A procedure designed to test the transferability of habitat suitability criteria was evaluated in the Cache la Poudre River, Colorado. Habitat suitability criteria were developed for active adult and juvenile rainbow trout in the South Platte River, Colorado. These criteria were tested by comparing microhabitat use predicted from the criteria with observed microhabitat use by adult rainbow trout in the Cache la Poudre River. A one-sided X2 test, using counts of occupied and unoccupied cells in each suitability classification, was used to test for non-random selection for optimum habitat use over usable habitat and for suitable over unsuitable habitat. Criteria for adult rainbow trout were judged to be transferable to the Cache la Poudre River, but juvenile criteria (applied to adults) were not transferable. Random subsampling of occupied and unoccupied cells was conducted to determine the effect of sample size on the reliability of the test procedure. The incidence of type I and type II errors increased rapidly as the sample size was reduced below 55 occupied and 200 unoccupied cells. Recommended modifications to the procedure included the adoption of a systematic or randomized sampling design and direct measurement of microhabitat variables. With these modifications, the procedure is economical, simple and reliable. Use of the procedure as a quality assurance device in routine applications of the instream flow incremental methodology was encouraged.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rrr.3450080307","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.A., and Bovee, K.D., 1993, Application and testing of a procedure to evaluate transferability of habitat suitability criteria: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 8, no. 3, p. 285-294, https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.3450080307.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"294","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295315,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Cache la Poudre River","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b1ae4b0fd76af69ceeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Jeff A.","contributorId":85524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":49721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162675,"text":"70162675 - 1993 - Slumgullion; Colorado’s natural landslide laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T14:52:58","indexId":"70162675","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slumgullion; Colorado’s natural landslide laboratory","docAbstract":"The mammoth Slumgullion landslide in southwestern Colorado is the largest actively moving landslide in Colorado and, perhaps, the entire country. To learn more about how and why landslides move the way they do, scientists at the U.S Geological Survey (USGS) have observed and monitored the remarkably regular movement of this landslide for more than 30 years. Located near Lake City in the San Juan Mountains, Slumgullion was chosen for a comprehensive study of landslide processes because part of the landslide appears to have been moving continuously for the past 300 years, transporting material hundreds of meters downslope, and because the slide has the potential to threaten life and property. Surface features of the landslide, such as folds and faults within the sliding mass, are constantly changing, either being created or destroyed by the continuous movement of the landslide. Current evaluation of hazards includes possible landslide. Current evaluation of hazards includes possible landslide damage to State Highway 149 and recreational areas in the vicinity of Lake San Cristobal.
\nThe mountains of Colorado, and the Rocky Mountains in general, have one of the highest levels of landslide hazard in the nation. In a typical year, landslides hazard in the nation. In a typical year, landslides cause several fatalities and millions of dollars in damage to highways, pipelines, buildings, and forests in Colorado. To reduce such losses we need to understand why landslides occur and how they behave once they form. The Slumgullion landslide, an ideal natural laboratory, offers a unique opportunity to carefully observe and monitor the movement of a large, active landslide. In 1990, soon after the State of Colorado assigned high priority to hazard evaluation of the Slumgullion landslide, the USGS began an intensive study as part of its Landslide Hazards Reduction Program.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Highland, L., 1993, Slumgullion; Colorado’s natural landslide laboratory: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 5, p. 208-221.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"208","endPage":"221","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Southwestern Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.29900360107422,\n 37.99562156537661\n ],\n [\n -107.2921371459961,\n 38.00035618059361\n ],\n [\n -107.27188110351562,\n 37.98479844003271\n ],\n [\n -107.2847557067871,\n 37.97681536208234\n ],\n [\n -107.29196548461914,\n 37.98371603967817\n ],\n [\n -107.29574203491211,\n 37.98087466278139\n ],\n [\n -107.30089187622069,\n 37.994809886364166\n ],\n [\n -107.29900360107422,\n 37.99562156537661\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49d2e4b07ca61bfea5da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Highland, L.M.","contributorId":18780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Highland","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169011,"text":"70169011 - 1993 - Seismic detection of tornadoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-10T13:33:07","indexId":"70169011","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic detection of tornadoes","docAbstract":"Tornadoes represent the most violent of all forms of atmospheric storms, each year resulting in hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage and approximately one hundred fatalities. In recent years, considerable success has been achieved in detecting tornadic storms by means of Doppler radar. However, radar systems cannot determine when a tornado is actually in contact with the ground, expect possibly at extremely close range. At the present time, human observation is the only truly reliable way of knowing that a tornado is actually on the ground. However, considerable evidence exists indicating that a tornado in contact with the ground produces a significant seismic signal. If such signals are generated, the seismic detection and warning of an imminent tornado can become a distinct possibility.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Tatom, F.B., 1993, Seismic detection of tornadoes: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 5, p. 222-234.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"222","endPage":"234","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e2a8cde4b0f59b85d391b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatom, F. B.","contributorId":167511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tatom","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162577,"text":"70162577 - 1993 - Preventing volcanic catastrophe; the U.S. International Volcano Disaster Assistance Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-04T09:56:10","indexId":"70162577","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preventing volcanic catastrophe; the U.S. International Volcano Disaster Assistance Program","docAbstract":"When the seismograph began to record the violent earth-shaking caused by yet another eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia, no one thought that a few hours later more than 23,000 people would be dead, killed by lahars (volcanic debris flows) in towns and villages several tens of kilometers away from the volcano. Before the fatal eruption the volcano was being monitored by scientists at a seismic station located 9 km from the summit, and information about the volcano's activity was being sent to Colombian emergency-response coordinators who were charged with alerting the public of the danger from the active volcano. Furthermore, area known to be in the pathways lahars had already been identified on maps and communities at risk had been told of their precarious locations.
\nUnfortunately, a storm on November 13, 1985, obscured the glacier-clad summit of Nevado del Ruiz. On that night an explosive eruption tore through the summit and spewed approximately 20 million cubic meters of hot ash and rocks across the snow-covered glacier. These materials were transported across the snow pack by avalanches of hot volcanic debris (pyroclastic flows) and fast-moving, hot, turbulent clouds of gas and ash (pyroclastic surges). The hot pyroclastic flows and surges caused rapid melting of the snow and ice and created large volumes of water that swept down canyons leading away from the summit. As these floods of water descended the volcano, they picked up loose debris and soil from the canyon floors and walls, growing both in volume and density, to form hot lahars. In the river valleys farther down the volcano's flanks, the lahars were as much as 40 m thick and traveled at velocities as fast as 50 km/h. Two and a half hours after the start of the eruption one of the lahars reachered Armero, 74 km from the explosion crater. In a few short minutes most of the town was swept away or buried in a torrent of mud and boulders, and three quaters of the townspeople perished.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Ewert, J., Murray, T., Lockhart, A.B., and Miller, C., 1993, Preventing volcanic catastrophe; the U.S. International Volcano Disaster Assistance Program: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 6, p. 270-291.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"270","endPage":"291","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia","otherGeospatial":"Nevado del Ruiz","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.61477661132812,\n 4.974664494785995\n ],\n [\n -75.18081665039062,\n 4.97603261138461\n ],\n [\n -75.1849365234375,\n 4.5422013027861325\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 4.566842483002357\n ],\n [\n -75.61477661132812,\n 4.974664494785995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6c8e4b0b28f1184dc0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ewert, J.W.","contributorId":91885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewert","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, T.L.","contributorId":30226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lockhart, A. B.","contributorId":152594,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lockhart","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, C.D.","contributorId":34504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162572,"text":"70162572 - 1993 - Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-09T16:06:43","indexId":"70162572","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Klamath Falls earthquakes of 8:28PM PDT (magnitude 5.9) and 10:45 PM PDT (magnitude 6.0) on September 20, 1993, were felt over an area of about 130,000 sq km in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Losses due to property damage are preliminary estimated to be about 7.5 million. A motorist died when the car he was driving was crushed by a boulder in an earthquake-induced rockfall, and an elderly woman died of a heart attack that was apparently triggered by one of the earthquakes.
\nMost of the damage resulting from the earthquakes was reported from Klamath Falls, approximately 20 km from the source region of earthquakes. As has commonly been the case with earthquakes in other parts of the United States, the degree of damage was highly uneven in Klamath Falls. Most of the town escaped with little damage to buildings or building contents. Losses were concentrated in the downtown area, but even there most of the buildings were not damaged. The unevenness of damage in earthquakes results primarily from large differences in the seismic resistance of individual buildings and differences in the seismic response due to different soil conditions and geology beneath buildings.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Dewey, J.W., 1993, Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 3, p. 121-127.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"127","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.00042724609374,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -122.14599609375001,\n 42.50652766705062\n ],\n [\n -122.16522216796875,\n 42.204107493733176\n ],\n [\n -122.0855712890625,\n 42.002366213375524\n ],\n [\n -121.76422119140625,\n 41.97991089691236\n ],\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -121.453857421875,\n 42.1613675328748\n ],\n [\n -121.46209716796875,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 42.50652766705062\n ],\n [\n -121.96746826171875,\n 42.64810165693524\n ],\n [\n -122.00042724609374,\n 42.65012181368025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6c1e4b0b28f1184dbe8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dewey, J. W.","contributorId":31008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018327,"text":"70018327 - 1993 - Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite: Part 2. Kinetics of arsenate adsorption and coprecipitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:05:12","indexId":"70018327","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite: Part 2. Kinetics of arsenate adsorption and coprecipitation","docAbstract":"The kinetics of As(V) adsorption by ferrihydrite was investigated in coprecipitation and postsynthesis adsorption experiments conducted in the pH range 7.5-9.0. In coprecipitation experiments, As(V) was present in solution during the hydrolysis and precipitation of iron. In adsorption experiments, a period of rapid (<5 min) As(V) uptake from solution was followed by continued uptake for at least eight days, as As(V) diffused to adsorption sites on ferrihydrite surfaces within aggregates of colloidal particles. The time dependence of As(V) adsorption is well described by a general model for diffusion into a sphere if a subset of surface sites located near the exterior of aggregates is assumed to attain adsorptive equilibrium rapidly. The kinetics of As(V) desorption after an increase in pH were also consistent with diffusion as a rate-limiting process. Aging of pure ferrihydrite prior to As(V) adsorption caused a decrease in adsorption sites on the precipitate owing to crystallite growth. In coprecipitation experiments, the initial As(V) uptake was significantly greater than in post-synthesis adsorption experiments, and the rate of uptake was not diffusion limited because As(V) was coordinated by surface sites before crystallite growth and coagulation processes could proceed. After the initial adsorption, As(V) was slowly released from coprecipitates for at least one month, as crystallite growth caused desorption of As(V). Adsorption densities as high as 0.7 mole As(V) per mole of Fe were measured in coprecipitates, in comparison to 0.25 mole As(V) per mole of Fe in post-synthesis adsorption experiments. Despite the high Concentration of As(V) in the precipitates, EXAFS spectroscopy (Waychunas et al., 1993) showed that neither ferric arsenate nor any other As-bearing surface precipitate or solid solution was formed. The high adsorption densities are possible because the ferrihydrite particles are extremely small, approaching the size of small dioctahedral chains at the highest As(V) adsorption density. The results suggest that the solid solution model proposed by Fox (1989, 1992) for control of arsenate and phosphate concentrations in natural waters may be invalid.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90568-H","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fuller, C.C., Dadis, J., and Waychunas, G., 1993, Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite: Part 2. Kinetics of arsenate adsorption and coprecipitation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 10, p. 2271-2282, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90568-H.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2271","endPage":"2282","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f98e4b08c986b31e6d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dadis, J.A.","contributorId":75288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dadis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waychunas, G.A.","contributorId":90888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waychunas","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018318,"text":"70018318 - 1993 - The Geysers-Clear Lake area, California: Thermal waters, mineralization, volcanism, and geothermal potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:48:18.920407","indexId":"70018318","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Geysers-Clear Lake area, California: Thermal waters, mineralization, volcanism, and geothermal potential","docAbstract":"Manifestations of a major thermal anomaly in the Geysers-Clear Lake area of northern California include the late Pliocene to Holocene Clear Lake Volcanics, The Geysers geothermal field, abundant thermal springs, and epithermal mercury and gold mineralization. The epithermal mineralization and thermal springs typically occur along high-angle faults within the broad San Andreas transform fault system that forms the western boundary of the North American plate in this area. The young volcanic rocks overlie Mesozoic marine rocks of the Great Valley sequence which have been thrust above the coeval Franciscan Complex and penecontemporaneously dropped back down along low-angle detachment faults.Many of the waters of the region are nonmeteoric as defined by their isotopic signature. One type of isotopically shifted water emerges from or near Great Valley sequence rocks and is the most chloride rich. It is interpreted to be evolved connate in origin. A second type, evolved meteoric water, has moderate chloride contents, high boron contents, and high B/Cl ratios and is found locally in Franciscan rocks, notably at the Sulphur Bank mercury mine, where it probably results from near-closed-system, repeated boiling of meteoric water in host rocks that also contribute organic components to the water. At the Sulphur Bank mine fracturing of otherwise impermeable Franciscan rocks by faulting has created a localized zone of permeability in which thermal water boils repeatedly with limited venting to the surface. Boron-rich fluids were apparently present at depth in The Geysers geothermal field when intrusion of silicic magma occurred, because the concealed intrusion of felsite is surrounded by a halo of tourmaline-bearing hornfels. The volume of this poorly dated early to middle Quaternary intrusive body probably exceeds the 100 km 3 of erupted Clear Lake Volcanics. Similar intrusions may have occurred in the eastern part of the area at Wilbur Springs and the McLaughlin mine, where gold deposition and evidence of hydrothermal phenomena suggest more magmatic activity than is indicated by the small exposed bodies of early Quaternary basaltic lava. The Clear Lake Volcanics are the present locus of volcanism in the northern Coast Ranges and progressively older volcanic centers occur to the south. Geophysical data suggest that a large silicic magma body may be centered north of The Geysers steam field, providing the heat for the geothermal field.Geothermal power production has peaked at The Geysers and pressure declines indicate significant depletion of the fluid resource. The vapor-dominated field evolved from a preexisting hydrothermal system within fractured, otherwise impermeable Franciscan metamorphic rocks. A deep water table of saline fluid has been postulated to be present under the steam field, but no chloride-rich water has been found at drillable depth. We propose that recently discovered, isotopically shifted steam in the northwest Geysers area indicates the presence not of deep connate water but xather of boiled-down, boron-rich Franciscan evolved meteoric water. This water is likely to be present in limited quantities and will not provide a significant hot water resource for geothermal power production at The Geysers field or from the main Clear Lake volcanic field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.301","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Donnelly-Nolan, J., Burns, M., Goff, F., Peters, E., and Thompson, J., 1993, The Geysers-Clear Lake area, California: Thermal waters, mineralization, volcanism, and geothermal potential: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 2, p. 301-316, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.301.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227639,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba756e4b08c986b3214ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M.","contributorId":104936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, M.G.","contributorId":47928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goff, F.E.","contributorId":26808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"F.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, E.K.","contributorId":51479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, J. M.","contributorId":77142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018310,"text":"70018310 - 1993 - Chemical characteristics and temporal trends in eight streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:19:48","indexId":"70018310","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical characteristics and temporal trends in eight streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York","docAbstract":"Discharge to concentration relationships for eight streams studied by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) Long-Term Monitoring Project (1983-89) indicate acidification of some streams by H2SO4 and HNO3 in atmospheric deposition and by organic acids in soils. Concentrations of major ions in precipitation were similar to those reported at other sites in the northeastern United States. Average concentrations of SO42- and NO3- were similar among streams, but base cation concentrations differed widely, and these differences paralleled the differences in acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). Baseflow ANC is not a reliable predictor of stream acidity at high flow; some streams with high baseflow ANC (> 150 ??eq L-1) declined to near zero ANC at high flow, and one stream with low baseflow ANC (< 50 ??eq L-1) did not approach zero ANC as flow increased. Episodic decreases in ANC and pH during peak flows were associated with increased concentrations of NO3- and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Aluminum concentrations exceeding 300 ??g L-1 were observed during peak flows in headwater streams of the Neversink River and Rondout Creek. Seasonal Kendall Tau tests for temporal trends indicate that SO42- concentrations in streamwater generally decreased and NO3- concentrations increased during the period 1983-1989. Combined acid anion concentrations (SO42- + NO3-) were generally unchanged throughout the period of record, indicating both that the status of these streams with respect to acidic deposition is unchanged, and that NO3- is gradually replacing SO42- as the dominant acid anion in the Catskill streams.Discharge to concentration relationships for eight streams studied by the US Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) Long-term monitoring project (19831-89) indicate acidification of some streams by H2SO4 and HNO3 in atmospheric deposition and by organic acids in soils. Concentrations of major ions in precipitations were similar to those reported at other sites in the northeastern United States. Average concentrations of SO42- and No3- were similar among streams, but base cation concentrations differed widely, and these differences parallelel the differences in acid neutralizing capacity (ANC).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00478154","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Murdoch, P., and Stoddard, J., 1993, Chemical characteristics and temporal trends in eight streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 67, no. 3-4, p. 367-395, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00478154.","startPage":"367","endPage":"395","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267643,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00478154"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f55ae4b0c8380cd4c1b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoddard, J.L.","contributorId":75709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoddard","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018381,"text":"70018381 - 1993 - Seasonal relationships between planktonic microorganisms and dissolved organic material in an alpine stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:31:15","indexId":"70018381","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal relationships between planktonic microorganisms and dissolved organic material in an alpine stream","docAbstract":"The relationships between the abundance and activity of planktonic, heterotrophic microorganisms and the quantity and characteristics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a Rocky Mountain stream were evaluated. Peak values of glucose uptake, 2.1 nmol L−1 hr−1, and glucose concentration, 333 nM, occurred during spring snowmelt when the water temperature was 4.0°C and the DOC concentration was greatest. The turnover time of thein situ glucose pool ranged seasonally from 40–1110 hours, with a mean of 272 hr. Seasonal uptake of3H-glucose, particulate ATP concentrations, and direct counts of microbial biomass were independent of temperature, but were positively correlated with DOC concentrations and negatively correlated with stream discharge. Heterotrophic activity in melted snow was generally low, but patchy. In the summer, planktonic heterotrophic activity and microbial biomass exhibited small-scale diel cycles which did not appear to be related to fluctuations in discharge or DOC, but could be related to the activity of benthic invertebrates. Leaf-packs placed under the snow progressively lost weight and leachable organic material during the winter, indicating that the annual litterfall in the watershed may be one source of the spring flush of DOC. These results indicate that the availability of labile DOC to the stream ecosystem is the primary control on seasonal variation in heterotrophic activity of planktonic microbial populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00002687","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D.M., Smith, R.L., Harnish, R., Miller, C., and Bencala, K., 1993, Seasonal relationships between planktonic microorganisms and dissolved organic material in an alpine stream: Biogeochemistry, v. 21, no. 1, p. 39-59, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00002687.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"59","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205875,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002687"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88d3e4b08c986b316bb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harnish, R.A.","contributorId":44565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harnish","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, C.L.","contributorId":86788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018309,"text":"70018309 - 1993 - Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and occurrences, southern Yukon-Tanana Terrace, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:43:49.530608","indexId":"70018309","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and occurrences, southern Yukon-Tanana Terrace, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"A belt of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits extends for over 150 km along the southern margin of the Yukon-Tanana terrane of the eastern Alaska Range. Located north of the Denali fault, the Yukon-Tanana terrane forms a major basement unit in east-central Alaska. The volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are primarily in the Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane, one of the highest structural-stratigraphic levels of the Yukon-Tanana terrane. The Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane consists of a volcanogenic massive sulfide-bearing metavolcanic rock member and a metasedimentary rock member. The volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and enclosing metavolcanic and metasedimentary schists exhibit two periods of regional metamorphism and penetrative deformation: an older, Early Cretaceous, amphibolite facies event and a younger, mid-Cretaceous lower greenschist facies event.From northwest to southeast, the major volcanogenic massive sulfide districts are the Bonnifield, Trident Glacier, and Delta. The Bonnifield district contains massive sulfide deposits in metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks that are correlated with the Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane. The 25-km-long, northwest-trending Trident Glacier district contains several occurrences consisting of massive pyrrhotite and lesser pyrite, minor chalcopyrite with or without sphalerite, and galena and arsenopyrite in south-dipping massive sulfide pods, lenses, and stringers that parallel the foliation of the enclosing schists. Host-rock protoliths were mainly andesite, dacite, rhyodacite tuffs and flows, shale, and limestone, with lesser quartz-rich keratophyre flows and tuffs, volcanic graywacke, and siltstone.The Delta district contains at least 35 deposits in an 800-km 2 area. Thirty-one of the deposits define four mineral trends, 5 to 32 km long, that are subparallel to the west-northwest-striking, southwest-dipping structures and lithologies. The deposits consist of layers and zones containing varying amounts of massive to disseminated pyrite and pyrrhotite, and lesser amounts of chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite. The larger deposits range between 1.0 and 12.4 million metric tons with combined grades of 5.6 percent total metal (Cu, Pb, Zn), and Ag and Au contents of 56 and 1.9 g/metric ton, respectively. Hostrock protoliths are similar to those found in the Trident Glacier district, but some of the deposits are spatially associated with diorite or gabbro sills that exhibit lower greenschist facies metamorphism and deformation.Sulfur isotope values of 26 pyrrhotite separates from the Trident Glacier district occurrences average 7.7 per mil, the mean value of seven pyrite separates is 8.1 per mil. Forty-one Delta district pyrite separates average 5.9 per mil and ranges of values of the four northwest-trending trends overlap. The relative consistency of sulfur isotope values of iron-bearing sulfides in the Trident Glacier district, and the apparent lithologic relationship of isotope values in the Delta district, may reflect original-rock sulfur isotope values. Alternatively, the 34 S-enriched values may have resulted from the addition of reduced seawater sulfate to the hydrothermal fluid. The sulfide accumulations are interpreted as kuroko-like deposits that formed along a Devonian continental margin igneous arc. Deeper level portions of the arc are exposed in structurally lower levels of the Yukon-Tanana terrane to the north and contain metamorphosed granodiorite and granite plutons of Devonian to Mississippian age. U-Pb isotope data from zircons from metavolcanic rocks hosting the sulfide bodies indicate an age of about 370 Ma. The 207 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios for sulfides from the three districts are similar and indicate lead was in part derived from first-cycle sediments that were eroded largely from Precambrian crystalline rocks. The 207 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios from feldspars in Devonian metavolcanic rocks are similar to those in sulfides and indicate incorporation of radiogenic Precambrian lead into the Devonian magmas. A Precambrian crystalline source for detritus in metasedimentary rocks is indicated by locally abundant quartzite containing approximately 2.3 Ga zircons which were derived from the Hudsonian-age block of the Canadian Shield in southern British Columbia.Cretaceous greenschist facies retrogressive metamorphism and intense penetrative deformation is indicated by reequilibration of U-Pb isotope ratios, metamorphic Rb-Sr mineral isochrons, and K-Ar biotite and muscovite ages of 110 to 115 Ma. The data indicate that the mid-Cretaceous retrogressive metamorphism and associated intense deformation occurred during the accretion of the Yukon-Tanana terrane to Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.344","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Lange, I.M., Nokleberg, W., Newkirk, S., Aleinikoff, J.N., Church, S.E., and Krouse, H., 1993, Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and occurrences, southern Yukon-Tanana Terrace, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 2, p. 344-376, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.344.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"344","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227505,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0091e4b0c8380cd4f7c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lange, I. M.","contributorId":71597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lange","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newkirk, S.R.","contributorId":97773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newkirk","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krouse, H.R.","contributorId":63067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krouse","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018304,"text":"70018304 - 1993 - Do ages of authigenic K-feldspar date the formation of Mississippi valley-type Pb-Zn deposits, central and southeastern United States?: Pb isotopic evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T13:03:16.535157","indexId":"70018304","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do ages of authigenic K-feldspar date the formation of Mississippi valley-type Pb-Zn deposits, central and southeastern United States?: Pb isotopic evidence","docAbstract":"Pb concentrations and isotopic compositions have been determined for authigenic over-growths and detrital cores of K-feldspar from Cambrian sedimentary rocks in Texas, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania (referred to as group 1) and southeastern Missouri (referred to as group 2). Overgrowths and cores were separated by abrasion and analyzed separately. In three group 1 samples, cores have Pb isotopic ratios similar to initial ratios in K-feldspar from nearby Middle Proterozoic basement rocks (206Pb/204Pb =16.7-17.0). Pb ratios in overgrowths are radiogenic (206Pb/204Pb up to 19.3) and mostly are distinct from those in ore deposits in the southern Appalachians. Pb isotopic data for two samples of K-feldspar from southeastern Missouri are scattered; in one sample, cores and overgrowths contain radiogenic Pb, suggesting at least two periods of authigenic replacement, in agreement with petrographic evidence. Proterozoic material must still be present because 40Ar/39Ar stepwise analysis of a total (cores plus overgrowths) sample yields incremental ages ranging from about 500 to 750 Ma. The disparity in Pb isotopic ratios of group 1 overgrowths and Pb in nearby Mississippi Valley-type deposits implies that the regional authigenic K-feldspar event was not synchronous with ore deposition in the southeastern United States. In contrast, Pb isotopic ratios from group 2 authigenic K-feldspar are similar to ratios in ores of southeastern Missouri, suggesting a genetic relation in late Paleozoic time.
In 1987, a cooperative project between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration was initiated to evaluate the origin of the Hatu gold anomaly. The anomaly is located in the Hatu mining district in the northwest corner of Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region in northwest China. The climate is semiarid to arid and wind erosion predominates. A regional soil survey of the Hatu district, based on samples collected on a 200 by 500 m grid and composited prior to chemical analysis to a density of one sample per square km, delineated a series of south-southeast-trending Au anomalies. Anomalous Au values range from 5 ppb to more than 700 ppb. The Hatu anomaly, the most prominent of these anomalies, is more than 30 km long and about 5 km wide. The mining town of Hatu and the economic gold deposits of Qiqu 1 and Qiqu 2 are at the northern end of this anomaly. The axis of the Hatu anomaly cuts across mapped structure and stratigraphy in the district, but is parallel to the prevailing wind direction. This observation led to the hypothesis that the Hatu anomaly is the result of acolian dispersion of gold from the vicinity of Qiqu 1 and Qiqu 2. The alternative interpretation, that the anomalies reflected additional primary gold occurrences, was not consistent with existing information on the known occurrences and the geology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(93)90066-U","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.B., Theobald, P., Shiquan, S., Tianxiang, R., and Zhihui, H., 1993, The Hatu gold anomaly, Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region, China - testing the hypothesis of aeolian transport of gold: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 47, no. 1-3, p. 201-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(93)90066-U.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba76ee4b08c986b32156d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theobald, P. K.","contributorId":45293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shiquan, S.","contributorId":67227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiquan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tianxiang, R.","contributorId":18120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tianxiang","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhihui, H.","contributorId":67674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhihui","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018265,"text":"70018265 - 1993 - Bacterial degradation of acetone in an outdoor model stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018265","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bacterial degradation of acetone in an outdoor model stream","docAbstract":"Diurnal variations of the acetone concentration in an outdoor model stream were measured with and without a nitrate supplement to determine if the nitrate supplement would stimulate bacterial degradation of the acetone. Acetone loss coefficients were computed from the diurnal data using a fitting procedure based on a Lagrangian particle model. The coefficients indicated that bacterial degradation of the acetone was occurring in the downstream part of the stream during the nitrate addition. However, the acetone concentrations stabilized at values considerably above the limit of detection for acetone determination, in contrast to laboratory respirometer studies where the acetone concentration decreased rapidly to less than the detection limit, once bacterial acclimation to the acetone had occurred. One possible explanation for the difference in behavior was the limited 6-hour residence time of the acetone in the model stream.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(93)90065-V","issn":"02697491","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., Stephens, D.W., and Tai, D.Y., 1993, Bacterial degradation of acetone in an outdoor model stream: Environmental Pollution, v. 79, no. 2, p. 153-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90065-V.","startPage":"153","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205959,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90065-V"},{"id":227634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef9ce4b0c8380cd4a358","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018261,"text":"70018261 - 1993 - Basic concepts in three-part quantitative assessments of undiscovered mineral resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018261","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basic concepts in three-part quantitative assessments of undiscovered mineral resources","docAbstract":"Since 1975, mineral resource assessments have been made for over 27 areas covering 5??106 km2 at various scales using what is now called the three-part form of quantitative assessment. In these assessments, (1) areas are delineated according to the types of deposits permitted by the geology,(2) the amount of metal and some ore characteristics are estimated using grade and tonnage models, and (3) the number of undiscovered deposits of each type is estimated. Permissive boundaries are drawn for one or more deposit types such that the probability of a deposit lying outside the boundary is negligible, that is, less than 1 in 100,000 to 1,000,000. Grade and tonnage models combined with estimates of the number of deposits are the fundamental means of translating geologists' resource assessments into a language that economists can use. Estimates of the number of deposits explicitly represent the probability (or degree of belief) that some fixed but unknown number of undiscovered deposits exist in the delineated tracts. Estimates are by deposit type and must be consistent with the grade and tonnage model. Other guidelines for these estimates include (1) frequency of deposits from well-explored areas, (2) local deposit extrapolations, (3) counting and assigning probabilities to anomalies and occurrences, (4) process constraints, (5) relative frequencies of related deposit types, and (6) area spatial limits. In most cases, estimates are made subjectively, as they are in meteorology, gambling, and geologic interpretations. In three-part assessments, the estimates are internally consistent because delineated tracts are consistent with descriptive models, grade and tonnage models are consistent with descriptive models, as well as with known deposits in the area, and estimates of number of deposits are consistent with grade and tonnage models. All available information is used in the assessment, and uncertainty is explicitly represented. ?? 1993 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02272804","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., 1993, Basic concepts in three-part quantitative assessments of undiscovered mineral resources: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 2, no. 2, p. 69-81, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02272804.","startPage":"69","endPage":"81","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205943,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272804"},{"id":227552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efe1e4b0c8380cd4a4d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018245,"text":"70018245 - 1993 - Interaction of rising frazil with suspended particles: Tank experiments with applications to nature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:11:32.568458","indexId":"70018245","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of rising frazil with suspended particles: Tank experiments with applications to nature","docAbstract":"Widespread occurrence of sediment-laden (turbid) sea ice and high concentrations of diatoms and foraminifers in ice have recently been reported from both polar regions. Many possible mechanisms of particle entrainment into ice have been postulated, among which scavenging by rising frazil ice and nucleation or adhesion of ice onto suspended particles appear to be the most likely ones. No reliable experimental data on the mechanisms, however, are available. Because of the importance of turbid ice for sediment transport, tanks for laboratory-scale experiments were constructed, in which frazil crystals produced at the base were monitored rising through water column laden with various types of particulate matter, including plankton. Observations made in salt water are reported here.
Over a distance of 1.5 m, frazil < 1 mm in diameter grew to crystals or flocs several cm in diameter, rising at average velocities of 2 to 3 cm/s. Rise velocities were a function of frazil size, but varied greatly due to interactions of ice particles of different size and velocity and the resulting turbulence. Sand-size particles could be either trapped permanently by rising frazil, or were temporarily supported and again released. With live plankton, a several-fold enrichment of ice occurred, suggesting that their irregular shapes or appendages were caught by ice flocs. Diatom- and foram tests were also relatively effectively trapped. The concentration of silt- and clay-size terrigenous detritus in frazil tended to increase relative to the water. We found no preferential sorting by ice in this size range. Various kinds of evidence showed that ice does not nucleate onto foreign particles, and has no adhesive properties. Foreign material resided in the interstices of crystal aggregates, and particles denser than water could be released by agitation, suggesting that scavenging is a mechanical process. With rising frazil, the settling of particulate matter therefore is either retarded or reversed, resulting in a net upward sediment flux and a sediment-laden ice cover from this process of suspension freezing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0165-232X(93)90002-P","usgsCitation":"Reimnitz, E., Clayton, J.R., Kempema, E., Payne, J.R., and Weber, W.S., 1993, Interaction of rising frazil with suspended particles: Tank experiments with applications to nature: Cold Regions Science and Technology, v. 21, no. 2, p. 117-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(93)90002-P.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227326,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cb7e4b0c8380cd62f95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimnitz, E.","contributorId":61557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, J. R.","contributorId":34669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clayton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kempema, E. W.","contributorId":105314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kempema","given":"E. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Payne, J. R.","contributorId":43508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weber, W. S.","contributorId":9774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018399,"text":"70018399 - 1993 - Gas buildup in Lake Nyos, Cameroon: The recharge process and its consequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T12:22:37.076498","indexId":"70018399","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas buildup in Lake Nyos, Cameroon: The recharge process and its consequences","docAbstract":"The gases dissolved in Lake Nyos, Cameroon, were quantified recently (December 1989 and September 1990) by two independent techniques: in-situ measurements using a newly designed probe and laboratory analyses of samples collected in pre-evacuated stainless steel cylinders. The highest concentrations of CO2 and CH4 were 0.30 mol/kg and 1.7 mmol/kg, respectively, measured in cylinders collected 1 m above lake bottom. Probe measurements of in-situ gas pressure at three different stations showed that horizontal variations in total dissolved gas were negligible. Total dissolved-gas pressure near the lake bottom is 1.06 MPa (10.5 atm), 50% as high as the hydrostatic pressure of 2.1 MPa (21 atm). Comparing the CO2 profile constructed from the 1990 data to one obtained in May 1987 shows that CO2 concentrations have increased at depths to below 150 m. Based on these profiles, the average rate of CO2 input to bottom waters was 2.6 × 108 mol/a. Increased deep-water temperatures require an average heat flow of 0.32 MW into the hypolimnion over the same time period. The transport rates of CO2, heat, and major ions into the hypolimnion suggest that a low-temperature reservoir of free CO2 exists a short distance below lake bottom and that convective cycling of lake water through the sediments is involved in transporting the CO2 into the lake from the underlying diatreme. Increased CH4 concentrations at all depths below the oxycline and a high14C content (41% modern) in the CH4 4 m above lake bottom show that much of the CH4 is biologically produced within the lake. The CH4 production rate may vary with time, but if the CO2 recharge rate remains constant, CO2 saturation of the entire hypolimnion below 50 m depth would require ∼140a, given present-day concentrations.
The South Platte River Basin was one of 20 study units selected in 1991 for investigation under the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. One of the initial tasks undertaken by the study unit team was to review the environmental setting of the basin and assemble ancillary data on natural and anthropogenic factors in the basin. The physical, chemical, and biological quality of the water in the South Platte River Basin is explicitly tied to its environmental setting. The resulting water quality is the product of the natural conditions and human factors that make up the environmental setting of the basin.
This description of the environmental setting of the South Platte River Basin and its implications to the water quality will help guide the design of the South Platte NAWQA study. Natural conditions such as physiography, climate, geology, and soils affect the ambient water quality while anthropogenic factors such as water use, population, land use and water-management practices can have a pronounced effect on water quality in the basin. The relative effects of mining, urban, and agricultural land- and water-uses on water-quality constituents are not well understood. The interrelation of the surface-water and ground-water systems and the chemical and biological processes that affect the transport of constituents needs to be addressed. Interactions between biological communities and the water resources also should be considered. The NAWQA program and the South Platte River Basin study will provide information to minimize existing knowledge gaps, so that we may better understand the effect these natural conditions and human factors have on the water-quality conditions in the basin, now and in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03231.x","usgsCitation":"Dennehy, K.F., Litke, D.W., Tate, C.M., and Heiny, J.S., 1993, South Platte River Basin - Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 29, no. 4, p. 647-683, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb03231.x.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"683","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b93cae4b08c986b31a6ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennehy, Kevin F. kdennehy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"Kevin","email":"kdennehy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litke, David W.","contributorId":19145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tate, Cathy M. cmtate@usgs.gov","contributorId":3438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Cathy","email":"cmtate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heiny, Janet S.","contributorId":93468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heiny","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018333,"text":"70018333 - 1993 - Model for episodic flow of high-pressure water in fault zones before earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T12:56:36.472016","indexId":"70018333","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Model for episodic flow of high-pressure water in fault zones before earthquakes","docAbstract":"In this model for the evolution of large crustal faults, water that originally came from the country rock saturates the initially highly porous and permeable fault zone. During shearing, the fault zone compacts and water flows back into the country rock, but the flow is arrested by silicate deposition that forms very low permeability seals between the fault zone and the country rock. Because of variations in temperature and mineralogical composition and the complex structure of the fault zone, a three-dimensional network of seals is formed in the fault zone itself; thus, the high-pressure fluid is not evenly distributed. As in deep oil reservoirs, the fluid will be confined to seal-bounded fluid compartments of various sizes and porosity that are not hydraulically connected with each other or with the hydrostatic regime in the country rock. When the seal between two of these compartments is ruptured, an electrical streaming potential will be generated by the sudden movement of fluid from the high-pressure compartment to the low-pressure compartment. When the pore pressure in the two compartments reaches its final equilibrium state, the average effective normal stress across them may be lower than it was initially, and, if the two compartments are large enough, this condition may trigger an earthquake. During an earthquake, many of the remaining seals will be ruptured, and the width of the fault zone will increase by failure of the geometric irregularities on the fault. This newly created, highly porous and permeable, but now wider fault zone will fill with water, and the process described above will be repeated. Thus, the process is an episodic one, with the water moving in and out of the fault zone, and each large earthquake should be preceded by an electrical and/or magnetic signal.
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez supertanker grounded on Bligh Reef, spilling North Slope crude oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska. Tracking the geochemical fate of this spilled oil has revealed, in addition to weathered products from the spill, minor oil residues on beaches from a distinctly different source. By using carbon isotopic compositions of whole-oil residues as a principal method of identification, we found that the δ13C values of Exxon Valdez oil (one sample) and its residues (eight samples from six islands) average -29.3 ±0.1‰. In contrast, the non-Exxon Valdez residues (15 samples from 12 localities) have an average δ13C value of -23.8 ±0.1‰. This tight distribution of carbon isotopic values suggests a single event to explain the non-Exxon Valdez residues. This event likely was the Great Alaska Earthquake of March 27, 1964. This quake and the subsequent tsunami destroyed asphalt storage facilities at the old Valdez town site, spilling asphalt (δ13C = -23.6‰) into Port Valdez fjord. From there the asphalt apparently advanced south into the sound. Thus, the possible connection between two Alaskan catastrophes, separated by 25 yr, is found in the minor oil- like residues that continue to mark the two events on the beaches of Prince William Sound.
The Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit in Saudi Arabia (lat 25 degrees 09'N, long 42 degrees 41'E) consists predominantly of swarms of steeply dipping, subparallel, tungsten-bearing quartz veins and of less abundant, smaller stockwork veins. It is spatially, temporally, and genetically associated with a 569 Ma, highly differentiated, porphyritic, two-feldspar granite that intrudes Late Proterozoic immature sandstones.Paragenetic data from crosscutting veins demonstrate unambiguously a single cycle of magma intrusion and hydrothermal mineralization. Hypogene mineralization can be divided into three periods: (1) early quartz-molybdenite stockwork veining, (2) wolframite- and scheelite-bearing, greisen-bordered veining, and (3) late, quartz-carbonate-fluorite veining. The first two of these three periods can be further divided into several stages that are transitional to each other. The greisen-bordered veins, in particular, show replacement of earlier mineral assemblages by later ones. Precious and base metal veins at Baid al Jimalah East, approximately 1.5 km east of the Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit, are genetically related to the tungsten deposit and probably formed contemporaneously with the greisenized tungsten-bearing veins.Fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope data indicate that the Baid al Jimalah deposit formed over a temperature range of 120 degrees to 550 degrees C, from low salinity magmatic and metamorphic fluids, and at a depth of about 4.2 km. Early stockwork veins (period 1) formed at low magmatic temperatures (ca. 550 degrees C) from magma-derived (delta 18 O = 9.6-9.7ppm), low-salinity (1-2 wt % NaCl equiv) fluid. This hydrothermal fluid was generally low density and CO 2 rich. All other veins were formed from regionally derived fluid in equilibrium with metamorphic rocks (delta 18 O = 7.9 + or - 1.0ppm at the site of deposition). This fluid probably scavenged most of the period 2 ore-mineral components from a postulated granite batholith whose existence is indicated by a 6-mGal gravity low centered on the deposit. The greisen-bordered tungsten veins (period 2) formed from fluids in the liquid state at temperatures mostly between 380 degrees and 440 degrees C with salinities between 4.5 and 10.9 wt percent NaCl equiv. Late, barren veins (period 3) formed from liquids with salinities between 0.0 and 3.5 wt percent NaCl equiv at temperatures as low as 120 degrees C. The veins at Baid al Jimalah East formed from liquids with salinities between 0 and 4.2 wt percent NaCl equiv at temperatures mostly between about 340 degrees and 390 degrees C. Important volatile constituents in some hydrothermal fluids were CO 2 and CH 4 , in addition to H 2 O and HF. The delta 18 O data on mineral separates of fresh and altered Bald al Jimalah granite, and whole-rock delta 18 O data on country-rock samples as far as 16 km from the deposit, indicate that the rocks in the Bald al Jimalah area were pervasively infiltrated by a fluid with relatively high delta 18 O values. Interaction and exchange of the country rocks with this delta 18 O fluid led to an increase in the delta 18 O values of volcanic rocks of the Jurdhawiyah Group but to a decrease in the delta 18 O values of the high value delta 18 O Murdama Group sandstones, resulting in a hydrothermal anomaly exceeding 100 km 2 in area. This fluid had an estimated delta 18 O value of about 6 to 8 per mil, essentially identical to that of the metamorphic water calculated from the vein quartz, thus strongly supporting the conclusion that all of the mineral deposits at Baid al Jimalah (except for the early-stage quartz-molybdenite veins), as well as the 12-km 2 geochemical anomaly surrounding the deposit, were from the same metamorphic fluid.Bald al Jimalah is similar in character and origin to Phanerozoic tungsten-tin greisen deposits throughout the world, especially the Hemerdon deposit in Devon, England. It is also analogous to Climax-type molybdenum deposits, which contain virtually identical mineral assemblages, but with the relative proportions of molybdenum and tungsten mineralization reversed, primarily owing to differences in oxygen fugacity. This similarity in mineralization styles and fluid histories indicates that metallogenic processes in granite-related deposits in the late Precambrian were similar to those seen in the Phanerozoic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.7.1743","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Kamilli, R., Cole, J.C., Elliott, J.E., and Criss, R., 1993, Geology and genesis of the Baid Al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 7, p. 1743-1767, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.7.1743.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1743","endPage":"1767","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228632,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a22d6e4b0c8380cd57399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kamilli, R.J.","contributorId":75550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamilli","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":51292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017804,"text":"70017804 - 1993 - Late Mississippian productoid brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark region of Oklahoma and Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T11:16:50.147627","indexId":"70017804","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Mississippian productoid brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark region of Oklahoma and Arkansas","docAbstract":"Specimens of the Late Mississippian productoid genera Inflatia and Keokukia from northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas, collected from the Boone and “Moorefield” Formations, Hindsville Limestone, and Fayetteville Shale, display morphologic similarities and differences that delineate species and determine their biostratigraphic ranges. Generic assignments are based primarily on internal characters. Systematic descriptions include seven species of Inflatia Muir-Wood and Cooper: Productus inflatus McChesney (the type species), P. cherokeensis Drake, P. clydensis Girty (figured herein for the first time and for which a lectotype is designated), four new species of Inflatia (I. cooperi, I. gracilis, I. pusilla, and I.? succincta), and one species of Keokukia (the type species for the genus, K. sulcata Carter). Also proposed and described is a new genus, Adairia, with its type species Productus (Marginifera) adairensis Drake. All these species of Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia have biostratigraphically restricted ranges within the Meramecian and Chesterian sequence in the Ozark region.
A new mass-conservative method for solution of the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation is derived and discussed. Test results demonstrate that the finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian localized adjoint method (FVELLAM) outperforms standard finite-difference methods, in terms of accuracy and efficiency, for solute transport problems that are dominated by advection. For dispersion-dominated problems, the performance of the method is similar to that of standard methods. Like previous ELLAM formulations, FVELLAM systematically conserves mass globally with all types of boundary conditions. FVELLAM differs from other ELLAM approaches in that integrated finite differences, instead of finite elements, are used to approximate the governing equation. This approach, in conjunction with a forward tracking scheme, greatly facilitates mass conservation. The mass storage integral is numerically evaluated at the current time level, and quadrature points are then tracked forward in time to the next level. Forward tracking permits straightforward treatment of inflow boundaries, thus avoiding the inherent problem in backtracking, as used by most characteristic methods, of characteristic lines intersecting inflow boundaries. FVELLAM extends previous ELLAM results by obtaining mass conservation locally on Lagrangian space-time elements. Details of the integration, tracking, and boundary algorithms are presented. Test results are given for problems in Cartesian and radial coordinates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00403","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., and Russell, T., 1993, A finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method for solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 7, p. 2399-2413, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00403.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2399","endPage":"2413","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3dbe4b0c8380cd46269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russell, T.F.","contributorId":86811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018010,"text":"70018010 - 1993 - Sampling and major element chemistry of the recent (A.D. 1631-1944) Vesuvius activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70018010","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling and major element chemistry of the recent (A.D. 1631-1944) Vesuvius activity","docAbstract":"Detailed sampling of the Vesuvius lavas erupted in the period A.D. 1631-1944 provides a suite of samples for comprehensive chemical analyses and related studies. Major elements (Si, Ti, Al, Fetotal, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K and P), volatile species (Cl, F, S, H2O+, H2O- and CO2), and ferrous iron (Fe2+) were determined for one hundred and forty-nine lavas and five tephra from the A.D. 1631-1944 Vesuvius activity. The lavas represent a relatively homogeneous suite with respect to SiO2, TiO2, FeOtotal, MnO and P2O5, but show systematic variations among MgO, K2O, Na2O, Al2O3 and CaO. The average SiO2 content is 48.0 wt.% and the rocks are classified as tephriphonolites according to their content of alkalis. All of the lavas are silica-undersaturated and are nepheline, leucite, and olivine normative. There is no systematic variation in major-element composition with time, over the period A.D. 1631-1944. The inter-eruption and intra-eruption compositional differences are the same magnitude. The lavas are highly porphyritic with clinopyroxene and leucite as the major phases. Fractionation effects are not reflected in the silica content of the lavas. The variability of MgO, K2O, Na2O, and CaO can be modelled as a relative depletion or accumulation of clinopyroxene. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H., Kilburn, C., and de Vivo, B., 1993, Sampling and major element chemistry of the recent (A.D. 1631-1944) Vesuvius activity: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 58, no. 1-4, p. 273-290.","startPage":"273","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab06ee4b0c8380cd87adf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kilburn, C.R.J.","contributorId":102653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilburn","given":"C.R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Vivo, B.","contributorId":50549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vivo","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}