The apparatus consists of a heavy object that is dragged steadily with an elastic cord. Although pulled with a constant velocity, the heavy object repeatedly slides and then stops. A small vibration sensor, attached to a computer display, graphically monitors this intermittent motion. 2 This intermittent sliding motion mimics the intermittent fault slippage that characterizes the earthquake fault zones. In tectonically active regions, the Earth's outer brittle shell, which is about 50 km thick, is slowly deformed elastically along active faults. As the deformation increases, stress also increases, until fault slippage releases the stored elastic energy. This process is called elastic rebound. Detailed instructions are given for assembly and construction of this demonstration. Included are suggested sources for the vibration sensor (geophone) and the computer interface. Exclusive of the personal computer, the total cost is between $125 and $150. I gave a talk at the Geological Society of America's Cordilleran Section Centennial meeting on June 2, 1999. The slides show how this table-top demonstration can be used to help meet many of the K-12 teaching goals described in Benchmarks for Science Literacy (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1993).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98767","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lahr, J., 1998, Table-top earthquakes; a demonstration of seismology for teachers and students that can be used to augment lessons in earth science, physics, math, social studies, geography: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-767, 14 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98767.","productDescription":"14 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0767/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1685,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0767/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52914,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0767/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687830","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23527,"text":"ofr98794 - 1998 - The probability of lava inundation at the proposed and existing Kulani prison sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr98794","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-794","title":"The probability of lava inundation at the proposed and existing Kulani prison sites","docAbstract":"The State of Hawai`i has proposed building a 2,300-bed medium-security prison about 10 km downslope from the existing Kulani medium-security correctional facility. The proposed and existing facilities lie on the northeast rift zone of Mauna Loa, which last erupted in 1984 in this same general area. We use the best available geologic mapping and dating with GIS software to estimate the average recurrence interval between lava flows that inundate these sites. Three different methods are used to adjust the number of flows exposed at the surface for those flows that are buried to allow a better representation of the recurrence interval. Probabilities are then computed, based on these recurrence intervals, assuming that the data match a Poisson distribution. The probability of lava inundation for the existing prison site is estimated to be 11- 12% in the next 50 years. The probability of lava inundation for the proposed sites B and C are 2- 3% and 1-2%, respectively, in the same period. The probabilities are based on estimated recurrence intervals for lava flows, which are approximately proportional to the area considered. The probability of having to evacuate the prison is certainly higher than the probability of lava entering the site. Maximum warning times between eruption and lava inundation of a site are estimated to be 24 hours for the existing prison site and 72 hours for proposed sites B and C. Evacuation plans should take these times into consideration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98794","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J.P., Trusdell, F., and Heliker, C., 1998, The probability of lava inundation at the proposed and existing Kulani prison sites: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-794, 21 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98794.","productDescription":"21 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1588,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/products/OF98794/OF98794toc.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0794/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52816,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0794/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641a74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. P.","contributorId":69992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trusdell, F. A.","contributorId":57471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heliker, C. C.","contributorId":70753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"C. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24063,"text":"ofr98754 - 1998 - Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of the circum-north Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"ofr98754","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-754","title":"Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of the circum-north Pacific","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98754","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Nokleberg, W., Parfenov, J., Norton, I., Khanchuk, A., Stone, D., Scholl, D., and Fujita, K., 1998, Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of the circum-north Pacific: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-754, 125 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98754.","productDescription":"125 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0754/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53237,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0754/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db68792f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parfenov, J.W.","contributorId":23176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parfenov","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Norton, I.O.","contributorId":10834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"I.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Khanchuk, A.I.","contributorId":99588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khanchuk","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stone, D.B.","contributorId":17266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fujita, Kazuya","contributorId":15654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujita","given":"Kazuya","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":24160,"text":"ofr98771 - 1998 - Surficial geology and neotectonics of selected areas of western Idaho and northeastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:08","indexId":"ofr98771","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-771","title":"Surficial geology and neotectonics of selected areas of western Idaho and northeastern Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\n[Books and Open-file Reports Section, distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98771","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Personius, S., 1998, Surficial geology and neotectonics of selected areas of western Idaho and northeastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-771, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98771.","productDescription":"26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0771/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53298,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0771/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688c5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Personius, S. F. 0000-0001-8347-7370","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-7370","contributorId":31408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24265,"text":"ofr98522 - 1998 - Diatom paleoecology Pass Key core 37, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr98522","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-522","title":"Diatom paleoecology Pass Key core 37, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay","docAbstract":"During the 20th century, there have been large-scale anthropogenic modifications to the South Florida ecosystem. The effects of these changes on Florida Bay and its biological communities are currently of political and scientific interest. This study is part of a larger effort to reconstruct the history of environmental changes in the bay, using paleoecological techniques. We are using diatom indicators preserved in Florida Bay sediments to infer long-term water quality, productivity, nutrient, and salinity changes. We are also obtaining information concerning the natural variability of the ecosystem. \r\n\r\nDiatoms are microscopic algae, the remains of which are generally well preserved in sediments, and their distributions are closely linked to water quality. Diatoms were extracted from a 70-cm sediment core collected from the Pass Key mudbank of Florida Bay by the U.S. Geological Survey. Between 300-500 diatom valves from each of 15 core samples were identified and counted. Estimates of absolute abundance, species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and centric:pennate ratios were calculated for each sample that was counted. Information on the ecology of the diatom species is presented, and changes in diatom community composition are evaluated. \r\n\r\nSamples contained an average of four million diatom valves per gram of sediment. Major changes in the diatom community are evident down core. These include increases in the percent abundance of marine diatoms in the time period represented by the core, probably the result of increasing salinity at Pass Key. Benthic diatoms become less abundant in the top half of the core. This may be related to a number of factors including the die-off of sea grass beds or increased turbidity of the water column. \r\n\r\nOnce the chronology of the Pass Key core 37 is established, these down-core changes can be related to historical events and compared with other indicators in the sedimentary record that are currently being investigated by U.S Geological Survey researchers. \r\n\r\nThis report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98522","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Pyle, L., Cooper, S.R., and Huvane, J., 1998, Diatom paleoecology Pass Key core 37, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-522, 37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98522.","productDescription":"37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1653,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/ofr98522.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65db15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyle, Laura","contributorId":67545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyle","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, S. R.","contributorId":104092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huvane, J.K.","contributorId":70009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huvane","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24064,"text":"ofr98531 - 1998 - Modeling approaches for assessing the risk of nonpoint-source contamination of ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"ofr98531","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-531","title":"Modeling approaches for assessing the risk of nonpoint-source contamination of ground water","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98531","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Nolan, B.T., 1998, Modeling approaches for assessing the risk of nonpoint-source contamination of ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-531, iii, 15 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98531.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0531/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53238,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0531/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, B. T.","contributorId":21565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":191250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21587,"text":"ofr98800 - 1998 - Analytical results for rock and stream-sediment samples collected in 1997 from the Sleetmute Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:49","indexId":"ofr98800","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-800","title":"Analytical results for rock and stream-sediment samples collected in 1997 from the Sleetmute Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98800","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.L., Carlson, R.R., Keith, W.J., and Lee, G.K., 1998, Analytical results for rock and stream-sediment samples collected in 1997 from the Sleetmute Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-800, Files online, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98800.","productDescription":"Files online","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1251,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-800/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67ca49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":184774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, Robert R.","contributorId":71944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, William J.","contributorId":21146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, G. K.","contributorId":76722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32145,"text":"ofr98224B - 1998 - Map showing areas with potential for talc deposits in the Gravelly, Greenhorn, and Ruby Ranges and the Henrys Lake Mountains of southwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T13:58:23.902824","indexId":"ofr98224B","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-224","chapter":"B","title":"Map showing areas with potential for talc deposits in the Gravelly, Greenhorn, and Ruby Ranges and the Henrys Lake Mountains of southwestern Montana","docAbstract":"For the last several years, Montana has been the leading talc producing state in the United States (U.S. Geological Survey, 1996). For example, in 1992 Montana supplied about 40 percent of the U.S. mine production of talc (Virta, 1992). All of this production has come from the large deposits of high purity talc in the southwestern part of the state. All Montana talc is currently (1997) extracted from four mines, each within the study area of this map—the open pit operations of the Treasure State, Regal, and Yellowstone mines and the underground operation of the Beaverhead mine (see map numbers 1-4 on list and map to the left). The related mineral chlorite is mined at the Antler mine, located nearby, but outside of the study area in the Highland Mountains. Montana talc has at least two market advantages: (1) some deposits are very large and near surface, allowing economic mining by open pit methods; and (2) the deposits are of high purity and lack tremolite or other amphibole mineral contaminants (such as absestos) that occur in some other talc-rich deposits. Talc from southwest Montana is used in ceramics, paint, paper, plastics, cosmetics, rubber, roofing, flooring, caulking, and agricultural applications. The talc is also used in the processes of recycling paper and plastics.
Talc was first discovered in the early 1900's at the present site of the Yellowstone mine (Perry, 1948, p. 9). Modest production began in 1942 from shallow pits and adits, supplying steatite (massive, compact, high-purity) talc that was used to make ceramic insulators. The southwest Montana talc industry grew to become a significant part of the region's economy; this history is described by Perry (1948), Olson (1976), and Berg (1997). Exploration and development are likely to continue for the foreseeable future for several reasons: (1) mines are active in the area at present and an infrastructure for talc processing exists; (2) large changes in domestic and export talc markets are not expected in the next few years based on recent market trends (Virta, 1997); (3) the talc of this region is especially pure and asbestos-free; and (4) except for potential ground stabilization problems and land disturbance associated with largescale open pit mining, no significant environmental impacts are associated with talc mining.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98224B","usgsCitation":"Van Gosen, B.S., Berg, R.B., and Hammarstrom, J.M., 1998, Map showing areas with potential for talc deposits in the Gravelly, Greenhorn, and Ruby Ranges and the Henrys Lake Mountains of southwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-224, 1 Plate: 42.65 × 33.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98224B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 42.65 × 33.62 inches","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108810,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17783.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17783"},{"id":3105,"rank":300,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0224-b/98_224b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Gravelly, Greenhorn, and Ruby Ranges and the Henrys Lake Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -111.25,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -111.25,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 44.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db65946d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berg, Richard B.","contributorId":57912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24202,"text":"ofr98219C - 1998 - Gamma-ray radioactivity data, Payette National Forest, west-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"ofr98219C","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-219","chapter":"C","title":"Gamma-ray radioactivity data, Payette National Forest, west-central Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98219C","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Pitkin, J.A., 1998, Gamma-ray radioactivity data, Payette National Forest, west-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-219, 34 p.; ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98219C.","productDescription":"34 p.; ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53344,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b13c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitkin, J. A.","contributorId":85194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitkin","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29526,"text":"wri984055 - 1998 - Techniques for estimating peak-flow magnitude and frequency relations for South Dakota streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri984055","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4055","title":"Techniques for estimating peak-flow magnitude and frequency relations for South Dakota streams","docAbstract":"A generalized skew coefficient analysis was completed for South Dakota to test the validity of using the generalized skew coefficient map in Bulletin 17B of the 1982 United States Water Resources Council, ?Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency.? Results of the analysis indicate that the Bulletin 17B generalized skew coefficient map generally provides adequate generalized skew coefficients for estimating peakflow magnitudes and frequencies for South Dakota gaging stations. Peak-flow records through 1994 for 197 continuous- and partial-record streamflow-gaging stations that had 10 or more years of unregulated systematic record were used in a generalized leastsquares regression analysis that relates peak flows for selected recurrence intervals to selected basin characteristics. Peak-flow equations were developed for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years for seven hydrologic subregions in South Dakota. The peak-flow equations are applicable to natural-flow streams that have drainage areas less than or equal to 1,000 square miles. The standard error of estimate for the seven hydrologic subregions ranges from 22 to 110 percent for the 100-year peak-flow equations. Weighted peak flows for various frequencies based on gaging-station data and the regional regression equations are provided for each gaging station. Examples are given for (1) determining peak-flow magnitudes and frequencies for ungaged sites on ungaged streams; (2) determining weighted peak-flow magnitudes and frequencies for gaging stations; and (3) using the drainage-area ratio method for determining peakflow magnitudes and frequencies for ungaged sites near a gaging station on the same stream and ungaged sites between two gaging stations on the same stream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984055","usgsCitation":"Sando, S.K., 1998, Techniques for estimating peak-flow magnitude and frequency relations for South Dakota streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4055, iv, 48 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984055.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2376,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri98-4055/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697eb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sando, Steven K. 0000-0003-1206-1030 sksando@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-1030","contributorId":1016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"Steven","email":"sksando@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23588,"text":"ofr98219D - 1998 - Aeromagnetic and gravity studies of Payette National Forest, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"ofr98219D","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-219","chapter":"D","title":"Aeromagnetic and gravity studies of Payette National Forest, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98219D","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kleinkopf, M.D., 1998, Aeromagnetic and gravity studies of Payette National Forest, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-219, 27 p. (some folded) :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98219D.","productDescription":"27 p. (some folded) :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52880,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleinkopf, M. D.","contributorId":10036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinkopf","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24557,"text":"ofr98355 - 1998 - Results from the analysis of 723 stream-sediment samples from the Stikine geophysical survey area within the Petersburg, Sumdum, Bradfield Canal, and Sitka quadrangles, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr98355","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-355","title":"Results from the analysis of 723 stream-sediment samples from the Stikine geophysical survey area within the Petersburg, Sumdum, Bradfield Canal, and Sitka quadrangles, southeastern Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept.of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98355","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.M., 1998, Results from the analysis of 723 stream-sediment samples from the Stikine geophysical survey area within the Petersburg, Sumdum, Bradfield Canal, and Sitka quadrangles, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-355, Available only on the web, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98355.","productDescription":"Available only on the web","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1642,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0355/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627207","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. M.","contributorId":27859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24466,"text":"ofr9864 - 1998 - Supporting data for hydrologic studies in San Francisco Bay, California; meteorological measurements at the Port of Redwood City during 1995-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:49:49","indexId":"ofr9864","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-64","title":"Supporting data for hydrologic studies in San Francisco Bay, California; meteorological measurements at the Port of Redwood City during 1995-1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9864","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L., 1998, Supporting data for hydrologic studies in San Francisco Bay, California; meteorological measurements at the Port of Redwood City during 1995-1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-64, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9864.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. +1 disk (3 1/2 in.)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53534,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, L. E.","contributorId":89529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"L. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24602,"text":"ofr98392 - 1998 - Summary of the U.S. Geological Survey National Field Quality Assurance Program from 1979 through 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr98392","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-392","title":"Summary of the U.S. Geological Survey National Field Quality Assurance Program from 1979 through 1997","docAbstract":"Since the inception of the U.S. Geological Survey National Field Quality Assurance Program, over 85,000 proficiency samples have been analyzed by water-quality analysts. This includes more than 10,000 alkalinity samples, more than 15,000 pH samples, and more than 16,000 specific conductance samples, which were analyzed from 1990 through 1997, and a total of more than 43,000 proficiency samples analyzed from 1979 through 1989. The analyte values were evaluated to determine the fourth-spread, a measure of the width of the middle half of the data, and the F-pseudosigma, a robust replacement for the standard deviation, for each of the different measurement ranges. The result of the statistical evaluation showed that the vast majority of reference sample measurements made by water-quality analysts were within acceptable ranges. From 1990 to 1997, the measurement of pH had the highest level of acceptable results, 98.4 percent, followed by specific conductance with 95.2 percent acceptable results, and alkalinity with 88.6 percent acceptable results. \rThe statistical summary of pH indicates the calculated fourth-spread values for the entire tested range is +0.06 pH units. For specific conductance, the magnitude of the fourth-spread increases as the magnitude of the specific conductance ranges increases. The average relative fourth-spread percent for all reported specific conductance values is +1.8 percent. From 1990 through 1997, the evaluation of the results for alkalinity measurement for the average fourth-spread was determined to be + 3.3 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOrder from U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98392","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Stanley, D., Boozer, T., and Schroder, L., 1998, Summary of the U.S. Geological Survey National Field Quality Assurance Program from 1979 through 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-392, iv, 11 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98392.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1632,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr98-392","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, D.L.","contributorId":36171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boozer, T.M.","contributorId":56679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boozer","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":192232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53946,"text":"ofr98206AB - 1998 - Database of significant deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T13:00:41","indexId":"ofr98206AB","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-206","chapter":"A,B","title":"Database of significant deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States","docAbstract":"It has long been recognized that the largest mineral deposits contain most of the known mineral endowment (Singer and DeYoung, 1980). Sometimes called giant or world-class deposits, these largest deposits account for a very large share of historic and current mineral production and resources in industrial society (Singer, 1995). For example, Singer (1995) shows that the largest 10 percent of the world’s gold deposits contain 86 percent of the gold discovered to date. Many mineral resource issues and investigations are more easily addressed if limited to the relatively small number of deposits that contain most of the known mineral resources. An estimate of known resources using just these deposits would normally be sufficient, because considering smaller deposits would not add significantly to the total estimate. Land-use planning should treat mainly with these deposits due to their relative scarcity, the large share of known resources they contain, and the fact that economies of scale allow minerals to be produced much more cheaply from larger deposits. Investigation of environmental and other hazards that result from mining operations can be limited to these largest deposits because they account for most of past and current production.
The National Mineral Resource Assessment project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has compiled a database on the largest known deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States to complement the 1996 national assessment of undiscovered deposits of these same metals (Ludington and Cox, 1996). The deposits in this database account for approximately 99 percent of domestic production of these metals and probably a similar share of identified resources. These data may be compared with results of the assessment of undiscovered resources to characterize the nation’s total mineral endowment for these metals. This database is a starting point for any national or regional mineral-resource or mineral-environmental investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98206AB","usgsCitation":"Long, K.R., DeYoung, and Ludington, S., 1998, Database of significant deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-206, Report: 60 p.; Readme; References; Dataset: XLS; Dataset: TAB, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98206AB.","productDescription":"Report: 60 p.; Readme; References; Dataset: XLS; Dataset: TAB","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4860,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0206a-b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284315,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0206a-b/SD4.tab"},{"id":87811,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0206a-b/pdf/of98-206a.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284312,"rank":4,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0206a-b/readme.txt"},{"id":284313,"rank":5,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0206a-b/pdf/98-206arefs.pdf"},{"id":298314,"rank":7,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0206a-b/images/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":284314,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0206a-b/SD4.xls"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672a10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Keith R. 0000-0002-6457-2820 klong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-2820","contributorId":2279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Keith","email":"klong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeYoung, Jr. 0000-0003-1169-6026 jdeyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-6026","contributorId":523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeYoung","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jdeyoung@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludington, Stephen slud@usgs.gov","contributorId":3093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Stephen","email":"slud@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22637,"text":"ofr98489 - 1998 - Digital mine claim density map for Federal lands in Montana, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-15T12:12:57.201493","indexId":"ofr98489","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-489","title":"Digital mine claim density map for Federal lands in Montana, 1996","docAbstract":"This report describes a digital map and data files generated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to provide digital spatial mining claim information for Federal lands in Montana as of March, 1997. Statewide, 159,704 claims had been recorded with the Bureau of Land Management since 1975. Of those claims, 21,055 (13%) are still actively held while 138,649 (87%) are closed and are no longer held. Montana contains 147,704 sections (usually 1 section equals 1 square mile) in the Public Land Survey System, with 8,569 sections (6%) containing claim data. Of the sections with claim data, 2,192 (26%) contain actively held claims. Only 1.5% of Montana’s sections contains actively held mining claims. The four types of mining claim are lode, placer, mill, and tunnel. A mill claim may be as much as 5 acres or 1/128th (0.78125%) of a square mile. A lode claim, about 20 acres, would cover 1/32nd (3.125%) of a square mile. Mining claim data is earth science information deemed to be relevant to the assessment of historic, current, and future ecological, economic, and social systems. The digital map and data files that are available in this report are suitable for geographic information system (GIS)-based regional assessments at a scale of 1:100,000 or smaller. Campbell (1996) summarized the methodology and GIS techniques that were used to produce the mining claim density map of the Pacific Northwest. Campbell and Hyndman (1997) displayed mining claim information for the Pacific Northwest that used data acquired in 1994. Appendix A of this report lists the attribute data for the digital data files. Appendix B contains the GIS metadata.
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