Over 250 benthic invertebrate taxa were identified from snags and woody debris in streams and rivers of the Wapsipinicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Skunk River Basins in the Eastern Iowa Basins (EIWA) study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The composition, distribution, and abundance of 74 predominant taxa were related to environmental conditions in the study unit, using habitat, hydrologic, and water-quality data. Four groups of sites were defined, based on the distribution and relative abundance of taxa. Detrended correspondence analysis was used to identify relations in the structure of the invertebrate assemblages, and the correspondence of taxa and sites in the groups was related to habitat, hydrologic, and water-quality information. Responses of invertebrate assemblages were explained by natural factors, such as surficial geology or physical habitat conditions, as well as human influences, such as agriculture or high-density hog-feeding operations.
\nMayflies, caddisflies, and true flies were well represented in streams and rivers of the EIWA study unit. The mayflies Tricorythodes and Baetis intercalaris, the net-spinning caddisflies Hydropsyche bidens and H. simulans, and the Chironomidae Glyptotendipes, Polypedilum, and Rheotanytarsus predominated. Spatial variation in benthic invertebrate assemblages within a site was less than that observed among sites. Assemblages from 3 years of sampling generally were grouped by site, with exceptions related to differences in discharge among years.
\nThe benthic invertebrate assemblages associated with the four groups of sites reflected the cumulative effects of agricultural and urban land use, sources of nutrient and organic enrichment, and longitudinal stream succession—the natural sequence of communities in streams from headwaters to large rivers. These factors, especially the natural changes from upstream to downstream, were influential in characterizing the benthic invertebrate assemblages of the site groups.
\nStream size, a reflection of basin area, was a principal influence in categorizing the benthic invertebrate assemblages, with sites that have the largest basin areas forming a separate group. Although it is difficult to distinguish among the contributions of large basin area, increased concentrations of nutrients and pesticides, and decreasing instream habitat diversity, the resulting invertebrate assemblage described was distinct. The remaining sites were headwater or tributary streams that reflected conditions more common to smaller streams, such as higher gradients and the potential for more diverse or extensive riparian habitat, but were distinguished by landform. Following basin area in importance, landform contributed to the differences observed among the benthic invertebrate communities at the remaining sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004256","usgsCitation":"Brigham, A.R., and Sadorf, E.M., 2001, Benthic invertebrate assemblages and their relation to physical and chemical characteristics of streams in the Eastern Iowa Basins, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4256, vii, 44 p.; ill., col. map; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004256.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.; ill., col. map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004256.JPG"},{"id":3812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/wri004256/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ],\n [\n -92.48291015625,\n 43.44893105587766\n ],\n [\n -92.6531982421875,\n 43.64800079902171\n ],\n [\n -92.74108886718749,\n 43.74728909225906\n ],\n [\n -92.8179931640625,\n 43.77902662160831\n ],\n [\n -92.9058837890625,\n 43.878097874251736\n ],\n [\n -93.03771972656249,\n 43.909765943908\n ],\n [\n -93.2080078125,\n 43.9058083561574\n ],\n [\n -93.1915283203125,\n 43.79488907226601\n ],\n [\n -93.3453369140625,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -93.6090087890625,\n 43.80678314779554\n ],\n [\n -93.7518310546875,\n 43.70362249839005\n ],\n [\n -93.878173828125,\n 43.64005063334694\n ],\n [\n -93.9825439453125,\n 43.520671902437606\n ],\n [\n -94.053955078125,\n 43.432977075795606\n ],\n [\n -94.130859375,\n 43.27320591705845\n ],\n [\n -94.1802978515625,\n 43.12905229628564\n ],\n [\n -94.09790039062499,\n 43.04881979669318\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 42.96044267380142\n ],\n [\n -93.9056396484375,\n 42.81555136172695\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 42.581399679665054\n ],\n [\n -93.7847900390625,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -93.85620117187499,\n 42.32200108060303\n ],\n [\n -94.02099609375,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -93.93310546875,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -93.88916015625,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -93.834228515625,\n 41.795888098191426\n ],\n [\n -93.724365234375,\n 41.72623044860004\n ],\n [\n -93.526611328125,\n 41.541477666790286\n ],\n [\n -93.3782958984375,\n 41.492120839687786\n ],\n [\n -93.218994140625,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -93.0816650390625,\n 41.40153558289846\n ],\n [\n -92.9498291015625,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n -92.8948974609375,\n 41.25716209782705\n ],\n [\n -92.6971435546875,\n 41.22824901518532\n ],\n [\n -92.5872802734375,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -92.43896484375,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -92.35107421874999,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -92.230224609375,\n 40.89275342420696\n ],\n [\n -91.966552734375,\n 40.79301881008675\n ],\n [\n -91.95556640625,\n 40.75974059207392\n ],\n [\n -91.82373046875,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -91.7303466796875,\n 40.63896734381723\n ],\n [\n -91.5216064453125,\n 40.538851525354666\n ],\n [\n -91.5545654296875,\n 40.65980593837855\n ],\n [\n -91.593017578125,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 40.76390128094589\n ],\n [\n -91.34033203125,\n 40.75557964275591\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.79717741518769\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 40.851215574282456\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.942564441333296\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 41.01721057822846\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 41.10005163093046\n ],\n [\n -91.29089355468749,\n 41.20758898181025\n ],\n [\n -91.351318359375,\n 41.32320110223851\n ],\n [\n -91.2689208984375,\n 41.46742831254425\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 41.51269075845857\n ],\n [\n -91.03271484375,\n 41.549700145132725\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.52091689636249\n ],\n [\n -90.758056640625,\n 41.56203190200195\n ],\n [\n -90.560302734375,\n 41.60312076451184\n ],\n [\n -90.450439453125,\n 41.6770148220322\n ],\n [\n -90.428466796875,\n 41.759019938155404\n ],\n [\n -90.32409667968749,\n 41.81636125072054\n ],\n [\n -90.2911376953125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -90.46142578125,\n 41.92271616673924\n ],\n [\n -90.6317138671875,\n 41.90636538970964\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -91.153564453125,\n 42.07783959017503\n ],\n [\n -91.2689208984375,\n 42.17561739661684\n ],\n [\n -91.483154296875,\n 42.33012354634199\n ],\n [\n -91.6534423828125,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 42.72683914955442\n ],\n [\n -91.9390869140625,\n 42.879989517714826\n ],\n [\n -92.208251953125,\n 43.137069765760344\n ],\n [\n -92.2906494140625,\n 43.249203966977845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Description of the Eastern Iowa Basins
Acknowledgements
Methods
Site Selection and Description
Water-Quality Variables
Habitat
Benthic Invertebrate Collection and Data Preparation
Field Sampling
Laboratory Processing
Data Preparation
Statistical Analysis and Other Calculations
Distribution of Benthic Invertebrates
Spatial and Temporal Variability
Spatial Variability
Temporal Variability
Differences in Benthic Invertebrates Among Site Groups
Influence of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Streams on Benthic Invertebrate Assemblages
Identification of Important Environmental Variables
Distinctions Among Site Groups
Responses of Benthic Invertebrates to Nutrients and Organic Enrichment
Summary
References cited
Supplemental Data
The North Fork Pheasant Branch Basin in Dane County, Wisconsin is expected to undergo development. There are concerns that development will adversely affect water resources with increased flood peaks, increased runoff volumes, and increased pollutant loads. To provide a scientific basis for evaluating the hydrologic system response to development the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) was used to model the upper Pheasant Branch Creek watershed with an emphasis on the North Fork Basin. The upper Pheasant Branch Creek (18.3 mi2; 11,700 acres) Basin was represented with 21 Hydrologic Response Units (daily time step) and 50 flow planes (5-minute time steps). Precipitation data from the basin outlet streamflow-gaging station located at Highway 12 and temperature data from a nearby airport were used to drive the model. Continuous discharge records at three gaging stations were used for model calibration. To qualitatively assess model representation of small subbasins, periodic reconnaissance, often including a depth measurement, was made after precipitation to determine the occurrence of flow in ditches and channels from small subbasins. As a further effort to verify the model on a small subbasin scale, continuous-stage sensors (15-minute intervals) measured depth at the outlets of three small subbasins (500 to 1,200 acres). Average annual precipitation for the simulation period from 1993 to 1998 was 35.2 inches. The model simulations showed that, on average, 23.9 inches were intercepted by vegetation, or lost to evapotranspiration, 6.0 inches were infiltrated and moved to the regional ground-water system, and 4.8 inches contributed to the upper Pheasant Branch streamflow. The largest runoff event during the calibration interval was in July 1993 (746 ft3/sec; with a recurrence interval of approximately 25 years). Resulting recharge rates from the calibrated model were subsequently used as input into a ground-water-flow model. Average annual recharge varied spatially from 2.3 inches per year in the highly impervious commercial/industrial area to 9.7 inches per year in the undeveloped North Fork Basin with an average overall recharge rate of 8.1 inches per year. Two development scenarios were examined to assess changes in water-budget fluxes. In scenario A, when development was predominantly low-density residential with 5 to 10 percent commercial development along principal roadways, mean annual streamflow increased by 53 percent, overland flow increased by 84 percent, base flow decreased by 15 percent and annual recharge to the regional ground-water system was reduced by 10 percent. In development scenario B, the entire North Fork and intervening area basins contained 50 percent commercial and 50 percent medium density residential land use. Annual storm runoff increased by over 450 percent. The ground-water model for the Pheasant Branch that used the scenario B recharge rates simulated a lowered water table with zero base flow and that flow from Frederick Springs would be reduced 26 percent from present-day (1993?98) conditions.An additional example application of the model evaluated locations of flood detention ponds and potential recharge areas that may mitigate the changes in flood peaks and ground-water recharge resulting from urbanization. From February 1998 through July 1998, water-quality samples were collected by use of stage-activated automated samplers. Median suspended- sediment concentrations were similar between the North and South Fork Basins (194 and 242 mg/L, respectively); however, for other constituents, North Fork values were considerably higher: median phosphorus concentrations by 4 times (1.5 and 0.35 mg/L), median ammonia concentrations by 13 times (1.9 and 0.14 mg/L), and the phosphorus-to-sediment ratio by more than 6 times (21 and 3.1 mg/g).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014113","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Middleton, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Steuer, J.J., and Hunt, R.J., 2001, Use of a watershed-modeling approach to assess hydrologic effects of urbanization, North Fork Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4113, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014113.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4113/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82258,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4113/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Middleton","otherGeospatial":"Pheasant Branch Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.64157104492188,\n 43.00966835007137\n ],\n [\n -89.64157104492188,\n 43.18465184249798\n ],\n [\n -89.50080871582031,\n 43.18465184249798\n ],\n [\n -89.50080871582031,\n 43.00966835007137\n ],\n [\n -89.64157104492188,\n 43.00966835007137\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6050d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steuer, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":75136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45009,"text":"wri014101 - 2001 - Hydrologic conditions and water quality in an agricultural area in Kleberg and Nueces Counties, Texas, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-09T13:06:43","indexId":"wri014101","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4101","title":"Hydrologic conditions and water quality in an agricultural area in Kleberg and Nueces Counties, Texas, 1996-98","docAbstract":"During 1996?98, rainfall and runoff were\r\nmonitored on a 49,680-acre agricultural watershed\r\nin Kleberg and Nueces Counties in South Texas.\r\nNineteen rainfall samples were analyzed for\r\nselected nutrients, and runoff samples from 29\r\nstorms were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, and\r\npesticides. Loads of nutrients in rainfall and loads\r\nof nutrients and pesticides in runoff were computed.\r\nFor a 40,540-acre part of the watershed\r\n(lower study area), constituent loads entering the\r\nwatershed in rainfall, in runoff from the upper\r\nstudy area, and from agricultural chemical applications\r\nto the lower study area were compared with\r\nrunoff loads exiting the lower study area.\r\nTotal rainfall for 1996?98 averaged 25.86\r\ninches per year, which is less than the long-term\r\nannual average rainfall of 29.80 inches for the area.\r\nRainfall and runoff during 1996?98 were typical of\r\nhistorical patterns, with periods of below average\r\nrainfall and runoff interspersed with extreme\r\nevents. Five individual storms accounted for about\r\n38 percent of the total rainfall and 94 percent of the\r\ntotal runoff.\r\nDuring the 3-year study, the total nitrogen\r\nrunoff yield from the lower study area was 1.3\r\npounds per acre per year, compared with 49 pounds\r\nper acre per year applied as fertilizer and 3.1\r\npounds per acre per year from rainfall. While\r\nalmost all of the fertilizer and rainfall nitrogen was\r\nammonia and nitrate, most of the nitrogen in runoff\r\nwas particulate organic nitrogen, associated with\r\ncrop residue. Total nitrogen exiting the lower study\r\narea in surface-water runoff was about 2.5 percent\r\nof the nitrogen inputs (fertilizer and rainfall nitrogen).\r\nAnnual deposition of total nitrogen entering\r\nthe lower study area in rainfall exceeded net yields\r\nof total nitrogen exiting the watershed in runoff\r\nbecause most of the rainfall does not contribute to\r\nrunoff.\r\nDuring the study, the total phosphorus runoff\r\nyield from the lower study area was 0.48 pound per\r\nacre per year compared with 4.2 pounds per acre\r\nper year applied as fertilizer and 0.03 pound per\r\nacre per year from rainfall.\r\nTwenty-one pesticides were detected in\r\nrunoff with varying degrees of frequency during\r\nthe study. The herbicide atrazine was detected in\r\nall runoff samples. All of the most frequently\r\ndetected pesticides (atrazine, trifluralin, simazine,\r\npendimethalin, and diuron) exhibited higher concentrations\r\nduring the pre-harvest period (March?\r\nMay) than during the post-harvest period (August?\r\nOctober).\r\nDuring 1996?98, an average of 0.37 pound\r\nper acre per year of atrazine was applied to the\r\nlower study area. During the same period, 0.0027\r\npound per acre per year of atrazine and its breakdown\r\nproduct deethylatrazine exited the lower\r\nstudy area in runoff (about 0.7 percent of the total\r\natrazine applied to the cropland). During 1997,\r\nwhen heavy rainfall occurred during the months of\r\nApril and May, the atrazine plus deethylatrazine\r\nexiting the lower study area was 1.8 percent of the\r\napplied atrazine.\r\nThe 1996?98 average sediment yield was\r\n610 pounds per acre per year. Sediment loads from\r\nthe study area are associated with large storm\r\nevents. Of the 45,300 tons of sediment transported\r\nfrom the study area during 1996?98 about 87 percent\r\nwas transported during the three largest runoff events (April 1997, October 1997, and October\r\n1998).\r\nRunoff-weighted average concentrations\r\nwere computed for selected nutrients and pesticides.\r\nThe 1996?98 runoff-weighted concentrations\r\nfor total nitrogen and total phosphorus were\r\n1.3 and 0.50 milligrams per liter, respectively. The\r\n1996?98 runoff-weighted concentration for atrazine\r\nplus deethylatrazine was 2.7 micrograms per\r\nliter.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014101","usgsCitation":"Ockerman, D.J., and Petri, B.L., 2001, Hydrologic conditions and water quality in an agricultural area in Kleberg and Nueces Counties, Texas, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4101, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014101.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328443,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4101/pdf/01-4101.pdf"},{"id":3877,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014101/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddafb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ockerman, Darwin J. 0000-0003-1958-1688 ockerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-1688","contributorId":1579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"Darwin","email":"ockerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petri, Brian L.","contributorId":64712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petri","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44990,"text":"wri014230 - 2001 - Hydrology of the coastal springs ground-water basin and adjacent parts of Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus Counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri014230","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4230","title":"Hydrology of the coastal springs ground-water basin and adjacent parts of Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus Counties, Florida","docAbstract":"The coastal springs in Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus Counties, Florida consist of three first-order magnitude springs and numerous smaller springs, which are points of substantial ground-water discharge from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Spring flow is proportional to the water-level altitude in the aquifer and is affected primarily by the magnitude and timing of rainfall. Ground-water levels in 206 Upper Floridan aquifer wells, and surface-water stage, flow, and specific conductance of water from springs at 10 gaging stations were measured to define the hydrologic variability (temporally and spatially) in the Coastal Springs Ground-Water Basin and adjacent parts of Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus Counties. Rainfall at 46 stations and ground-water withdrawals for three counties, were used to calculate water budgets, to evaluate long-term changes in hydrologic conditions, and to evaluate relations among the hydrologic components. \r\n\r\nPredictive equations to estimate daily spring flow were developed for eight gaging stations using regression techniques. Regression techniques included ordinary least squares and multiple linear regression techniques. The predictive equations indicate that ground-water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer are directly related to spring flow. At tidally affected gaging stations, spring flow is inversely related to spring-pool altitude. The springs have similar seasonal flow patterns throughout the area. \r\n\r\nWater-budget analysis provided insight into the relative importance of the hydrologic components expected to influence spring flow. Four water budgets were constructed for small ground-water basins that form the Coastal Springs Ground-Water Basin. Rainfall averaged 55 inches per year and was the only source of inflow to the Basin. The pathways for outflow were evapotranspiration (34 inches per year), runoff by spring flow (8 inches per year), ground-water outflow from upward leakage (11 inches per year), and ground-water withdrawal (2 inches per year). Recharge (rainfall minus evapotranspiration) to the Upper Floridan aquifer consists of vertical leakage through the surficial deposits. Discharge is primarily through springs and diffuse upward leakage that maintains the extensive swamps along the Gulf of Mexico. The ground-water basins had slightly different partitioning of hydrologic components, reflecting variation among the regions. \r\n\r\nTrends in hydrologic data were identified using nonparametric statistical techniques to infer long-term changes in hydrologic conditions, and yielded mixed results. No trend in rainfall was detected during the past century. No trend in spring flow was detected in 1931-98. Although monotonic trends were not detected, rainfall patterns are naturally variable from month to month and year to year; this variability is reflected in ground-water levels and spring flows. A decreasing trend in ground-water levels was detected in the Weeki Wachee well (1966-98), but the trend was statistically weak. At current ground-water withdrawal rates, there is no discernible affect on ground-water levels and spring flows. Sporadic data records, lack of continuous data, and inconsistent periods of record among the hydrologic components impeded analysis of long-term changes to the hydrologic system and interrelations among components. The ongoing collection of hydrologic data from index sites could provide much needed information to assess the hydrologic factors affecting the quantity and quality of spring flow in the Coastal Springs Ground-Water Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014230","usgsCitation":"Knochenmus, L.A., and Yobbi, D.K., 2001, Hydrology of the coastal springs ground-water basin and adjacent parts of Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4230, vi, 88 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014230.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3864,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/wri01_4230_knochenmus.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb899","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knochenmus, Lari A. lari@usgs.gov","contributorId":301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"Lari","email":"lari@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yobbi, Dann K.","contributorId":15247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"Dann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45055,"text":"wri004154 - 2001 - Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:22:03","indexId":"wri004154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4154","title":"Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997","docAbstract":"Spatial determinations of the metal loads in Wightman Fork can be used to identify potential source areas to the stream. In September 1997, a chloride tracer-injection study was done concurrently with synoptic water-quality sampling in Wightman Fork near the Summitville Mine site. Discharge was determined and metal concentrations at 38 sites were used to generate mass-load profiles for dissolved aluminum, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had previously identified these metals as contaminants of concern.Metal loads increased substantially in Wightman Fork near the Summitville Mine. A large increase occurred along a 60-meter reach that is north of the North Waste Dump and generally corresponds to a region of radial faults. Metal loading from this reach was equivalent to 50 percent or more of the dissolved aluminum, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc load upstream from the outfall of the Summitville Water Treatment Facility (SWTF). Overall, sources along the entire reach upstream from the SWTF were equivalent to 15 percent of the iron, 33 percent of the copper and manganese, 58 percent of the zinc, and 66 percent of the aluminum load leaving the mine site. The largest increases in metal loading to Wightman Fork occurred as a result of inflow from Cropsy Creek. Aluminum, iron, manganese, and zinc loads from Cropsy Creek were equivalent to about 40 percent of the specific metal load leaving the mine site. Copper, iron, and manganese loads from Cropsy Creek were nearly as large or larger than the load from sources upstream from the SWTF. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004154","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., and Bencala, K.E., 2001, Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4154, iv, 26 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004154.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":171744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3910,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004154","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Wightman 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6676b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":231010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45058,"text":"wri004186 - 2001 - Assessment of water quality, road runoff, and bulk atmospheric deposition, Guanella Pass area, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado, water years 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:48","indexId":"wri004186","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4186","title":"Assessment of water quality, road runoff, and bulk atmospheric deposition, Guanella Pass area, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado, water years 1995-97","docAbstract":"The Guanella Pass road, located about 40 miles west of Denver, Colorado, between the towns of Georgetown and Grant, has been designated a scenic byway and is being considered for reconstruction. The purpose of this report is to present an assessment of hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the Guanella Pass area and provide baseline data for evaluation of the effects of the proposed road reconstruction. The data were collected during water years 1995-97 (October 1, 1995, to September 30, 1997).Based on Colorado water-quality standards, current surface-water quality near Guanella Pass road was generally acceptable for specified use classifications of recreation, water supply, agriculture, and aquatic life. Streams had small concentrations of dissolved solids, nutrients, trace elements, and suspended sediment. An exception was upper Geneva Creek, which was acidic and had relatively large concentrations of iron, zinc, and other trace elements related to acid-sulfate weathering. Concentrations of many water-quality constituents, especially particle-related phases and suspended sediment, increased during peak snowmelt and rainstorm events and decreased to prerunoff concentrations at the end of runoff periods. Some dissolved (filtered) trace-element loads in Geneva Creek decreased during rainstorms when total recoverable loads remained generally static or increased, indicating a phase change that might be explained by adsorption of trace elements to suspended sediment during storm runoff.Total recoverable iron and dissolved zinc exceeded Colorado stream-water-quality standards most frequently. Exceedances for iron generally occurred during periods of high suspended-sediment transport in several streams. Zinc standards were exceeded in about one-half the samples collected in Geneva Creek 1.5 miles upstream from Grant.Lake-water quality was generally similar to that of area streams. Nitrogen and phosphorus ratios calculated for Clear and Duck Lakes indicated that phytoplankton in the lakes were probably phosphorus-limited. Measures of trophic status (secchi depth, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a) indicated that Duck and Clear Lakes were oligotrophic in 1997.Ground water had relatively low specific conductance (range 24 to 584 microsiemens per centimeter) and did not exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards, except for samples collected from a single well, which exceeded the Proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for uranium.Runoff from the Guanella Pass road enters streams through surface channels connected to culverts and roadside ditches. Fifty-six percent of the total number of culvert and roadside-ditch drainage features on the Guanella Pass road showed evidence of recent surface runoff connection to an adjacent stream. Road runoff is generated during snowmelt and during summer rainstorms.At a road cross-drain culvert monitored continuously for discharge (water years 1996-97), most runoff (77 to 96 percent) was a result of snowmelt, and runoff from the road preceded the basinwide peak streamflow, resulting in sediment and water-quality constituent inputs to the stream when the stream?s capacity for dilution of the road runoff was low. Specific conductance of road-runoff samples ranged from 14 to 468 microsiemens per centimeter. Major-ion composition of some samples indicated effects from deicing salt (sodium chloride) and dust inhibitor (magnesium chloride) applied to sections of the road, but changes in the stream concentrations that might be attributed to the runoff were brief and relatively small.Nutrients were commonly measured in road-runoff samples at larger concentrations than in streamflow. Concentrations of nitrate and ammonia, especially during rainfall-generated road runoff, were more similar to the concentrations in precipitation than to the concentrations in stream water. Concentrations of ammonia plus organic nitrogen (total as N) (range less than 0.2 to 24 milligrams per liter) and t","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri004186","usgsCitation":"Stevens, M.R., 2001, Assessment of water quality, road runoff, and bulk atmospheric deposition, Guanella Pass area, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado, water years 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4186, viii, 183 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm.; 50 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004186.","productDescription":"viii, 183 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm.; 50 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3912,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004186","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50424,"text":"ofr01286 - 2001 - TopoDrive and ParticleFlow--Two computer models for simulation and visualization of ground-water flow and transport of fluid particles in two dimensions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T16:47:35","indexId":"ofr01286","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-286","displayTitle":"TopoDrive and ParticleFlow--Two Computer Models for Simulation and Visualization of Ground-Water Flow and Transport of Fluid Particles in Two Dimensions","title":"TopoDrive and ParticleFlow--Two computer models for simulation and visualization of ground-water flow and transport of fluid particles in two dimensions","docAbstract":"This report serves as a user?s guide for two computer models: TopoDrive and ParticleFlow. These two-dimensional models are designed to simulate two ground-water processes: topography-driven flow and advective transport of fluid particles. To simulate topography-driven flow, the user may specify the shape of the water table, which bounds the top of the vertical flow section. To simulate transport of fluid particles, the model domain is a rectangle with overall flow from left to right. In both cases, the flow is under steady state, and the distribution of hydraulic conductivity may be specified by the user. The models compute hydraulic head, ground-water flow paths, and the movement of fluid particles. An interactive visual interface enables the user to easily and quickly explore model behavior, and thereby better understand ground-water flow processes. In this regard, TopoDrive and ParticleFlow are not intended to be comprehensive modeling tools, but are designed for modeling at the exploratory or conceptual level, for visual demonstration, and for educational purposes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01286","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., 2001, TopoDrive and ParticleFlow--Two computer models for simulation and visualization of ground-water flow and transport of fluid particles in two dimensions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-286, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01286.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4222,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/tdpf/ofr01-286.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b2f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45070,"text":"wri004274 - 2001 - Simulated ground-water flow and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Burlington, Iowa, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:45:36","indexId":"wri004274","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4274","title":"Simulated ground-water flow and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Burlington, Iowa, 1999","docAbstract":"The City of Burlington, Iowa, obtains some of its public water supply by withdrawing ground water from the Mississippi River alluvium, an alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Mississippi River. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Burlington, conducted a hydrologic study of the Mississippi River alluvium near Burlington in 1999 to improve understanding of the flow system, evaluate the effects of hypothetical pumping scenarios on the flow system, and evaluate selected water-quality constituents in parts of the alluvium.
\nA steady-state, ground-water flow model was constructed for a 7-square-mile area of the alluvium using October 1999 hydrologic conditions to help conceptualize the flow system, identify sources of water to the alluvium, and assess potential effects from additional hypothetical ground-water withdrawals from the lower alluvium. The model was discretized into a 70-row by 68-column grid using cells measuring 200 feet by 200 feet. Three model layers were used to represent flow in the upper part of the alluvium, lower part of the alluvium, and bedrock. The primary sources of ground water to the alluvium were subsurface flow from areas of the alluvium adjacent to the modeled area, recharge from precipitation, subsurface flow from Flint River streamchannel deposits adjacent to the alluvium, and river leakage. The primary components of outflow from the flow system were river leakage, municipal ground-water withdrawals (pumpage), and leakage to drainage ditches.
\nThree hypothetical pumping scenarios were used to assess the potential effects of increased ground-water withdrawals from the lower part of the alluvium: (1) pumping a second existing municipal well at a rate of 0.5 million gallons per day, (2) pumping a hypothetical well completed in an area between the city water-treatment facility and Flint River at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day, and (3) pumping a hypothetical well completed in an area south of the Flint River at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day. Maximum additional simulated drawdown in the upper alluvium ranged from less than 3 feet (for scenario 1) to about 9 feet (for scenario 3). Maximum additional simulated drawdown in the lower alluvium ranged from about 12 feet (for scenario 1) to about 34 feet (for scenario 3). Water budgets for each scenario indicated future additional withdrawals from the flow system near Burlington’s existing municipal wells would significantly increase the amount of river leakage into the flow system.
\nWater samples collected from the alluvium indicated ground water can be classified as a calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type. Reducing conditions likely occur in some localized areas of the alluvium, as suggested by relatively large concentrations of dissolved iron (4,390 micrograms per liter) and manganese (2, 430 micrograms per liter) in some ground-water samples. Nitrite plus nitrate was detected at concentrations greater than or equal to 8 milligrams per liter in three samples collected from observation wells completed in close proximity to cropland; the nitrite plus nitrate concentration in one groundwater sample exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level for nitrate in drinking water (10 milligrams per liter as N). Triazine herbicides (atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, simazine, and selected degradation products) and chloroacetanilide herbicides (acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor) were detected in some water samples. A greater number of herbicide compounds were detected in surface-water samples than in ground-water samples. Herbicide concentrations typically were at least an order of magnitude greater in surfacewater samples than in ground-water samples. The Maximum Contaminant Level for alachlor (2 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in a sample from Dry Branch Creek at Tama Road and for atrazine (3 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in samples collected from Dry Branch Creek at Tama Road and the county drainage ditch at Tama Road.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004274","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Burlington, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Boyd, R., 2001, Simulated ground-water flow and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Burlington, Iowa, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4274, v, 46 p.; ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004274.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.; ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004274.JPG"},{"id":3922,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/WRIR_00-4274.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.09262466430663,\n 40.8161477453172\n ],\n [\n -91.05863571166992,\n 40.8493976983769\n ],\n [\n -91.10172271728516,\n 40.87588181562867\n ],\n [\n -91.13777160644531,\n 40.843164602353745\n ],\n [\n -91.09262466430663,\n 40.8161477453172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, Robert A.","contributorId":16491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54766,"text":"wdrND002 - 2001 - Water Resources Data, North Dakota, Water Year 2000. Volume 2. Ground Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-22T14:02:13","indexId":"wdrND002","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ND-00-2","title":"Water Resources Data, North Dakota, Water Year 2000. Volume 2. Ground Water","docAbstract":"This edition of the annual hydrologic data report of North Dakota is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data collected from the U.S. Geological Survey's collection networks in each State, Puerto Rico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and quality of water provide the hydrologic information needed by Federal, State, local agencies, and the private sector for developing and managing land and water resources in North Dakota.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrND002","usgsCitation":"Harkness, R., and Wald, J.D., 2001, Water Resources Data, North Dakota, Water Year 2000. Volume 2. Ground Water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ND-00-2, 160 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrND002.","productDescription":"160 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5408,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wdr/wdrnd002/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faf69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harkness, R.E.","contributorId":24412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harkness","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, J. D.","contributorId":30993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54169,"text":"wdrGA011 - 2001 - Water Resources Data, Georgia, 2001, Volume 1: Continuous water-level, streamflow, water-quality data, and periodic water-quality data, Water Year 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:37:58","indexId":"wdrGA011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"GA-01-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Georgia, 2001, Volume 1: Continuous water-level, streamflow, water-quality data, and periodic water-quality data, Water Year 2001","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2001 water year for Georgia consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; and the stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs published in two volumes in a digital format on a CD-ROM. Volume one of this report contains water resources data for Georgia collected during water year 2001, including: discharge records of 133 gaging stations; stage for 144 gaging stations; precipitation for 58 gaging stations; information for 19 lakes and reservoirs; continuous water-quality records for 17 stations; the annual peak stage and annual peak discharge for 76 crest-stage partial-record stations; and miscellaneous streamflow measurements at 27 stations, and miscellaneous water-quality data recorded by the NAWQA program in Georgia. Volume two of this report contains water resources data for Georgia collected during calendar year 2001, including continuous water-level records of 159 ground-water wells and periodic records at 138 water-quality stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Georgia.\r\n\r\nNote: Historically, this report was published as a paper report. For the 1999 and subsequent water-year reports, the Water Resources Data for Georgia changed to a new, more informative and functional format on CD-ROM. The format is based on a geographic information system (GIS) user interface that allows the user to view map locations of the hydrologic monitoring stations and networks within respective river basins.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrGA011","usgsCitation":"McCallum, B.E., Kerestes, J.F., and Hickey, A.C., 2001, Water Resources Data, Georgia, 2001, Volume 1: Continuous water-level, streamflow, water-quality data, and periodic water-quality data, Water Year 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report GA-01-1, 1120 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrGA011.","productDescription":"1120 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5615,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrga01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489fb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCallum, Brian E. 0000-0002-8935-0343 bemccall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-0343","contributorId":1591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCallum","given":"Brian","email":"bemccall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerestes, John F.","contributorId":72061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerestes","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickey, Andrew C.","contributorId":60713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54170,"text":"wdrGA012 - 2001 - Water Resources Data, Georgia, 2001, Volume 2: Continuous ground-water level data, and periodic surface-water- and ground-water-quality data, Calendar Year 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T13:39:54","indexId":"wdrGA012","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"GA-01-2","title":"Water Resources Data, Georgia, 2001, Volume 2: Continuous ground-water level data, and periodic surface-water- and ground-water-quality data, Calendar Year 2001","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2001 water year for Georgia consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; and the stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs published in two volumes in a digital format on a CD-ROM. Volume one of this report contains water resources data for Georgia collected during water year 2001, including: discharge records of 133 gaging stations; stage for 144 gaging stations; precipitation for 58 gaging stations; information for 19 lakes and reservoirs; continuous water-quality records for 17 stations; the annual peak stage and annual peak discharge for 76 crest-stage partial-record stations; and miscellaneous streamflow measurements at 27 stations, and miscellaneous water-quality data recorded by the NAWQA program in Georgia. Volume two of this report contains water resources data for Georgia collected during calendar year 2001, including continuous water-level records of 159 ground-water wells and periodic records at 138 water-quality stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Georgia.\r\n\r\nNote: Historically, this report was published as a paper report. For the 1999 and subsequent water-year reports, the Water Resources Data for Georgia changed to a new, more informative and functional format on CD-ROM. The format is based on a geographic information system (GIS) user interface that allows the user to view map locations of the hydrologic monitoring stations and networks within respective river basins.\r\n\r\n\r\nTo obtain a copy of the CD version of this report, you may call the U.S. Geological Survey office in Atlanta at (770) 903-9100, or send e-mail to request the publication. Please include your name and mailing address in your e-mail.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrGA012","usgsCitation":"Coffin, R., Grams, S.C., Cressler, A.M., and Leeth, D.C., 2001, Water Resources Data, Georgia, 2001, Volume 2: Continuous ground-water level data, and periodic surface-water- and ground-water-quality data, Calendar Year 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report GA-01-2, 590 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrGA012.","productDescription":"590 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5616,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrga01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a0a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coffin, Robert","contributorId":12920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffin","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grams, Susan C.","contributorId":51842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grams","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cressler, Alan M. cressler@usgs.gov","contributorId":4332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cressler","given":"Alan","email":"cressler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":249415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leeth, David C. cleeth@usgs.gov","contributorId":1403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeth","given":"David","email":"cleeth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":249414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54788,"text":"wdrNJ003 - 2001 - Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2000. Volume 3. Water-Quality Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:24","indexId":"wdrNJ003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-00-3","title":"Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2000. Volume 3. Water-Quality Data","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2000 water year for New Jersey are presented in three volumes, and consist of records of stage, discharage, and quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and levels and quality of ground water. Volume 3 contains a summary of surface and ground water hydrologic conditions for the 2000 water year, a listing of current water-resource projects in New Jersey, a bibliography of water-related reports, articles, and fact sheets for New Jersey completed by the Geological Survey in recent years, water-quality records of chemical analyses from 125 continuing-record surface-water stations, 62 miscellaneous surface-water sites, 73 ground-water sites, and records of daily statistics of temperature and other physical measurements from 45 continuous-recording stations. Locations of water-quality stations are shown in figures 18-20. Locations of miscellaneous water-quality sites are shown in figures 11 and 42-49. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in New Jersey.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ003","usgsCitation":"DeLuca, M., Mattes, G., Burns, H., Thomas, A., Gray, B., and Doyle, H., 2001, Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 2000. Volume 3. Water-Quality Data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NJ-00-3, 618 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNJ003.","productDescription":"618 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_nj_00_3.gif"},{"id":14465,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-NJ-00-3/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb278","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLuca, M.J.","contributorId":7663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLuca","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattes, G.L.","contributorId":85544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattes","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burns, H.L.","contributorId":39731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, A.M.","contributorId":47735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gray, B.J.","contributorId":100331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Doyle, H.A.","contributorId":46047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":24550,"text":"ofr00240 - 2000 - Airborne geophysical surveys in the Boulder Watershed, Jefferson and Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T13:16:49","indexId":"ofr00240","displayToPublicDate":"2018-09-03T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-240","title":"Airborne geophysical surveys in the Boulder Watershed, Jefferson and Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana","docAbstract":"Three airborne geophysical surveys have been made in the Boulder watershed and adjacent areas (fig. 1). The objectives of the geophysical studies in the watershed is to map subsurface lithologic, structural and hydrologic features important in controlling possible ground water contamination from mining activities and to design remediation efforts. These studies are part of an abandoned mine land study of the Boulder Basin mining district and watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00240","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Labson, V.F., and Hill, P.L., 2000, Airborne geophysical surveys in the Boulder Watershed, Jefferson and Lewis and Clark Counties, Montana; U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-240, 4 p.","productDescription":"Report: 5 p.; Data","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356825,"rank":4,"type":{"id":19,"text":"Raw Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0240/TUNNELS_HEM.zip","text":"TUNNELS HEM DATA","size":"34.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 00-240 TUNNELS HEM DATA"},{"id":155074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0240/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":356824,"rank":3,"type":{"id":19,"text":"Raw Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0240/BOULDER_HEM.zip","text":"BOULDER HEM DATA","size":"89.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 00-240 BOULDER HEM DATA"},{"id":356822,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0240/ofr00240.pdf","text":"Report","size":"99.0 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 00-240"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Clark County, Jefferson County, Lewis County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4395751953125,\n 46.151297121751725\n ],\n [\n -111.7529296875,\n 46.151297121751725\n ],\n [\n -111.7529296875,\n 46.36398839132818\n ],\n [\n -112.4395751953125,\n 46.36398839132818\n ],\n [\n -112.4395751953125,\n 46.151297121751725\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 973
Denver, CO 80225
Accurate and reliable water-resources data collected during drought conditions are critical to regulatory agencies such as the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). Droughts have affected Mississippi during 1940-44, 1951-57, 1962-71, 1980-82 and 1983-88. In late summer and early autumn 1999, many areas of Mississippi experienced near record drought conditions causing concern to many private and public interests. Personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the MDEQ Office of Land and Water Resources (MDEQ-OLWR) measured water levels and streamflows throughout the State of Mississippi during drought conditions in August through October 1999. Droughts are normal, recurring hydrological events caused by deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time that can have adverse effects on anthropogenic use of water. Much of the State of Mississippi has continued to experience drought conditions through late winter of 2000. Data on minimum streamflows are an important factor for determining the regulation of flow control structures, effluent discharge, and surface water withdrawals and other water-management decisions during droughts. Data on minimum streamflows become paramount during drought conditions. This report presents information related to the legal aspects of drought conditions and includes selected data collected at streamgages affected by severe drought conditions in Mississippi during the late summer and early autumn of 1999. Comparisons of low-flow characteristics at selected streamgages to other period-of-record low-flows at selected gages in the State are also presented.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the thirtieth Mississippi Water Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"30th Annual Mississippi Water Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"April 18-19, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Raymond, MS","language":"English","publisher":"Mississippi Water Resources Research Institute, Mississippi State University","doi":"10.13140/2.1.3215.4246","usgsCitation":"Turnipseed, D.P., and Long, L.G., 2000, Measurement of 1999 drought conditions in Mississippi, in Proceedings of the thirtieth Mississippi Water Resources Conference, Raymond, MS, April 18-19, 2000, https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3215.4246.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c83de4b025c4642862f0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ballweber, Jeffery A.","contributorId":181569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ballweber","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730127,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Turnipseed, D. Phil 0000-0002-9737-3203 pturnip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-3203","contributorId":298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"D.","email":"pturnip@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Phil","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, Loyd G.","contributorId":181820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Long","given":"Loyd","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176057,"text":"ofr00065 - 2000 - Creating a standardized watersheds database for the Lower Rio Grande/Río Bravo, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T12:06:18","indexId":"ofr00065","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"00-065","title":"Creating a standardized watersheds database for the Lower Rio Grande/Río Bravo, Texas","docAbstract":"This report describes the creation of a large-scale watershed database for the lower Rio Grande/Río Bravo Basin in Texas. The watershed database includes watersheds delineated to all 1:24,000-scale mapped stream confluences and other hydrologically significant points, selected watershed characteristics, and hydrologic derivative datasets.
Computer technology allows generation of preliminary watershed boundaries in a fraction of the time needed for manual methods. This automated process reduces development time and results in quality improvements in watershed boundaries and characteristics. These data can then be compiled in a permanent database, eliminating the time-consuming step of data creation at the beginning of a project and providing a stable base dataset that can give users greater confidence when further subdividing watersheds.
A standardized dataset of watershed characteristics is a valuable contribution to the understanding and management of natural resources. Vertical integration of the input datasets used to automatically generate watershed boundaries is crucial to the success of such an effort. The optimum situation would be to use the digital orthophoto quadrangles as the source of all the input datasets. While the hydrographic data from the digital line graphs can be revised to match the digital orthophoto quadrangles, hypsography data cannot be revised to match the digital orthophoto quadrangles. Revised hydrography from the digital orthophoto quadrangle should be used to create an updated digital elevation model that incorporates the stream channels as revised from the digital orthophoto quadrangle. Computer-generated, standardized watersheds that are vertically integrated with existing digital line graph hydrographic data will continue to be difficult to create until revisions can be made to existing source datasets. Until such time, manual editing will be necessary to make adjustments for man-made features and changes in the natural landscape that are not reflected in the digital elevation model data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00065","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission","usgsCitation":"Brown, J., Ulery, R.L., and Parcher, J.W., 2000, Creating a standardized watersheds database for the Lower Rio Grande/Río Bravo, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-065, iii, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00065.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":327796,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr00-065/00-065.pdf","text":"Creating a Standardized Watersheds Database for the Lower Rio Grande/ Río Bravo, Texas","size":"528 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Creating a Standardized Watersheds Database for the Lower Rio Grande/ Río Bravo, Texas"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Webb","city":"Rio Bravo","otherGeospatial":"Lower Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.50325965881348,\n 27.362391688477363\n ],\n [\n -99.50325965881348,\n 27.366889032381295\n ],\n [\n -99.45948600769043,\n 27.366889032381295\n ],\n [\n -99.45948600769043,\n 27.362391688477363\n ],\n [\n -99.50325965881348,\n 27.362391688477363\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"CONTENTS
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c6af00e4b0f2f0cebe46f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J.R.","contributorId":56872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ulery, Randy L. rlulery@usgs.gov","contributorId":4679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulery","given":"Randy","email":"rlulery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":646964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parcher, Jean W. jwparcher@usgs.gov","contributorId":2209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcher","given":"Jean","email":"jwparcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":646965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159713,"text":"70159713 - 2000 - Effect of browsing on willow in the Steel Creek grazing allotment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-18T10:43:37","indexId":"70159713","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-09T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"Effect of browsing on willow in the Steel Creek grazing allotment","docAbstract":"Abstract
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Acknowledgments
Background
Watershed-Boundary Delineation
Standardized Watershed Classification
Watershed Characteristics
Topographic Datasets
Methods Used to Create a Standardized Watersheds Database
Source Datasets
DEM Processing—Creation of Hydrologic Derivatives
Watershed Delineation
Revision of the Hydrography
Computer-Generated Watershed Delineations
Review of Computer-Generated Watershed Delineations and
Manual DelineationsWatershed Region Coverage
Watershed Characteristics
Conflation of RF3 Attributes
Extending Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) to 12 Digits
Conclusions
Selected References
Appendix - Watershed Characteristic Computations
The Steel Creek drainage serves as both wildlife range (primarily moose and elk) and as a livestock grazing allotment. For some years there has been concern about the effect of browsing on willows. Dense clusters of twigs have formed at the end of branches; entire stems of some plants have died. As of 1996, the relative impacts attributable to each of the ungulate species had not been documented.
\nIn 1997 a study was begun to determine: a) the current level of browsing, b) the history of past browsing pressure, and c) the relative roles of the different ungulate species. All areas surveyed in 1997 were found to be 100% intensely browsed as measured by the methods described in Keigley and Frisina (1998). A reconstructed history of aspen browsing indicated that browsing pressure increased sometime in the mid-1980s (Keigley and Frisina 1998: pp. 122-124). The intense aspen browsing occurred east of the Steel Creek Ranger Station in an area in which all livestock have been excluded for several years, thus indicating that wildlife were responsible. While the 1997 study indicated that wildlife had a significant impact on browse condition, no data were collected that documented the potential impact of livestock within grazed areas, or the combined impact of livestock and wildlife.
\nIn 1998 we began a study of browsing impacts in the Steel Creek grazing allotment. The objectives of the study were to:
\n1. Determine willow growth potential,
\n2. Document the effect of browsing,
\n3. Document the response of willows to protection from browsing,
\n4. Determine the amount consumed each year,
\n5. Distinguish between the impacts of livestock and wildlife, and
\n6. Evaluate the consistency of the measurement methods.
\nView upstream from the study area. Salix geyerriana is the dominant willow species. Salix drummondiana and S. Boothii are less common; older individuals of both species grow to about 2-m tall. Salix bebbiana is much less common, and where present, is browsed close to ground level. The carcass of an old Bebb willow that had attained typical stature is located near the study area. Beaver are absent. The remains of relic beaver dams indicate that beaver were once an important hydrologic influence.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statewide browse evaluation project: Report no. 1","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks","usgsCitation":"Keigley, R., and Gale, G., 2000, Effect of browsing on willow in the Steel Creek grazing allotment, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":311483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Beaverhead/Deerlodge National Forest, Steel Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.82110595703125,\n 45.22848059584359\n ],\n [\n -113.82110595703125,\n 46.337447097476925\n ],\n [\n -112.35443115234375,\n 46.337447097476925\n ],\n [\n -112.35443115234375,\n 45.22848059584359\n ],\n [\n -113.82110595703125,\n 45.22848059584359\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf4ae4b0112df6c62e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keigley, R.B.","contributorId":85115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigley","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, Gil","contributorId":149959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gale","given":"Gil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005924,"text":"wdrNJ993 - 2000 - Water Resources Data - New Jersey, Water Year 1999, Volume 3, Water-Quality Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"wdrNJ993","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-99-3","title":"Water Resources Data - New Jersey, Water Year 1999, Volume 3, Water-Quality Data","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 1999 water year for New Jersey are presented in three volumes, and consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. Volume 3 contains a summary of surface and ground water hydrologic conditions for the 1999 water year, a listing of current water-resource projects in New Jersey, a bibliography of water-related reports, articles, and fact sheets for New Jersey completed by the Geological Survey in recent years, water-quality records of chemical analyses from 133 surface-water stations, 46 miscellaneous surface-water sites, 30 ground-water stations, 41 miscellaneous ground-water sites, and records of daily statistics of temperature and other physical measurements from 17 continuous-monitoring stations. Locations of water-quality stations are shown in figures 11 and 17-20. Locations of miscellaneous water-quality sites are shown in figures 29-32 and 34. These data represent the part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in New Jersey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ993","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"DeLuca, M., Romanok, K., Riskin, M., Mattes, G., Thomas, A., and Gray, B., 2000, Water Resources Data - New Jersey, Water Year 1999, Volume 3, Water-Quality Data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NJ-99-3, xii, 517 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNJ993.","productDescription":"xii, 517 p.","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_NJ_99_3.gif"},{"id":101706,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1999/nj-99-3/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5,40.166666666666664 ], [ -75.5,40.666666666666664 ], [ -74.33333333333333,40.666666666666664 ], [ -74.33333333333333,40.166666666666664 ], [ -75.5,40.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd351","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLuca, M.J.","contributorId":7663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLuca","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romanok, K.M.","contributorId":55900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanok","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riskin, M.L.","contributorId":33384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riskin","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mattes, G.L.","contributorId":85544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattes","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thomas, A.M.","contributorId":47735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gray, B.J.","contributorId":100331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5223966,"text":"5223966 - 2000 - Regional effects of hydrologic alterations on riverine macrobiota in the New World: Tropical-temperate comparisons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T15:57:01.393066","indexId":"5223966","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:43","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional effects of hydrologic alterations on riverine macrobiota in the New World: Tropical-temperate comparisons","docAbstract":"This article has two main objectives: to examine what is known about regional effects of hydrologic modifications in temperate and tropical areas of the New World (i.e., North and South America and the Caribbean), with an emphasis on fishes and molluscs; and to discuss research needs regarding regional effects of hydrologic alterations in temperate and tropical regions. A better understanding of regional effects of cumulative hydrologic alterations could help inform decisions on the nature and location of future hydrologic modifications.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0807:REOHAO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pringle, C.M., Freeman, M.C., and Freeman, B.J., 2000, Regional effects of hydrologic alterations on riverine macrobiota in the New World: Tropical-temperate comparisons: BioScience, v. 50, no. 9, p. 807-823, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0807:REOHAO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"823","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c6f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pringle, C. M.","contributorId":72902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pringle","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":340085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeman, B. J.","contributorId":8031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223915,"text":"5223915 - 2000 - Contaminant exposure and effects: Terrestrial vertebrates database: Trends and data gaps for Atlantic Coast estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T17:06:01.529688","indexId":"5223915","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminant exposure and effects: Terrestrial vertebrates database: Trends and data gaps for Atlantic Coast estuaries","docAbstract":"In order to examine the condition of biota in Atlantic coast estuaries, \"Contaminant Exposure and Effects—Terrestrial Vertebrates\" database (CEE-TV) has been compiled through computerized search of published literature, review of existing databases, and solicitation of unpublished reports from conservation agencies, private groups, and universities. Summary information has been entered into the database, including species, collection date (1965–present), site coordinates, estuary name, hydrologic unit code, sample matrix, contaminant concentrations, biomarker and bioindicator responses, and reference source, utilizing a 98-field character and numeric format. Currently, the CEE-TV database contains 3699 geo-referenced records representing 190 vertebrate species and >140,000 individuals residing in estuaries from Maine through Florida. This relational database can be directly queried or imported into a Geographic Information System to examine spatial patterns, identify data gaps and areas of concern, generate hypotheses, and focus ecotoxicological field assessments. Information on birds made up the vast majority (83%) of the database, with only a modicum of data on amphibians (<0.1%). Of the >75,000 chemical compounds in commerce, only 118 commonly measured environmental contaminants were quantified in tissues of terrestrial vertebrates. There were no CEE-TV data records in 15 of the 67 estuaries located along the Atlantic coast and Florida Gulf coast. The CEE-TV database has a number of potential applications including focusing biomonitoring efforts to generate critically needed ecotoxicological data in the numerous \"gaps\" along the coast, reducing uncertainty about contaminant risk, identifying areas for mitigation, restoration or special management, and ranking ecological conditions of estuaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1006458811235","usgsCitation":"Rattner, B., Pearson, J., Golden, N.H., Cohen, J., Erwin, R., and Ottinger, M.A., 2000, Contaminant exposure and effects: Terrestrial vertebrates database: Trends and data gaps for Atlantic Coast estuaries: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 63, no. 1, p. 131-142, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006458811235.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"142","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696fc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearson, J.L.","contributorId":14542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Golden, N. H.","contributorId":55541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golden","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cohen, J.B.","contributorId":29914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ottinger, M. A.","contributorId":99078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035166,"text":"70035166 - 2000 - Adjustment of total suspended solids data for use in sediment studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-02T16:09:05","indexId":"70035166","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Adjustment of total suspended solids data for use in sediment studies","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency identifies fluvial sediment as the single most widespread pollutant in the Nation's rivers and streams, affecting aquatic habitat, drinking water treatment processes, and recreational uses of rivers, lakes, and estuaries. A significant amount of suspended-sediment data has been produced using the total suspended solids (TSS) laboratory analysis method. An evaluation of data collected and analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey and others has shown that the variation in TSS analytical results is considerably larger than that for traditional suspended-sediment concentration analyses (SSC) and that the TSS data show a negative bias when compared to SSC data. This paper presents the initial results of a continuing investigation into the differences between TSS and SSC results. It explores possible relations between these differences and other hydrologic data collected at the same stations. A general equation was developed to relate TSS data to SSC data. However, this general equation is not applicable for data from individual stations. Based on these analyses, there appears to be no simple, straightforward way to relate TSS and SSC data unless pairs of TSS and SSC results are available for a station.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Building partnerships: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000","conferenceDate":"July 30 - August 2, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/40517(2000)270","isbn":"9780784405178","usgsCitation":"Glysson, G.D., Gray, J.R., and Conge, L., 2000, Adjustment of total suspended solids data for use in sediment studies, in Building partnerships: Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000, v. 104, Minneapolis, MN, July 30 - August 2, 2000, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)270.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6f7e4b0c8380cd47763","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hotchkiss, Rollin H.","contributorId":23653,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hotchkiss","given":"Rollin","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730142,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glade, Michael","contributorId":6154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glade","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730143,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Glysson, G. Douglas","contributorId":13607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, John R. 0000-0002-8817-3701 jrgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-3701","contributorId":1158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jrgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":449560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conge, L.M.","contributorId":101103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conge","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44843,"text":"wri974054C - 2000 - Altitude, depth, and thickness of the Galena-Platteville Bedrock Unit in the subcrop area of Illinois and Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-01T21:35:12.887933","indexId":"wri974054C","displayToPublicDate":"2003-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4054","chapter":"C","title":"Altitude, depth, and thickness of the Galena-Platteville Bedrock Unit in the subcrop area of Illinois and Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is a carbonate deposit of Ordovician age, composed of the Galena and Platteville Groups in Illinois and the Sinnippee Group in Wisconsin. It is the uppermost bedrock unit (subcrop) in most of northern Illinois and southern and eastern Wisconsin. The subcrop area is shaded in figure 1 of sheet 1 (Batten and others, 1997). The unit is predominately dolomite, with limestone in some areas, and has a weathered surface. Across the subcrop area, the hydrologic characteristics of the bedrock unit vary substantially. The bedrock unit may be either a confining unit or an aquifer. In areas where the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is an aquifer, the unit is a dependable source of water for many private wells and some municipal-water-supply systems. Ground water in the Galena-Platteville bedrock aquifer is susceptible to contamination because the bedrock unit is near land surface in much of the study area, and the fractures in the unit allow rapid movement of water providing limited capacity to attenuate contaminants. The subcrop (study) area covers approximately 7,850 square miles in northern Illinois and Wisconsin. In the study area, volatile organic compounds and other contaminants have been detected in the aquifer at various sites (Mills, 1993; Kay and others, 1994). Many sources of contaminants, including landfills and industrial facilities, are known or suspected. In order to determine the possible effects of contamination on the ground-water supply, an understanding of the regional hydrogeologic framework of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is needed.
\nPublished and unpublished map and point data describing the geologic properties of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit are available from many sources. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), has selected and compiled a large portion of the available data to create computer data bases and maps. The objective of this effort is to compile and publish these data in a series of reports (U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Reports (WRIR) 974054-A, WRIR 97-4054-B, WRIR 97-4054-C). This is the third in that series of reports. The report describes the altitude, thickness, and depth from land surface of the subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit.
\nThe report series will enable investigators involved in site-specific studies within the subcrop area to understand the regional geologic framework of the unit and to find additional reference sources. This report consists of four sheets that show the altitude (sheet 1), depth from land surface (sheet 2), total thickness (sheet 3), and location of altitude data (sheet 4) of the lithologic units that constitute the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit within the subcrop area. The sheets also show major known geologic features within the Galena-Platteville study area in Illinois and Wisconsin. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to generate data layers (coverages) from point data and from published and unpublished contour maps at various scales and detail. Standard GIS procedures were used to change the coverages into the maps shown on the sheets presented in this report. A list of references for the data used to prepare the maps is provided.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974054C","usgsCitation":"Brown, T.A., Dunning, C., and Sharpe, J.B., 2000, Altitude, depth, and thickness of the Galena-Platteville Bedrock Unit in the subcrop area of Illinois and Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4054, 4 Plates: 34.00 x 47.77 inches smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974054C.","productDescription":"4 Plates: 34.00 x 47.77 inches smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168871,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":413561,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25885.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82198,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4054c/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82199,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4054c/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82197,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4054c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82196,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4054c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 45.1433047394883\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 45.1433047394883\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 41.53325414281322\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6869a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Timothy A.","contributorId":18016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunning, Charles P. cdunning@usgs.gov","contributorId":892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunning","given":"Charles P.","email":"cdunning@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharpe, Jennifer B. 0000-0002-5192-7848 jbsharpe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7848","contributorId":2825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsharpe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26596,"text":"wri004237 - 2000 - Quantification of metal loads by tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling methods in Cataract Creek, Jefferson County, Montana, August 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-27T06:16:49","indexId":"wri004237","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4237","title":"Quantification of metal loads by tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling methods in Cataract Creek, Jefferson County, Montana, August 1997","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004237","usgsCitation":"Cleasby, T., Nimick, D.A., and Kimball, B.A., 2000, Quantification of metal loads by tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling methods in Cataract Creek, Jefferson County, Montana, August 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4237, iv, 39 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004237.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95614,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4237/report.pdf","size":"3439","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson 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Thomas E. 0000-0003-0694-1541","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-1541","contributorId":21993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleasby","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27694,"text":"wri994224 - 2000 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri994224","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4224","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware","docAbstract":"Dover Air Force Base in Kent County, Delaware, has many contaminated sites that are in active remediation. To assist in this remediation, a steady-state model of ground-water flow was developed to aid in understanding the hydrology of the system, and for use as a ground-watermanagement tool. This report describes the hydrology on which the model is based, a description of the model itself, and some applications of the model.Dover Air Force Base is underlain by unconsolidated sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The primary units that were investigated include the upper Calvert Formation and the overlying Columbia Formation. The uppermost sand unit in the Calvert Formation at Dover Air Force Base is the Frederica aquifer, which is the deepest unit investigated in this report. A confining unit of clayey silt in the upper Calvert Formation separates the Frederica aquifer from the lower surficial aquifer, which is the basal Columbia Formation. North and northwest of Dover Air Force Base, the Frederica aquifer subcrops beneath the Columbia Formation and the upper Calvert Formation confining unit is absent. The Calvert Formation dips to the southeast. The Columbia Formation consists predominately of sands, silts, and gravels, although in places there are clay layers that separate the surficial aquifer into an upper and lower surficial aquifer. The areal extent of these clay layers has been mapped by use of gamma logs. Long-term hydrographs reveal substantial changes in both seasonal and annual ground-water recharge. These variations in recharge are related to temporal changes in evaporation, transpiration, and precipitation. The hydrographs show areas where extensive silts and clays are present in the surficial aquifer. In these areas, the vertical gradient between water levels in wells screened above and below the clays can be as large as several feet, and local ground-water highs typically form during normal recharge conditions. When drought conditions persist, water drains off these highs and the vertical gradients decrease. At the south end of Dover Air Force Base, hydrographs of water levels in the Frederica aquifer show that off-Base pumping can cause the water levels to decline below sea level during part of the year.A 4-layer, steady-state numerical model of ground-water flow was developed for Dover Air Force Base and the surrounding area. The upper two layers represent the upper and lower surficial aquifers, which are in the Columbia Formation. In some areas of the model, a semi-confining unit is used to represent an intermittent clay layer between the upper and lower surficial aquifer. This semi-confining unit causes the local groundwater highs in the surficial aquifer. The third model layer represents the upper part of the Calvert Formation, a confining unit. The fourth model layer represents the Frederica aquifer. The model was calibrated to hydraulic heads and to ground-water discharge in Pipe Elm Branch, both of which were measured in September 1997. For the calibrated model, the root-mean-squared errors for the hydraulic heads and the ground-water discharge in the Pipe Elm Branch were 9 percent of the range of head and 3 percent of discharge, respectively. Heads simulated by use of the model were consistent with a map showing average water levels in the region. The U.S. Geological Survey?s MODPATH program was used to simulate ground-water-flow directions for several areas on the Base. This analysis showed the effects of the local groundwater highs. In these areas, ground water can flow from the highs and then dramatically change flow direction as it enters the lower surficial aquifer. The steady-state model has several limitations. The entire ground-water system is under transient hydraulic conditions, due mainly to seasonal and yearly changes in recharge and to withdrawal from irrigation wells. Yet this steady-state model is still considered to be an effective tool for understanding the ground-water-flow system u","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994224","usgsCitation":"Hinaman, K.C., and Tenbus, F.J., 2000, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4224, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994224.","productDescription":"82 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_99_4224.jpg"},{"id":2228,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri99-4224/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinaman, Kurt C.","contributorId":104104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinaman","given":"Kurt","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tenbus, Frederick J.","contributorId":52145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tenbus","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25821,"text":"wri20004107 - 2000 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin - Ground-water quality in an agricultural area of Sherburne County, Minnesota, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:26:44","indexId":"wri20004107","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4107","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin - Ground-water quality in an agricultural area of Sherburne County, Minnesota, 1998","docAbstract":"The quality of shallow ground water in a 75-mi2 agricultural area of the Anoka Sand Plain aquifer in central Minnesota is described as part of the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program - a national-scale assessment of the quality of water resources within large study units in various hydrologic settings. Data were collected during 1998 from 29 wells completed in the aquifer, which predominantly consists of surficial glacial sand and gravel sediments.
\nThe depth below land surface to the water table ranged from 3.3 to 44 ft (median of 15.5 ft). Ground water was of the calciummagnesium bicarbonate type. Ionic constituents also included sodium, sulfate, and chloride. Iron and manganese concentrations generally were not greater than their U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (300 and 50 ug/L, respectively).
\nAbout 38 percent of 29 samples had nitrate-N (nitrogen) concentrations greater than the USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L. About 72 percent of the samples had nitrate-N concentrations greater than the presumed natural background level of 3 mg/L. The maximum nitrate-N concentration was 47 mg/L. The median nitrate-N concentration of 7.1 mg/L, although not greater than the MCL, exceeded the natural background level. Nitrogen isotope ratios indicate that the sources of nitrate were commercial fertilizer and soil organic matter. Concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus and orthophosphate were generally less than 1 mg/L.
\nAbout 86 percent of 29 samples had detectable concentrations of at least 1 of 13 pesticide compounds. The samples were analyzed for 83 pesticide compounds. Frequencies of detection of these compounds were: deethylatrazine-79 percent; atrazine-76 percent; metolachlor-41 percent; metribuzin and bentazon-21 percent; prometon-10 percent; tebuthiuron-7 percent; and alachlor, 2,6-diethylaniline, dicamba, dinoseb, malathion, and simazine-3 percent. The detected pesticide compounds had concentrations less than 1 ug/L. Detected compounds with USEPA MCLs (atrazine, bentazon, alachlor, dinoseb, and simazine) had concentrations less than their respective MCLs.
\nAbout 50 percent of 20 samples analyzed for 86 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) had detectable concentrations of at least 1 of 7 VOCs. Frequencies of detection of these 7 VOCs were: 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene-40 percent; and trichlorofluoromethane, styrene, chloromethane, benzene, methylbenzene, and trichloromethane-5 percent. The detected VOCs had concentrations less than 0.120 ug/L. Detected VOCs with USEPA MCLs - styrene, benzene, methylbenzene, and trichloromethane - were present at concentrations 2-4 orders of magnitude less than their respective MCLs.
\nTritium concentrations had a range of from 7.5 to 18.8 tritium units (TUs) and a median of 12.5 TUs. These concentrations indicate that the ground water predominantly recharged after testing of thermonuclear weapons during the early 1950's.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri20004107","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., Fong, A.L., Hanson, P.E., and Andrews, W.J., 2000, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin - Ground-water quality in an agricultural area of Sherburne County, Minnesota, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4107, vii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004107.","productDescription":"vii, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"1998-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/publications/pubs/00-4107.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Sherburne County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94,45.25 ], [ -94,45.5 ], [ -93.58333333333333,45.5 ], [ -93.58333333333333,45.25 ], [ -94,45.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd017","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, James F.","contributorId":103322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fong, Alison L.","contributorId":78366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanson, Paul E.","contributorId":85167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}