Tornadoes represent the most violent of all forms of atmospheric storms, each year resulting in hundreds of millions of dollars in property damage and approximately one hundred fatalities. In recent years, considerable success has been achieved in detecting tornadic storms by means of Doppler radar. However, radar systems cannot determine when a tornado is actually in contact with the ground, expect possibly at extremely close range. At the present time, human observation is the only truly reliable way of knowing that a tornado is actually on the ground. However, considerable evidence exists indicating that a tornado in contact with the ground produces a significant seismic signal. If such signals are generated, the seismic detection and warning of an imminent tornado can become a distinct possibility.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Tatom, F.B., 1993, Seismic detection of tornadoes: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 5, p. 222-234.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"222","endPage":"234","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e2a8cde4b0f59b85d391b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tatom, F. B.","contributorId":167511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tatom","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162572,"text":"70162572 - 1993 - Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-09T16:06:43","indexId":"70162572","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Klamath Falls earthquakes of 8:28PM PDT (magnitude 5.9) and 10:45 PM PDT (magnitude 6.0) on September 20, 1993, were felt over an area of about 130,000 sq km in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Losses due to property damage are preliminary estimated to be about 7.5 million. A motorist died when the car he was driving was crushed by a boulder in an earthquake-induced rockfall, and an elderly woman died of a heart attack that was apparently triggered by one of the earthquakes.
\nMost of the damage resulting from the earthquakes was reported from Klamath Falls, approximately 20 km from the source region of earthquakes. As has commonly been the case with earthquakes in other parts of the United States, the degree of damage was highly uneven in Klamath Falls. Most of the town escaped with little damage to buildings or building contents. Losses were concentrated in the downtown area, but even there most of the buildings were not damaged. The unevenness of damage in earthquakes results primarily from large differences in the seismic resistance of individual buildings and differences in the seismic response due to different soil conditions and geology beneath buildings.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Dewey, J.W., 1993, Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 3, p. 121-127.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"127","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.00042724609374,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -122.14599609375001,\n 42.50652766705062\n ],\n [\n -122.16522216796875,\n 42.204107493733176\n ],\n [\n -122.0855712890625,\n 42.002366213375524\n ],\n [\n -121.76422119140625,\n 41.97991089691236\n ],\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -121.453857421875,\n 42.1613675328748\n ],\n [\n -121.46209716796875,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 42.50652766705062\n ],\n [\n -121.96746826171875,\n 42.64810165693524\n ],\n [\n -122.00042724609374,\n 42.65012181368025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6c1e4b0b28f1184dbe8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dewey, J. W.","contributorId":31008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017951,"text":"70017951 - 1993 - Possible connection between two Alaskan catastrophes occurring 25 yr apart (1964 and 1989)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T13:09:53.499859","indexId":"70017951","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Possible connection between two Alaskan catastrophes occurring 25 yr apart (1964 and 1989)","docAbstract":"On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez supertanker grounded on Bligh Reef, spilling North Slope crude oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska. Tracking the geochemical fate of this spilled oil has revealed, in addition to weathered products from the spill, minor oil residues on beaches from a distinctly different source. By using carbon isotopic compositions of whole-oil residues as a principal method of identification, we found that the δ13C values of Exxon Valdez oil (one sample) and its residues (eight samples from six islands) average -29.3 ±0.1‰. In contrast, the non-Exxon Valdez residues (15 samples from 12 localities) have an average δ13C value of -23.8 ±0.1‰. This tight distribution of carbon isotopic values suggests a single event to explain the non-Exxon Valdez residues. This event likely was the Great Alaska Earthquake of March 27, 1964. This quake and the subsequent tsunami destroyed asphalt storage facilities at the old Valdez town site, spilling asphalt (δ13C = -23.6‰) into Port Valdez fjord. From there the asphalt apparently advanced south into the sound. Thus, the possible connection between two Alaskan catastrophes, separated by 25 yr, is found in the minor oil- like residues that continue to mark the two events on the beaches of Prince William Sound.
West Virginia is the only place in the United States where an entire section of Pennsylvanian age (Upper Carboniferous) strata can be seen. These strata occur within a wedge of rock that thins to the north and west from the southeastern part of the State. The progressive north-northwesterly termination of older Pennsylvanian geologic units beneath younger ones prominently outlines the center of the Appalachian basin of West Virginia. Over most of West Virginia, Lower and/or Middle Pennsylvanian strata unconformably overly Upper Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) strata. Sediment deposition was accomplished by a complex system of deltas prograding north and west from an eastern and southeastern source area.
More than 100 named coal beds occur within the Lower, Middle, and Upper Pennsylvanian rocks of West Virginia and at least 60 of these have been or are currently being mined commercially. Collectively, these coal beds account for original in-ground coal resources of almost 106.1×109 t (117×109 tons). West Virginia ranks fourth in the United States in demonstrated coal reserves. In 1988, West Virginia produced 131.4×106 t (144.9×106 T) of coal, third highest in the United States. Of this annual production, 75% was from underground mines. In 1988, West Virginia led the nation in the number of longwall mining sections currently in place. West Virginia's low-volatile coal beds are known worldwide as important metallurgical-grade coals, while the higher-volatile coal beds are utilized primarily for steam production.
Land management activities that disrupt surface vegetation cover pose a serious threat to the long-term stability of buried-waste sites located within the semiarid sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) steppe region of the northwestern USA. In this study, we evaluated the erosion response of a sagebrush hillslope subjected to three vegetation cover treatments: natural (undisturbed), bare (plant canopy and litter cover removed), and clipped (canopy removed). A rotating boom rainfall simulator was used to apply rain at 60 or 120 mm/h intensities to runoff plots (3.0 m by 10.7 m) with dry, wet, and very wet antecedent moisture conditions, and during two late and one early summer seasons. Supplemental overland flow was added at the upper end of each plot to simulate increased slope length during very wet runs. Maximum soil loss rates on the natural, clipped, and bare treatments were, respectively, 1, 5, and 216 mg/m2 per s during the 60 mm/h rainfall intensity, and 13, 79, and 1473 mg/m2 per s during the 120 mm/h rainfall intensity. Cumulative soil loss was typically 100 to 1000 times greater on the bare treatment than on the natural or clipped treatments. Increases in simulated slope length produced a near linear increase in soil loss from the bare treatment plots (about 0.02 g/m2 per s soil loss per m of slope length) until 30 m, after which the effect of slope length declined. Surface crust development and mound-intermound microtopography played important roles in governing soil detachment and transport on the hillslope. Despite high rainfall intensity and surface runoff rates, rill erosion was negligible on both the undisturbed and disturbed portions of the hillslope.
The gases dissolved in Lake Nyos, Cameroon, were quantified recently (December 1989 and September 1990) by two independent techniques: in-situ measurements using a newly designed probe and laboratory analyses of samples collected in pre-evacuated stainless steel cylinders. The highest concentrations of CO2 and CH4 were 0.30 mol/kg and 1.7 mmol/kg, respectively, measured in cylinders collected 1 m above lake bottom. Probe measurements of in-situ gas pressure at three different stations showed that horizontal variations in total dissolved gas were negligible. Total dissolved-gas pressure near the lake bottom is 1.06 MPa (10.5 atm), 50% as high as the hydrostatic pressure of 2.1 MPa (21 atm). Comparing the CO2 profile constructed from the 1990 data to one obtained in May 1987 shows that CO2 concentrations have increased at depths to below 150 m. Based on these profiles, the average rate of CO2 input to bottom waters was 2.6 × 108 mol/a. Increased deep-water temperatures require an average heat flow of 0.32 MW into the hypolimnion over the same time period. The transport rates of CO2, heat, and major ions into the hypolimnion suggest that a low-temperature reservoir of free CO2 exists a short distance below lake bottom and that convective cycling of lake water through the sediments is involved in transporting the CO2 into the lake from the underlying diatreme. Increased CH4 concentrations at all depths below the oxycline and a high14C content (41% modern) in the CH4 4 m above lake bottom show that much of the CH4 is biologically produced within the lake. The CH4 production rate may vary with time, but if the CO2 recharge rate remains constant, CO2 saturation of the entire hypolimnion below 50 m depth would require ∼140a, given present-day concentrations.
Juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) were exposed to three levels of metomidate (0.0 = control, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L) and three types of sedation or handling (none, sedation only, and handling after sedation) to determine the efficacy and safety of the drug for use in transport and handling of this species. Mean sedation times were 9 and 3 min, and mean recovery times were 6 and 7 min, respectively, for the 0.5‐ and 1.0‐mg/L concentrations of metomidate. For fish exposed to 1.0 mg metomidate/L, normal swimming behavior was delayed as long as 4 h after fish were placed in drug‐free water. Aggregating and parallel orientation behaviors, precursors of normal schooling, were significantly reduced at the highest drug level for 1 h, but not for 24 h, after recovery. No posttreatment difference in behavior was observed as a result of handling fish (removal from water, weighing, and measuring) under sedation. Long‐term (50‐d) survival was not affected by drug concentration in one experiment and was improved by use of the anesthetic in a second study. Metomidate appears to be useful and safe for the transportation and handling of juvenile American shad.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055%3C0236:EOTAMF%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., Backman, T.W., and Bennett, R.M., 1993, Evaluation of the anesthetic metomidate for the handling and transport of juvenile American shad: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 55, no. 4, p. 236-243, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055%3C0236:EOTAMF%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"243","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129593,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa549","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Backman, T. W. H.","contributorId":84307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Backman","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, R. M.","contributorId":97852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017804,"text":"70017804 - 1993 - Late Mississippian productoid brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark region of Oklahoma and Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T11:16:50.147627","indexId":"70017804","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Mississippian productoid brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark region of Oklahoma and Arkansas","docAbstract":"Specimens of the Late Mississippian productoid genera Inflatia and Keokukia from northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas, collected from the Boone and “Moorefield” Formations, Hindsville Limestone, and Fayetteville Shale, display morphologic similarities and differences that delineate species and determine their biostratigraphic ranges. Generic assignments are based primarily on internal characters. Systematic descriptions include seven species of Inflatia Muir-Wood and Cooper: Productus inflatus McChesney (the type species), P. cherokeensis Drake, P. clydensis Girty (figured herein for the first time and for which a lectotype is designated), four new species of Inflatia (I. cooperi, I. gracilis, I. pusilla, and I.? succincta), and one species of Keokukia (the type species for the genus, K. sulcata Carter). Also proposed and described is a new genus, Adairia, with its type species Productus (Marginifera) adairensis Drake. All these species of Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia have biostratigraphically restricted ranges within the Meramecian and Chesterian sequence in the Ozark region.
In 1987, a cooperative project between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration was initiated to evaluate the origin of the Hatu gold anomaly. The anomaly is located in the Hatu mining district in the northwest corner of Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region in northwest China. The climate is semiarid to arid and wind erosion predominates. A regional soil survey of the Hatu district, based on samples collected on a 200 by 500 m grid and composited prior to chemical analysis to a density of one sample per square km, delineated a series of south-southeast-trending Au anomalies. Anomalous Au values range from 5 ppb to more than 700 ppb. The Hatu anomaly, the most prominent of these anomalies, is more than 30 km long and about 5 km wide. The mining town of Hatu and the economic gold deposits of Qiqu 1 and Qiqu 2 are at the northern end of this anomaly. The axis of the Hatu anomaly cuts across mapped structure and stratigraphy in the district, but is parallel to the prevailing wind direction. This observation led to the hypothesis that the Hatu anomaly is the result of acolian dispersion of gold from the vicinity of Qiqu 1 and Qiqu 2. The alternative interpretation, that the anomalies reflected additional primary gold occurrences, was not consistent with existing information on the known occurrences and the geology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(93)90066-U","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.B., Theobald, P., Shiquan, S., Tianxiang, R., and Zhihui, H., 1993, The Hatu gold anomaly, Xinjiang-Uygur Autonomous Region, China - testing the hypothesis of aeolian transport of gold: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 47, no. 1-3, p. 201-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(93)90066-U.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba76ee4b08c986b32156d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theobald, P. K.","contributorId":45293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shiquan, S.","contributorId":67227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shiquan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tianxiang, R.","contributorId":18120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tianxiang","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhihui, H.","contributorId":67674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhihui","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018318,"text":"70018318 - 1993 - The Geysers-Clear Lake area, California: Thermal waters, mineralization, volcanism, and geothermal potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:48:18.920407","indexId":"70018318","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Geysers-Clear Lake area, California: Thermal waters, mineralization, volcanism, and geothermal potential","docAbstract":"Manifestations of a major thermal anomaly in the Geysers-Clear Lake area of northern California include the late Pliocene to Holocene Clear Lake Volcanics, The Geysers geothermal field, abundant thermal springs, and epithermal mercury and gold mineralization. The epithermal mineralization and thermal springs typically occur along high-angle faults within the broad San Andreas transform fault system that forms the western boundary of the North American plate in this area. The young volcanic rocks overlie Mesozoic marine rocks of the Great Valley sequence which have been thrust above the coeval Franciscan Complex and penecontemporaneously dropped back down along low-angle detachment faults.Many of the waters of the region are nonmeteoric as defined by their isotopic signature. One type of isotopically shifted water emerges from or near Great Valley sequence rocks and is the most chloride rich. It is interpreted to be evolved connate in origin. A second type, evolved meteoric water, has moderate chloride contents, high boron contents, and high B/Cl ratios and is found locally in Franciscan rocks, notably at the Sulphur Bank mercury mine, where it probably results from near-closed-system, repeated boiling of meteoric water in host rocks that also contribute organic components to the water. At the Sulphur Bank mine fracturing of otherwise impermeable Franciscan rocks by faulting has created a localized zone of permeability in which thermal water boils repeatedly with limited venting to the surface. Boron-rich fluids were apparently present at depth in The Geysers geothermal field when intrusion of silicic magma occurred, because the concealed intrusion of felsite is surrounded by a halo of tourmaline-bearing hornfels. The volume of this poorly dated early to middle Quaternary intrusive body probably exceeds the 100 km 3 of erupted Clear Lake Volcanics. Similar intrusions may have occurred in the eastern part of the area at Wilbur Springs and the McLaughlin mine, where gold deposition and evidence of hydrothermal phenomena suggest more magmatic activity than is indicated by the small exposed bodies of early Quaternary basaltic lava. The Clear Lake Volcanics are the present locus of volcanism in the northern Coast Ranges and progressively older volcanic centers occur to the south. Geophysical data suggest that a large silicic magma body may be centered north of The Geysers steam field, providing the heat for the geothermal field.Geothermal power production has peaked at The Geysers and pressure declines indicate significant depletion of the fluid resource. The vapor-dominated field evolved from a preexisting hydrothermal system within fractured, otherwise impermeable Franciscan metamorphic rocks. A deep water table of saline fluid has been postulated to be present under the steam field, but no chloride-rich water has been found at drillable depth. We propose that recently discovered, isotopically shifted steam in the northwest Geysers area indicates the presence not of deep connate water but xather of boiled-down, boron-rich Franciscan evolved meteoric water. This water is likely to be present in limited quantities and will not provide a significant hot water resource for geothermal power production at The Geysers field or from the main Clear Lake volcanic field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.301","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Donnelly-Nolan, J., Burns, M., Goff, F., Peters, E., and Thompson, J., 1993, The Geysers-Clear Lake area, California: Thermal waters, mineralization, volcanism, and geothermal potential: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 2, p. 301-316, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.301.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227639,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba756e4b08c986b3214ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M.","contributorId":104936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, M.G.","contributorId":47928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goff, F.E.","contributorId":26808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"F.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, E.K.","contributorId":51479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, J. M.","contributorId":77142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000701,"text":"1000701 - 1993 - Intrafen and interfen variation of Indiana fens: water chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:40","indexId":"1000701","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3159,"text":"Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intrafen and interfen variation of Indiana fens: water chemistry","docAbstract":"This study establishes a baseline of water chemistry information for selected Indiana fens over the course of one year. Fens are peatlands fed by groundwater seepage and are characterized by their dominant plant communities. Most of the fens discussed in this paper are located on property controlled and protected by the State of Indiana or the Federal government. Comparisons were made of variability in water chemistry data between fens located in the same area and those located some distance away. This survey indicated extensive variability in fen water chemistry with greater variability in water chemistry between fens in separate locations than in yearly variation within individual fens.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stewart, P.M., Kessler, K., and Dunbar, R., 1993, Intrafen and interfen variation of Indiana fens: water chemistry: Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, v. 102, p. 207-217.","productDescription":"p. 207-217","startPage":"207","endPage":"217","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c2e4b07f02db5d3fab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, Paul M.","contributorId":63336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kessler, Katrina","contributorId":14359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kessler","given":"Katrina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunbar, Richard","contributorId":107663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunbar","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162675,"text":"70162675 - 1993 - Slumgullion; Colorado’s natural landslide laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-16T14:52:58","indexId":"70162675","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slumgullion; Colorado’s natural landslide laboratory","docAbstract":"The mammoth Slumgullion landslide in southwestern Colorado is the largest actively moving landslide in Colorado and, perhaps, the entire country. To learn more about how and why landslides move the way they do, scientists at the U.S Geological Survey (USGS) have observed and monitored the remarkably regular movement of this landslide for more than 30 years. Located near Lake City in the San Juan Mountains, Slumgullion was chosen for a comprehensive study of landslide processes because part of the landslide appears to have been moving continuously for the past 300 years, transporting material hundreds of meters downslope, and because the slide has the potential to threaten life and property. Surface features of the landslide, such as folds and faults within the sliding mass, are constantly changing, either being created or destroyed by the continuous movement of the landslide. Current evaluation of hazards includes possible landslide. Current evaluation of hazards includes possible landslide damage to State Highway 149 and recreational areas in the vicinity of Lake San Cristobal.
\nThe mountains of Colorado, and the Rocky Mountains in general, have one of the highest levels of landslide hazard in the nation. In a typical year, landslides hazard in the nation. In a typical year, landslides cause several fatalities and millions of dollars in damage to highways, pipelines, buildings, and forests in Colorado. To reduce such losses we need to understand why landslides occur and how they behave once they form. The Slumgullion landslide, an ideal natural laboratory, offers a unique opportunity to carefully observe and monitor the movement of a large, active landslide. In 1990, soon after the State of Colorado assigned high priority to hazard evaluation of the Slumgullion landslide, the USGS began an intensive study as part of its Landslide Hazards Reduction Program.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Highland, L., 1993, Slumgullion; Colorado’s natural landslide laboratory: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 5, p. 208-221.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"208","endPage":"221","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Southwestern Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.29900360107422,\n 37.99562156537661\n ],\n [\n -107.2921371459961,\n 38.00035618059361\n ],\n [\n -107.27188110351562,\n 37.98479844003271\n ],\n [\n -107.2847557067871,\n 37.97681536208234\n ],\n [\n -107.29196548461914,\n 37.98371603967817\n ],\n [\n -107.29574203491211,\n 37.98087466278139\n ],\n [\n -107.30089187622069,\n 37.994809886364166\n ],\n [\n -107.29900360107422,\n 37.99562156537661\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49d2e4b07ca61bfea5da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Highland, L.M.","contributorId":18780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Highland","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":590112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018309,"text":"70018309 - 1993 - Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and occurrences, southern Yukon-Tanana Terrace, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:43:49.530608","indexId":"70018309","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and occurrences, southern Yukon-Tanana Terrace, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"A belt of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits extends for over 150 km along the southern margin of the Yukon-Tanana terrane of the eastern Alaska Range. Located north of the Denali fault, the Yukon-Tanana terrane forms a major basement unit in east-central Alaska. The volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are primarily in the Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane, one of the highest structural-stratigraphic levels of the Yukon-Tanana terrane. The Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane consists of a volcanogenic massive sulfide-bearing metavolcanic rock member and a metasedimentary rock member. The volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and enclosing metavolcanic and metasedimentary schists exhibit two periods of regional metamorphism and penetrative deformation: an older, Early Cretaceous, amphibolite facies event and a younger, mid-Cretaceous lower greenschist facies event.From northwest to southeast, the major volcanogenic massive sulfide districts are the Bonnifield, Trident Glacier, and Delta. The Bonnifield district contains massive sulfide deposits in metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks that are correlated with the Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane. The 25-km-long, northwest-trending Trident Glacier district contains several occurrences consisting of massive pyrrhotite and lesser pyrite, minor chalcopyrite with or without sphalerite, and galena and arsenopyrite in south-dipping massive sulfide pods, lenses, and stringers that parallel the foliation of the enclosing schists. Host-rock protoliths were mainly andesite, dacite, rhyodacite tuffs and flows, shale, and limestone, with lesser quartz-rich keratophyre flows and tuffs, volcanic graywacke, and siltstone.The Delta district contains at least 35 deposits in an 800-km 2 area. Thirty-one of the deposits define four mineral trends, 5 to 32 km long, that are subparallel to the west-northwest-striking, southwest-dipping structures and lithologies. The deposits consist of layers and zones containing varying amounts of massive to disseminated pyrite and pyrrhotite, and lesser amounts of chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite. The larger deposits range between 1.0 and 12.4 million metric tons with combined grades of 5.6 percent total metal (Cu, Pb, Zn), and Ag and Au contents of 56 and 1.9 g/metric ton, respectively. Hostrock protoliths are similar to those found in the Trident Glacier district, but some of the deposits are spatially associated with diorite or gabbro sills that exhibit lower greenschist facies metamorphism and deformation.Sulfur isotope values of 26 pyrrhotite separates from the Trident Glacier district occurrences average 7.7 per mil, the mean value of seven pyrite separates is 8.1 per mil. Forty-one Delta district pyrite separates average 5.9 per mil and ranges of values of the four northwest-trending trends overlap. The relative consistency of sulfur isotope values of iron-bearing sulfides in the Trident Glacier district, and the apparent lithologic relationship of isotope values in the Delta district, may reflect original-rock sulfur isotope values. Alternatively, the 34 S-enriched values may have resulted from the addition of reduced seawater sulfate to the hydrothermal fluid. The sulfide accumulations are interpreted as kuroko-like deposits that formed along a Devonian continental margin igneous arc. Deeper level portions of the arc are exposed in structurally lower levels of the Yukon-Tanana terrane to the north and contain metamorphosed granodiorite and granite plutons of Devonian to Mississippian age. U-Pb isotope data from zircons from metavolcanic rocks hosting the sulfide bodies indicate an age of about 370 Ma. The 207 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios for sulfides from the three districts are similar and indicate lead was in part derived from first-cycle sediments that were eroded largely from Precambrian crystalline rocks. The 207 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios from feldspars in Devonian metavolcanic rocks are similar to those in sulfides and indicate incorporation of radiogenic Precambrian lead into the Devonian magmas. A Precambrian crystalline source for detritus in metasedimentary rocks is indicated by locally abundant quartzite containing approximately 2.3 Ga zircons which were derived from the Hudsonian-age block of the Canadian Shield in southern British Columbia.Cretaceous greenschist facies retrogressive metamorphism and intense penetrative deformation is indicated by reequilibration of U-Pb isotope ratios, metamorphic Rb-Sr mineral isochrons, and K-Ar biotite and muscovite ages of 110 to 115 Ma. The data indicate that the mid-Cretaceous retrogressive metamorphism and associated intense deformation occurred during the accretion of the Yukon-Tanana terrane to Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.344","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Lange, I.M., Nokleberg, W., Newkirk, S., Aleinikoff, J.N., Church, S.E., and Krouse, H., 1993, Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and occurrences, southern Yukon-Tanana Terrace, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 2, p. 344-376, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.344.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"344","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227505,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0091e4b0c8380cd4f7c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lange, I. M.","contributorId":71597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lange","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newkirk, S.R.","contributorId":97773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newkirk","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krouse, H.R.","contributorId":63067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krouse","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018281,"text":"70018281 - 1993 - Aspects of three-dimensional strain at the margin of the extensional orogen, Virgin River depression area, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T13:07:55.379999","indexId":"70018281","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspects of three-dimensional strain at the margin of the extensional orogen, Virgin River depression area, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona","docAbstract":"The Virgin River depression and surrounding mountains are Neogene features that are partly contiguous with the little-strained rocks of the structural transition to the Colorado Plateau province. This contiguity makes the area ideally suited for evaluating the sense, magnitude, and kinematics of Neogene deformation. Analysis along the strain boundary shows that, compared to the adjacent little-strained area, large-magnitude vertical deformation (both uplift and depression, locally exceeding 10 km) greatly exceeds extensional deformation and that significant amounts of lateral displacement approximately parallel the province boundary. Extensional kinematics, the directions of lateral displacements, and the position and orientation of uplifts and one major depression are such that isostatic rebound following tectonic denudation is an unlikely direct cause of the strong vertical structural relief adjacent to the strain boundary. Instead, the observed structures are first-order features defining a three-dimensional strain field produced by approximately east-west extension, vertical structural attenuation, and extension-normal shortening.
All major structural elements of the strain-boundary strain field are also found in the adjacent Basin and Range. Especially evident is a discontinuous and inhomogeneous distribution of vertical structural relief resulting from uplift and tilting of the footwalls on convex-upward normal faults, combined with formation of extension-parallel folds. Deformation resulted in a bewilderingly complex mixture of coeval folds, normal faults, strike-slip faults, and, in some areas, reverse faults, thrust faults, and thrust faults reactivated as extensional detachment faults. These complexly mixed structures exhibit a tectonically important aspect of scale independence, ranging from micro- structures to mountain-range scale. Many intensely extended domains appear to reflect a process of surface-relief minimization above uplifted and tilted blocks. Some intensely extended zones are depth-limited by relatively undeformed rocks above, and intact tilted blocks below, and are best viewed as subhorizontal zones of accommodation for the uplift and tilt of subjacent blocks. Whether or not the intense deformation extends to the surface, its depth distribution commonly reflects lithologic or paleostructural controls. Whatever the cause for the concentration of extensional strain, many gently dipping zones are more accurately viewed as local features recording small to moderate extension-parallel translations than a regionally interconnected detachment faults recording enormous extension-parallel translations.
Although the total Neogene strain field in the Nevada-Utah-Arizona tricorner area has unique aspects, other parts of the Basin and Range contain generally similar structures that presumably formed from similar processes. These processes include lateral mass transfer, probably by viscoelastic flow, of the material needed to inflate areas of strong uplift and to translate blocks laterally by tectonic rafting. Directions of mass transfer vary but are commonly both parallel and normal to the direction of extension or parallel to the boundaries of extended areas. Much of the strong vertical structural relief probably reflects boundary-condition or localized perturbations (in the form of restraints or releases) of the lateral flow system. These conclusions are consistent with modern concepts of the flexural strength and rheological stratification of the crust in regions undergoing extension.
The American Fisheries Society (AFS) herein provides a list of all native freshwater mussels (families Margaritiferidae and Unionidae) in the United States and Canada. This report also provides state and provincial distributions; a comprehensive review of the conservation status of all taxa; and references on biology, conservation, and distribution of freshwater mussels. The list includes 297 native freshwater mussels, of which 213 taxa (71.7%) are considered endangered, threatened, or of special concern. Twenty-one taxa (7.1%) are listed as endangered but possibly extinct, 77 (20.6%) as endangered but extant, 43 (14.5%) as threatened, 72 (24.2%) as of special concern, 14 (4.7%) as undetermined, and only 70 (23.6%) as currently stable. The primary reasons for the decline of freshwater mussels are habitat destruction from dams, channel modification, siltation, and the introduction of nonindigenous mollusks. The high numbers of imperiled freshwater mussels in the United States and Canada, which harbor the most diverse fauna in the world, portend a trajectory toward an extinction crisis that, if unchecked, will severely impoverish one of our richest components of aquatic biodiversity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446(1993)018<0006:CSOFMO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., Warren, M., Cummings, K., Harris, J., and Neves, R.J., 1993, Conservation status of freshwater mussels of the United States and Canada: Fisheries, v. 18, no. 9, p. 6-22, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1993)018<0006:CSOFMO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a3031","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, J.D.","contributorId":74701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warren, M.L. Jr.","contributorId":106448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"M.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cummings, K.S.","contributorId":108067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummings","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, J.L.","contributorId":47739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neves, R. J.","contributorId":30936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neves","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018265,"text":"70018265 - 1993 - Bacterial degradation of acetone in an outdoor model stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018265","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bacterial degradation of acetone in an outdoor model stream","docAbstract":"Diurnal variations of the acetone concentration in an outdoor model stream were measured with and without a nitrate supplement to determine if the nitrate supplement would stimulate bacterial degradation of the acetone. Acetone loss coefficients were computed from the diurnal data using a fitting procedure based on a Lagrangian particle model. The coefficients indicated that bacterial degradation of the acetone was occurring in the downstream part of the stream during the nitrate addition. However, the acetone concentrations stabilized at values considerably above the limit of detection for acetone determination, in contrast to laboratory respirometer studies where the acetone concentration decreased rapidly to less than the detection limit, once bacterial acclimation to the acetone had occurred. One possible explanation for the difference in behavior was the limited 6-hour residence time of the acetone in the model stream.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(93)90065-V","issn":"02697491","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., Stephens, D.W., and Tai, D.Y., 1993, Bacterial degradation of acetone in an outdoor model stream: Environmental Pollution, v. 79, no. 2, p. 153-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90065-V.","startPage":"153","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205959,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90065-V"},{"id":227634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef9ce4b0c8380cd4a358","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018261,"text":"70018261 - 1993 - Basic concepts in three-part quantitative assessments of undiscovered mineral resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018261","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basic concepts in three-part quantitative assessments of undiscovered mineral resources","docAbstract":"Since 1975, mineral resource assessments have been made for over 27 areas covering 5??106 km2 at various scales using what is now called the three-part form of quantitative assessment. In these assessments, (1) areas are delineated according to the types of deposits permitted by the geology,(2) the amount of metal and some ore characteristics are estimated using grade and tonnage models, and (3) the number of undiscovered deposits of each type is estimated. Permissive boundaries are drawn for one or more deposit types such that the probability of a deposit lying outside the boundary is negligible, that is, less than 1 in 100,000 to 1,000,000. Grade and tonnage models combined with estimates of the number of deposits are the fundamental means of translating geologists' resource assessments into a language that economists can use. Estimates of the number of deposits explicitly represent the probability (or degree of belief) that some fixed but unknown number of undiscovered deposits exist in the delineated tracts. Estimates are by deposit type and must be consistent with the grade and tonnage model. Other guidelines for these estimates include (1) frequency of deposits from well-explored areas, (2) local deposit extrapolations, (3) counting and assigning probabilities to anomalies and occurrences, (4) process constraints, (5) relative frequencies of related deposit types, and (6) area spatial limits. In most cases, estimates are made subjectively, as they are in meteorology, gambling, and geologic interpretations. In three-part assessments, the estimates are internally consistent because delineated tracts are consistent with descriptive models, grade and tonnage models are consistent with descriptive models, as well as with known deposits in the area, and estimates of number of deposits are consistent with grade and tonnage models. All available information is used in the assessment, and uncertainty is explicitly represented. ?? 1993 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02272804","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., 1993, Basic concepts in three-part quantitative assessments of undiscovered mineral resources: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 2, no. 2, p. 69-81, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02272804.","startPage":"69","endPage":"81","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205943,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272804"},{"id":227552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efe1e4b0c8380cd4a4d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017346,"text":"70017346 - 1993 - Relationship of geological and geothermal field properties: Midcontinent area, USA, an example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017346","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship of geological and geothermal field properties: Midcontinent area, USA, an example","docAbstract":"Quantitative approaches to data analysis in the last decade have become important in basin modeling and mineral-resource estimation. The interrelation of geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geohydrological variables is important in adjusting a model to a real-world situation. Revealing the interdependences of variables can contribute in understanding the processes interacting in sedimentary basins. It is reasonably simple to compare spatial data of the same type but more difficult if different properties are involved. Statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis or principal components analysis, or some algebraic approaches can be used to ascertain the relations of standardized spatial data. In this example, structural configuration on five different stratigraphic horizons, one total sediment thickness map, and four maps of geothermal data were copared. As expected, the structural maps are highly related because all had undergone about the same deformation with differing degrees of intensity. The temperature gradients derived (1) from shallow borehole logging measurements under equilibrium conditions with the surrounding rock, and (2) from non-equilibrium bottom-hole temperatures (BHT) from deeper depths are mainly independent of each other. This was expected and confirmed also for the two temperature maps at 1000 ft which were constructed using both types of gradient values. Thus, it is evident that the use of a 2-point (BHT and surface temperature) straightline calculation of a mean temperature gradient gives different information about the geothermal regime than using gradients from temperatures logged under equilibrium conditions. Nevertheless, it is useful to determine to what a degree the larger dataset of nonequilibrium temperatures could reflect quantitative relationships to geologic conditions. Comparing all maps of geothermal information vs. the structural and the sediment thickness maps, it was determined that all correlations are moderately negative or slightly positive. These results are clearly shown by the cluster analysis and the principal components. Considering a close relationship between temperature and thermal conductivity of the sediments as observed for most of the Midcontinent area and relatively homogeneous heat-flow density conditions for the study area these results support the following assumptions: (1) undifferentiated geothermal gradients, computed from temperatures of different depth intervals and differing sediment properties, cannot contribute to an improved understanding of the temperature structure and its controls within the sedimentary cover, and (2) the quantitative approach of revealing such relations needs refined datasets of temperature information valid for the different depth levels or stratigraphic units. ?? 1993 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00891052","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Forster, A., Merriam, D.F., and Brower, J., 1993, Relationship of geological and geothermal field properties: Midcontinent area, USA, an example: Mathematical Geology, v. 25, no. 7, p. 937-947, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00891052.","startPage":"937","endPage":"947","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205590,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891052"},{"id":225019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a76ee4b0e8fec6cdc468","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forster, A.","contributorId":14580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forster","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merriam, D. F.","contributorId":63175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merriam","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brower, J.C.","contributorId":37081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018031,"text":"70018031 - 1993 - A finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method for solution of the advection-dispersion equation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-06T07:15:06","indexId":"70018031","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method for solution of the advection-dispersion equation","docAbstract":"A new mass-conservative method for solution of the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation is derived and discussed. Test results demonstrate that the finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian localized adjoint method (FVELLAM) outperforms standard finite-difference methods, in terms of accuracy and efficiency, for solute transport problems that are dominated by advection. For dispersion-dominated problems, the performance of the method is similar to that of standard methods. Like previous ELLAM formulations, FVELLAM systematically conserves mass globally with all types of boundary conditions. FVELLAM differs from other ELLAM approaches in that integrated finite differences, instead of finite elements, are used to approximate the governing equation. This approach, in conjunction with a forward tracking scheme, greatly facilitates mass conservation. The mass storage integral is numerically evaluated at the current time level, and quadrature points are then tracked forward in time to the next level. Forward tracking permits straightforward treatment of inflow boundaries, thus avoiding the inherent problem in backtracking, as used by most characteristic methods, of characteristic lines intersecting inflow boundaries. FVELLAM extends previous ELLAM results by obtaining mass conservation locally on Lagrangian space-time elements. Details of the integration, tracking, and boundary algorithms are presented. Test results are given for problems in Cartesian and radial coordinates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00403","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., and Russell, T., 1993, A finite-volume Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint Method for solution of the advection-dispersion equation: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 7, p. 2399-2413, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00403.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2399","endPage":"2413","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3dbe4b0c8380cd46269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russell, T.F.","contributorId":86811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018010,"text":"70018010 - 1993 - Sampling and major element chemistry of the recent (A.D. 1631-1944) Vesuvius activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70018010","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling and major element chemistry of the recent (A.D. 1631-1944) Vesuvius activity","docAbstract":"Detailed sampling of the Vesuvius lavas erupted in the period A.D. 1631-1944 provides a suite of samples for comprehensive chemical analyses and related studies. Major elements (Si, Ti, Al, Fetotal, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K and P), volatile species (Cl, F, S, H2O+, H2O- and CO2), and ferrous iron (Fe2+) were determined for one hundred and forty-nine lavas and five tephra from the A.D. 1631-1944 Vesuvius activity. The lavas represent a relatively homogeneous suite with respect to SiO2, TiO2, FeOtotal, MnO and P2O5, but show systematic variations among MgO, K2O, Na2O, Al2O3 and CaO. The average SiO2 content is 48.0 wt.% and the rocks are classified as tephriphonolites according to their content of alkalis. All of the lavas are silica-undersaturated and are nepheline, leucite, and olivine normative. There is no systematic variation in major-element composition with time, over the period A.D. 1631-1944. The inter-eruption and intra-eruption compositional differences are the same magnitude. The lavas are highly porphyritic with clinopyroxene and leucite as the major phases. Fractionation effects are not reflected in the silica content of the lavas. The variability of MgO, K2O, Na2O, and CaO can be modelled as a relative depletion or accumulation of clinopyroxene. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H., Kilburn, C., and de Vivo, B., 1993, Sampling and major element chemistry of the recent (A.D. 1631-1944) Vesuvius activity: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 58, no. 1-4, p. 273-290.","startPage":"273","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab06ee4b0c8380cd87adf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kilburn, C.R.J.","contributorId":102653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilburn","given":"C.R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Vivo, B.","contributorId":50549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vivo","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017935,"text":"70017935 - 1993 - The erosion of carbonate stone by acid rain: Laboratory and field investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-28T16:08:39","indexId":"70017935","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2206,"text":"Journal of Chemical Education","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The erosion of carbonate stone by acid rain: Laboratory and field investigations","docAbstract":"One of the goals of research on the effects of acidic deposition on carbonate stone surfaces is to define the incremental impact of acidic deposition relative to natural weathering processes on the rate of carbonate stone erosion. If rain that impacts carbonate stone surfaces is resident on the surface long enough to approach chemical equilibrium, the incremental effect of hydrogen ion is expected to be small (i.e., 6% for a rain of pH 4.0). Under nonequilibrium (i.e., high flow rate) conditions, kinetic considerations suggest that the incremental effect of hydrogen ion deposition could be quite significant. Field run-off experiments involving the chemical analysis of rain collected from inclined stone slabs have been used to evaluate stone dissolution processes under ambient conditions of wet and dry deposition of acidic species. The stoichiometry of the reaction of stone with hydrogen ion is difficult to define from the field data due to scatter in the data attributed to hydrodynamic effects. Laboratory run-off experiments show that the stoichiometry is best defined by a reaction with H+ in which CO2 is released from the system. The baseline effect caused by water in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 is identical in the field and in laboratory simulation. The experiments show that the solutions are close enough to equilibrium for the incremental effect of hydrogen ion to be minor (i.e., 24% for marble for a rain of pH 4.0) relative to dissolution due to water and carbonic acid reactions. Stone erosion rates based on physical measurement are approximately double the recession rates that are due to dissolution (estimated from the observed calcium content of the run-off solutions). The difference may reflect the loss of granular material not included in recession estimates based on the run-off data. Neither the field nor the laboratory run-off experiments indicate a pH dependence for the grain-removal process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Chemical Education","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ed070p104","issn":"00219584","usgsCitation":"Baedecker, P.A., and Reddy, M., 1993, The erosion of carbonate stone by acid rain: Laboratory and field investigations: Journal of Chemical Education, v. 70, no. 2, p. 104-108, https://doi.org/10.1021/ed070p104.","startPage":"104","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268600,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed070p104"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babd5e4b08c986b3230e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baedecker, P. A.","contributorId":95444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}