185751 - 1993 - Restoration of lowland streams: an introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T10:16:28","indexId":"70185751","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoration of lowland streams: an introduction","docAbstract":"<ol><li>This paper introduces the Lowland Streams Restoration Workshop that was held in Lund, Sweden in August 1991.</li><li>Attenders at the Workshop participated in working groups which discussed and reported on the state of knowledge of stream restoration and identified critical areas of information need. Currently, most restoration efforts are emission‐orientated (i.e. waste‐water management), while the imitation of the geomorphology or of the riparian vegetation of a quasi‐natural or natural reference channel receives less attention.</li><li>Successful stream restoration requires a multidisciplinary approach within a holistic system framework. Monitoring the outcome of past, existing and future steam‐restoration projects is required for information on the feasibility of alternative techniques and approaches.</li><li>It was recommended that systems in pristine condition serve as a point of reference and not as a goal for most stream restoration projects. Restoration goals must be carefully defined so that everyone at every level understands the aim of the project. At the very least, all restoration programmes should consider geomorphic, hydrological, biological, aesthetic, and water quality aspects of the system.</li><li>Restoration programmes should aim to create a system with a stable channel, or a channel in dynamic equilibrium that supports a self‐sustaining and functionally diverse community assemblage; it should not concentrate on one species or group, except at the local level. Preserving the terrestrial ‐aquatic interface by setting aside riparian land corridors is critical to all stages of restoration. Additional information on the temporal and regional variability in important system processes and functions is needed.</li></ol>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.1993.tb00756.x","usgsCitation":"Osborne, L., Bayley, P., Higler, L., Statzner, B., Triska, F., and Iverson, T.M., 1993, Restoration of lowland streams: an introduction: Freshwater Biology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 187-194, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1993.tb00756.x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"187","endPage":"194","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338498,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7639e4b0ee37af29e4e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osborne, L.L.","contributorId":189972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osborne","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bayley, P.B.","contributorId":189973,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bayley","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higler, L.W.G.","contributorId":189974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Higler","given":"L.W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Statzner, B.","contributorId":189975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Statzner","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Triska, F.","contributorId":70173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Iverson, T. Moth","contributorId":189971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iverson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Moth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70216670,"text":"70216670 - 1993 - Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:03:36.716852","indexId":"70216670","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-20T11:57:53","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7442,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model","docAbstract":"<p><span>A one‐dimensional model of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice has been coupled in an interactive mode with the climate version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Pennsylvania State University regional (mesoscale) atmospheric model (MM4). The coupled MM4‐lake model makes possible high‐resolution simulations of climate in the proximity of large water bodies. Atmospheric variables required as input for the lake model are supplied by MM4 and simulated values of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice cover axe supplied to MM4 by the lake model. We have tested the coupled model system with a 60‐day, summertime simulation at Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and with a 10‐day, wintertime simulation of the North American Great Lakes and vicinity. Both simulations were conducted at a 60‐km resolution. Results from these tests indicate the coupled model system produces realistic simulations of lake temperature, evaporation, and ice cover and that the coupled system is applicable to simulations of regional climate change.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/92JD02843","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., Bates, G.T., and Giorgi, F., 1993, Interactive coupling of a lake thermal model with a regional climate model: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, v. 98, no. D3, p. 5045-5057, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02843.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5045","endPage":"5057","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"D3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bates, G. T.","contributorId":29147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bates","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018208,"text":"70018208 - 1993 - SEM-EDX and isotope characterization of the organic sulfur in macerals and chars in Illinois Basin coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T16:05:31.930421","indexId":"70018208","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SEM-EDX and isotope characterization of the organic sulfur in macerals and chars in Illinois Basin coals","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two samples of the Herrin (Illinois No. 6) Coal and one sample of the Colchester (Illinois No. 2) Coal from the Illinois Basin were studied to evaluate the spatial distribution of organic sulfur within macerals occurring next to pyrite grains, both in the raw coal and their chars. The chars were produced by pyrolysing the coal at 250–550°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Representative splits of the coals and their chars were mounted in epoxy and polished for optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Determinations of organic sulfur concentrations were made at 996 locations within macerals, mostly vitrinite, around 115 grains of pyrite and at 50 locations around 5 pores in chars. The pyrite considered here is restricted to the disseminated type within macerals. On the average, the organic sulfur content increased near pyrite grains after the coals were charred at 550°C, indicating that some of the pyritic sulfur released during charring was retained within the organic matrix rather than being emitted to the atmosphere. One of the coal samples and its chars were isotopically characterized by chemically separating the pyritic and organic sulfur fractions, followed by analyzing the isotopes of the sulfur forms with a Nuclide 6–60 ratio mass spectrometer. The sulfur isotope (δ</span><sup>34</sup><span>S) data confirmed the movement of pyritic sulfur into the macerals after charring to 550°C. About 18% of the organic sulfur that remained in the 550°C char had originally been pyritic sulfur in the untreated coal.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90043-B","usgsCitation":"Demir, I., Harvey, R., and Hackley, K.C., 1993, SEM-EDX and isotope characterization of the organic sulfur in macerals and chars in Illinois Basin coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 257-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90043-B.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227499,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf34e4b0c8380cd8744a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demir, I.","contributorId":93214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demir","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, R.D.","contributorId":56371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hackley, Keith C.","contributorId":12166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207739,"text":"70207739 - 1993 - Elk Lake in perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T15:33:01","indexId":"70207739","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-08T15:26:41","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elk Lake in perspective","docAbstract":"<p><span>Elk Lake is located in the forested region of north-central Minnesota at the headwaters of the Mississippi River and occupies one of countless basins left behind as the last great Pleistocene ice sheet retreated northward into Canada. In this respect it resembles many other moderately deep, dimictic, hard-water lakes in the north-central United States, the sediments of which contain a history of postglacial and Holocene climatic and environmental change. Elk Lake is different, however, because the Holocene sediments in the deeper part of the lake form an uninterrupted sequence of annual laminations or varves. The varves are a chronometer for timing precisely the biologic, geochemical, and sedimentological responses in the lake to cyclic and progressive changes in climate. The varves also, through profound changes in their composition, divide the history of Elk Lake into three, sharply defined episodes; a postglacial lake, a prairie lake, and a modern, mesic-forest lake. We use these episodes and the character of the varves as a framework to guide the reader to the chapters and discussions found in this volume.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE276-p1","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., Dean, W.E., and Bradbury, J.P., 1993, Elk Lake in perspective: GSA Special Papers, v. 276, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE276-p1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371083,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Elk Lake, Itasca State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20442962646483,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.1981110637904\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.23017883300781,\n              47.17967906219905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"276","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.Y.","contributorId":22789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}