{"pageNumber":"3441","pageRowStart":"86000","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184934,"records":[{"id":30345,"text":"wri984239 - 1998 - Guidelines for quality assurance and quality control of fish taxonomic data collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri984239","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4239","title":"Guidelines for quality assurance and quality control of fish taxonomic data collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"Fish community structure is characterized by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program as part of a perennial, multidisciplinary approach to evaluating the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the Nation's water resources. The objective of quality assurance and quality control of fish taxonomic data that are collected as part of the NAWQA Program is to establish uniform guidelines and protocols for the identification, processing, and archiving of fish specimens to ensure that accurate and reliable data are collected.\r\n\r\nStudy unit biologists, collaborating with regional biologists and fish taxonomic specialists, prepare a pre-sampling study plan that includes a preliminary faunal list and identification of an ichthyological curation center for receiving preserved fish specimens. Problematic taxonomic issues and protected taxa also are identified in the study plan, and collecting permits are obtained in advance of sampling activities. Taxonomic specialists are selected to identify fish specimens in the field and to assist in determining what fish specimens should be sacrificed, fixed, and preserved for laboratory identification, independent taxonomic verification, and long-term storage in reference or voucher collections.\r\n\r\nQuantitative and qualitative sampling of fishes follows standard methods previously established for the NAWQA Program. Common ichthyological techniques are used to process samples in the field and prepare fish specimens to be returned to the laboratory or sent to an institutional repository. Taxonomic identifications are reported by using a standardized list of scientific names that provides nomenclatural consistency and uniformity across study units.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984239","usgsCitation":"Walsh, S.J., and Meador, M., 1998, Guidelines for quality assurance and quality control of fish taxonomic data collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4239, vi, 33 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984239.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2482,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://cars.er.usgs.gov/FishQAQC2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6359d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Stephen Joseph 0000-0002-1009-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1009-8537","contributorId":9304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meador, Michael R. mrmeador@usgs.gov","contributorId":615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"Michael R.","email":"mrmeador@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25824,"text":"wri984248 - 1998 - Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-17T21:33:00.736529","indexId":"wri984248","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4248","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, 1996","docAbstract":"<p>The Prairie du Chien-Jordan (PDCJ) aquifer (Prairie du Chien-Trempealeau aquifer in Wisconsin), composed of dolomite and sandstone of Cambrian to Ordovician age, is the principal bedrock aquifer in the Upper Mississippi River study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The aquifer supplies approximately 75 percent of the ground water withdrawn in the area. In certain areas, the aquifer is overlain by bedrock or glacial deposits having low hydraulic conductivity (termed \"confined portion\" of the aquifer in this report). In other areas the aquifer is overlain by glacial sand and gravel deposits having greater hydraulic conductivity (termed \"unconfined portion\" of the aquifer in this report). Differences in the hydrogeologic characteristics of these overlying units have potential to affect the downward movement of water and of contaminants into the aquifer from the land surface.</p>\n<p>Ground-water samples were collected from 50 domestic wells completed in this aquifer in July, August, and September of 1996 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National WaterQuality Assessment Program. The purpose of this report is to describe the chemical characteristics of water in the PDCJ aquifer and to summarize the differences in water quality in confined and unconfined portions of the aquifer. Twenty-five wells were sampled in each portion of the aquifer. Water samples from the wells were measured for physical parameters and analyzed for concentrations of major ions, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, trace metals, radon, tritium, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds.</p>\n<p>Differences in anthropogenic and naturally occurring materials in water between confined and unconfined portions of the PDCJ aquifer are small and frequently the differences are not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were slightly less and specific conductances and alkalinities were slightly greater in water in the confined portion of the aquifer. Only the differences in specific conductance and alkalinity, however, were statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (two sample t-test). Concentrations of most major ions were generally greater in water from the confined portion of the aquifer.</p>\n<p>Nitrate (nitrite plus nitrate as N) and phosphorus were generally greater in the unconfined portion of the PDCJ aquifer although the differences were not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (nonparametric Mann-Whitney test). In the confined portion of the aquifer no samples exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter for nitrate. In the unconfined portion of the aquifer nitrate in two samples exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter. Phosphorus concentrations were generally about an order of magnitude less than nitrate concentrations.</p>\n<p>Iron and manganese concentrations commonly exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and were generally greater in the confined portion of the PDCJ aquifer, although the differences were not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (nonparametric Mann-Whitney test). Radon concentrations were greater in the confined portion of the aquifer than in the unconfined portion, although the difference was not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (two sample t-test), with medians of 500 and 340 picoCuries per liter, respectively. Sixty-six percent of the radon concentrations were greater than the suspended maximum contaminant level of 300 picoCuries per liter. Tritium concentrations indicate that water in the unconfined portion of the PDCJ aquifer may have been recharged more recently than water in the confined portion of the aquifer, although differences in tritium concentrations between confined and unconfined portions of the aquifer were not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (nonparametric MannWhitney test). Atrazine and its metabolite, deethylatrazine, were the most frequently detected pesticide compounds in water samples from the PDCJ aquifer. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 41 of the 50 water samples, but none of the concentrations exceeded 1 microgram per liter. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds were slightly greater in the unconfined portion, although the differences in detection rates were not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (nonparametric Mann-Whitney test). Carbon disulfide and methyl chloride were the most frequently detected volatile organic compounds. Water in the unconfined portion of the PDCJ aquifer in Minnesota and Wisconsin appears to be affected to a greater degree by anthropogenic activities than water in the confined portion of the aquifer.</p>\n<p>Water in the confined portion has a longer residence time and greater concentrations of dissolution products of minerals. In general, however, differences in anthropogenic and naturally occurring materials among confined and unconfined portions of the aquifer are small and frequently not significantly different.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri984248","usgsCitation":"Fong, A.L., Andrews, W., and Stark, J., 1998, Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4248, vii, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984248.","productDescription":"vii, 45 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95564,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4248/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":391827,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13255.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              44\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              44.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.083,\n              44.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.083,\n              44\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              44\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb64d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fong, Alison L.","contributorId":78366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":7000021,"text":"7000021 - 1998 - Gold","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:15:35","indexId":"7000021","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Gold","docAbstract":"Through the ages, men and women have cherished gold, and many have had a compelling desire to amass great quantities of it -- so compelling a desire, in fact, that the frantic need to seek and hoard gold has been aptly named \"gold fever.\" Gold was among the first metals to be mined because it commonly occurs in its native form -- that is, not combined with other elements -- because it is beautiful and imperishable, and because exquisite objects can be made from it.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/7000021","usgsCitation":"Kirkemo, H., Newman, W.L., and Ashley, R.P., 1998, Gold: General Interest Publication, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000021.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18593,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/gold/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/gold/gold.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db6741bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirkemo, Harold","contributorId":80639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkemo","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newman, William L.","contributorId":11168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashley, Roger P. ashley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"Roger","email":"ashley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":343977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29602,"text":"wri984117 - 1998 - Low-flow statistics of selected streams in Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T09:53:07","indexId":"wri984117","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4117","title":"Low-flow statistics of selected streams in Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Low-flow statistics for many streams in Chester County, Pa., were determined on the basis of data from 14 continuous-record streamflow stations in Chester County and data from 1 station in Maryland and 1 station in Delaware. The stations in Maryland and Delaware are on streams that drain large areas within Chester County. Streamflow data through the 1994 water year were used in the analyses. The low-flow statistics summarized are the 1Q10, 7Q10, 30Q10, and harmonic mean. Low-flow statistics were estimated at 34 partial-record stream sites throughout Chester County.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984117","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority","usgsCitation":"Schreffler, C.L., 1998, Low-flow statistics of selected streams in Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4117, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984117.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2407,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4117/wri19984117.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.74 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI1998-4117"},{"id":126538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4117/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.6968,40.2417],[-75.6912,40.2388],[-75.6894,40.2378],[-75.6864,40.2387],[-75.6784,40.2436],[-75.6741,40.2458],[-75.6705,40.2466],[-75.6645,40.2461],[-75.6549,40.2428],[-75.6478,40.2404],[-75.6406,40.2371],[-75.6304,40.2347],[-75.6209,40.2305],[-75.6186,40.2277],[-75.6151,40.2245],[-75.6114,40.2244],[-75.6078,40.2258],[-75.6047,40.2275],[-75.6059,40.2294],[-75.6076,40.2326],[-75.6088,40.2348],[-75.6081,40.2366],[-75.605,40.2389],[-75.6014,40.2379],[-75.5997,40.2365],[-75.5973,40.2347],[-75.591,40.2214],[-75.5835,40.21],[-75.5801,40.2045],[-75.5796,40.2004],[-75.5766,40.1981],[-75.5724,40.1967],[-75.5694,40.1966],[-75.5676,40.1975],[-75.5645,40.2006],[-75.5644,40.2029],[-75.5655,40.207],[-75.5661,40.2093],[-75.5636,40.2101],[-75.5606,40.2096],[-75.5589,40.2073],[-75.5554,40.2023],[-75.5503,40.19],[-75.544,40.1794],[-75.5387,40.1739],[-75.527,40.1664],[-75.5275,40.1492],[-75.5239,40.1468],[-75.5184,40.1475],[-75.5127,40.1595],[-75.503,40.1593],[-75.5,40.1563],[-75.5036,40.1506],[-75.5107,40.1422],[-75.5088,40.1347],[-75.4905,40.1253],[-75.4729,40.1287],[-75.4611,40.1241],[-75.4627,40.119],[-75.4691,40.1169],[-75.4719,40.1116],[-75.4693,40.1066],[-75.4618,40.1027],[-75.4633,40.0971],[-75.4563,40.0945],[-75.4558,40.0876],[-75.4401,40.0941],[-75.4369,40.0899],[-75.42,40.0966],[-75.3927,40.0604],[-75.3669,40.0723],[-75.361,40.0668],[-75.3702,40.062],[-75.3732,40.0602],[-75.3811,40.0572],[-75.4012,40.0475],[-75.4025,40.0471],[-75.4086,40.0436],[-75.4128,40.0418],[-75.4106,40.0373],[-75.4076,40.0336],[-75.406,40.0295],[-75.4139,40.0242],[-75.4207,40.0202],[-75.4311,40.0118],[-75.4508,39.9958],[-75.452,39.9949],[-75.4532,39.994],[-75.4521,39.9926],[-75.4455,39.9925],[-75.4437,39.9925],[-75.4412,39.9933],[-75.4401,39.9915],[-75.4372,39.9865],[-75.4385,39.9842],[-75.4398,39.9811],[-75.4399,39.9793],[-75.4423,39.9788],[-75.4446,39.9807],[-75.4726,39.968],[-75.4993,39.9557],[-75.5024,39.9544],[-75.5079,39.9518],[-75.5152,39.9483],[-75.5224,39.9452],[-75.5243,39.9443],[-75.5202,39.9397],[-75.5191,39.9374],[-75.5306,39.9322],[-75.526,39.9239],[-75.5315,39.9218],[-75.5366,39.9305],[-75.5427,39.9274],[-75.5398,39.9242],[-75.5447,39.922],[-75.5424,39.9183],[-75.5502,39.9152],[-75.5468,39.9093],[-75.5553,39.9058],[-75.5576,39.9086],[-75.5601,39.9072],[-75.5583,39.904],[-75.562,39.9023],[-75.5711,39.897],[-75.573,39.8943],[-75.5714,39.8879],[-75.5799,39.8835],[-75.5822,39.8854],[-75.5834,39.8849],[-75.5852,39.8863],[-75.5888,39.8846],[-75.5842,39.8804],[-75.5981,39.8747],[-75.5952,39.8724],[-75.5934,39.8697],[-75.5935,39.8683],[-75.5959,39.8652],[-75.599,39.862],[-75.6003,39.8602],[-75.6015,39.858],[-75.601,39.8562],[-75.5975,39.8539],[-75.5939,39.8515],[-75.5946,39.8488],[-75.5965,39.8457],[-75.5978,39.8416],[-75.5973,39.8379],[-75.6146,39.835],[-75.6308,39.8314],[-75.6464,39.827],[-75.647,39.8268],[-75.6661,39.82],[-75.6775,39.8156],[-75.6928,39.8074],[-75.7056,39.7991],[-75.7177,39.7912],[-75.724,39.7866],[-75.7268,39.7845],[-75.7378,39.775],[-75.7476,39.7653],[-75.7551,39.756],[-75.7611,39.7478],[-75.7662,39.7393],[-75.77,39.731],[-75.7723,39.7231],[-75.7875,39.7231],[-76.0148,39.7228],[-76.1392,39.7223],[-76.1373,39.7262],[-76.1337,39.728],[-76.1307,39.728],[-76.1266,39.7265],[-76.1236,39.7242],[-76.1188,39.726],[-76.1187,39.7301],[-76.1205,39.7333],[-76.1198,39.7364],[-76.1144,39.7368],[-76.1115,39.735],[-76.1121,39.7318],[-76.1134,39.7287],[-76.1104,39.7268],[-76.1051,39.7254],[-76.0996,39.7285],[-76.0965,39.7326],[-76.0959,39.7362],[-76.0988,39.738],[-76.1018,39.7399],[-76.1018,39.7421],[-76.1011,39.7449],[-76.0957,39.7448],[-76.0909,39.7452],[-76.0873,39.7474],[-76.0842,39.7537],[-76.0841,39.7592],[-76.0804,39.7609],[-76.0678,39.7626],[-76.066,39.7644],[-76.0654,39.7671],[-76.0659,39.7708],[-76.0628,39.7734],[-76.0616,39.7752],[-76.0615,39.7789],[-76.0567,39.7802],[-76.0537,39.7819],[-76.0506,39.7846],[-76.0481,39.79],[-76.0444,39.7963],[-76.0377,39.8026],[-76.0352,39.808],[-76.0303,39.813],[-76.0308,39.8175],[-76.032,39.8207],[-76.0265,39.8247],[-76.0253,39.826],[-76.0252,39.8301],[-76.0234,39.831],[-76.0191,39.8319],[-76.0191,39.8337],[-76.0202,39.8378],[-76.023,39.8464],[-76.0217,39.8518],[-76.0211,39.8537],[-76.0181,39.8545],[-76.0163,39.854],[-76.0127,39.8531],[-76.0103,39.8531],[-76.0091,39.8544],[-76.007,39.8666],[-76.0051,39.8712],[-76.0039,39.873],[-76.0015,39.8738],[-75.9991,39.8734],[-75.9974,39.8715],[-75.9956,39.8701],[-75.9932,39.8697],[-75.9926,39.8706],[-75.9908,39.8719],[-75.9877,39.8732],[-75.9871,39.8746],[-75.9877,39.8768],[-75.9912,39.8801],[-75.9905,39.8828],[-75.9899,39.8868],[-75.9879,39.8927],[-75.9885,39.895],[-75.9902,39.8977],[-75.9943,39.901],[-75.9961,39.9028],[-75.9957,39.9236],[-75.9962,39.9259],[-75.998,39.9273],[-75.9968,39.9282],[-75.9938,39.9277],[-75.9926,39.9268],[-75.9914,39.9272],[-75.9902,39.9286],[-75.9859,39.9308],[-75.9841,39.9308],[-75.9823,39.9307],[-75.9811,39.9316],[-75.9805,39.9334],[-75.9822,39.9362],[-75.9875,39.9399],[-75.9915,39.9481],[-75.9921,39.9513],[-75.992,39.9544],[-75.9901,39.958],[-75.9889,39.9607],[-75.987,39.9634],[-75.9869,39.9675],[-75.9722,39.9855],[-75.964,40.0008],[-75.9628,40.0026],[-75.956,40.0125],[-75.9504,40.0197],[-75.935,40.0394],[-75.9354,40.0471],[-75.9361,40.0689],[-75.9365,40.0807],[-75.9403,40.0989],[-75.9413,40.1066],[-75.9412,40.1093],[-75.9315,40.1138],[-75.9139,40.1212],[-75.9018,40.1261],[-75.8757,40.1371],[-75.8604,40.1464],[-75.8494,40.154],[-75.7773,40.1997],[-75.7724,40.2028],[-75.7602,40.2085],[-75.7322,40.2231],[-75.6986,40.2408],[-75.6968,40.2417]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Chester\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\">Pennsylvania Water Science Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> Pennsylvania Water Science Center<br> 215 Limekiln Road<br> New Cumberland, PA 17070</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Low-flow statistics of selected streams</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix 1. Continuous-record stations and partial-record sites for which<br>streamflow measurements are compiled as of December 1996 in<br>Chester County, Pennsylvania</li><li>Appendix 2. Streamflow measurements made by the U.S. Geological Survey<br>at partial-record sites in Chester County, Pennsylvania</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schreffler, Curtis L. clschref@usgs.gov","contributorId":333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreffler","given":"Curtis","email":"clschref@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29879,"text":"wri984115 - 1998 - Selected heavy metals and other constituents in soil and stormwater runoff at the Interstate 95 interchange near Atlee, Virginia, April 1993-May 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-15T22:20:42.998663","indexId":"wri984115","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4115","title":"Selected heavy metals and other constituents in soil and stormwater runoff at the Interstate 95 interchange near Atlee, Virginia, April 1993-May 1997","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984115","usgsCitation":"Speiran, G.K., 1998, Selected heavy metals and other constituents in soil and stormwater runoff at the Interstate 95 interchange near Atlee, Virginia, April 1993-May 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4115, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984115.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410587,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48980.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4115/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","city":"Atlee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.4514,\n              37.6833\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.4514,\n              37.68066\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.4528,\n              37.6806\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.4528,\n              37.6833\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.4514,\n              37.6833\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f94fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Speiran, Gary K. 0000-0002-6505-1170 gspeiran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6505-1170","contributorId":3233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speiran","given":"Gary","email":"gspeiran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26775,"text":"wri984236 - 1998 - Water-quality and biological community characterization at selected sites on the Eagle River, Colorado, September 1997 and February 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri984236","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4236","title":"Water-quality and biological community characterization at selected sites on the Eagle River, Colorado, September 1997 and February 1998","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri984236","usgsCitation":"Deacon, J.R., and Spahr, N.E., 1998, Water-quality and biological community characterization at selected sites on the Eagle River, Colorado, September 1997 and February 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4236, 8 p. :col. ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984236.","productDescription":"8 p. :col. ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2080,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4236","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158150,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7312","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deacon, Jeffrey R. 0000-0001-5793-6940 jrdeacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-6940","contributorId":2786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deacon","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrdeacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27766,"text":"wri984116 - 1998 - Streamflow losses in the Black Hills of western South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-12T20:32:01.470338","indexId":"wri984116","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4116","title":"Streamflow losses in the Black Hills of western South Dakota","docAbstract":"Losses occur in numerous streams that cross outcrops of various sedimentary rocks that are exposed around the periphery of the Black Hills of South Dakota. These streamflow losses are recognized as an important source of local recharge to regional bedrock aquifers. Most streams lose all of their flow up to some threshold rate. Streamflow is maintained through a loss zone when the threshold is exceeded. Streamflow records for 86 measurement sites are used to determine bedrock loss thresholds for 24 area streams, which have individual loss thresholds that range from negligible (no loss) to as much as 50 cubic feet per second. In addition, insights are provided regarding springflow that occurs in the immediate vicinity of selected loss zones.\r\n\r\nMost losses occur to outcrops of the Madison Limestone and Minnelusa Formation. Losses to the Deadwood Formation probably are minimal. Losses to the Minnekahta Limestone generally are small; however, they are difficult to quantify because of potential losses to extensive alluvial deposits that commonly are located near Minnekahta outcrops.\r\n\r\nLoss thresholds for each stream are shown to be relatively constant, without measurable effects from streamflow rates or duration of flow through the loss zones. Calculated losses for measurements made during high-flow conditions generally have larger variability than calculated losses for low-flow conditions; however, consistent relations between losses and streamflow have not been identified. Some of this variability results from the inability to account for tributary inflows and changes in storage. Calculated losses are shown to decrease, in some cases, during periods of extended flow through loss zones. Decreased 'net' losses, however, generally can be attributed to springflow (ground-water discharge) within a loss zone, which may occur during prolonged periods of wet climatic conditions.\r\n\r\nLosses to unsaturated alluvial deposits located adjacent to the stream channels are found to have significant effects on determination of bedrock losses. Large losses occur in filling initial storage in unsaturated alluvial deposits downstream from loss zones, when bedrock loss thresholds are first exceeded. Losses to alluvial deposits in the range of tens of cubic feet per second and alluvial storage capacities in the range of hundreds of acre-feet are documented.\r\n\r\nSignificant changes in loss thresholds for Grace Coolidge Creek, Spring Creek, and Whitewood Creek are documented. Introduction of large quantities of fine-grained sediments into these stream channels may have affected loss thresholds for various periods of time.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984116","usgsCitation":"Hortness, J., and Driscoll, D.G., 1998, Streamflow losses in the Black Hills of western South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4116, vii, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984116.","productDescription":"vii, 99 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2134,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri984116/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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,{"id":28798,"text":"wri984111 - 1998 - Water-quality conditions of the lower Boise River, Ada and Canyon Counties, Idaho, May 1994 through February 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T14:58:51","indexId":"wri984111","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4111","title":"Water-quality conditions of the lower Boise River, Ada and Canyon Counties, Idaho, May 1994 through February 1997","docAbstract":"Agricultural land and water use, wastewater treatment facility discharges, land development, road construction, urban runoff, confined-animal feeding operations, reservoir operations, and river channelization affect the water quality and biotic integrity of the lower Boise River between Lucky Peak Dam and the river's mouth at Parma, Idaho. During May 1994 through February 1997, 4 sites on the Boise River, 12 tributary/drain sites, and 3 wastewater treatment facilities were sampled at various intervals during the irrigation (high-flow) and post-irrigation (low-flow) seasons to determine sources, concentrations, and relative loads of nutrients and suspended sediment. Discharge entering the Boise River from the 12 tributary/drain sites and 3 wastewater treatment facilities was measured to determine the nutrient loads being contributed from each source. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and suspended sediment concentrations and loads tended to increase in a downstream direction along the Boise River. Among the 15 sources of discharge to the Boise River, 3 southside tributary/drains and the West Boise wastewater treatment facility contributed the largest loads of total nitrogen; the median daily load was more than 2,000 pounds per day. The West Boise wastewater treatment facility contributed the largest median daily load of total phosphorus (810 pounds per day); Dixie Drain contributed the largest median daily load of suspended sediment (26.4 tons per day). Nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios at the four Boise River sites indicated that phosphorus could be limiting algal growth at the Diversion Dam site, whereas nitrogen could be limiting algal growth at the Glenwood and Middleton sites during some parts of the year. Algal growth in the Boise River near Parma did not appear to be nutrient limited. Because of the complexity of the plumbing system in the lower Boise River (numerous diversions and inflow points), accurate comparisons between discharge and nutrient loads entering the river at measured sites during high-flow sampling periods were difficult. During low-flow sampling periods, southside tributary/drains contributed most of the discharge and total nitrogen load, and wastewater treatment facilities contributed most of the total phosphorus load to the Boise River. During the 50-day period July 18 through September 5, 1996, the Idaho State standard for maximum daily average temperature for coldwater biota was exceeded by 34 percent at Middleton, 48 percent at Caldwell, and 80 percent near Parma. Violations of State standards for primary and secondary contact recreation were observed at all tributary/ drains and in the Boise River near Parma. Median instantaneous concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria exceeded State standards for primary contact recreation at five tributary/drains and exceeded standards for secondary contact recreation at one tributary/drain (Dixie Drain).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984111","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Division of Environmental Quality and Lower Boise River Water Quality Plan, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Mullins, W.H., 1998, Water-quality conditions of the lower Boise River, Ada and Canyon Counties, Idaho, May 1994 through February 1997 (Revised May 2000): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4111, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984111.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"38","temporalStart":"1994-05-01","temporalEnd":"1997-02-28","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262339,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4111/report.pdf"},{"id":262340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4111/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Canyon County;Ada County","city":"Boise;Caldwell;Parma;Middleton;Notus","otherGeospatial":"Lucky Peak Lake;Boise River;Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.083333,43.166667 ], [ -117.083333,43.916667 ], [ -115.75,43.916667 ], [ -115.75,43.166667 ], [ -117.083333,43.166667 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised May 2000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd07d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullins, William H.","contributorId":9303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30024,"text":"wri974194 - 1998 - A survey of ground-water quality in the Toppenish Creek basin, Yakama Indian Reservation, Washington, 1989-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-10T22:47:58.14018","indexId":"wri974194","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4194","title":"A survey of ground-water quality in the Toppenish Creek basin, Yakama Indian Reservation, Washington, 1989-91","docAbstract":"<p>Ground-water quality in the Toppenish Creek Basin, near Yakima, Washington, is generally good with respect to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards. Of 487 wells sampled during one phase of the study, only 2 produced water with nitrite-plus-nitrate concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard of 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Ground-water samples with elevated nitriteplus-nitrate concentrations (greater than 5 milligrams per liter as nitrogen) were obtained from wells located in the eastern and southern parts of the basin and in areas underlain by the Touchet Beds, in the central part of the basin. In another phase of the study, in which 60 wells were sampled, atrazine, an herbicide used on asparagus and corn, was detected in water samples from 4 wells, and 2 insecticides, diazinon and disulfoton, were detected in separate samples from 2 wells.</p><p>Bacteria, indicators of the sanitary water quality, were detected in samples from 64 wells, suggesting that ground water may be contaminated in some areas. However, other sources of bacteria may include leaks in the plumbing of the well or residence, or improper well construction.</p><p>Small seasonal variations in nitrite-plus-nitrate concentrations in ground water appeared to be related to fertilizer use in the basin, indicating that the potential exists for more serious contamination of ground water. Groundwater quality is affected by agricultural activities in some parts of the basin. However, widespread degradation in ground-water quality was not detected.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974194","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Yakama Indian Nation","usgsCitation":"Sumioka, S.S., 1998, A survey of ground-water quality in the Toppenish Creek basin, Yakama Indian Reservation, Washington, 1989-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4194, Report: v, 89 p.; 5 Plates: 36.00 x 23.95 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974194.","productDescription":"Report: v, 89 p.; 5 Plates: 36.00 x 23.95 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424291,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48805.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":365973,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4194/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365972,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4194/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365971,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4194/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126740,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":365969,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4194/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365970,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4194/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58830,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakama Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.25,\n              46.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.1,\n              46.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.1,\n              46.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25,\n              46.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25,\n              46.1\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5e4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sumioka, S. S.","contributorId":20747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumioka","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29190,"text":"wri984227 - 1998 - Watershed trend analysis and water-quality assessment using bottom-sediment cores from Cheney Reservoir, south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri984227","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4227","title":"Watershed trend analysis and water-quality assessment using bottom-sediment cores from Cheney Reservoir, south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"An examination of Cheney Reservoir bottom sediment was conducted in August 1997 to describe long-term trends and document the occurrence of selected constituents at concentrations that may be detrimental to aquatic organisms. Average concentrations of total phosphorus in bottom-sediment cores ranged from 94 to 674 milligrams per kilogram and were statistically related to silt- and (or) clay-size particles. Results from selected sampling sites in Cheney Reservoir indicate an increasing trend in total phosphorus concentrations. This trend is probably of nonpoint-source origin and may be related to an increase in fertilizer sales in the area, which more than doubled between 1965 and 1996, and to livestock production. Few organochlorine compounds were detected in bottom-sediment samples from Cheney Reservoir. DDT, its degradation products DDD and DDE, and dieldrin had detectable concentrations in the seven samples that were analyzed. DDT and DDD were each detected in one sample at concentrations of 1.0 and 0.65 microgram per kilogram, respectively. By far, the most frequently detected organochlorine insecticide was DDE, which was detected in all seven samples, ranging in concentration from 0.31 to 1.3 micrograms per kilogram. A decreasing trend in DDE concentrations was evident in sediment-core data from one sampling site. Dieldrin was detected in one sample from each of two sampling sites at concentrations of 0.21 and 0.22 micrograms per kilogram. Polychlorinated biphenyls were not detected in any bottom-sediment sample analyzed. Selected organophosphate, chlorophenoxy-acid, triazine, and acetanilide pesticides were analyzed in 18 bottom-sediment samples. Of the 23 pesticides analyzed, only the acetanilide herbicide metolachlor was detected (in 22 percent of the samples). Seven bottom-sediment samples were analyzed for major metals and trace elements. The median and maximum concentrations of arsenic and chromium, the maximum concentration of copper, and all concentrations of nickel in the seven samples were in the range where adverse effects to aquatic organisms occasionally occur. No time trends in trace elements were discernable in the August 1997 data. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984227","usgsCitation":"Pope, L.M., 1998, Watershed trend analysis and water-quality assessment using bottom-sediment cores from Cheney Reservoir, south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4227, iv, 24 p. :col. ill, col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984227.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :col. ill, col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2355,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ks.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/wrir.98-4227.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4227/report.pdf","size":"9155","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4227/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6e3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, Larry M.","contributorId":93455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27155,"text":"wri984241 - 1998 - Factors affecting Escherichia coli concentrations at Lake Erie public bathing beaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri984241","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4241","title":"Factors affecting Escherichia coli concentrations at Lake Erie public bathing beaches","docAbstract":"The environmental and water-quality factors that affect concentrations of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water and sediment were investigated at three public bathing beachesEdgewater Park, Villa Angela, and Sims Parkin the Cleveland, Ohio metropolitan area. This study was done to aid in the determination of safe recreational use and to help water- resource managers assess more quickly and accurately the degradation of recreational water quality.\r\nWater and lake-bottom sediments were collected and ancillary environmental data were compiled for 41 days from May through September 1997. Water samples were analyzed for E. coli concentrations, suspended sediment concentrations, and turbidity. Lake- bottom sediment samples from the beach area were analyzed for E. coli concentrations and percent dry weight. Concentrations of E. coli were higher and more variable at Sims Park than at Villa Angela or Edgewater Park; concentrations were lowest at Edgewater Park. Time-series plots showed that short-term storage (less than one week) of E. coli in lake-bottom sediments may have occurred, although no evidence for long-term storage was found during the sampling period. E. coli concentrations in water were found to increase with increasing wave height, but the resuspension of E. coli from lake-bottom sediments by wave action could not be adequately assessed; higherwave heights were often associated with the discharge of sewage containing E. coli during or after a rainfall and wastewater-treatment plant overflow.\r\n\r\nMultiple linear regression (MLR) was used to develop models to predict recreational water quality at the in water. The related variables included turbidity, antecedent rainfall, antecedent weighted rainfall, volumes of wastewater-treatment plant overflows and metered outfalls (composed of storm-water runoff and combined-sewer overflows), a resuspension index, and wave heights. For the beaches in this study, wind speed, wind direction, water temperature, and the prswimmers were not included in the model because they were shown to be statistically unrelated to E. coli concentrations.\r\n\r\nFrom the several models developed, one model was chosen that accounted for 58 percent of the variability in E. coli concentrations. The chosen MLR model contained weighted categorical rainfall, beach-specific turbidity, wave height, and terms to correct for the different magnitudes of E. coli concentrations among the three beaches. For 1997, the MLR model predicted the recreational water quality as well as, and in some cases better than, antecedent E. coli concentrations (the current method). The MLR model improved the sensitivity of the prediction and the percentage of correct predictions over the current method; however, the MLR model predictions still erred to a similar degree as the current method with regard to false negatives. A false negative would allow swimming when, in fact, the bathing water standard was exceeded.\r\n\r\nMore work needs to be done to validate the MLR model with data collected during other recreational seasons, especially during a season with a greater frequency and intensity of summer rains. Studies could focus on adding to the MLR model other environmental and water-quality variables that improve the predictive ability of the model. These variables might include concentrations of E. coli in deeper sediments outside the bathing area, the direction of lake currents, site-specific-rainfall amounts, time-of-day information on overflows and metered outfalls, concentrations of E. coli in treated wastewater-treatment plant effluents, and occurrences of sewage-line breaks. Rapid biological or chemical methods for determination of recreational water quality could also be used as variables in model refinements. Possible methods include the use of experimental rapid assay methods for determination of E. coli concentrations or other fecal indicators and the use of chemical tracers for fecal contamination, such as coprostanol (a degradation ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984241","usgsCitation":"Francy, D.S., and Darner, R.A., 1998, Factors affecting Escherichia coli concentrations at Lake Erie public bathing beaches: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4241, v, 41 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984241.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56034,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f89e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, Donna S. 0000-0001-9229-3557 dsfrancy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":1853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"Donna","email":"dsfrancy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darner, Robert A. 0000-0003-1333-8265 radarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1333-8265","contributorId":1972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darner","given":"Robert","email":"radarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25802,"text":"wri984119 - 1998 - The transmission of dengue fever in Puerto Rico : an epidemiologic approach using a Geographic Information System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri984119","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4119","title":"The transmission of dengue fever in Puerto Rico : an epidemiologic approach using a Geographic Information System","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984119","usgsCitation":"Morrison, A.C., Santiago, M., Rigau-Perez, J.G., and Reiter, P., 1998, The transmission of dengue fever in Puerto Rico : an epidemiologic approach using a Geographic Information System: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4119, vii, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984119.","productDescription":"vii, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95562,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4119/report.pdf","size":"11444","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4119/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634c91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, Amy C.","contributorId":46990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santiago, Marilyn 0000-0002-2803-6799 msant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2803-6799","contributorId":5958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago","given":"Marilyn","email":"msant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rigau-Perez, J. G.","contributorId":37778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rigau-Perez","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reiter, Paul","contributorId":13274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiter","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":30643,"text":"wri984157 - 1998 - A demonstration of the instream flow incremental methodology, Shenandoah River, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T22:46:19.915735","indexId":"wri984157","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4157","title":"A demonstration of the instream flow incremental methodology, Shenandoah River, Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Current and projected demands on the water resources of the Shenandoah River have increased concerns for the potential effect of these demands on the natural integrity of the Shenandoah River system. The Instream Flow Incremental Method (IFIM) process attempts to integrate concepts of water-supply planning, analytical hydraulic engineering models, and empirically derived habitat versus flow functions to address water-use and instream-flow issues and questions concerning life-stage specific effects on selected species and the general well being of aquatic biological populations.</p><p>The demonstration project also sets the stage for the identification and compilation of the major instream-flow issues in the Shenandoah River Basin, development of the required multidisciplinary technical team to conduct more detailed studies, and development of basin specific habitat and flow requirements for fish species, species assemblages, and various water uses in the Shenandoah River Basin. This report presents the results of an IFIM demonstration project, conducted on the main stem Shenandoah River in Virginia, during 1996 and 1997, using the Physical Habitat Simulation System (PHABSIM) model.</p><p>Output from PHABSIM is used to address the general flow requirements for water supply and recreation and habitat for selected life stages of several fish species. The model output is only a small part of the information necessary for effective decision making and management of river resources. The information by itself is usually insufficient for formulation of recommendations regarding instream-flow requirements. Additional information, for example, can be obtained by analysis of habitat time-series data, habitat duration data, and habitat bottlenecks. Alternative-flow analysis and habitat-duration curves are presented.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984157","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lord Fairfax Planning District Commission, Virginia","usgsCitation":"Zappia, H., and Hayes, D.C., 1998, A demonstration of the instream flow incremental methodology, Shenandoah River, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4157, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984157.","productDescription":"30 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423596,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49006.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2973,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4157//wri19984157.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4157"},{"id":159968,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4157/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.33658905603875,\n              38.41456174951526\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.02504592132267,\n              37.933177982833385\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.79944572032089,\n              37.87384164252218\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.45567398546105,\n              38.37246240208174\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.1978451843162,\n              38.742094621667945\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.49955884788277,\n              39.24306997440718\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.8111019825995,\n              39.367759204355025\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.34824531831737,\n              39.168149842222135\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.71350278660594,\n              38.90112041345566\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.88538865403584,\n              38.77560324636198\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.035788788037,\n              38.867670816954984\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.22916038889504,\n              38.46504860450605\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.33658905603875,\n              38.41456174951526\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://va.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://va.water.usgs.gov/\">Virginia Water Science Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 1730 East Parham Road<br> Richmond, VA 23228</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Description of the Shenandoah River Basin</li><li>Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM)</li><li>Application of the IFIM to the Shenandoah River</li><li>Simulation Results and Analysis</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aee1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zappia, Humbert","contributorId":79093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zappia","given":"Humbert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":14000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30079,"text":"wri984064 - 1998 - Simulation of hourly stream temperature and daily dissolved solids for the Truckee River, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T17:41:19","indexId":"wri984064","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4064","title":"Simulation of hourly stream temperature and daily dissolved solids for the Truckee River, California and Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984064","usgsCitation":"Taylor, R.L., 1998, Simulation of hourly stream temperature and daily dissolved solids for the Truckee River, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4064, vi, 70 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984064.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276456,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4064/report.pdf"},{"id":276457,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4064/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":159510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4064/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f22d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, R. Lynn","contributorId":85616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26012,"text":"wri984153 - 1998 - Assessment of natural attenuation of contamination from three source areas in the East Management Unit, Dover Air Force Base, Kent County, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"wri984153","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4153","title":"Assessment of natural attenuation of contamination from three source areas in the East Management Unit, Dover Air Force Base, Kent County, Delaware","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984153","usgsCitation":"Bachman, L., Cashel, M., and Bekins, B., 1998, Assessment of natural attenuation of contamination from three source areas in the East Management Unit, Dover Air Force Base, Kent County, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4153, iv, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984153.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95574,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4153/report.pdf","size":"3707","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4153/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671ef5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bachman, L. J.","contributorId":47760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"L. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashel, M.L.","contributorId":107317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashel","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26513,"text":"wri984146 - 1998 - Water resources of Mellette and Todd counties, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri984146","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4146","title":"Water resources of Mellette and Todd counties, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Mellette and Todd Counties are located in south-central South Dakota and have a combined area of 2,694 square miles. The White River and its tributaries, which include the Little White River, drain Mellette County and about one-half of Todd County. Tributaries to the Niobrara River, which include the Keya Paha River, drain the other one-half of Todd County. The average discharge of the Little White River is about 56 cubic feet per second as the river enters Todd County and is about 131 cubic feet per second as it discharges to the White River in northern Mellette County. The average discharge of the Keya Paha River just outside Todd County is about 39 cubic feet per second. The average annual runoff for Mellette and Todd Counties ranges from 0.94 to 2.36 inches based on records from nine streamflow-gaging stations in and near the counties. The average annual runoff is 1.62 inches, which compares with the average annual precipitation of about 19 inches.\r\n\r\nIn Todd County, shallow wells completed in the alluvial, Ogallala, Arikaree, and White River aquifers generally can supply water that has low concentrations of dissolved solids, is fresh, and is soft to moderately hard. Ground water from shallow aquifers is limited in Mellette County; therefore, deep wells, often greater than 1,000 feet, are sometimes installed. The Pierre Shale often is used to supply rural domestic and stock wells in Mellette County even though well yields are low and the water has high dissolved solids, is moderately saline, and is very hard.\r\n\r\nAlluvial aquifers are present in both counties and store an estimated 1.6 million acre-feet of water. The water quality of the alluvial aquifers is dependent on the underlying deposits, and generally the water has low concentrations of dissolved solids, is fresh, and is soft to moderately hard where underlain by the Ogallala and Arikaree Formations; has moderate concentrations of dissolved solids, is slightly saline, and is hard where underlain by the White River Group; and has high concentrations of dissolved solids, is saline, and is very hard where underlain by the Pierre Shale. Also, yields often are lower where the alluvial aquifers are underlain by the Pierre Shale.\r\n\r\nThe Ogallala aquifer is present in only Todd County, and the Arikaree aquifer is present throughout most of Todd County and southwestern and south-central Mellette County. The Ogallala aquifer contains an estimated 17 million acre-feet of water in storage, and the Arikaree aquifer contains an estimated 50 million acre-feet of water in storage. Both aquifers generally are suitable for irrigation, and yields from these aquifers are sometimes greater than 1,000 gallons per minute. Nitrate concentrations in 13 out of 92 water samples collected from the Ogallala aquifer exceeded the Primary Drinking Water Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 milligrams per liter. In 11 out of 46 samples collected from the Arikaree aquifer, arsenic concentrations exceeded the MCL of 50 micrograms per liter.\r\n\r\nThe White River aquifer, where present, is usually the shallowest source of ground water in Mellette County. The White River aquifer also is used in northern Todd County where the Ogallala and Arikaree aquifers are not present. The White River aquifer contains an estimated 50 million acre-feet of water in storage. Reported yields from the aquifer range from 1 to 30 gallons per minute, which generally is insufficient to support irrigation in most areas. However, yields are sufficient for livestock-watering and rural-domestic purposes.\r\n\r\nIn both counties, the Pierre Shale is the shallowest bedrock aquifer and is exposed at the land surface throughout most of Mellette County. This aquifer is used primarily in Mellette County. Although the aquifer contains an estimated maximum of 1.5 million acre-feet of water in storage, it is not a viable source of ground water because the aquifer is relatively impermeable, yields are low, and water usually can be obtained from","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984146","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., 1998, Water resources of Mellette and Todd counties, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4146, iv, 68 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984146.","productDescription":"iv, 68 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2094,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984146","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489d2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":17637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27421,"text":"wri984194 - 1998 - Water-quality assessment of the Frank Lyon, Jr., nursery pond releases into Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T21:58:15.838765","indexId":"wri984194","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4194","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Frank Lyon, Jr., nursery pond releases into Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-1996","docAbstract":"<p><span>Releases of the Frank Lyon, Jr., Nursery Pond into Lake Maumelle were monitored during 1991 through 1996 to assess the impact that the releases have on the water quality of Lake Maumelle. Results indicated that the water-quality impact of the nursery pond release into Lake Maumelle is variable, and appears to be related to the volume of the nursery pond at release and the amount of fertilizer applied within the nursery pond earlier in the year. In 1991 through 1994 and in 1996, nursery pond release loads for nutrients (except for dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen), total and dissolved organic carbon, iron, and manganese were greater than what would be expected in the annual areal load from that basin. In 1995, only ammonium nitrate was applied to the nursery pond. As a result, the 1995 phosphorus load was lower than in other years, and was less than what would be expected in the annual areal load. Nutrient enrichment, on average, in Lake Maumelle from the nursery pond release resulted in what would be equivalent to an 8 percent increase in concentration of total phosphorus, 50 percent increase in dissolved orthophosphorus, 0.1 percent increase in dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, 2.5 percent increase in total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, and 5.7 percent increase in dissolved ammonia nitrogen, assuming that the nutrient load was conservative and evenly distributed throughout the water body.</span><br><br><span>Evidence of elevated turbidity, nutrient and cholorphyll&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;concentrations in the epilimnetic water outside the receiving embayment were apparent for as long as 3 weeks after the 1995 and 1996 releases. In general, highest values were found at the site located where the receiving embayment meets the open water of Lake Maumelle. Much of the released material in the nursery pond originated in the cooler, anoxic hypolimnetic water. The initial release water was seen to plunge beneath the warmer water existing in the receiving embayment and water transported into the open water of Lake Maumelle, under the thermocline. The quality of water and mass of constituents transported into the open water under the thermocline is unknown and probably remained isolated from the surface water until fall turnover.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984194","usgsCitation":"Green, W.R., 1998, Water-quality assessment of the Frank Lyon, Jr., nursery pond releases into Lake Maumelle, Arkansas, 1991-1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4194, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984194.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410021,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49035.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8829,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri98-4194/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Frank Lyon, Jr. Nursery Pond, Lake Maumelle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.60013821540377,\n              34.903191738067875\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.63180005992426,\n              34.903191738067875\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.63180005992426,\n              34.863093304781856\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.60013821540377,\n              34.863093304781856\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.60013821540377,\n              34.903191738067875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602e9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, W. Reed 0000-0002-5778-0955","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5778-0955","contributorId":29856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29350,"text":"wri984191 - 1998 - Effects of ice formation on hydrology and water quality in the lower Bradley River, Alaska — Implications for salmon incubation habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-18T22:11:18.679423","indexId":"wri984191","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4191","title":"Effects of ice formation on hydrology and water quality in the lower Bradley River, Alaska — Implications for salmon incubation habitat","docAbstract":"A minimum flow of 40 cubic feet per second is required in the lower Bradley River, near Homer, Alaska, from November 2 to April 30 to ensure adequate habitat for salmon incubation. The study that determined this minimum flow did not account for the effects of ice formation on habitat. \r\n\r\nThe limiting factor for determining the minimal acceptable flow limit appears to be stream-water velocity. The minimum short-term flow needed to ensure adequate salmon incubation habitat when ice is present is about 30 cubic feet per second. For long-term flows, 40 cubic feet per second is adequate when ice is present. Long-term minimum discharge needed to ensure adequate incubation habitat--which is based on mean velocity alone--is as follows: 40 cubic feet per second when ice is forming; 35 cubic feet per second for stable and eroding ice conditions; and 30 cubic feet per second for ice-free conditions. The effects of long-term streamflow less than 40 cubic feet per second on fine-sediment deposition and dissolved-oxygen interchange could not be extrapolated from the data.\r\n\r\nHydrologic properties and water-quality data were measured in winter only from March 1993 to April 1998 at six transects in the lower Bradley River under three phases of icing: forming, stable, and eroding. Discharge in the lower Bradley River ranged from 33.3 to 73.0 cubic feet per second during all phases of ice formation and ice conditions, which ranged from ice free to 100 percent ice cover. Hydrostatic head was adequate for habitat protection for all ice phases and discharges. Mean stream velocity was adequate for all but one ice-forming episode. Velocity distribution within each transect varied significantly from one sampling period to the next. No relation was found between ice phase, discharge, and wetted perimeter. Intragravel-water temperature was slightly warmer than surface-water temperature. Surface- and intragravel-water dissolved-oxygen levels were adequate for all ice phases and discharges. No apparent relation was found between dissolved-oxygen levels and streamflow or ice conditions. Fine-sediment deposition was greatest at the downstream end of the study reach because of low shear velocities and tide-induced deposition. Dissolved-oxygen interchange was adequate for all discharges and ice conditions. Stranding potential of salmon fry was found to be low throughout the study reach. Minimum flows from the fish-water bypass needed to maintain 40 cubic feet per second in the lower Bradley River are estimated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984191","usgsCitation":"Rickman, R.L., 1998, Effects of ice formation on hydrology and water quality in the lower Bradley River, Alaska — Implications for salmon incubation habitat: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4191, vi, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984191.","productDescription":"vi, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95759,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4191/report.pdf","size":"10510","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394480,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49033.htm"},{"id":159638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4191/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"lower Bradley River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -150.91781616210938,\n              59.784742544092595\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.84640502929688,\n              59.784742544092595\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.84640502929688,\n              59.82963438683562\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.91781616210938,\n              59.82963438683562\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.91781616210938,\n              59.784742544092595\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a0e4b07f02db5bdbb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rickman, Ronald L. rrickman@usgs.gov","contributorId":5284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rickman","given":"Ronald","email":"rrickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29417,"text":"wri984045 - 1998 - Characterization of stormwater discharges from selected industrial parks in Puerto Rico, 1995-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T22:13:44.938539","indexId":"wri984045","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4045","title":"Characterization of stormwater discharges from selected industrial parks in Puerto Rico, 1995-96","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984045","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J.M., 1998, Characterization of stormwater discharges from selected industrial parks in Puerto Rico, 1995-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4045, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984045.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":466146,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48933.htm","text":"Santana and Zeno Gandia industrial parks","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95761,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466143,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48930.htm","text":"Caguas Norte industrial park","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466144,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48931.htm","text":"Minillas industrial park","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466145,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48932.htm","text":"Sabanetas and Ponce West industrial parks","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4045/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -67.25427692245641,\n              18.571278747492258\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.25427692245641,\n              17.899499097356866\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.57203567662154,\n              17.899499097356866\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.57203567662154,\n              18.571278747492258\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.25427692245641,\n              18.571278747492258\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, J. M.","contributorId":70421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28980,"text":"wri984063 - 1998 - Analysis of aquifer tests conducted in borehole USW G-2, 1996, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri984063","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4063","title":"Analysis of aquifer tests conducted in borehole USW G-2, 1996, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984063","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, G.M., 1998, Analysis of aquifer tests conducted in borehole USW G-2, 1996, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4063, iv, 22 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984063.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95738,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4063/report.pdf","size":"3220","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4063/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, G. M.","contributorId":31407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27630,"text":"wri984190 - 1998 - Water quality, hydrology, and invertebrate communities of three remnant wetlands in Missouri, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-10T20:46:52.949145","indexId":"wri984190","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4190","title":"Water quality, hydrology, and invertebrate communities of three remnant wetlands in Missouri, 1995-97","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources from December 1995 through May 1997 to describe the water quality, hydrologic, and invertebrate characteristics of three remnant wetlands. These data may be used to help develop selected water-quality standards for wetlands in Missouri. Wetlands monitored in this study include Spile Lake, Vernon County; Little Bean Marsh, Platte County; and Forker Oxbow, Linn County, Missouri.\r\n\r\nExtremes in physicochemical properties in these wetlands were greatly affected by thermal stratification, hydrologic fluctuations, biological activity, and ice formation. The wetlands had dissolved-oxygen concentrations below the 5-milligrams-per-liter State water-quality standard from 40 to 60 percent of a selected 1-year period, corresponding to periods of thermal stratification. Hydrologic fluctuations were common as the water-surface elevation changes in these systems ranged up to 12 feet during the course of the study. Photosynthesis and respiration are likely causes of diurnal fluctuations in pH and dissolved oxygen throughout the study period, but particularly in the summer months. Periods of ice formation were short lived in the wetlands, but corresponded with maximum values of specific conductance and dissolved oxygen in all three systems.\r\n\r\nAnalyses of invertebrate results using the Jaccard Coefficient of Community Similarity indicated mixed results. Woody snag sample results showed little similarities between sites, while sweep net sample results indicated similarities existed. Most of the families detected at these sites are considered organic tolerant as indicated by the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index. Analysis of the dominant taxon indicates that one or two invertebrate families that are tolerant to organic enrichment generally dominate the wetlands.\r\n\r\nThe hydrologic, water quality, and invertebrate information analyzed in this study indicate that while there are similarities among wetlands, these are unique systems. The statistical comparisons between water-quality constituents in wetlands and streams indicate dissimilarities are common. Including the presence of thermal stratification in these wetlands, the exclusions and modifications in State standards that are applied to lakes and reservoirs also may be applicable.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984190","usgsCitation":"Heimann, D.C., and Femmer, S.R., 1998, Water quality, hydrology, and invertebrate communities of three remnant wetlands in Missouri, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4190, v, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984190.","productDescription":"v, 64 p.","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"1997-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466050,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49031.htm","text":"Little Bean Marsh","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8357,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4190/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":407461,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49030.htm","text":"Forker Oxbow","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466051,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49032.htm","text":"Spike Lake area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.2522,\n              39.7136\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.2333,\n              39.7136\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.2333,\n              39.7156\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.2522,\n              39.7156\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.2522,\n              39.7136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f98cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heimann, David C. 0000-0003-0450-2545 dheimann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0450-2545","contributorId":3822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimann","given":"David","email":"dheimann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Femmer, Suzanne R. sfemmer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Femmer","given":"Suzanne","email":"sfemmer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":198441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26342,"text":"wri984144 - 1998 - Relation of algal biomass to characteristics of selected streams in the Lower Susquehanna River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:18:25","indexId":"wri984144","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4144","title":"Relation of algal biomass to characteristics of selected streams in the Lower Susquehanna River basin","docAbstract":"<p>Seven small tributary streams with drainage areas ranging from 12.6 to 71.9 square miles, representative of both limestone and freestone settings, in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin were sampled for algae, nutrients, water quality, habitat, land use, hydrology, fish, and invertebrates. Nutrients, site characteristics, and selected characteristics of the invertebrate and fish communities known to influence algal growth were compared to chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentrations. Nitrogen was not found limiting in these streams; however, phosphorus may have been limiting in five of the seven streams. Concentrations of chlorophyll <i>a</i> in riffles increased with the degree of open canopy and as bottom substrate reached the gravel/cobble size fraction. These increased chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentrations and the substrate size in turn raised the levels of dissolved oxygen in the streams. Freestone streams had increased chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentrations associated with increases in percentage of omnivorous fish and in pH and decreases in percentage of collector/gatherer invertebrates. Concentrations of chlorophyll <i>a</i> in limestone riffles decreased as the percentage of omnivorous fish increased. Depositional chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentrations increased as the Bank Stability Index decreased and as the riffle velocity increased. Depositional chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentrations increased in limestone streams as collector/gatherer invertebrates increased and as phosphorus concentrations decreased. No relations were seen between chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentrations and land-use characteristics of the basin.</p><p>In this study, there were too few sampling sites to establish statistically based relations between algal biomass and nutrient concentrations. Further study is needed to generate data suitable for statistical interpretation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984144","usgsCitation":"Brightbill, R.A., and Bilger, M.D., 1998, Relation of algal biomass to characteristics of selected streams in the Lower Susquehanna River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4144, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984144.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2023,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4144/wri19984144.pdf","text":"Report","size":"576 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4144"},{"id":157860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4144/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\">Pennsylvania Water Science Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 215 Limekiln Road<br> New Cumberland, PA 17070</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>The Lower Susquehanna River Basin study</li><li>Study methods</li><li>Relation of algal biomass to stream characteristics</li><li>Summary&nbsp;</li><li>References cited&nbsp;</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brightbill, Robin A. 0000-0003-4683-9656 rabright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4683-9656","contributorId":618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brightbill","given":"Robin","email":"rabright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bilger, Michael D.","contributorId":13589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30047,"text":"wri984060 - 1998 - Water resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T15:06:39","indexId":"wri984060","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4060","title":"Water resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (KBIC) in Baraga County uses ground water for most domestic, commercial, and industrial supplies. An industrial park within KBIC could adversely affect some ground-water supplies should contaminants be spilled at the park. Additional development of the park is being planned. Information on water supply potential and aquifer vulnerability to contamination is needed to make sound decisions about future activities at the industrial park. </p><p>Unconsolidated glacial deposits overlie bedrock within the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community. Usable amounts of ground water are withdrawn from the glacial deposits only in isolated areas. Principal aquifers are the Jacobsville Sandstone and the Michigamme Slate. Aquifer test and water level data from these principal aquifers indicate that they are confined and hydraulically connected throughout most of KBIC. </p><p>Ground water generally flows toward Keweenaw and Huron Bays and the Silver River. Between the industrial park and Keweenaw Bay, ground water flows to the southeast, toward the Bay. Along this flow path in the bedrock, glacial deposits are generally thicker than 25 meters, and contain thick lenses of clay and clay mixed with sand. The average depth to ground water along this flow path is greater than 25 meters, indicating unconfined conditions. Near the shore of Keweenaw and Huron Bays, however, and at isolated areas throughout KBIC, water levels in wells are above land surface. </p><p>Analyses of water samples collected in 1991 and 1997 indicate that the quality of ground water and surface water is suitable for most domestic, commercial, and industrial uses. However, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant limits for dissolved iron and manganese were exceeded in 4 and 5 wells, respectively, which may make the water from these wells unsuitable for some uses. Concentrations of lead in water from one well was above the maximum contaminant limit. </p><p>Concentrations of tritium in ground water downgradient from the industrial park indicate that at least some recharge to the Jacobsville Sandstone has taken place within the last 45 years. Where clay lenses greater than 1 meter thick overlie the glacial aquifer or the Jacobsville Sandstone, however, recharge may take longer than 45 years. </p><p>A contaminant spill at the industrial park would likely move laterally, toward Keweenaw Bay, in the glacial aquifer. Some infiltration does occur through the glacial aquifer to the bedrock aquifers. No information is available concerning the rate of movement of water within this aquifer, so it is not possible to determine the rate at which a spill would move either vertically or laterally within the glacial aquifer toward either Keweenaw Bay or the Jacobsville Sandstone. </p><p>Increased pumping from the existing well at the industrial park, or the development of additional wells, could potentially lower water levels in the Jacobsville Sandstone in the area of the park. Sufficient lowering of water levels could create unconfined conditions in the Jacobsville Sandstone, thereby increasing the susceptability of the aquifer to contamination. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri984060","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community","usgsCitation":"Sweat, M., and Rheaume, S.J., 1998, Water resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4060, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984060.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4060/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95815,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4060/report.pdf","size":"3024","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Baraga County","otherGeospatial":"Keweenaw Bay Indian Community","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.26004028320312,\n              46.855026101172285\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.5498046875,\n              46.85549565938302\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.55049133300781,\n              46.76291341922302\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41522216796875,\n              46.76291341922302\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41041564941406,\n              46.67394106549699\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.28544616699219,\n              46.67723895412686\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.29299926757812,\n              46.817918027732226\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.28681945800781,\n              46.826845094695855\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.28338623046875,\n              46.829194076477336\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.27926635742188,\n              46.83295223381215\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.27239990234375,\n              46.836240405913\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.26759338378906,\n              46.83858897709042\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.26416015625,\n              46.84798223530896\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.26072692871094,\n              46.852678248531106\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.26004028320312,\n              46.855026101172285\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f04fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweat, M.J.","contributorId":90786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweat","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rheaume, S. J.","contributorId":70804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rheaume","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29504,"text":"wri984179 - 1998 - Flow and geochemistry along shallow ground-water flowpaths in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T15:48:22","indexId":"wri984179","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4179","title":"Flow and geochemistry along shallow ground-water flowpaths in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>Water-quality and geohydrologic data were collected from 19 monitor wells and a stream in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin. These sites were located along a 2,700-ft transect from a local ground-water high to the stream. The transect is approximately parallel to the horizontal direction of ground-water flow at the water table. Most of the wells were installed in unconsolidated deposits at five locations along the transect and include an upgradient well nest, a midgradient well nest, a downgradient well nest, wells in the lowland area near the stream, and wells installed in the stream bottom. The data collected from this study site were used to describe the water quality and geohydrology of the area and to explain and model the variations in water chemistry along selected ground-water flowpaths.</p>\n<p>Water samples from most wells and the stream were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, pesticides, dissolved organic carbon, aluminum, tritium, CFCs, 15N, 18O, and dissolved gases. Measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen were made in the field. Concentrations of all dissolved constituents were below Wisconsin ground-water quality enforcement standards. The concentrations of both nitrate and ammonium in precipitation concentrated by evapotranspiration are roughly equal to the concentrations of either in the shallow ground waters. The nitrogen and oxygen isotope data, however, indicate that soil ammonium, ammonium fertilizer, and animal waste are possible nitrate sources. Concentrated precipitation can also supply dissolved sulfate to the shallow ground waters and may be a principal source of pesticides to the ground water. However, some input of dissolved chloride to the ground water from mineral or anthropogenic sources is necessary.</p>\n<p>X-ray diffraction analyses of samples from 2 cores show the most abundant mineral to be dolomite, with subordinate quartz, microclme, and plagioclase, and minor amounts of mica, hornblende, and chlorite. Hydraulic conductivities determined from slug tests at selected wells range from 0.006 to 55 feet per day, with most values between 0.4 and 12 feet per day.</p>\n<p>A cross-sectional ground-water flow model, representing the water-table flow system, was developed for the site and was used to identify possible ground-water flowpaths for geocli^mical modeling. The model was calibrated against measured water levels and was most sensitive to variation in recharge and hydraulic conductivity. The calibrated model shows that downward flow from shallow to deeper wells within a nest may occur at the upgradient and midgradient well nests, but that flow from each well nest travels beneath downgradient nests to the stream. Pathline and travel-time analysis performed on the calibrated flow-model output yielded travel times to well screens that range from 5.8 to 59 years with a recharge of 4 inches per yr. Recharge dates based on tritium and CFC concentrations range from pre-1955 to 1986 and are consistent with flowpaths1 and travel times in the calibrated flow model.</p>\n<p>Changes in water quality along ground-water flowpaths were evaluated using the geochemical model PHREEQC. Geochemical mole balance models of shallow ground-water formation show that the principal reaction, by an order of magnitude, is dissolution of dolomite with CO2 . Concentration factors in the mole-balance models range from 1 to 11, with most values between 5 and 10, which provides independent support for the concentration factor of 8 based on recharge estimates used in the flow model.</p>\n<p>Ground water recharging at mid- and downgradient wells is oxic and contains dissolved nitrate, whereas the ground water discharging to the stream is anoxic and contains dissolved ammonium. Redox environments were defined at each well on the basis of relative concentrations of various dissolved redox-active species. Chemically permissible flowpaths inferred from the observed sequence of redox environments at well sites are consistent with flowpaths in the ground-water flow model. The transition from nitrate in recharging ground water to ammonium in ground water discharging to the stream suggests the possibility of nitrate reduction along the flowpath. None of the techniques employed in this study, however, were able to prove the occurrence of this reaction.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984179","usgsCitation":"Saad, D.A., and Thorstenson, D., 1998, Flow and geochemistry along shallow ground-water flowpaths in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4179, viii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984179.","productDescription":"viii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58348,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2498,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984179","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4179/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","county":"Sheboygan County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.0416,43.892],[-87.9223,43.892],[-87.862,43.8913],[-87.8017,43.8919],[-87.7318,43.8928],[-87.7352,43.886],[-87.7373,43.8792],[-87.738,43.8733],[-87.7363,43.866],[-87.7327,43.8582],[-87.731,43.8522],[-87.7299,43.8449],[-87.7309,43.8317],[-87.7284,43.8057],[-87.7242,43.7975],[-87.718,43.791],[-87.7175,43.7846],[-87.7107,43.7773],[-87.7072,43.769],[-87.7047,43.7658],[-87.6978,43.763],[-87.6972,43.7607],[-87.7004,43.7594],[-87.7056,43.7558],[-87.7046,43.7462],[-87.7092,43.7381],[-87.71,43.7313],[-87.7039,43.7007],[-87.7055,43.687],[-87.707,43.6798],[-87.7116,43.6703],[-87.7143,43.6653],[-87.7209,43.6567],[-87.7288,43.6445],[-87.7412,43.6292],[-87.7523,43.6143],[-87.7561,43.6121],[-87.762,43.6045],[-87.7718,43.5918],[-87.7758,43.5864],[-87.7797,43.581],[-87.7856,43.5738],[-87.7908,43.5671],[-87.793,43.5534],[-87.7933,43.5434],[-87.8009,43.543],[-87.9215,43.5436],[-88.0402,43.5423],[-88.1608,43.5431],[-88.1601,43.6132],[-88.1597,43.6305],[-88.1599,43.7197],[-88.1608,43.8044],[-88.1622,43.8914],[-88.0416,43.892]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Sheboygan\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saad, D. A.","contributorId":85212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorstenson, D.C.","contributorId":47377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstenson","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26837,"text":"wri984047 - 1998 - Temporal and vertical variation of hydraulic head in aquifers in the Edgewood area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri984047","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4047","title":"Temporal and vertical variation of hydraulic head in aquifers in the Edgewood area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"Water-level data and interpretations from previous hydrogeological studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Maryland, were compared to determine similarities and differences among the aquifers. Because the sediments that comprise the shallow aquifers are discontinuous, the shallow ground-water-flow systems are local rather than extensive across the Edgewood Area. Hydrogeologic cross sections, hydrographs of water levels, and vertical gradients calculated from previous studies in the Canal Creek area, Graces Quarters, the O-Field area, Carroll Island, and the J-Field area, over periods of record ranging from 1 to 10 years during 1986-97, were used to determine recharge and discharge areas, connections between aquifers, and hydrologic responses of aquifers to natural and anthropogenic stress. Each of the aquifers in the study areas exhibited variation of hydraulic head that was attributed to seasonal changes in recharge. Upward hydraulic gradients and seasonal reversals of vertical hydraulic gradients between aquifers indicate the potential for local ground-water discharge from most of the aquifers that were studied in the Edgewood Area. Hydraulic head in individual aquifers in Graces Quarters and Carroll Island responded to offsite pumping during part of the period of record. Hydraulic head in most of the confined aquifers responded to tidal loading effects from nearby estuaries. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984047","usgsCitation":"Donnelly, C.A., and Tenbus, F.J., 1998, Temporal and vertical variation of hydraulic head in aquifers in the Edgewood area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4047, vi, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984047.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2106,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/wrir-98-4047/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95623,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4047/report.pdf","size":"7233","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158215,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4047/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685686","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donnelly, Colleen A.","contributorId":62240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Colleen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tenbus, Fredrick J.","contributorId":51334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tenbus","given":"Fredrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}