Releases of the Frank Lyon, Jr., Nursery Pond into Lake Maumelle were monitored during 1991 through 1996 to assess the impact that the releases have on the water quality of Lake Maumelle. Results indicated that the water-quality impact of the nursery pond release into Lake Maumelle is variable, and appears to be related to the volume of the nursery pond at release and the amount of fertilizer applied within the nursery pond earlier in the year. In 1991 through 1994 and in 1996, nursery pond release loads for nutrients (except for dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen), total and dissolved organic carbon, iron, and manganese were greater than what would be expected in the annual areal load from that basin. In 1995, only ammonium nitrate was applied to the nursery pond. As a result, the 1995 phosphorus load was lower than in other years, and was less than what would be expected in the annual areal load. Nutrient enrichment, on average, in Lake Maumelle from the nursery pond release resulted in what would be equivalent to an 8 percent increase in concentration of total phosphorus, 50 percent increase in dissolved orthophosphorus, 0.1 percent increase in dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, 2.5 percent increase in total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, and 5.7 percent increase in dissolved ammonia nitrogen, assuming that the nutrient load was conservative and evenly distributed throughout the water body.
Evidence of elevated turbidity, nutrient and cholorphyll a concentrations in the epilimnetic water outside the receiving embayment were apparent for as long as 3 weeks after the 1995 and 1996 releases. In general, highest values were found at the site located where the receiving embayment meets the open water of Lake Maumelle. Much of the released material in the nursery pond originated in the cooler, anoxic hypolimnetic water. The initial release water was seen to plunge beneath the warmer water existing in the receiving embayment and water transported into the open water of Lake Maumelle, under the thermocline. The quality of water and mass of constituents transported into the open water under the thermocline is unknown and probably remained isolated from the surface water until fall turnover.
Many Lancaster County residents are interested in stream monitoring and habitat restoration to maintain or improve stream water quality and to keep contaminants from reaching ground water used to supply drinking water. To promote resident involvement and environmental stewardship, the Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay (ACB) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) designed this “snapshot” study of water quality and aquatic-insect communities in the Little Conestoga Creek Basin. Citizen-based restoration programs can improve water quality at a local level; such efforts will ultimately improve the ecological integrity of the Lower Susquehanna River and the Chesapeake Bay.
The Little Conestoga Creek Basin was studied for several reasons. It was felt the project should benefit Lancaster County residents because funding was provided by Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection funds generated in Lancaster County. The small drainage area size, 65.5 mi2 (square miles), allowed resident involvement in the necessary training and the snapshot sampling plan. Also, a previous study within south-central Pennsylvania reported the highest nutrient yields entering the Susquehanna River are contributed by the Conestoga River and its tributary subbasins, and the Basin’s location within the Conestoga River watershed made it a potential contributor of high nutrient loads. However, few data had been collected in this Basin to characterize the water quality and aquatic-insect populations. Ongoing studies by a “stream team” from Lancaster County Academy and by students and staff at Millersville University did not fully document the level of stream impairment throughout the Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984173","usgsCitation":"Loper, C.A., and Davis, R., 1998, A snapshot evaluation of stream environmental quality in the Little Conestoga Creek basin, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4173, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984173.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4173/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":1877,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4173/wri19984173.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1998-4173"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Excessive concentrations of nutrients and suspended solids in water adversely affect water quality in the Chesapeake Bay. High levels of nutrients in the Bay result in algal blooms and suspended solids reduce water clarity, both of which decrease the amount of light reaching submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). The die off and decomposition of algae and SAV deplete oxygen supplies in the water. Low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (less than 5.0 milligrams per liter for aquatic life, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986) can lead to fish kills and stress other living resources in the Bay. In 1987, the Chesapeake Bay Agreement called for a 40-percent reduction in the amount of controllable nutrients reaching the Chesapeake Bay by the year 2000. This goal was based on results of computer simulations that predicted that periods of low DO would be reduced or eliminated if nutrient inputs to the Bay were reduced by that amount. In an effort to achieve that goal, nutrient-reduction strategies, including banning phosphate detergents, upgrading sewagetreatment plants, controlling runoff from agricultural and urban areas, and preserving forest and wetland areas (Zynjuk, 1995), were implemented in many areas of the basin to help reduce nutrient inputs to the Bay. In 1997, a basinwide reevaluation of the 40-percent reduction goal was initiated to determine if that goal is achievable and to identify and document any changes in water quality and living resources in response to nutrient-reduction strategies. In support of this reevaluation, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) designed a database and retrieved water-quality data from approximately 1,300 nontidal stream sites in the Chesapeake Bay Basin (Langland and others, 1995). At 84 of the 1,300 sites, where sufficient data were available, trends, yields, and annual loads of nutrients and suspended solids were estimated for 1985 through 1996. This report presents: (1) spatial distribution of available nutrient and suspended-solids data for the 84 sites, (2) yields of nutrients and total suspended solids, and (3) trends in concentrations of nutrients and total suspended solids. Results presented here are limited to analyses for total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984192","usgsCitation":"Langland, M.J., 1998, Yields and trends of nutrients and total suspended solids in nontidal areas of the Chesapeake Bay basin, 1985-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4192, 7, [1] p. :col. maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 8 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984192.","productDescription":"7, [1] p. :col. maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 8 p.]","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268362,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4192/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de440","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langland, Michael J. 0000-0002-8350-8779 langland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-8779","contributorId":2347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langland","given":"Michael","email":"langland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25813,"text":"wri984158 - 1998 - Urban stormwater quality, event-mean concentrations, and estimates of stormwater pollutant loads, Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, 1992-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T13:09:11","indexId":"wri984158","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4158","title":"Urban stormwater quality, event-mean concentrations, and estimates of stormwater pollutant loads, Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, 1992-93","docAbstract":"The quality of urban stormwater is characterized with respect to 188 properties and constituents. Event-mean concentrations and loads for three land uses (residential, industrial, commercial), and annual loads for 12 selected properties and constituents for 26 gaged basins in the DallasFort Worth study area are presented. During February 1992–June 1993, 182 water samples from the 26 gaged basins (each basin classified as primarily residential, industrial, or commercial) were collected and analyzed. Residential land-use basins had greater median concentrations of bacteria, nutrients, and total arsenic. Industrial land-use basins had greater median concentrations of suspended and dissolved solids, and total recoverable chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc. Diazinon was the most frequently detected pesticide in all three land-use basins. Diazinon was detected in 93 percent of samples from residential land-use basins, 70 percent from commercial land-use basins, and 33 percent from industrial land-use basins. Volatile organic compounds and base/neutral and acid extractable semivolatile organic compounds were detected more frequently in samples from industrial land-use basins than residential or commercial land-use basins.
\nEvent-mean concentrations (EMCs) were computed for each land use for biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; suspended and dissolved solids; total nitrogen and ammonia plus organic nitrogen; total and dissolved phosphorus; total recoverable copper, lead, and zinc; and total diazinon. The EMCs of chemical oxygen demand; total nitrogen and ammonia plus organic nitrogen; total and dissolved phosphorus; and total diazinon were greatest in samples from residential land-use basins. The EMCs of biochemical oxygen demand; suspended and dissolved solids; and total copper, lead, and zinc were greatest in samples from industrial land-use basins.
\nLoads per square mile for the three land uses were estimated for the same properties and constituents from flow-weighted EMCs and runoff volume on the basis of seven sampled storms at each gaged site. Chemical oxygen demand and dissolved and suspended solids had the greatest mean loads per square mile. Mean loads per square mile were greatest for trace elements in industrial land-use basins and for total diazinon in residential land-use basins. Mean loads per square mile for total nitrogen in the three land-use basins were dissimilar.
\nLocal regression equations were developed to estimate loads produced by individual storms. Mean annual loads were estimated by applying the storm-load equations for all runoff-producing storms in an average climatic year and summing individual storm loads to determine the annual load.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri984158","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Central Texas Council of Governments","usgsCitation":"Baldys, S., Raines, T.H., Mansfield, B., and Sandlin, J., 1998, Urban stormwater quality, event-mean concentrations, and estimates of stormwater pollutant loads, Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4158, ii, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984158.","productDescription":"ii, 51 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1992-02-01","temporalEnd":"1993-06-30","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_98_4158.jpg"},{"id":10033,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri984158/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Dallas-Fort Worth","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.58333333333333,32.5 ], [ -97.58333333333333,33.166666666666664 ], [ -96.5,33.166666666666664 ], [ -96.5,32.5 ], [ -97.58333333333333,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e07d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldys, Stanley sbaldys@usgs.gov","contributorId":3366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldys","given":"Stanley","email":"sbaldys@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raines, T. H.","contributorId":88389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mansfield, B.L.","contributorId":16443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mansfield","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sandlin, J.T.","contributorId":63039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandlin","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29110,"text":"wri984155 - 1998 - Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma- fish communities in streams of the Ozark Plateaus and their relations to selected environmental factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri984155","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4155","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma- fish communities in streams of the Ozark Plateaus and their relations to selected environmental factors","docAbstract":"Fish communities from 22 reaches at 18 stations in the Ozark Plateaus were sampled in 1993, 1994, and 1995. The 18 stations were chosen to represent selected combinations of major environmental factors (geology/physiographic area, land use, and basin size). Additional physical, chemical, and biological factors also were measured for each of the 22 reaches and the influence of these factors upon the fish communities was investigated.\r\n\r\nFish community samples collected at the 22 reaches identified differences in these communities that can be attributed to differences in land use and related water-quality and habitat characteristics. Communities from agriculture reaches tended to have more species, increased relative abundance of stonerollers and members of the sucker family, and decreased relative abundance of members of the sunfish and darter families. Several groups of environmental factors (concentrations of nutrients, organic carbon, suspended sediment, and dissolved oxygen; measures related to ionic strength; measures related to riparian vegetation; measures related to substrate; and measures related to stream size) appear to be related to land-use differences and fish community differences.\r\n\r\nThree multivariate analysis techniques (two ordination techniques and a classification technique) yielded similar results when applied to the fish community data. Fish communities from reaches with more similar land use in their basins and with similar drainage areas generally were grouped closer together in the analysis. Water quality, substrate, stream morphology, and riparian measures appear to be affecting fish communities at these reaches.\r\n\r\nThe relations between land use, stream size, and fish communities have implications for waterquality assessments of Ozark streams. Compared to other parts of the United States, many fish species live in the Ozark Plateaus. At least 19 of these species are endemic to the Ozarks area. Many of these species are intolerant of habitat or waterchemistry degradation. This characteristic makes fish a useful tool for assessing water-chemistry and other habitat conditions of streams.\r\n\r\nSeveral environmental factors can contribute to differences in fish communities. Elevated nutrient concentrations and greater canopy angles can increase periphyton production. Greater canopy angles can raise water temperatures and, if they reflect less woody vegetation along the banks of streams, can be associated with greater streambank erosion. Elevated suspended sediment concentrations and finer and more embedded substrates can reduce benthic macroinvertebrate populations, decrease spawning success of many fish species, and decrease protection of benthic fish from water velocities and predators.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984155","usgsCitation":"Petersen, J., 1998, Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma- fish communities in streams of the Ozark Plateaus and their relations to selected environmental factors: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4155, v, 34 p. : ill.(some col.), maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984155.","productDescription":"v, 34 p. : ill.(some col.), maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2326,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4155/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, James C. petersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"James C.","email":"petersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":200962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27897,"text":"wri984183 - 1998 - Lithology and fracture characterization from drilling investigations in the Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T19:10:01","indexId":"wri984183","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4183","title":"Lithology and fracture characterization from drilling investigations in the Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"The lithology and fracture network of the bedrock aquifer in the Mirror Lake area were characterized from hydrogeologic data collected from 1979-95 in Grafton County, N.H. The collection of these data is an integral part of an ongoing multidisciplinary study by the U.S. Geological Survey to characterize groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rock. The data provide a physical framework and enable the characterization of the fractures and the rock types in the bedrock aquifer in the Mirror Lake study area. In addition, these data provide a detailed description of the subsurface intersected by boreholes that can be used to compare the results of other borehole testing.
The Mirror Lake area is characterized by steep bedrock uplands that are mostly covered by colluvium, discontinuous stratified-drift deposits, and glacial till that varies locally in thickness from less than 10 meters to as much as 50 meters. The land-surface altitude ranges from 180 meters near the Pemigewasset River to 720 meters on the mountain top on the northwestern side of the study area. The bedrock in the area is predominantly sillimanite-grade pelitic schists that have been complexly folded and intruded by granitoids, pegmatites, and diabase dikes. The bedrock has been fractured in response to local and tectonic stress. The resulting interconnected network of fractures forms the bedrock aquifer.
This report describes the lithologic units in the study area and provides a characterization of the lithology and fractures found in 40 boreholes, which range in depth from 60 to 305 meters, that were drilled for this study. Drilling logs and color video surveys were used to locate and characterize the fractures and rock types in the subsurface. Solid bedrock core was obtained from three of the boreholes. Petrographic thin-section, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses were done on selected samples from boreholes and outcrops. Observations recorded at the time of drilling, descriptions of rock samples collected from the boreholes, interpretation of rock type and fractures based on boreholeimaging surveys, descriptions of rock core and petrographic analyses of selected rock samples are in tables and figures.
Analysis of the data provided information on the distribution of fractures and lithology in the boreholes at Mirror Lake. The relative abundances of the rock types were computed for three groups of boreholes, including (1) the Forest Service Experimental (FSE) well field, (2) the Camp Osceola (CO) well field, and (3) the index boreholes, which are 15 boreholes distributed areally throughout the study area including the deepest borehole from each of the two well fields. The index boreholes are separated by hundreds of meters and are typically 100 meters deep. The FSE well field includes 13 boreholes that are separated by 10 to 40 meters. These 13 boreholes are approximately 100 meters deep, except for one borehole that is 230 meters deep. The rocks penetrated by the FSE wells are predominantly igneous. Approximately 70 percent of the rocks encountered in the boreholes in the FSE well field were granite, pegmatite, and aplite. The CO well field includes 9 boreholes that range from 60-70 meters deep and one borehole that is 175 meters deep. The rocks encountered in these boreholes were predominantly metamorphic. The distribution of rock types in the CO well field is similar to the distribution of rocks in highway roadcuts, that are approximately 90 to 150 meters east of the well field. Seventy percent of the roadcut exposures are schist. Collectively, in the 15 index boreholes, the metamorphic and igneous rocks are equally distributed. Analysis of the rock types in these boreholes indicates that the rock types tend to \"change\" every 5 to 9 meters.
Although the metamorphic and igneous rocks each comprise approximately 50 percent of the rock types observed in the 15 index boreholes, 73 percent of the fractures were in the igneous rocks. This indicates that the granitoids tend to be more fractured than the metamorphic rocks. Pegmatite, diabase, quartzite, and gneissic rocks are relatively unfractured.
Boreholes completed in bedrock generally have one or two water-bearing zones, which were identified during the drilling process. At the completion of drilling a borehole, the driller estimated the yield of the borehole with an air-lift test. Yields estimated by drillers ranged from less than 3 to 378 liters per minute. These yields are typical of the yields measured for domestic wells in Grafton County. Water levels measured in the open boreholes after the boreholes recovered from the hydraulic stresses of drilling were usually in the steel casing and were within 10 meters of the land surface. Water levels in eight of the boreholes were above the top of casing or above land surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984183","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C., and Dunstan, A., 1998, Lithology and fracture characterization from drilling investigations in the Mirror Lake area, Grafton County, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4183, 211 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984183.","productDescription":"211 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4183/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95675,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4183/report.pdf","size":"15085","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.83170318603514,\n 43.92151348238157\n ],\n [\n -71.67703628540039,\n 43.92151348238157\n ],\n [\n -71.67703628540039,\n 43.97391632692082\n ],\n [\n -71.83170318603514,\n 43.97391632692082\n ],\n [\n -71.83170318603514,\n 43.92151348238157\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, C. D.","contributorId":8120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunstan, A.H.","contributorId":98759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunstan","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25450,"text":"wri984147 - 1998 - Dissolved organic carbon concentrations and compositions, and trihalomethane formation potentials in waters from agricultural peat soils, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California; implications for drinking-water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-13T21:26:08.412896","indexId":"wri984147","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4147","title":"Dissolved organic carbon concentrations and compositions, and trihalomethane formation potentials in waters from agricultural peat soils, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California; implications for drinking-water quality","docAbstract":"Water exported from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River delta (Delta) is an important drinking-water source for more than 20 million people in California. At times, this water contains elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and bromide, and exceeds the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for trihalomethanes of 0.100 milligrams per liter if chlorinated for drinking water. About 20 to 50 percent of the trihalomethane precursors to Delta waters originates from drainage water from peat soils on Delta islands. This report elucidates some of the factors and processes controlling and affecting the concentration and quality of dissolved organic carbon released from peat soils and relates the propensity of dissolved organic carbon to form trihalomethanes to its chemical composition.
Soil water was sampled from near-surface, oxidized, well-decomposed peat soil (upper soil zone) and deeper, reduced, fibrous peat soil (lower soil zone) from one agricultural field in the west central Delta over 1 year. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in the upper soil zone were highly variable, with median concentrations ranging from 46.4 to 83.2 milligrams per liter. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in samples from the lower soil zone were much less variable and generally slightly higher than samples from the upper soil zone, with median concentrations ranging from 49.3 to 82.3 milligrams per liter.
The dissolved organic carbon from the lower soil zone had significantly higher aromaticity (as measured by specific ultraviolet absorbance) and contained significantly greater amounts of aromatic humic substances (as measured by XAD resin fractionation and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of XAD isolates) than the dissolved organic carbon from the upper soil zone. These results support the conclusion that more aromatic forms of dissolved organic carbon are produced under anaerobic conditions compared to aerobic conditions. Dissolved organic carbon concentration, trihalomethane formation potential, and ultraviolet absorbance were all highly correlated, showing that trihalomethane precursors increased with increasing dissolved organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance for whole water samples. Contrary to the generally accepted conceptual model for trihalomethane formation that assumes that aromatic forms of carbon are primary precursors to trihalomethanes, results from this study indicate that dissolved organic carbon aromaticity appears unrelated to trihalomethane formation on a carbon-normalized basis. Thus, dissolved organic carbon aromaticity alone cannot fully explain or predict trihalomethane precursor content, and further investigation of aromatic and nonaromatic forms of carbon will be needed to better identify trihalomethane precursors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984147","usgsCitation":"Fujii, R., Ranalli, A.J., Aiken, G.R., and Bergamaschi, B., 1998, Dissolved organic carbon concentrations and compositions, and trihalomethane formation potentials in waters from agricultural peat soils, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California; implications for drinking-water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4147, vi, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984147.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411922,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49001.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1832,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984147","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.6575,\n 38.1083\n ],\n [\n -121.6575,\n 38.1028\n ],\n [\n -121.6444,\n 38.1028\n ],\n [\n -121.6444,\n 38.1083\n ],\n [\n -121.6575,\n 38.1083\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a23f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fujii, Roger rfujii@usgs.gov","contributorId":553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger","email":"rfujii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":193743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ranalli, Anthony J. tranalli@usgs.gov","contributorId":1195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranalli","given":"Anthony","email":"tranalli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":193744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":73241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30047,"text":"wri984060 - 1998 - Water resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T15:06:39","indexId":"wri984060","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4060","title":"Water resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (KBIC) in Baraga County uses ground water for most domestic, commercial, and industrial supplies. An industrial park within KBIC could adversely affect some ground-water supplies should contaminants be spilled at the park. Additional development of the park is being planned. Information on water supply potential and aquifer vulnerability to contamination is needed to make sound decisions about future activities at the industrial park.
Unconsolidated glacial deposits overlie bedrock within the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community. Usable amounts of ground water are withdrawn from the glacial deposits only in isolated areas. Principal aquifers are the Jacobsville Sandstone and the Michigamme Slate. Aquifer test and water level data from these principal aquifers indicate that they are confined and hydraulically connected throughout most of KBIC.
Ground water generally flows toward Keweenaw and Huron Bays and the Silver River. Between the industrial park and Keweenaw Bay, ground water flows to the southeast, toward the Bay. Along this flow path in the bedrock, glacial deposits are generally thicker than 25 meters, and contain thick lenses of clay and clay mixed with sand. The average depth to ground water along this flow path is greater than 25 meters, indicating unconfined conditions. Near the shore of Keweenaw and Huron Bays, however, and at isolated areas throughout KBIC, water levels in wells are above land surface.
Analyses of water samples collected in 1991 and 1997 indicate that the quality of ground water and surface water is suitable for most domestic, commercial, and industrial uses. However, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant limits for dissolved iron and manganese were exceeded in 4 and 5 wells, respectively, which may make the water from these wells unsuitable for some uses. Concentrations of lead in water from one well was above the maximum contaminant limit.
Concentrations of tritium in ground water downgradient from the industrial park indicate that at least some recharge to the Jacobsville Sandstone has taken place within the last 45 years. Where clay lenses greater than 1 meter thick overlie the glacial aquifer or the Jacobsville Sandstone, however, recharge may take longer than 45 years.
A contaminant spill at the industrial park would likely move laterally, toward Keweenaw Bay, in the glacial aquifer. Some infiltration does occur through the glacial aquifer to the bedrock aquifers. No information is available concerning the rate of movement of water within this aquifer, so it is not possible to determine the rate at which a spill would move either vertically or laterally within the glacial aquifer toward either Keweenaw Bay or the Jacobsville Sandstone.
Increased pumping from the existing well at the industrial park, or the development of additional wells, could potentially lower water levels in the Jacobsville Sandstone in the area of the park. Sufficient lowering of water levels could create unconfined conditions in the Jacobsville Sandstone, thereby increasing the susceptability of the aquifer to contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri984060","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community","usgsCitation":"Sweat, M., and Rheaume, S.J., 1998, Water resources of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Baraga County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4060, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984060.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4060/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95815,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4060/report.pdf","size":"3024","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Baraga County","otherGeospatial":"Keweenaw Bay Indian Community","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.26004028320312,\n 46.855026101172285\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 46.85549565938302\n ],\n [\n -88.55049133300781,\n 46.76291341922302\n ],\n [\n -88.41522216796875,\n 46.76291341922302\n ],\n [\n -88.41041564941406,\n 46.67394106549699\n ],\n [\n -88.28544616699219,\n 46.67723895412686\n ],\n [\n -88.29299926757812,\n 46.817918027732226\n ],\n [\n -88.28681945800781,\n 46.826845094695855\n ],\n [\n -88.28338623046875,\n 46.829194076477336\n ],\n [\n -88.27926635742188,\n 46.83295223381215\n ],\n [\n -88.27239990234375,\n 46.836240405913\n ],\n [\n -88.26759338378906,\n 46.83858897709042\n ],\n [\n -88.26416015625,\n 46.84798223530896\n ],\n [\n -88.26072692871094,\n 46.852678248531106\n ],\n [\n -88.26004028320312,\n 46.855026101172285\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f04fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweat, M.J.","contributorId":90786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweat","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rheaume, S. J.","contributorId":70804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rheaume","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29504,"text":"wri984179 - 1998 - Flow and geochemistry along shallow ground-water flowpaths in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T15:48:22","indexId":"wri984179","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4179","title":"Flow and geochemistry along shallow ground-water flowpaths in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Water-quality and geohydrologic data were collected from 19 monitor wells and a stream in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin. These sites were located along a 2,700-ft transect from a local ground-water high to the stream. The transect is approximately parallel to the horizontal direction of ground-water flow at the water table. Most of the wells were installed in unconsolidated deposits at five locations along the transect and include an upgradient well nest, a midgradient well nest, a downgradient well nest, wells in the lowland area near the stream, and wells installed in the stream bottom. The data collected from this study site were used to describe the water quality and geohydrology of the area and to explain and model the variations in water chemistry along selected ground-water flowpaths.
\nWater samples from most wells and the stream were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, pesticides, dissolved organic carbon, aluminum, tritium, CFCs, 15N, 18O, and dissolved gases. Measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen were made in the field. Concentrations of all dissolved constituents were below Wisconsin ground-water quality enforcement standards. The concentrations of both nitrate and ammonium in precipitation concentrated by evapotranspiration are roughly equal to the concentrations of either in the shallow ground waters. The nitrogen and oxygen isotope data, however, indicate that soil ammonium, ammonium fertilizer, and animal waste are possible nitrate sources. Concentrated precipitation can also supply dissolved sulfate to the shallow ground waters and may be a principal source of pesticides to the ground water. However, some input of dissolved chloride to the ground water from mineral or anthropogenic sources is necessary.
\nX-ray diffraction analyses of samples from 2 cores show the most abundant mineral to be dolomite, with subordinate quartz, microclme, and plagioclase, and minor amounts of mica, hornblende, and chlorite. Hydraulic conductivities determined from slug tests at selected wells range from 0.006 to 55 feet per day, with most values between 0.4 and 12 feet per day.
\nA cross-sectional ground-water flow model, representing the water-table flow system, was developed for the site and was used to identify possible ground-water flowpaths for geocli^mical modeling. The model was calibrated against measured water levels and was most sensitive to variation in recharge and hydraulic conductivity. The calibrated model shows that downward flow from shallow to deeper wells within a nest may occur at the upgradient and midgradient well nests, but that flow from each well nest travels beneath downgradient nests to the stream. Pathline and travel-time analysis performed on the calibrated flow-model output yielded travel times to well screens that range from 5.8 to 59 years with a recharge of 4 inches per yr. Recharge dates based on tritium and CFC concentrations range from pre-1955 to 1986 and are consistent with flowpaths1 and travel times in the calibrated flow model.
\nChanges in water quality along ground-water flowpaths were evaluated using the geochemical model PHREEQC. Geochemical mole balance models of shallow ground-water formation show that the principal reaction, by an order of magnitude, is dissolution of dolomite with CO2 . Concentration factors in the mole-balance models range from 1 to 11, with most values between 5 and 10, which provides independent support for the concentration factor of 8 based on recharge estimates used in the flow model.
\nGround water recharging at mid- and downgradient wells is oxic and contains dissolved nitrate, whereas the ground water discharging to the stream is anoxic and contains dissolved ammonium. Redox environments were defined at each well on the basis of relative concentrations of various dissolved redox-active species. Chemically permissible flowpaths inferred from the observed sequence of redox environments at well sites are consistent with flowpaths in the ground-water flow model. The transition from nitrate in recharging ground water to ammonium in ground water discharging to the stream suggests the possibility of nitrate reduction along the flowpath. None of the techniques employed in this study, however, were able to prove the occurrence of this reaction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984179","usgsCitation":"Saad, D.A., and Thorstenson, D., 1998, Flow and geochemistry along shallow ground-water flowpaths in an agricultural area in southeastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4179, viii, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984179.","productDescription":"viii, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58348,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2498,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri984179","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4179/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","county":"Sheboygan County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.0416,43.892],[-87.9223,43.892],[-87.862,43.8913],[-87.8017,43.8919],[-87.7318,43.8928],[-87.7352,43.886],[-87.7373,43.8792],[-87.738,43.8733],[-87.7363,43.866],[-87.7327,43.8582],[-87.731,43.8522],[-87.7299,43.8449],[-87.7309,43.8317],[-87.7284,43.8057],[-87.7242,43.7975],[-87.718,43.791],[-87.7175,43.7846],[-87.7107,43.7773],[-87.7072,43.769],[-87.7047,43.7658],[-87.6978,43.763],[-87.6972,43.7607],[-87.7004,43.7594],[-87.7056,43.7558],[-87.7046,43.7462],[-87.7092,43.7381],[-87.71,43.7313],[-87.7039,43.7007],[-87.7055,43.687],[-87.707,43.6798],[-87.7116,43.6703],[-87.7143,43.6653],[-87.7209,43.6567],[-87.7288,43.6445],[-87.7412,43.6292],[-87.7523,43.6143],[-87.7561,43.6121],[-87.762,43.6045],[-87.7718,43.5918],[-87.7758,43.5864],[-87.7797,43.581],[-87.7856,43.5738],[-87.7908,43.5671],[-87.793,43.5534],[-87.7933,43.5434],[-87.8009,43.543],[-87.9215,43.5436],[-88.0402,43.5423],[-88.1608,43.5431],[-88.1601,43.6132],[-88.1597,43.6305],[-88.1599,43.7197],[-88.1608,43.8044],[-88.1622,43.8914],[-88.0416,43.892]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Sheboygan\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df587","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saad, D. A.","contributorId":85212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorstenson, D.C.","contributorId":47377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstenson","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26097,"text":"wri984180 - 1998 - Water quality in the vicinity of Mosquito Creek Lake, Trumbull County, Ohio, in relation to the chemistry of locally occurring oil, natural gas, and brine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T12:47:43","indexId":"wri984180","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4180","title":"Water quality in the vicinity of Mosquito Creek Lake, Trumbull County, Ohio, in relation to the chemistry of locally occurring oil, natural gas, and brine","docAbstract":"Environmental samples collected in the Mosquito Creek Lake area were used to characterize water quality in relation to the chemistry of locally occurring oil, natural gas, and brine and to establish baseline water quality. Mosquito Creek Lake (a manmade reservoir) and the shallow bedrock aquifers near the lake are major sources of potable water in central Trumbull County. The city of Warren relies on the lake as a sole source of potable water. Some of the lake bottom may be in direct hydraulic connection with the underlying aquifers. The city of Cortland, along the southeastern shore of the lake, relies on the Cussewago Sandstone aquifer as a sole source of potable water. This aquifer subcrops beneath the glacio-fluvial sediments that underlie the lake. Nearly all residential homes around the lake, with the exception of homes in the city of Cortland, rely on domestic supply wells as a source of potable water.
Oil and natural gas exploration and production have been ongoing in the Mosquito Creek Lakearea since the discovery of the historic Mecca Oil Pool in the Mississippian Berea and Cussewago Sandstones in 1860. Since the late 1970' s, the major drilling objective and zone of production is the Lower Silurian Clinton sandstone. The oil and natural gas resources of the Mosquito Creek Lake area, including reservoir pressure, production history, and engineering and abandonment practices are described in this report.
The chemical and isotopic characteristics of the historic Mecca oil and natural gas are very different than those of the Clinton sandstone oil and natural gas. Gas chromatograms show that Mecca oil samples are extensively altered by biodegradation, whereas Clinton sandstone oils are not. Extensive alteration of Mecca oil is consistent with their occurrence at very shallow depths (less than 100 ft below land surface) where microbial activity can affect their composition. Also, the carbon-isotope composition of dissolved methane gas from Berea and Cussewago Sandstone water samples indicates that the gas is microbially generated, whereas the Clinton sandstone gases are thermogenically generated.
Methane gas, in addition to crude oil, occurs naturally in the shallow Berea and Cussewago Sandstone aquifers in the Mosquito Creek Lake area and concentrations of dissolved methane are significant in the city of Cortland public-supply wells and in the domestic-supply wells near the southern shore of the lake. Water associated with oil and gas in the Clinton sandstone is a brine with high concentrations of chloride. Water from the Berea and Cussewago Sandstones, however, is fresh and potable. The contrasting geochemical characteristics are important for addressing water-quality issues that relate to oil and natural gas development in the Mosquito Creek area.
A reexamination of the geologic framework and results of a subsurface-gas survey show that crude oil in the historic Mecca Oil Pool probably does not seep into Mosquito Creek Lake. Environmental samples show no evidence of any measurable release of oil, gas, or brine from the deeper Clinton sandstone oil and gas wells to the shallow aquifers, the lake, or lake tributaries. Brine is not associated with the hydrocarbons in the shallow Berea-Cussewago aquifer system and therefore cannot be a source of brine contamination. A mixing diagram constructed for dissolved bromide and chloride in surface water and water-supply wells shows no demonstrable mixing of these water resources with brine from the Clinton sandstone. There is some notable salinity in surface waters; however, the water is bromide poor, and a mixing diagram indicates that some local ground waters are influenced by halite solutions, presumably derived from leaching of road salt or from septic effluent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984180","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Warren and Ohio Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Barton, G.J., Burruss, R., and Ryder, R.T., 1998, Water quality in the vicinity of Mosquito Creek Lake, Trumbull County, Ohio, in relation to the chemistry of locally occurring oil, natural gas, and brine: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4180, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984180.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4180/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95583,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4180/report.pdf","size":"4994","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Trumbull County","otherGeospatial":"Mosquito Creek Lake","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f99d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, G. J.","contributorId":58660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burruss, R.C. 0000-0001-6827-804X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":99574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryder, R. T.","contributorId":96673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26675,"text":"wri984175 - 1998 - Ground-water quality in the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota and North Dakota, 1991-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T10:19:33","indexId":"wri984175","displayToPublicDate":"2000-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4175","title":"Ground-water quality in the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota and North Dakota, 1991-95","docAbstract":"Surveys of water quality in surficial, buried glacial, and Cretaceous aquifers in the Red River of the North Basin during 1991-95 showed that some major-ion, nutrient, pesticide, and radioactive-element concentrations differed by physiographic area and differed among these aquifer types. Waters in surficial aquifers in the Drift Prairie (west) and Lake Plain (central) physiographic areas were similar to each other but significantly higher than those in the Moraine (east) area in dissolved solids, sodium, potassium, sulfate, fluoride, silica, and uranium concentrations. Radium, iron, nitrate, and nitrite concentrations were also significantly different among these areas. Pesticides were detected in 12 percent of waters in surficial aquifers in the Drift Prairie area, 20 percent of those in the Lake Plain area, and 52 percent of those in the Moraine area. Triazines and bentazon accounted for 98 percent of summed pesticide concentrations in waters in surficial aquifers. Waters in buried glacial aquifers in the central one-third of the basin had significantly higher concentrations of dissolved solids, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride, and iron than did waters in surficial aquifers. No pesticides were detected in five samples from buried glacial aquifers or six samples from Cretaceous aquifers. Waters in all sampled aquifers had a calcium-magnesium ratio of about 1.75 ± 0.75 across the basin regardless of anionic composition.
\nAgricultural land use and soil texture can explain pesticide distributions; soil texture best explains nutrient distributions in waters in surficial aquifers. Confining beds protect waters in buried glacial aquifers from land use effects, resulting in no or low concentrations of nutrients and pesticides. Upward movement of bedrock waters high in dissolved solids concentration can increase concentrations in waters in buried glacial and, to a lesser degree, waters in surficial aquifers in the Lake Plain and Drift Prairie areas. Waters in surficial aquifers exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level in drinking water for nitrate in the Drift Prairie (27 percent) and Moraine (8 percent) areas. Their limited areal extent and susceptibility to contamination restrict the usefulness of surficial aquifers as a drinking water source. Waters in buried glacial aquifers exceeded USEPA health advisories for dissolved solids, sodium, and manganese. Sixty-six percent of waters in surficial aquifers also exceeded the Health Advisory for manganese.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri984175","usgsCitation":"Cowdery, T., 1998, Ground-water quality in the Red River of the North Basin, Minnesota and North Dakota, 1991-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4175, vi, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984175.","productDescription":"vi, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4175/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95619,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4175/report.pdf","size":"4772","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ], [ -99.99755859375, 48.99463598353408 ], [ -99.964599609375, 48.915279853443806 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.88639177703194 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.719961222646276 ], [ -99.86572265625, 48.61112192003074 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.46563710044979 ], [ -99.68994140625, 48.356249029540706 ], [ -99.6240234375, 48.22467264956519 ], [ -99.700927734375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -99.82177734375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -99.99755859375, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.338134765625, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.879512933970496 ], [ -100.21728515624999, 47.82053186746053 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.7097615426664 ], [ -100.4150390625, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -100.51391601562499, 47.53203824675999 ], [ -100.250244140625, 47.42065432071321 ], [ -100.01953125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -99.84374999999999, 47.4355191531953 ], [ -99.766845703125, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -99.6240234375, 47.71715357016648 ], [ -99.393310546875, 47.73193447949174 ], [ -99.140625, 47.746711194756 ], [ -98.76708984374999, 47.68757916850813 ], [ -98.602294921875, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -98.4814453125, 47.47266286861342 ], [ -98.536376953125, 47.30903424774781 ], [ -98.58032226562499, 47.15236927446393 ], [ -98.45947265625, 46.965259400349275 ], [ -98.32763671875, 46.7549166192819 ], [ -98.118896484375, 46.626806395355175 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.55886030311719 ], [ -98.19580078125, 46.430285240839964 ], [ -98.15185546874999, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.05036097561633 ], [ -97.943115234375, 45.91294412737392 ], [ -97.701416015625, 45.85176048817254 ], [ -97.31689453125, 45.836454050187726 ], [ -97.152099609375, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.96533203125, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.88842773437499, 45.78284835197676 ], [ -96.767578125, 45.71385093029221 ], [ -96.45996093749999, 45.67548217560647 ], [ -96.43798828125, 45.61403741135093 ], [ -96.40502929687499, 45.54483149242463 ], [ -96.15234375, 45.60635207711834 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.805828539928356 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.92822950933618 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 46.13417004624326 ], [ -95.833740234375, 46.195042108660154 ], [ -95.723876953125, 46.07323062540838 ], [ -95.49316406249999, 46.126556302418514 ], [ -95.526123046875, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.31658418182218 ], [ -95.284423828125, 46.52863469527167 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.702202151643455 ], [ -95.2734375, 46.875213396722685 ], [ -95.29541015625, 47.08508535995384 ], [ -95.2734375, 47.19717795172789 ], [ -95.284423828125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -95.25146484374999, 47.44294999517949 ], [ -95.086669921875, 47.56170075451973 ], [ -94.95483398437499, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -94.58129882812499, 47.65058757118734 ], [ -94.3505859375, 47.76148371616669 ], [ -94.19677734375, 47.857402894658236 ], [ -93.9990234375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -94.02099609375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -94.19677734375, 48.23199134320962 ], [ -94.33959960937499, 48.32703913063476 ], [ -94.625244140625, 48.31973404047173 ], [ -95.00976562499999, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.1416015625, 48.45106561953216 ], [ -95.07568359375, 48.596592251456705 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.61838518688487 ], [ -95.350341796875, 48.65468584817256 ], [ -95.372314453125, 48.741700879765396 ], [ -95.3173828125, 48.821332549646634 ], [ -95.33935546875, 48.90805939965008 ], [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66724a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowdery, T.K.","contributorId":92658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"T.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26753,"text":"wri984164 - 1998 - Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Nutrients, bacteria, organic carbon, and suspended sediment in surface water, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:55:47.869752","indexId":"wri984164","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4164","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Nutrients, bacteria, organic carbon, and suspended sediment in surface water, 1993-95","docAbstract":"Nutrient, bacteria, organic carbon, and suspended- sediment samples were collected from 1993-95 at 43 surface-water-quality sampling sites within the Ozark Plateaus National Water- Quality Assessment Program study unit. Most surface-water-quality sites have small or medium drainage basins, near-homogenous land uses (primarily agricultural or forest), and are located predominantly in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus. The water-quality data were analyzed using selected descriptive and statistical methods to determine factors affecting occurrence in streams in the study unit. \r\n\r\nNitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use increased in the Ozark Plateaus study unit for the period 1965-85, but the application rates are well below the national median. Fertilizer use differed substantially among the major river basins and physiographic areas in the study unit. Livestock and poultry waste is a major source of nutrient loading in parts of the study unit. The quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus from livestock and poultry wastes differed substantially among the river basins of the study unit's sampling network. Eighty six municipal sewage-treatment plants in the study unit have effluents of 0.5 million gallons per day or more (for the years 1985-91). \r\n\r\nStatistically significant differences existed in surface-water quality that can be attributed to land use, physiography, and drainage basin size. Dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, fecal coliform bacteria, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations generally were larger at sites associated with agricultural basins than at sites associated with forested basins. A large difference in dissolved nitrite plus nitrate concentrations occurred between streams draining basins with agricultural land use in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus. Streams draining both small and medium agricultural basins in the Springfield Plateau had much larger concentrations than their counterparts in the Salem Plateau. Drainage basin size was not a significant factor in affecting total phosphorus, fecal coliform bacteria, or dissolved organic carbon concentrations. Suspended-sediment concentrations generally were small and indicative of the clear water in streams in the Ozark Plateaus. \r\n\r\nA comparison of the dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform data collected at the fixed and synoptic sites indicates that generally the data for streams draining basins of similar physiography, land-use setting, and drainage basin size group together. Many of the variations are most likely the result of differences in percent agricultural land use between the sites being compared or are discharge related. The relation of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform concentration to percent agricultural land use has a strong positive 2 Water-Quality Assessment-Nutrients, Bacteria, Organic Carbon, and Suspended Sediment in Surface Water, 1993-95 correlation, with percent agricultural land use accounting for between 42 and 60 percent of the variation in the observed concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984164","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., and Bell, R.W., 1998, Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Nutrients, bacteria, organic carbon, and suspended sediment in surface water, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4164, vi, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984164.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2071,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":392988,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49012.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Ozark Plateaus study unit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.3333,\n 35.6333\n ],\n [\n -90.2333,\n 35.6333\n ],\n [\n -90.2333,\n 38.6500\n ],\n [\n -95.3333,\n 38.6500\n ],\n [\n -95.3333,\n 35.6333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Jerri V. jdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jerri V.","email":"jdavis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bell, Richard W.","contributorId":44141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24157,"text":"ofr989 - 1998 - Hydrologic and meteorological data for an unsaturated-zone study area near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1990-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr989","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-9","title":"Hydrologic and meteorological data for an unsaturated-zone study area near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1990-96","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr989","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Perkins, K., Nimmo, J., and Pittman, J.R., 1998, Hydrologic and meteorological data for an unsaturated-zone study area near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1990-96: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-9, iv, 13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer laser optical disc., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr989.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer laser optical disc.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53295,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6117ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, K. S. 0000-0001-8349-447X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8349-447X","contributorId":77557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pittman, J. R.","contributorId":71571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pittman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30156,"text":"wri984007 - 1998 - Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri984007","displayToPublicDate":"2000-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4007","title":"Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida","docAbstract":"Discharges through 10 selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach Counties, Florida, are presently computed using the theoretical discharge-coefficient ratings developed from scale modeling, theoretical discharge coefficients, and some field calibrations whose accuracies for specific sites are unknown. To achieve more accurate discharge-coefficient ratings for the coastal control structures, field discharge measurements were taken with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler at the coastal control structures under a variety of flow conditions. These measurements were used to determine computed discharge-coefficient ratings for the coastal control structures under different flow regimes: submerged orifice flow, submerged weir flow, free orifice flow, and free weir flow. Theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for submerged orifice and weir flows were determined at seven coastal control structures, and discharge ratings for free orifice and weir flows were determined at three coastal control structures. The difference between the theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings varied from structure to structure. The theoretical and computed dischargecoefficient ratings for submerged orifice flow were within 10 percent at four of seven coastal control structures; however, differences greater than 20 percent were found at two of the seven structures. The theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for submerged weir flow were within 10 percent at three of seven coastal control structures; however, differences greater than 20 percent were found at four of the seven coastal control structures. The difference between theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings for free orifice and free weir flows ranged from 5 to 32 percent. Some differences between the theoretical and computed discharge-coefficient ratings could be better defined with more data collected over a greater distribution of measuring conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984007","usgsCitation":"Tillis, G., and Swain, E., 1998, Determining discharge-coefficient ratings for selected coastal control structures in Broward and Palm Beach counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4007, iv, 37 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984007.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p. :ill. 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