This report illustrates, through computer animation and a paper model, why there are changes on the ice sheet that covers the Antarctica continent. By studying the animations and the paper model, students will better understand the evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet.
\nIncluded in the paper and diskette versions of this report are templates for making a paper-model, instructions for its assembly, and a discussion of development of the Antarctic ice sheet. In addition, the diskette version includes a animation of how Antarctica and its ice cover changes through time.
\nMany people provided help and encouragement in the development of this HyperCard stack, particularly Page Mosier, Sue Priest and Art Ford. This report was enhanced by reviews from Bonnie Murchey, Peter Stauffer and Stephen Eittreim.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98353A","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., and Cooper, A.K., 1998, Antarctic ice sheet; computer animations and paper model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-353, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98353A.","productDescription":"49 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":51730,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0353a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0353a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b4a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21860,"text":"ofr98150 - 1998 - History of movement of the Clear Creek Forks landslide, Clear Creek County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr98150","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-150","title":"History of movement of the Clear Creek Forks landslide, Clear Creek County, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98150","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Savage, W.Z., Coe, J.A., Varnes, D.J., Streufert, R.K., and Godt, J., 1998, History of movement of the Clear Creek Forks landslide, Clear Creek County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-150, 14 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98150.","productDescription":"14 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154103,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0150/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51340,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c04f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coe, J. A.","contributorId":8867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Varnes, D. J.","contributorId":85201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Streufert, R. K.","contributorId":81516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Streufert","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Godt, J. W.","contributorId":76732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":22437,"text":"ofr98239 - 1998 - Landslides triggered by the winter 1996-97 storms in the Puget Lowland, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr98239","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-239","title":"Landslides triggered by the winter 1996-97 storms in the Puget Lowland, Washington","docAbstract":"Snowmelt and rainfall events triggered many landslides and debris flows in the Seattle, Washington, area during late December 1996 and January and March 1997. Landslides caused the deaths of at least four people, millions of dollars in damage to public and private property, lost revenues, traffic diversions, and other direct and indirect losses. Although shallow slides and debris flows were the most common slope failures, many deep-seated slides also occurred. Comparing maps that show distribution of historic landslides with reports of landslides compiled by city and county governments for the winter of 1996-97 and our field reconnaissance of recent landslide deposits and scars indicates that many bluffs and steep hillsides are sites of recurring failures. Investigation of the 1996-97 landslides indicates that houses and other structures built downslope from steep bluffs are in particular danger of impact by debris flows, while those on the benches, slopes, or rim of bluffs are subject to severe damage by deep slides.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :[Branch of Information Services, distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98239","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Baum, R.L., Chleborad, A.F., and Schuster, R.L., 1998, Landslides triggered by the winter 1996-97 storms in the Puget Lowland, Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-239, 16 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98239.","productDescription":"16 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0239/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":9141,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-239/ofr-98-239.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51973,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a9178","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chleborad, Alan F.","contributorId":87578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chleborad","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuster, Robert L.","contributorId":19162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22598,"text":"ofr98175 - 1998 - Summary of suspended-solids concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:35:46","indexId":"ofr98175","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-175","title":"Summary of suspended-solids concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 1996","docAbstract":"Suspended-solids concentration data were collected in San Francisco Bay during water year 1996 (October 1, 1995?September 30, 1996). Optical backscatterance sensors and water samples were used to monitor suspended solids at three sites in Suisun Bay, three sites in Central San Francisco Bay, and three sites in South San Francisco Bay. Sensors were positioned at two depths at most sites. Water samples were collected periodically and were analyzed for concentrations of suspended solids. The results of the analyses were used to calibrate the electrical output of the optical backscatterance sensors. This report presents the data-collection methods used and summarizes the suspended-solids concentration data collected from October 1995 through September 1996. Calibration plots and plots of edited data for each sensor also are presented.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98175","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Buchanan, P.A., and Schoellhamer, D., 1998, Summary of suspended-solids concentration data, San Francisco Bay, California, water year 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-175, vi, 59 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98175.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0175/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52070,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0175/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6988fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchanan, Paul A. 0000-0002-4796-4734 buchanan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-4734","contributorId":1018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchanan","given":"Paul","email":"buchanan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21942,"text":"ofr97234 - 1998 - Methods for collection of dissolved sulfate and sulfide and analysis of their sulfur isotopic composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-09T14:45:02","indexId":"ofr97234","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-234","title":"Methods for collection of dissolved sulfate and sulfide and analysis of their sulfur isotopic composition","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97234","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Carmody, R., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., and Coplen, T., 1998, Methods for collection of dissolved sulfate and sulfide and analysis of their sulfur isotopic composition: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-234, x, 91 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97234.","productDescription":"x, 91 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0234/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a191","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carmody, R.W.","contributorId":65103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmody","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21693,"text":"ofr98336 - 1998 - Computer spreadsheets for table 1, Chemical and isotopic analyses of gases from gas fields, Wind River and Bighorn basins, Montana and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-12T11:43:14","indexId":"ofr98336","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-336","title":"Computer spreadsheets for table 1, Chemical and isotopic analyses of gases from gas fields, Wind River and Bighorn basins, Montana and Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98336","issn":"0566-8174","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., 1998, Computer spreadsheets for table 1, Chemical and isotopic analyses of gases from gas fields, Wind River and Bighorn basins, Montana and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-336, 1 Word document; 1 WPD file; 1 TXT file; 1 Excel file; 1 SF file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98336.","productDescription":"1 Word document; 1 WPD file; 1 TXT file; 1 Excel file; 1 SF file","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269640,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0336/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a74d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R. C. 0000-0002-6197-5165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":101621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21901,"text":"ofr9844 - 1998 - K-Ar ages and paleomagnetic directions from the Lathrop Wells Volcanic Center, southwestern Nevada; an evaluation of polycyclic volcanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr9844","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-44","title":"K-Ar ages and paleomagnetic directions from the Lathrop Wells Volcanic Center, southwestern Nevada; an evaluation of polycyclic volcanism","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9844","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Turrin, B.D., Champion, D., Fleck, R., Curtis, G., and Drake, R.E., 1998, K-Ar ages and paleomagnetic directions from the Lathrop Wells Volcanic Center, southwestern Nevada; an evaluation of polycyclic volcanism: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-44, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9844.","productDescription":"32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51387,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turrin, B. D.","contributorId":32548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"B.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Champion, D.E.","contributorId":70402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curtis, G.H.","contributorId":48024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Drake, Robert E.","contributorId":14465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":23519,"text":"ofr9894 - 1998 - Water-quality data (July 1994 through September 1996) and statistical summaries of data for surface water in the Sand Coulee coal area, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr9894","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-94","title":"Water-quality data (July 1994 through September 1996) and statistical summaries of data for surface water in the Sand Coulee coal area, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9894","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Karper, P., 1998, Water-quality data (July 1994 through September 1996) and statistical summaries of data for surface water in the Sand Coulee coal area, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-94, iv, 146 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9894.","productDescription":"iv, 146 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0094/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52807,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e62e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karper, P.L.","contributorId":23169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karper","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23523,"text":"ofr9869 - 1998 - A preliminary assessment of sources of nitrate in springwaters, Suwannee River basin, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr9869","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-69","title":"A preliminary assessment of sources of nitrate in springwaters, Suwannee River basin, Florida","docAbstract":"A cooperative study between the Suwannee River Water Management District (SRWMD) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is evaluating sources of nitrate in water from selected springs and zones in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Suwannee River Basin. A multi-tracer approach, which consists of the analysis of water samples for naturally occurring chemical and isotopic indicators, is being used to better understand sources and chronology of nitrate contamination in the middle Suwannee River region. In July and August 1997, water samples were collected and analyzed from six springs and two wells for major ions, nutrients, and dissolved organic carbon. These water samples also were analyzed for environmental isotopes [18O/16O, D/H, 13C/12C, 15N/14N] to determine sources of water and nitrate. Chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F, CCl2F2, and C2Cl3F3) and tritium (3H) were analyzed to assess the apparent ages (residence time) of springwaters and water from the Upper Floridan aquifer. \rDelta 15N-NO3 values in water from the six springs range from 3.94 per mil (Little River Springs) to 8.39 per mil (Lafayette Blue Spring). The range of values indicates that nitrate in the sampled springwaters most likely originates from a mixture of inorganic (fertilizers) and organic (animal wastes) sources, although the higher delta 15N-NO3 value for Lafayette Blue Spring indicates that an organic source of nitrogen is likely at this site. Water samples from the two wells sampled in Lafayette County have high delta 15N-NO3 values of 10.98 and 12.1 per mil, indicating the likelihood of an organic source of nitrate. These two wells are located near dairy and poultry farms, where leachate from animal wastes may contribute nitrate to ground water. Based on analysis of chlorofluorocarbons in ground water, the mean residence time of water in springs ranges from about 12 to 25 years. Chlorofluorocarbons-modeled recharge dates for water samples from the two shallow zones in the Upper Floridan aquifer range from 1985 to 1989. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9869","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., and Hornsby, H., 1998, A preliminary assessment of sources of nitrate in springwaters, Suwannee River basin, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-69, iv, 18 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9869.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1587,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr98-069","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aafad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornsby, H.D.","contributorId":91139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornsby","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21704,"text":"ofr98134 - 1998 - Cruise report of M/V Quillback in Glacier Bay, Alaska; physical characteristics of Dungeness crab and halibut habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T18:15:56","indexId":"ofr98134","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-134","title":"Cruise report of M/V Quillback in Glacier Bay, Alaska; physical characteristics of Dungeness crab and halibut habitats","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98134","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Carlson, P., Bruns, T., Evans, K., Gann, J.T., Hogg, D., Taggart, S.J., and Hooge, P., 1998, Cruise report of M/V Quillback in Glacier Bay, Alaska; physical characteristics of Dungeness crab and halibut habitats: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-134, 50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98134.","productDescription":"50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":51236,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0134/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0134/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6806d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruns, T.R.","contributorId":96683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruns","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, K.R.","contributorId":59822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gann, J. T.","contributorId":33715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gann","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hogg, D.J.","contributorId":35344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogg","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taggart, S. James","contributorId":30131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hooge, P.N.","contributorId":36515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooge","given":"P.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":24005,"text":"ofr97801 - 1998 - Potential scour at bridge A07011, over the Powwow River at Pond Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:19","indexId":"ofr97801","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-801","title":"Potential scour at bridge A07011, over the Powwow River at Pond Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97801","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Murphy, P., and Bratton, L., 1998, Potential scour at bridge A07011, over the Powwow River at Pond Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-801, iii, 34 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97801.","productDescription":"iii, 34 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0801/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53186,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0801/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae17f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, P.J.","contributorId":91903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bratton, Lisa lbratton@usgs.gov","contributorId":362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"Lisa","email":"lbratton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":191133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22106,"text":"ofr98126 - 1998 - References on Alaska and adjacent regions cited in The geology of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:52","indexId":"ofr98126","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-126","title":"References on Alaska and adjacent regions cited in The geology of Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98126","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Weathers, J.G., and Plafker, G., 1998, References on Alaska and adjacent regions cited in The geology of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-126, 2 leaves, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98126.","productDescription":"2 leaves","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1445,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-126/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63517e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weathers, J. G. (compiler)","contributorId":91526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weathers","given":"J.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22998,"text":"ofr98109 - 1998 - The design and performance of a low-cost strong-motion sensor using the ICS-3028 micromachined accelerometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr98109","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-109","title":"The design and performance of a low-cost strong-motion sensor using the ICS-3028 micromachined accelerometer","docAbstract":"The severity of earthquake ground shaking varies tremendously over very short distances (Figures 1a-c). Within a distance of as little as 1 km from the nearest station, one knows little more than what can be obtained from an attenuation relation, given only distance from the fault rupture and the geology of the site. For example, if some station measures 0.5 g peak ground acceleration (PGA), then at a distance of 1 km from that site, under otherwise identical conditions, the shaking has one chance in three of being under 0.36 g or over 0.70 g, based on the curve shown in Figures la, c. Similarly, pseudovelocity (PSV) response spectra have a 5% chance of differing by 2? at 1 km distance (Figure 1 b). This variance can be the difference between moderate and severe damage. \r\n\r\nHence, there are critical needs, both in emergency response and in mitigation (prediction of shaking strength, building codes, structural engineering), to sample ground shaking densely enough to identify individual neighborhoods suffering localized, strong shaking. These needs imply a spatially dense network of strong-motion seismographs, probably numbering thousands of sites in an urban region the size of the San Francisco Bay Area, California (Figure 1 c). It has not been economically feasible to field that many instruments, since existing ones cost many thousands of dollars apiece. For example, there are currently just a few dozen digital free-field instruments in the Bay Area. This paper is one step toward a solution to this conundrum. I demonstrate that a recently developed class of accelerometers, those constructed from silicon by 'micromachining' (a process similar to integrated circuit fabrication), is now capable of resolving ground motion with the necessary accuracy while greatly lowering both acquisition and maintenance costs.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr98109","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Evans, J., 1998, The design and performance of a low-cost strong-motion sensor using the ICS-3028 micromachined accelerometer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-109, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98109.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0109/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52388,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6685e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21755,"text":"ofr97596 - 1998 - Drilling, logging and testing information from borehole UE-25 UZ#16, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr97596","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-596","title":"Drilling, logging and testing information from borehole UE-25 UZ#16, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97596","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Thamir, F., 1998, Drilling, logging and testing information from borehole UE-25 UZ#16, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-596, v, 44 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97596.","productDescription":"v, 44 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0596/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51256,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0596/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633e06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thamir, Falah","contributorId":25589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamir","given":"Falah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22765,"text":"ofr9862 - 1998 - Evaluation of geophysical logs, phase I, for Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-22T13:58:13","indexId":"ofr9862","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-62","title":"Evaluation of geophysical logs, phase I, for Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Twenty-one wells were drilled at Crossley Farms Superfund Site between December 15, 1987, and May 1, 1988, to define and monitor the horizontal and vertical distribution of ground-water contamination emanating from a suspected contaminant source area (Blackhead Hill). Eight well clusters were drilled on or near the Crossley Site and three well clusters were drilled at locations hydrologically down gradient from the site. Depths of wells range from 21 to 299 feet below land surface. These wells were installed in saprolite in shallow, intermediate, and deep water-producing zones of the fractured bedrock aquifer.
Borehole-geophysical and video logging were conducted between April 24, 1997, and May 8, 1997, to determine the water-producing zones, water-receiving zones, zones of vertical flow, borehole depth, and casing integrity in each well. This data and interpretation will be used to determine the location of the well intake for the existing open-hole wells, which will be retrofitted to isolate and monitor water-producing zones and prevent further cross-contamination within each open borehole, and identify wells that may need rehabilitation or replacement.
Caliper and video logs were used to locate fractures, inflections on fluid-temperature and fluid-resistivity logs indicated possible fluid-bearing fractures, and flowmeter measurements verified these locations. Single-point-resistance and natural-gamma logs provided information on stratigraphy. After interpretation of geophysical logs, video logs, and driller's notes, all wells will be constructed so that water-level fluctuations can be monitored and discrete water samples collected from shallow, intermediate, and deep water-bearing zones in each well.
Geophysical logs were run on seven bedrock and two deep bedrock wells. Gamma logs were run on 10 bedrock wells. Twenty-two wells were inspected visually with the borehole video camera for casing integrity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9862","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Conger, R.W., 1998, Evaluation of geophysical logs, phase I, for Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-62, v, 26 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9862.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350707,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0062/ofr19980062.pdf","text":"Report","size":"646 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1998-0062"},{"id":157050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0062/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98140","usgsCitation":"Haugerud, R.A., 1998, The North American Cordillera: A color shaded-relief map in oblique Mercator projection about the Pacific-North America pole of rotation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-140, 1 Plate: 28.29 × 53.72 inches; Readme; Digital Downloads, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98140.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 28.29 × 53.72 inches; Readme; Digital Downloads","costCenters":[{"id":667,"text":"Western Region Geologic Information","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402084,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_39675.htm"},{"id":9926,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","otherGeospatial":"western North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -171.5625,\n 12.897489183755892\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 12.897489183755892\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 71.69129271863999\n ],\n [\n -171.5625,\n 71.69129271863999\n ],\n [\n -171.5625,\n 12.897489183755892\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602694","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugerud, Ralph Albert","contributorId":22415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugerud","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"Albert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23196,"text":"ofr97589 - 1998 - Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr97589","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-589","title":"Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995","docAbstract":"The National Water-Quality Assessment is based on intensive investigations of stream and ground-water quality in selected major hydrologic basins (study units) of the United States. One objective of the national assessment is to comparatively evaluate water-quality conditions within and among the different study units. Methods were developed to compare the water-quality conditions of 20 study units that were studied during 1992-1995. Two approaches were taken: (1) water-quality conditions for each study unit were ranked in relation to the findings for all study units, and (2) water-quality conditions for each study unit were compared to established criteria for the protection of human health and aquatic life.\r\n\r\nSeparate rankings were developed for several major characteristics of water quality by using selected combinations of measured values for individual constituents or properties. The water-quality characteristics that were evaluated for streams were nutrients and pesticides in water, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in bed sediment and tissue, semivolatile organic compounds and trace elements in bed sediment, fish community degradation, and stream habitat degradation. The water-quality characteristics that were evaluated for ground water were nitrate, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, dissolved solids, and radon. The water-quality rankings are relative strictly to the distribution of conditions measured at sampling sites included in developing the method. Sites in the first 20 National Water-Quality Assessment study units include a broad range of environmental settings, but are not a statistically representative sample of the Nation. > To supplement the relative rankings, established water-quality criteria were used to indicate where particular constituents may have adverse effects, and thus merit further investigation. Established water-quality criteria, which provide consistent benchmarks for national comparisons of individual constituents, were selected from a variety of sources and applied to specific constituents in the specific medium (water or sediment) appropriate for each criterion.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97589","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gilliom, R.J., Mueller, D.K., and Nowell, L.H., 1998, Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-589, vii, 54 p. :col, ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97589.","productDescription":"vii, 54 p. :col, ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1329,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/rep/ofr97589/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0589/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a194","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David K. mueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"mueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowell, Lisa H. 0000-0001-5417-7264 lhnowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-7264","contributorId":490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowell","given":"Lisa","email":"lhnowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22884,"text":"ofr9897 - 1998 - Potential overflow of Mojave Creek near disposal site, Edwards Air Force Base, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr9897","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-97","title":"Potential overflow of Mojave Creek near disposal site, Edwards Air Force Base, California","docAbstract":"Sedimentological evidence in Mojave Creek near Edwards, California, indicates that the largest discharge in the last hundred years near the disposal site of the Main Base Landfill at Edwards Air Force Base was a few hundred cubic feet per second. The distal ends of two alluvial fans on the Mojave Creek floodplain near the Main Base Landfill have not been eroded substantially since sediment supply was cut off by a railroad grade completed in 1884. Previous estimates of flood discharges were 4,000 cubic feet per second and larger in this reach; the estimates were calculated by regression equations derived from regional characteristics. However, a 100-year rainfall in 1983 failed to produce erosion in Mojave Creek commensurate with discharges of greater than about 100 cubic feet per second. To test the potential for the creek to overflow and reach the disposal site, a hypothetical discharge was used to determine the depth of flooding at local cross sections. Although the access road from Mojave Boulevard to the Main Base Landfill may be inundated during a flood, the artificial grade at the disposal site would not be reached at a discharge of 2,000 cubic feet per second, which is an order of magnitude greater than the apparent flood discharges that occurred during the past hundred years in Mojave Creek near the present Main Base Landfill.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9897","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Dinehart, R.L., and Harmon, J.G., 1998, Potential overflow of Mojave Creek near disposal site, Edwards Air Force Base, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-97, iv, 14 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9897.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52293,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6830af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinehart, Randy L.","contributorId":68341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinehart","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harmon, Jerry G.","contributorId":30220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50308,"text":"ofr98398 - 1998 - Dynamics of a regional freshwater-saltwater transition zone in an anisotropic coastal aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98398","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-398","title":"Dynamics of a regional freshwater-saltwater transition zone in an anisotropic coastal aquifer system","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98398","usgsCitation":"Voss, C.I., and Souza, W.R., 1998, Dynamics of a regional freshwater-saltwater transition zone in an anisotropic coastal aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-398, 88 p., ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98398.","productDescription":"88 p., ill.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62f7c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Souza, William R.","contributorId":90295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souza","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24459,"text":"ofr98104 - 1998 - Data base of impact craters on Venus based on analysis of Magellan radar images and altimetry data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:19","indexId":"ofr98104","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-104","title":"Data base of impact craters on Venus based on analysis of Magellan radar images and altimetry data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98104","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., Kirk, R.L., and Strom, R., 1998, Data base of impact craters on Venus based on analysis of Magellan radar images and altimetry data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-104, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98104.","productDescription":"29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1788,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/VenusImpactCraters/venus_title.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53527,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67caa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, R. L.","contributorId":94698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strom, R.G.","contributorId":45744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21943,"text":"ofr97829 - 1998 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including detections less than reporting limits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T17:02:54.870153","indexId":"ofr97829","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-829","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including detections less than reporting limits","docAbstract":"This report presents precision and accuracy data for volatile organic compounds\r\n(VOCs) in the nanogram-per-liter range, including aromatic hydrocarbons, reformulated\r\nfuel components, and halogenated hydrocarbons using purge and trap capillary-column\r\ngas chromatography/mass spectrometry. One-hundred-four VOCs were initially tested.\r\nOf these, 86 are suitable for determination by this method. Selected data are provided for\r\nthe 18 VOCs that were not included. This method also allows for the reporting of\r\nsemiquantitative results for tentatively identified VOCs not included in the list of method\r\ncompounds. Method detection limits, method performance data, preservation study\r\nresults, and blank results are presented.\r\nThe authors describe a procedure for reporting low-concentration detections at\r\nless than the reporting limit. The nondetection value (NDV) is introduced as a statistically\r\ndefined reporting limit designed to limit false positives and false negatives to less than 1\r\npercent. Nondetections of method compounds are reported as ?less than NDV.? Positive\r\ndetections measured at less than NDV are reported as estimated concentrations to alert the\r\ndata user to decreased confidence in accurate quantitation. Instructions are provided for\r\nanalysts to report data at less than the reporting limits. This method can support the use of\r\neither method reporting limits that censor detections at lower concentrations or the use of\r\nNDVs as reporting limits. The data-reporting strategy for providing analytical results at\r\nless than the reporting limit is a result of the increased need to identify the presence or\r\nabsence of environmental contaminants in water samples at increasingly lower\r\nconcentrations.\r\nLong-term method detection limits (LTMDLs) for 86 selected compounds range\r\nfrom 0.013 to 2.452 micrograms per liter (?g/L) and differ from standard method\r\ndetection limits (MDLs) in that the LTMDLs include the long-term variance of multiple\r\ninstruments, multiple operators, and multiple calibrations over a longer time. For these\r\nreasons, LTMDLs are expected to be slightly higher than standard MDLs. Recoveries for\r\nall of the VOCs tested ranged from 36 (tert-butyl formate) to 155 percent\r\n(pentachlorobenzene). The majority of the compounds ranged from 85 to 115 percent\r\nrecovery and had less than 5 percent relative standard deviation for concentrations spiked\r\nbetween 1 to 500 ?g/L in volatile blank-, surface-, and ground-water samples. Recoveries of 60 set spikes at low concentrations ranged from 70 to 114 percent (1,2,3-\r\ntrimethylbenzene and acetone). Recovery data were collected over 6 months with\r\nmultiple instruments, operators, and calibrations.\r\nIn this method, volatile organic compounds are extracted from a water sample by\r\nactively purging with helium. The VOCs are collected onto a sorbent trap, thermally\r\ndesorbed, separated by a Megabore gas chromatographic capillary column, and finally\r\ndetermined by a full-scan quadrupole mass spectrometer. Compound identification is\r\nconfirmed by the gas chromatographic retention time and by the resultant mass spectrum,\r\ntypically identified by three unique ions. An unknown compound detected in a sample\r\ncan be tentatively identified by comparing the unknown mass spectrum to reference\r\nspectra in the mass-spectra computer-data system library compiled by the National\r\nInstitute of Standards and Technology.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97829","usgsCitation":"Connor, B.F., Rose, D.L., Noriega, M.C., Murtaugh, L.K., and Abney, S.R., 1998, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including detections less than reporting limits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-829, viii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97829.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0829/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51418,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0829/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1283,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nwql.usgs.gov/Public/pubs/OFR97-829/OFR97-829.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bb95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connor, Brooke F. bfconnor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Brooke","email":"bfconnor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, Donna L. 0000-0003-1216-9914 dlrose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1216-9914","contributorId":4546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Donna","email":"dlrose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noriega, Mary C. mnoriega@usgs.gov","contributorId":2553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noriega","given":"Mary","email":"mnoriega@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murtaugh, Lucinda K.","contributorId":14247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murtaugh","given":"Lucinda","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abney, Sonja R.","contributorId":62992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abney","given":"Sonja","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":23072,"text":"ofr9833 - 1998 - Tectonic evolution of the Crater Flat basin, Yucca Mountain region, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr9833","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-33","title":"Tectonic evolution of the Crater Flat basin, Yucca Mountain region, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9833","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Fridrich, C.J., 1998, Tectonic evolution of the Crater Flat basin, Yucca Mountain region, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-33, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9833.","productDescription":"43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0033/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52441,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa06f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fridrich, C. J.","contributorId":15652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridrich","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21626,"text":"ofr9829 - 1998 - Benthic foraminifera and ostracoda from Virginia continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr9829","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-29","title":"Benthic foraminifera and ostracoda from Virginia continental shelf","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9829","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Ishman, S., Wagner, R., and Cutter, G., 1998, Benthic foraminifera and ostracoda from Virginia continental shelf: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-29, 43 p. :ill., maps (some col.), photos ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9829.","productDescription":"43 p. :ill., maps (some col.), photos ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155215,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0029/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51185,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":184965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ishman, S. E.","contributorId":20346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishman","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagner, Robert","contributorId":48208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cutter, G.R. Jr.","contributorId":104093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cutter","given":"G.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}