{"pageNumber":"347","pageRowStart":"8650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":1003151,"text":"1003151 - 1993 - A sampling method for conducting relocation studies with freshwater mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-10T23:52:04.657402","indexId":"1003151","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sampling method for conducting relocation studies with freshwater mussels","docAbstract":"

Low recovery of transplanted mussels often prevents accurate estimates of survival. We developed a method that provided a high recovery of transplanted mussels and allowed for a reliable assessment of mortality.

A 3 × 3 m polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe grid was secured to the sediment with iron reinforcing bars. The grid was divided into nine 1-m2 segments and each treatment segment, was stocked with 100 marked mussels. The recovery of mussels after six months exceeded 80% in all but one treatment group.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1993.9664878","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Waller, D.L., Rach, J., Cope, W., and Luoma, J., 1993, A sampling method for conducting relocation studies with freshwater mussels: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 8, no. 4, p. 397-399, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1993.9664878.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"399","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200134,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b18e4b07f02db6a715a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waller, D. L.","contributorId":43704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rach, J.J.","contributorId":73948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rach","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cope, W.G.","contributorId":71918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cope","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luoma, J.A.","contributorId":68010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1003158,"text":"1003158 - 1993 - Reproductive characteristics of a population of the washboard mussel Megalonaias nervosa (Rafinesque 1820) in the upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-10T23:49:22.977683","indexId":"1003158","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive characteristics of a population of the washboard mussel Megalonaias nervosa (Rafinesque 1820) in the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"

We examined monthly and age-specific gametogenic development of the washboard mussel, Megalonaias nervosa, from April 1986 to March 1987 in navigation Pool 10 of the upper Mississippi River. We found M. nervosa to be a late tachytictic breeder. Female marsupia contained eggs or glochidia primarily from August (17°C) through October (9°C). Males were mature from July through October. Most females released their glochidia in October. Only one female was gravid in November (3°C). Most mussels were sexually mature at 8 years of age and then had an estimated average size of 68 mm (shell height). Only 8% of individuals ≤ 4 years of age showed any degree of reproductive development, while > 90% of age 5 and older individuals had recognizable reproductive material present. In host specificity studies, we verified three fish species as hosts for the glochidial stage. Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), black bullhead (Ictalurus melas), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) produced juveniles after 26–28 days at 17°C. White suckers (Catastomus commersoni) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) retained glochidia from 23 up to 26 days, but no juveniles were produced. Glochidia remained attached to common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) ≤ 3 days. Channel catfish were retested at 12°C and produced juveniles after 56 days.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1993.9664724","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Woody, C., and Holland-Bartels, L., 1993, Reproductive characteristics of a population of the washboard mussel Megalonaias nervosa (Rafinesque 1820) in the upper Mississippi River: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 8, no. 1, p. 57-66, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1993.9664724.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b2bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woody, C.A.","contributorId":99211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woody","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holland-Bartels, L.","contributorId":11556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland-Bartels","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017446,"text":"70017446 - 1993 - Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45-52'N: direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-26T15:01:57","indexId":"70017446","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45-52'N: direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April, 1991","docAbstract":"

In April, 1991, we witnessed from the submersible Alvin a suite of previously undocumented seafloor phenomena accompanying an in-progress eruption of the mid-ocean ridge on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45′N–52′N. The volume of the eruption could not be precisely determined, although comparison of pre- and post-eruption SeaBeam bathymetry indicate that any changes in ridge crest morphology resulting from the eruption were < 10 m high.

\n

Effects of the eruption included: (1) increased abundance and redistribution of hydrothermal vents, disappearance of numerous vent communities, and changes in characteristics of vent fauna and mineral deposits within the eruption area since December, 1989; (2) murkiness of bottom waters up to tens of meters above the seafloor due to high densities of suspended mineral and biogenic particulates; (3) destruction of a vent community by lava flows, mass wasting, and possible hydrovolcanic explosion at a site known as ‘Tubeworm Barbecue’ in the axial summit caldera (ASC) at 9°50.6′N; (4) near-critical temperatures of hydrothermal vent fluids, ranging up to 403°C; (5) temporal variations over a 2 week interval in both temperatures and chemical/isotopic compositions of hydrothermal fluids; (6) unusual compositions of end-member vent fluids, with pH values ranging to a record low of 2.5, salinities ranging as low as 0.3 wt% NaCl (one-twelfth that of seawater), and dissolved gases reaching high concentrations (> 65 mmol/l for both CO2 and H2S); (7) venting at temperatures above 380°C of visually detectable white vapor that transformed to plumes of gray smoke a few centimeters above vent orifices; (8) disorganized venting of both high-temperature fluids (black and gray smoke) and large volumes of cooler, diffuse hydrothermal fluids directly from the basaltic seafloor, rather than from hydrothermal mineral constructions; (9) rapid and extensive growth of flocculent white bacterial mats (species unknown) on and under the seafloor in areas experiencing widespread venting of diffuse hydrothermal fluid; and (10) subseafloor downslope migration of magma normal to the ridge axis in a network of small-scale (1–5 m diameter) lava tubes and channels to distances at least 100–200 m outside the ASC.

\n

We suggest that, in April, 1991, intrusion of dikes in the eruption area to < 200 m beneath the ASC floor resulted in phase separation of fluids near the tops of the dikes and a large flux of vapor-rich hydrothermal fluids through the overlying rubbly, cavernous lavas. Low salinities and gas-rich compositions of hydrothermal fluids sampled in the eruption area are appropriate for a vapor phase in a seawater system undergoing subcritical liquid-vapor phase separation (boiling) and phase segregation. Hydrothermal fluids streamed directly from fissures and pits that may have been loci of lava drainback and/or hydrovolcanic explosions. These fissures and pits were lined with white mats of a unique fast-growing bacteria that was the only life associated with the brand-new vents. The prolific bacteria, which covered thousands of square meters on the ridge crest and were also abundant in subseafloor voids, may thrive on high levels of gases in the vapor-rich hydrothermal fluids initially escaping the hydrothermal system. White bacterial particulates swept from the seafloor by hydrothermal vents swirled in an unprecedented biogenic ‘blizzard’ up to 50 m above the bottom. The bacterial proliferation of April, 1991 is likely to be a transient bloom that will be checked quickly either by decline of dissolved gas concentrations in the fluids as rapid heat loss brings about cessation of boiling, and/or by grazing as other organisms are re-established in the biologically devastated area.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Haymon, R., Fornari, D., Von Damm, K.L., Lilley, M., Perfit, M., Edmond, J., Shanks, W.C., Lutz, R., Grebmeier, J., Carbotte, S., Wright, D., McLaughlin, E., Smith, M., Beedle, N., and Olson, E., 1993, Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45-52'N: direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April, 1991: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 119, no. 1-2, p. 85-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-W.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"101","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479498,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.268748","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2e4e4b08c986b32ae29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haymon, R.M.","contributorId":17772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haymon","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fornari, D.J.","contributorId":49520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fornari","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Von Damm, Karen L.","contributorId":87701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Damm","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lilley, M.D.","contributorId":21299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilley","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Perfit, M.R.","contributorId":45467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perfit","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Edmond, J.M.","contributorId":24920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmond","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lutz, R.A.","contributorId":30388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grebmeier, J.M.","contributorId":43932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grebmeier","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Carbotte, S.","contributorId":90490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carbotte","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wright, D.","contributorId":6158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"McLaughlin, E.","contributorId":86509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Smith, M.","contributorId":32658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Beedle, N.","contributorId":51933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beedle","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Olson, E.","contributorId":53974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70017477,"text":"70017477 - 1993 - Prediction by regression and intrarange data scatter in surface-process studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70017477","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prediction by regression and intrarange data scatter in surface-process studies","docAbstract":"Modeling is a major component of contemporary earth science, and regression analysis occupies a central position in the parameterization, calibration, and validation of geomorphic and hydrologic models. Although this methodology can be used in many ways, we are primarily concerned with the prediction of values for one variable from another variable. Examination of the literature reveals considerable inconsistency in the presentation of the results of regression analysis and the occurrence of patterns in the scatter of data points about the regression line. Both circumstances confound utilization and evaluation of the models. Statisticians are well aware of various problems associated with the use of regression analysis and offer improved practices; often, however, their guidelines are not followed. After a review of the aforementioned circumstances and until standard criteria for model evaluation become established, we recommend, as a minimum, inclusion of scatter diagrams, the standard error of the estimate, and sample size in reporting the results of regression analyses for most surface-process studies. ?? 1993 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00789324","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Toy, T., Osterkamp, W.R., and Renard, K., 1993, Prediction by regression and intrarange data scatter in surface-process studies: Environmental Geology, v. 22, no. 2, p. 121-128, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789324.","startPage":"121","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206149,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00789324"},{"id":228754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81e7e4b0c8380cd7b7b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toy, T.J.","contributorId":36626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toy","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Renard, K.G.","contributorId":42378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renard","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017478,"text":"70017478 - 1993 - Erosion response of a disturbed sagebrush steppe hillslope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T23:02:33.214972","indexId":"70017478","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosion response of a disturbed sagebrush steppe hillslope","docAbstract":"

Land management activities that disrupt surface vegetation cover pose a serious threat to the long-term stability of buried-waste sites located within the semiarid sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) steppe region of the northwestern USA. In this study, we evaluated the erosion response of a sagebrush hillslope subjected to three vegetation cover treatments: natural (undisturbed), bare (plant canopy and litter cover removed), and clipped (canopy removed). A rotating boom rainfall simulator was used to apply rain at 60 or 120 mm/h intensities to runoff plots (3.0 m by 10.7 m) with dry, wet, and very wet antecedent moisture conditions, and during two late and one early summer seasons. Supplemental overland flow was added at the upper end of each plot to simulate increased slope length during very wet runs. Maximum soil loss rates on the natural, clipped, and bare treatments were, respectively, 1, 5, and 216 mg/m2 per s during the 60 mm/h rainfall intensity, and 13, 79, and 1473 mg/m2 per s during the 120 mm/h rainfall intensity. Cumulative soil loss was typically 100 to 1000 times greater on the bare treatment than on the natural or clipped treatments. Increases in simulated slope length produced a near linear increase in soil loss from the bare treatment plots (about 0.02 g/m2 per s soil loss per m of slope length) until 30 m, after which the effect of slope length declined. Surface crust development and mound-intermound microtopography played important roles in governing soil detachment and transport on the hillslope. Despite high rainfall intensity and surface runoff rates, rill erosion was negligible on both the undisturbed and disturbed portions of the hillslope.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040010x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Goff, B., Bent, G., and Hart, G., 1993, Erosion response of a disturbed sagebrush steppe hillslope: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 22, no. 4, p. 698-709, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040010x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"698","endPage":"709","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a3fe4b0c8380cd5227d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goff, B.F.","contributorId":101820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bent, G.C.","contributorId":81645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bent","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, G.E.","contributorId":38292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017479,"text":"70017479 - 1993 - Regional and economic geology of Pennsylvanian age coal beds of West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T00:36:35.882075","indexId":"70017479","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional and economic geology of Pennsylvanian age coal beds of West Virginia","docAbstract":"

West Virginia is the only place in the United States where an entire section of Pennsylvanian age (Upper Carboniferous) strata can be seen. These strata occur within a wedge of rock that thins to the north and west from the southeastern part of the State. The progressive north-northwesterly termination of older Pennsylvanian geologic units beneath younger ones prominently outlines the center of the Appalachian basin of West Virginia. Over most of West Virginia, Lower and/or Middle Pennsylvanian strata unconformably overly Upper Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) strata. Sediment deposition was accomplished by a complex system of deltas prograding north and west from an eastern and southeastern source area.

More than 100 named coal beds occur within the Lower, Middle, and Upper Pennsylvanian rocks of West Virginia and at least 60 of these have been or are currently being mined commercially. Collectively, these coal beds account for original in-ground coal resources of almost 106.1×109 t (117×109 tons). West Virginia ranks fourth in the United States in demonstrated coal reserves. In 1988, West Virginia produced 131.4×106 t (144.9×106 T) of coal, third highest in the United States. Of this annual production, 75% was from underground mines. In 1988, West Virginia led the nation in the number of longwall mining sections currently in place. West Virginia's low-volatile coal beds are known worldwide as important metallurgical-grade coals, while the higher-volatile coal beds are utilized primarily for steam production.




","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(93)90044-B","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Repine, T., Blake, B., Ashton, K.C., Fedorko, N., Keiser, A., Loud, E., Smith, C., McClelland, S., and McColloch, G., 1993, Regional and economic geology of Pennsylvanian age coal beds of West Virginia: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 23, no. 1-4, p. 75-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(93)90044-B.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228799,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a4a0e4b0e8fec6cdbbcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Repine, T.E. Jr.","contributorId":20924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repine","given":"T.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blake, B.M.","contributorId":76481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blake","given":"B.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashton, K. C.","contributorId":51850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashton","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fedorko, N. III","contributorId":91264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorko","given":"N.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Keiser, A.F.","contributorId":79646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keiser","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Loud, E.I.","contributorId":102220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loud","given":"E.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, C.J.","contributorId":69141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McClelland, S.","contributorId":95633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClelland","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McColloch, G.H.","contributorId":87300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McColloch","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70017480,"text":"70017480 - 1993 - Chronology, Eruption Duration, and Atmospheric Contribution of the Martian Volcano Apollinaris Patera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70017480","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology, Eruption Duration, and Atmospheric Contribution of the Martian Volcano Apollinaris Patera","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping, thermal inertia measurements, and an analysis of the color (visual wavelengths) of the martian volcano Apollinaris Patera indicate the existence of two different surface materials, comprising an early, easily eroded edifice, and a more recent, competent fan on the southern flank. A chronology of six major events that is consistent with the present morphology of the volcano has been identified. We propose that large scale explosive activity occurred during the formation of the main edifice and that the distinctive fan on the southern flank appears to have been formed by lavas of low eruptive rate similar to those that form compound pahoehoe flow fields on Earth. A basal escarpment typically 500 m in relief and morphologically similar to the one surrounding Olympus Mons was produced between the formation of the main edifice and the fan, indicating multistage eruptions over a protracted period of time. Contact relations between the volcanic units and the adjacent chaotic material indicate that formation of the chaotic material occurred over an extended period of time and may be related to the volcanic activity that formed Apollinaris Patera. Stereophotogrammetric measurements permit the volume of the volcano to be estimated at 105 km3. From this volume measurement and an inferred eruption rate (1.5 ?? 10-2 km3 yr-1) we estimate the total eruption duration for the main edifice to be ???107 yrs. Plausible estimates of the exsolved volatile content of the parent magma imply that greater than 1015 kg of water vapor was released into the atmosphere as a consequence of this activity. This large amount of water vapor as well as other exsolved gases must have had a significant impact on local, and possibly global, climatic conditions. ?? 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1993.1103","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M., Mouginis-Mark, P., Zimbelman, J.R., Wu, S., Ablin, K., and Howington-Kraus, A.E., 1993, Chronology, Eruption Duration, and Atmospheric Contribution of the Martian Volcano Apollinaris Patera: Icarus, v. 104, no. 2, p. 301-323, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1103.","startPage":"301","endPage":"323","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206156,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1103"},{"id":228844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f9e4b0c8380cd4c519","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, M.S.","contributorId":34934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mouginis-Mark, P. J.","contributorId":41086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouginis-Mark","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zimbelman, J. R.","contributorId":94685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ablin, K.K.","contributorId":79261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ablin","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howington-Kraus, A. E.","contributorId":90894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howington-Kraus","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70162572,"text":"70162572 - 1993 - Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-09T16:06:43","indexId":"70162572","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon","docAbstract":"

The Klamath Falls earthquakes of 8:28PM PDT (magnitude 5.9) and 10:45 PM PDT (magnitude 6.0) on September 20, 1993, were felt over an area of about 130,000 sq km in southwestern Oregon and northern California. Losses due to property damage are preliminary estimated to be about 7.5 million. A motorist died when the car he was driving was crushed by a boulder in an earthquake-induced rockfall, and an elderly woman died of a heart attack that was apparently triggered by one of the earthquakes.

\n

Most of the damage resulting from the earthquakes was reported from Klamath Falls, approximately 20 km from the source region of earthquakes. As has commonly been the case with earthquakes in other parts of the United States, the degree of damage was highly uneven in Klamath Falls. Most of the town escaped with little damage to buildings or building contents. Losses were concentrated in the downtown area, but even there most of the buildings were not damaged. The unevenness of damage in earthquakes results primarily from large differences in the seismic resistance of individual buildings and differences in the seismic response due to different soil conditions and geology beneath buildings. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Dewey, J.W., 1993, Damages from the 20 September earthquakes near Klamath Falls, Oregon: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 3, p. 121-127.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"127","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.00042724609374,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -122.14599609375001,\n 42.50652766705062\n ],\n [\n -122.16522216796875,\n 42.204107493733176\n ],\n [\n -122.0855712890625,\n 42.002366213375524\n ],\n [\n -121.76422119140625,\n 41.97991089691236\n ],\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 41.9921602333763\n ],\n [\n -121.453857421875,\n 42.1613675328748\n ],\n [\n -121.46209716796875,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 42.50652766705062\n ],\n [\n -121.96746826171875,\n 42.64810165693524\n ],\n [\n -122.00042724609374,\n 42.65012181368025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a8a6c1e4b0b28f1184dbe8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dewey, J. W.","contributorId":31008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017483,"text":"70017483 - 1993 - The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T12:02:05","indexId":"70017483","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture","docAbstract":"The development of faults and shear fracture systems over a broad range of temperature and pressure and for a variety of rock types involves the growth and interaction of microcracks. Acoustic emission (AE), which is produced by rapid microcrack growth, is a ubiquitous phenomenon associated with brittle fracture and has provided a wealth of information regarding the failure process in rock. This paper reviews the successes and limitations of AE studies as applied to the fracture process in rock with emphasis on our ability to predict rock failure. Application of laboratory AE studies to larger scale problems related to the understanding of earthquake processes is also discussed. In this context, laboratory studies can be divided into the following categories. 1) Simple counting of the number of AE events prior to sample failure shows a correlation between AE rate and inelastic strain rate. Additional sorting of events by amplitude has shown that AE events obey the power law frequency-magnitude relation observed for earthquakes. These cumulative event count techniques are being used in conjunction with damage mechanics models to determine how damage accumulates during loading and to predict failure. 2) A second area of research involves the location of hypocenters of AE source events. This technique requires precise arrival time data of AE signals recorded over an array of sensors that are essentially a miniature seismic net. Analysis of the spatial and temporal variation of event hypocenters has improved our understanding of the progression of microcrack growth and clustering leading to rock failure. Recently, fracture nucleation and growth have been studied under conditions of quasi-static fault propagation by controlling stress to maintain constant AE rate. 3) A third area of study involves the analysis of full waveform data as recorded at receiver sites. One aspect of this research has been to determine fault plane solutions of AE source events from first motion data. These studies show that in addition to pure tensile and double couple events, a significant number of more complex event types occur in the period leading to fault nucleation. 4) P and S wave velocities (including spatial variations) and attenuation have been obtained by artificially generating acoustic pulses which are modified during passage through the sample. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(93)90041-B","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., 1993, The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 30, no. 7, p. 883-899, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90041-B.","startPage":"883","endPage":"899","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265934,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90041-B"}],"volume":"30","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf4de4b08c986b3246cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.","contributorId":102190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014761,"text":"1014761 - 1993 - Comparison of plasmids isolated from Romet-30-resistant Edwardsiella ictaluri and tribrissen-resistant Escherichia coli","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T11:58:15.62102","indexId":"1014761","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of plasmids isolated from Romet-30-resistant Edwardsiella ictaluri and tribrissen-resistant Escherichia coli","docAbstract":"

Edwardsiella ictaluri, the etiological agent of enteric septicemia of channel catfish (ESC) is the leading cause of bacterial disease in commercially raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The only drug approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use against ESC is Romet-30. Recently, several isolates were obtained that had a naturally occurring resistance to Romet-30. On further characterization these isolates were shown to possess a 55-kilobase (kb) plasmid that encodes resistance to the drug. We compared Romet-30-resistant E. ictaluri and a Tribrissen-resistant strain of Escherichia coli (strain 1898) isolated from equine cystitis. Antimicrobial profiles, plasmid screening, restriction digest, and Southern blot analysis indicated that the two plasmids are very similar. The resistance afforded to the E. coli was encoded by a 55-kb plasmid. Each of the R plasmids conferred resistance to Romet-30, tetracycline, and Terramycin (oxytetracycline). The R plasmid from E. coli strain 1898 was transferred to Romet-30-sensitive isolates of E. ictaluri by single-step conjugation, rendering the transconjugates resistant to Romet30, tetracycline, and Terramycin. Each plasmid was cleaved into fragments by restriction enzymes, then electrophoresed in an agarose gel and transferred to nitrocellulose. A labeled probe prepared from the R plasmid of E. ictaluri isolate 5-90-156, one of the original Romet-30-resistant E. ictaluri isolates, was added. Restriction enzyme digestion resulted in an equal number of fragments of equal mobility for the two plasmids, and the probe hybridized with the same fragments of each plasmid. These results indicate that the R plasmids of E. ictaluri and E. coli are similar, if not identical.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005<0009:COPIFR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cooper, R., Starliper, C.E., Shotts, E.B., and Taylor, P., 1993, Comparison of plasmids isolated from Romet-30-resistant Edwardsiella ictaluri and tribrissen-resistant Escherichia coli: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 5, no. 1, p. 9-15, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005<0009:COPIFR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae32e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, R.K.","contributorId":83482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starliper, C. E.","contributorId":59739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starliper","given":"C.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shotts, E. B. Jr.","contributorId":102414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shotts","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, P.W.","contributorId":62556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017804,"text":"70017804 - 1993 - Late Mississippian productoid brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark region of Oklahoma and Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T11:16:50.147627","indexId":"70017804","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Mississippian productoid brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark region of Oklahoma and Arkansas","docAbstract":"

Specimens of the Late Mississippian productoid genera Inflatia and Keokukia from northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas, collected from the Boone and “Moorefield” Formations, Hindsville Limestone, and Fayetteville Shale, display morphologic similarities and differences that delineate species and determine their biostratigraphic ranges. Generic assignments are based primarily on internal characters. Systematic descriptions include seven species of Inflatia Muir-Wood and Cooper: Productus inflatus McChesney (the type species), P. cherokeensis Drake, P. clydensis Girty (figured herein for the first time and for which a lectotype is designated), four new species of Inflatia (I. cooperi, I. gracilis, I. pusilla, and I.? succincta), and one species of Keokukia (the type species for the genus, K. sulcata Carter). Also proposed and described is a new genus, Adairia, with its type species Productus (Marginifera) adairensis Drake. All these species of Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia have biostratigraphically restricted ranges within the Meramecian and Chesterian sequence in the Ozark region.

","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontology Society","doi":"10.1017/S0022336000062132","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Gordon, M., Henry, T.W., and Treworgy, J., 1993, Late Mississippian productoid brachiopods Inflatia, Keokukia, and Adairia, Ozark region of Oklahoma and Arkansas: Journal of Paleontology, v. 67, no. 3 Suppl. 2, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000062132.","productDescription":"29 p.","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3 Suppl. 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44f6e4b0c8380cd66f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, M. Jr.","contributorId":34260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, T. W.","contributorId":81904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Treworgy, J.D.","contributorId":39145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treworgy","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018309,"text":"70018309 - 1993 - Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and occurrences, southern Yukon-Tanana Terrace, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:43:49.530608","indexId":"70018309","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and occurrences, southern Yukon-Tanana Terrace, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"

A belt of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits extends for over 150 km along the southern margin of the Yukon-Tanana terrane of the eastern Alaska Range. Located north of the Denali fault, the Yukon-Tanana terrane forms a major basement unit in east-central Alaska. The volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits are primarily in the Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane, one of the highest structural-stratigraphic levels of the Yukon-Tanana terrane. The Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane consists of a volcanogenic massive sulfide-bearing metavolcanic rock member and a metasedimentary rock member. The volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and enclosing metavolcanic and metasedimentary schists exhibit two periods of regional metamorphism and penetrative deformation: an older, Early Cretaceous, amphibolite facies event and a younger, mid-Cretaceous lower greenschist facies event.From northwest to southeast, the major volcanogenic massive sulfide districts are the Bonnifield, Trident Glacier, and Delta. The Bonnifield district contains massive sulfide deposits in metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks that are correlated with the Jarvis Creek Glacier subterrane. The 25-km-long, northwest-trending Trident Glacier district contains several occurrences consisting of massive pyrrhotite and lesser pyrite, minor chalcopyrite with or without sphalerite, and galena and arsenopyrite in south-dipping massive sulfide pods, lenses, and stringers that parallel the foliation of the enclosing schists. Host-rock protoliths were mainly andesite, dacite, rhyodacite tuffs and flows, shale, and limestone, with lesser quartz-rich keratophyre flows and tuffs, volcanic graywacke, and siltstone.The Delta district contains at least 35 deposits in an 800-km 2 area. Thirty-one of the deposits define four mineral trends, 5 to 32 km long, that are subparallel to the west-northwest-striking, southwest-dipping structures and lithologies. The deposits consist of layers and zones containing varying amounts of massive to disseminated pyrite and pyrrhotite, and lesser amounts of chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite. The larger deposits range between 1.0 and 12.4 million metric tons with combined grades of 5.6 percent total metal (Cu, Pb, Zn), and Ag and Au contents of 56 and 1.9 g/metric ton, respectively. Hostrock protoliths are similar to those found in the Trident Glacier district, but some of the deposits are spatially associated with diorite or gabbro sills that exhibit lower greenschist facies metamorphism and deformation.Sulfur isotope values of 26 pyrrhotite separates from the Trident Glacier district occurrences average 7.7 per mil, the mean value of seven pyrite separates is 8.1 per mil. Forty-one Delta district pyrite separates average 5.9 per mil and ranges of values of the four northwest-trending trends overlap. The relative consistency of sulfur isotope values of iron-bearing sulfides in the Trident Glacier district, and the apparent lithologic relationship of isotope values in the Delta district, may reflect original-rock sulfur isotope values. Alternatively, the 34 S-enriched values may have resulted from the addition of reduced seawater sulfate to the hydrothermal fluid. The sulfide accumulations are interpreted as kuroko-like deposits that formed along a Devonian continental margin igneous arc. Deeper level portions of the arc are exposed in structurally lower levels of the Yukon-Tanana terrane to the north and contain metamorphosed granodiorite and granite plutons of Devonian to Mississippian age. U-Pb isotope data from zircons from metavolcanic rocks hosting the sulfide bodies indicate an age of about 370 Ma. The 207 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios for sulfides from the three districts are similar and indicate lead was in part derived from first-cycle sediments that were eroded largely from Precambrian crystalline rocks. The 207 Pb/ 204 Pb ratios from feldspars in Devonian metavolcanic rocks are similar to those in sulfides and indicate incorporation of radiogenic Precambrian lead into the Devonian magmas. A Precambrian crystalline source for detritus in metasedimentary rocks is indicated by locally abundant quartzite containing approximately 2.3 Ga zircons which were derived from the Hudsonian-age block of the Canadian Shield in southern British Columbia.Cretaceous greenschist facies retrogressive metamorphism and intense penetrative deformation is indicated by reequilibration of U-Pb isotope ratios, metamorphic Rb-Sr mineral isochrons, and K-Ar biotite and muscovite ages of 110 to 115 Ma. The data indicate that the mid-Cretaceous retrogressive metamorphism and associated intense deformation occurred during the accretion of the Yukon-Tanana terrane to Alaska.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.344","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Lange, I.M., Nokleberg, W., Newkirk, S., Aleinikoff, J.N., Church, S.E., and Krouse, H., 1993, Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and occurrences, southern Yukon-Tanana Terrace, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 2, p. 344-376, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.344.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"344","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227505,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0091e4b0c8380cd4f7c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lange, I. M.","contributorId":71597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lange","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newkirk, S.R.","contributorId":97773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newkirk","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krouse, H.R.","contributorId":63067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krouse","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018310,"text":"70018310 - 1993 - Chemical characteristics and temporal trends in eight streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:19:48","indexId":"70018310","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical characteristics and temporal trends in eight streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York","docAbstract":"Discharge to concentration relationships for eight streams studied by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) Long-Term Monitoring Project (1983-89) indicate acidification of some streams by H2SO4 and HNO3 in atmospheric deposition and by organic acids in soils. Concentrations of major ions in precipitation were similar to those reported at other sites in the northeastern United States. Average concentrations of SO42- and NO3- were similar among streams, but base cation concentrations differed widely, and these differences paralleled the differences in acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). Baseflow ANC is not a reliable predictor of stream acidity at high flow; some streams with high baseflow ANC (> 150 ??eq L-1) declined to near zero ANC at high flow, and one stream with low baseflow ANC (< 50 ??eq L-1) did not approach zero ANC as flow increased. Episodic decreases in ANC and pH during peak flows were associated with increased concentrations of NO3- and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Aluminum concentrations exceeding 300 ??g L-1 were observed during peak flows in headwater streams of the Neversink River and Rondout Creek. Seasonal Kendall Tau tests for temporal trends indicate that SO42- concentrations in streamwater generally decreased and NO3- concentrations increased during the period 1983-1989. Combined acid anion concentrations (SO42- + NO3-) were generally unchanged throughout the period of record, indicating both that the status of these streams with respect to acidic deposition is unchanged, and that NO3- is gradually replacing SO42- as the dominant acid anion in the Catskill streams.Discharge to concentration relationships for eight streams studied by the US Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) Long-term monitoring project (19831-89) indicate acidification of some streams by H2SO4 and HNO3 in atmospheric deposition and by organic acids in soils. Concentrations of major ions in precipitations were similar to those reported at other sites in the northeastern United States. Average concentrations of SO42- and No3- were similar among streams, but base cation concentrations differed widely, and these differences parallelel the differences in acid neutralizing capacity (ANC).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00478154","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Murdoch, P., and Stoddard, J., 1993, Chemical characteristics and temporal trends in eight streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 67, no. 3-4, p. 367-395, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00478154.","startPage":"367","endPage":"395","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267643,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00478154"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f55ae4b0c8380cd4c1b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoddard, J.L.","contributorId":75709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoddard","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018399,"text":"70018399 - 1993 - Gas buildup in Lake Nyos, Cameroon: The recharge process and its consequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T12:22:37.076498","indexId":"70018399","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas buildup in Lake Nyos, Cameroon: The recharge process and its consequences","docAbstract":"

The gases dissolved in Lake Nyos, Cameroon, were quantified recently (December 1989 and September 1990) by two independent techniques: in-situ measurements using a newly designed probe and laboratory analyses of samples collected in pre-evacuated stainless steel cylinders. The highest concentrations of CO2 and CH4 were 0.30 mol/kg and 1.7 mmol/kg, respectively, measured in cylinders collected 1 m above lake bottom. Probe measurements of in-situ gas pressure at three different stations showed that horizontal variations in total dissolved gas were negligible. Total dissolved-gas pressure near the lake bottom is 1.06 MPa (10.5 atm), 50% as high as the hydrostatic pressure of 2.1 MPa (21 atm). Comparing the CO2 profile constructed from the 1990 data to one obtained in May 1987 shows that CO2 concentrations have increased at depths to below 150 m. Based on these profiles, the average rate of CO2 input to bottom waters was 2.6 × 108 mol/a. Increased deep-water temperatures require an average heat flow of 0.32 MW into the hypolimnion over the same time period. The transport rates of CO2, heat, and major ions into the hypolimnion suggest that a low-temperature reservoir of free CO2 exists a short distance below lake bottom and that convective cycling of lake water through the sediments is involved in transporting the CO2 into the lake from the underlying diatreme. Increased CH4 concentrations at all depths below the oxycline and a high14C content (41% modern) in the CH4 4 m above lake bottom show that much of the CH4 is biologically produced within the lake. The CH4 production rate may vary with time, but if the CO2 recharge rate remains constant, CO2 saturation of the entire hypolimnion below 50 m depth would require ∼140a, given present-day concentrations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(93)90036-G","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Evans, W.C., Kling, G., Tuttle, M.L., Tanyileke, G., and White, L.D., 1993, Gas buildup in Lake Nyos, Cameroon: The recharge process and its consequences: Applied Geochemistry, v. 8, no. 3, p. 207-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(93)90036-G.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480335,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/30812>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cameroon","otherGeospatial":"Lake Nyos","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 10.28576250671452,\n 6.448942928703474\n ],\n [\n 10.28576250671452,\n 6.423707894002149\n ],\n [\n 10.31218713674616,\n 6.423707894002149\n ],\n [\n 10.31218713674616,\n 6.448942928703474\n ],\n [\n 10.28576250671452,\n 6.448942928703474\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14c1e4b0c8380cd54b52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kling, G.W.","contributorId":22368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kling","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tuttle, M. L.","contributorId":71992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tanyileke, G.","contributorId":35882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanyileke","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186920,"text":"70186920 - 1993 - Sensitivity of crustal deformation instruments to changes insecular rate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-13T21:04:58","indexId":"70186920","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of crustal deformation instruments to changes insecular rate","docAbstract":"

A variety of instruments (including borehole strainmeters, water wells, creepmeters, laser ranging and differential magnetometers) are used to monitor crustal deformation in areas that are prone to geologic hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In monitoring the deformation, one typically examines the data for either a change in rate, or a simple offset in the record. However, one needs to place a statistical confidence level that the detected signal differs from the background “noise”. Calculation of the statistical confidence level may be done using the formalism of the matched filter, whose output is the signal-to-noise ratio, ρ. Two ingredients are needed to form a matched filter: 1) The power density spectrum of the instrument and 2) the functional form of the signal that we desire to detect. Using the available crustal deformation data from the Parkfield, California network, the background noise for individual instruments as a function of frequency, f, is estimated using the traditional method of the power density spectra. Except for two-color laser distance-ranging data, the power spectra for most of the instruments have a frequency dependence of f−n where 2≤n≤3. The confidence level with which a hypothesized signal is present is determined directly from the signal-to-noise ratio, with the numerator being a function of the signal and the denominator being a function of the power spectrum. Using a creepmeter as an example, a 0.04-mm change occurring over 1 hour, a 0.06-mm occurring over 10 hours, or 0.20-mm over 100 hours are all signals for which ρ=2 and therefore have only a 5% confidence that these signals could be background noise.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/92GL02718 ","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., Quilty, E., and Breckenridge, K., 1993, Sensitivity of crustal deformation instruments to changes insecular rate: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 2, p. 85-88, https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL02718 .","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"85","endPage":"88","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f08e64e4b06911a29fa876","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, John O.","contributorId":72438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"John","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quilty, Eddie","contributorId":190885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quilty","given":"Eddie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breckenridge, Katherine","contributorId":190888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Breckenridge","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207807,"text":"70207807 - 1992 - Chapter 4: Cretaceous thrusting and Neogene block rotation in the northern Portneuf Range region, southeastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-24T15:04:24.256565","indexId":"70207807","displayToPublicDate":"2020-01-14T12:47:23","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2711,"text":"Memoir of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 4: Cretaceous thrusting and Neogene block rotation in the northern Portneuf Range region, southeastern Idaho","docAbstract":"

The Putnam thrust has long been recognized as an important Mesozoic structure in the northern Portneuf Range, southeastern Idaho. At most localities, the thrust places Ordovician rocks above Permian and Pennsylvanian rocks, although near its southeastern extent, it ramps laterally downsection to the southeast. At its southeasternmost exposures, Cambrian rocks are juxtaposed above Mississippian rocks. New work indicates that the hanging wall of the Putnam thrust contains three imbricate thrust slices or subplates, which are, from structurally lowest to highest (and generally from north to south), the Lone Pine subplate, the Narrows subplate, and the Bear Canyon-Toponce subplate.

The steeply south-dipping, east-trending Narrows thrust overlies the Lone Pine subplate, underlies the Narrows subplate, and is a lateral ramp that merges eastward into the Putnam thrust. Where exposed, the Narrows thrust places Late Proterozoic quartzite of the Brigham Group over Ordovician and Cambrian rocks. The Bear Canyon thrust overlies the Narrows subplate and underlies the Bear Canyon-Toponce subplate, dips eastward along the west side of the Portneuf Range, and places lower Brigham Group quartzite above Cambrian limestone and Cambrian and Late Proterozoic upper Brigham Group quartzite and argillite. At its northern extent, the Bear Canyon thrust curves to the east, where it merges with the Putnam thrust. On the east side of the range, the intensely folded Toponce thrust places upper Brigham Group quartzite above Ordovician rocks; the Toponce is believed to be an eastward extension of the Bear Canyon thrust.

East-dipping rocks within the Lone Pine subplate were not strongly deformed during Cretaceous thrusting, in contrast to rocks within the Narrows subplate, where east-vergent recumbent folds, cleavage directions that fan about northerly strikes, and tectonic thickening and thinning of beds indicate intense, thrust-parallel shear. The deformation and thrust geometry within the Narrows subplate suggest that the Narrows subplate actually consists of several horses within a foreland-dipping duplex.

Late Miocene and younger basin deposits occur in north-trending valleys adjacent t o the northern Portneuf Range and, to the west, the Bannock and Pocatello ranges. At most places, the Neogene deposits dip to the east by as much as 35°, indicating that late Miocene and younger extension and down-to-the-east rotation occurred along mostly west-dipping listric faults that are inferred to merge on at least one regional detachment. Although range-bounding faults account for a large component of extension and rotation, an additional large component was contributed by numerous, relatively small-displacement normal faults within mountain ranges.

","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/MEM179-p95","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K.S., 1992, Chapter 4: Cretaceous thrusting and Neogene block rotation in the northern Portneuf Range region, southeastern Idaho: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 179, p. 95-113, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM179-p95.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371219,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Southeastern Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.44482421875,\n 42.309815415686664\n ],\n [\n -111.6650390625,\n 42.309815415686664\n ],\n [\n -111.6650390625,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -113.44482421875,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -113.44482421875,\n 42.309815415686664\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"179","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S. 0000-0002-6536-9066 kkellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-9066","contributorId":1206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl","email":"kkellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175014,"text":"70175014 - 1992 - Sources of nitrogen and phosphorous to northern San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T15:43:05","indexId":"70175014","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-13T10:15:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of nitrogen and phosphorous to northern San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"
\n
We studied nutrient sources to the Sacramento River and Suisun Bay (northern San Francisco Bay) and the influence which these sources have on the distributions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in the river and bay. We found that agricultural return flow drains and a municipal wastewater treatment plant were the largest sources of nutrients to the river during low river flow. The Sutter and Colusa agricultural drains contributed about 70% of the transport of DIN and DRP by the river above Sacramento (about 20% of the total transport by the river) between August 8 and September 26, 1985. Further downstream, the Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant discharged DIN and DRP at rates that were roughly 70% of total DIN and DRP transport by the river at that time. Concentrations at Rio Vista on the tidal river below the Sacramento plant and at the head of the estuary were related to the reciprocals of the river flows, indicating the importance of dilution of the Sacramento waste by river flows. During very dry years, elevated DIN and DRP concentrations were observed in Suisun Bay. We used a steady-state, one-dimensional, single-compartment box model of the bay, incorporating terms for advection, exchange, and waste input, to calculate a residual rate for all processes not included in the model. We found that the residual for DIN was related to concentrations of chlorophylla (Chla). The residual for DRP was also related to Chla at high concentrations of Chla, but showed significant losses of DRP at low Chla concentrations. These losses were typically equivalent to about 80% of the wastewater input rate.
\n
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"New York, New York","doi":"10.2307/1352708","usgsCitation":"Hager, S.W., and Schemel, L.E., 1992, Sources of nitrogen and phosphorous to northern San Francisco Bay: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 15, no. 1, p. 40-52, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352708.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325667,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579889c3e4b0589fa1c6bb2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hager, Stephen W.","contributorId":48935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":643603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223708,"text":"5223708 - 1992 - Rediscovery of the Central American Colubrid snake, Sibon argus, with comments on related species from the region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T12:18:37.459147","indexId":"5223708","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:07","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rediscovery of the Central American Colubrid snake, Sibon argus, with comments on related species from the region","docAbstract":"Sibon argus Cope, 1875, long known only from the holotype, is redescribed based on material from Costa Rica and Panama. It differs from the only other member of the genus having an ocellate dorsal pattern (S. longifrenis) in its attenuate habitus, enlarged blunt head, protuberant eyes, and high segmental counts (ventrals 181-201, subcaudals 112-121, total segmental counts 294-312). Sibon longifrenis of Atlantic slope Costa Rica and western Panama (ventrals 151-173, subcaudals 82-103, total segmental counts 231-275) is also redescribed. These species differ from all other Sibon in having an ocellate pattern and an enlarged penultimate supralabial bordering the orbit. The allied species, S. annulatus (Costa Rica and Panama) and S. dimidiatus (Mexico to southwestern Costa Rica), are shown to be distinct from S. argus and S. longifenis in scalation and coloration. Although allopatric, S. annulatus and S. dimidiatus differ from one another most strikingly in adult coloration, postmental character states, and ventral counts (x = 175.8 in annulatus and 193.6 in dimidiatus), and are regarded as valid species. Sibon annulatus occurs sympatrically with S. argus in Panama and with S. longifrenis in Costa Rica. Although S. argus and S. longifrenis occur in the same general area on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, they have not yet been taken at the same locality.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)","doi":"10.2307/1446202","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., and McDiarmid, R., 1992, Rediscovery of the Central American Colubrid snake, Sibon argus, with comments on related species from the region: Copeia, v. 1992, no. 2, p. 421-432, https://doi.org/10.2307/1446202.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"432","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1992","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615b3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.M.","contributorId":66199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223622,"text":"5223622 - 1992 - Four new species of frogs and one new species of snake from the Chapare region of Bolivia, with notes on other species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T15:50:00.489063","indexId":"5223622","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:07","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1896,"text":"Herpetological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Four new species of frogs and one new species of snake from the Chapare region of Bolivia, with notes on other species","docAbstract":"We report on a collection of 74 frogs, 11 lots of frog eggs or tadpoles, and two snakes collected from the Chapare Region in the yungas of the eastern Andean Cordillera de Cochabamba, Bolivia. Collecting localities range from approximately 300 m to >3200 m in elevation. The specimens pertain to 23 species, probably 10 of which are undescribed. We describe four new species of frogs, one each in the genera Bufo, Centrolenella, Colostethus, and Hyla, and one new species of snake, genus Dipsas. We place Atelopus rugulosus in synonymy with A. tricolor.","language":"English","publisher":"The Herpetologists' League","doi":"10.2307/1466963","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R., and Foster, M., 1992, Four new species of frogs and one new species of snake from the Chapare region of Bolivia, with notes on other species: Herpetological Monographs, v. 6, p. 83-104, https://doi.org/10.2307/1466963.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"104","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200003,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ce4b07f02db6a943a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, R.P.","contributorId":104439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222925,"text":"5222925 - 1992 - Assessing effects of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles: status and needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"5222925","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:06","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1895,"text":"Herpetological Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing effects of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles: status and needs","docAbstract":"Growing concern about the decline of certain amphibian populations and for conservation of amphibians and reptiles has led to renewed awareness of problems from pesticides. Testing amphibians and reptiles as a requirement for chemical registration has been proposed but is difficult because of the phylogenetic diversity of these groups. Information from the literature and research may determine whether amphibians and reptiles are adequately protected by current tests for mammals, birds, and fish. Existing information indicates that amphibians are unpredictably more resistant to certain cholinesterase inhibitors, and more sensitive to two chemicals used in fishery applications than could have been predicted. A single study on one species of lizard suggests that reptiles may be close in sensitivity to mammals and birds. Research on effects of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles should compare responses to currently tested groups and should seek to delineate those taxa and chemicals for which cross-group prediction is not possible. New tests for amphibians and reptiles should rely to the greatest extent possible on existing data bases, and should be designed for maximum economy and minimum harm to test animals. A strategy for developing the needed information is proposed. Good field testing and surveillance of chemicals in use may compensate for failures of predictive evaluations and may ultimately lead to improved tests.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetological Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hall, R., and Henry, P., 1992, Assessing effects of pesticides on amphibians and reptiles: status and needs: Herpetological Journal, v. 2, p. 65-71.","productDescription":"65-71","startPage":"65","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672aa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, R.J.","contributorId":32885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, P.F.P.","contributorId":14531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"P.F.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223783,"text":"5223783 - 1992 - Robustness of survival estimates for radio-marked animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:39","indexId":"5223783","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:05","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1037,"text":"Biometric Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Robustness of survival estimates for radio-marked animals","docAbstract":"Telemetry techniques are often used to study the survival of birds and mammals; particularly whcn mark-recapture approaches are unsuitable. Both parametric and nonparametric methods to estimate survival have becn developed or modified from other applications. An implicit assumption in these approaches is that the probability of re-locating an animal with a functioning transmitter is one. A Monte Carlo study was conducted to determine the bias and variance of the Kaplan-Meier estimator and an estimator based also on the assumption of constant hazard and to eva!uate the performance of the two-sample tests associated with each. Modifications of each estimator which allow a re-Iocation probability of less than one are described and evaluated. Generallv the unmodified estimators were biased but had lower variance. At low sample sizes all estimators performed poorly. Under the null hypothesis, the distribution of all test statistics reasonably approximated the null distribution when survival was low but not when it was high. The power of the two-sample tests were similar.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biometric Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bunck, C., and Chen, C., 1992, Robustness of survival estimates for radio-marked animals: Biometric Bulletin, v. 9, no. 3.","productDescription":"8 (Abstract)","startPage":"8 (Abstrac","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688209","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunck, C.M.","contributorId":72337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, Chiu-Lan","contributorId":100979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Chiu-Lan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222745,"text":"5222745 - 1992 - Fifty-fifth Christmas Bird Count. 159. Ocean City, Md","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:41","indexId":"5222745","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:12:52","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2275,"text":"Journal of Experimental Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fifty-fifth Christmas Bird Count. 159. Ocean City, Md","docAbstract":"The distribution of dynamic pressure behind a Harris' hawk's wing was sampled using a wake rake consisting of 15 pitot tubes and one static tube. The hawk was holding on to a perch, but at an air speed and gliding angle at which it was capable of gliding. The perch was instrumented, so that the lift developed by the wing was known and the lift coefficient could be calculated. The mean of 92 estimates of profile drag coefficient was 0.0207, with standard deviation 0.0079. Lift coefficients ranged from 0.51 to 1.08. Reynolds numbers were nearly all in the range 143000-194000. The estimates of profile drag coefficient were reconcilable with previous estimates of the wing profile drag of the same bird, obtained by the subtractive method, and also with values predicted by the `Airfoil-ii? program for designing aerofoils, based on a digitized wing profile from the ulnar region of the wing. The thickness of the wake suggested that the boundary layer was mostly or fully turbulent in most observations and separated in some, possibly as an active means of creating drag for control purposes. It appears that the bird could momentarily either increase or decrease the profile drag of specific parts of the wing, by active changes of shape, and it appeared to use the carpo-metacarpal region especially for such control movements. Further investigation in a low turbulence wind tunnel would help to resolve doubts about the possible influence of airstream turbulence on the behaviour of the boundary layer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Experimental Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"4307_Pennycuick.pdf","usgsCitation":"Pennycuick, C., Heine, C., Kirkpatrick, S., and Fuller, M., 1992, Fifty-fifth Christmas Bird Count. 159. Ocean City, Md: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 165, no. 1, p. 1-19.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"165","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f87e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pennycuick, C.J.","contributorId":59133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pennycuick","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heine, C.E.","contributorId":52679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heine","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirkpatrick, S.J.","contributorId":6549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkpatrick","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016820,"text":"70016820 - 1992 - Theoretical and measured aeolian sand transport on a barrier island, Louisiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T16:48:26.682105","indexId":"70016820","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theoretical and measured aeolian sand transport on a barrier island, Louisiana, USA","docAbstract":"

Over the past 100 years, the Isles Dernieres, a low lying barrier island chain along the coast of central Louisiana, Usa, has undergone more than 1 km of northward beach face retreat with the loss of 70% of its surface area. The erosion results from a long term relative sea level rise coupled with day to day wind and wave action that ultimately favours erosion over deposition. At a site in the central Isles Dernieres, 8 days of wind and beach profile measurements during the passage of one winter cold front documented aeolian erosion and deposition patterns under both onshore and offshore winds. For offshore winds, the theoretical erosion rate, based on wind shear velocity, closely matched the measured erosion rate; for onshore winds, the theoretical rate matched the measured rate only after being corrected by a factor that accounted for beach face morphology.

In late February 1989, a strong cold front moved into coastal Louisiana. That cold front stalled over the Gulf of Mexico, resulting in 4 days of strong northerly winds at a study site on the Isles Dernieres. During those 4 days, the wind moved sand from the backshore to the upper beach face. When the cold front finally moved out of the area, the wind shifted to the south and decreased in strength. The onshore wind then restored some of the upper beach face sand to the backshore while increased wave activity moved the rest into the nearshore.

The theoretical estimate of 1·28 m3 m−1 for the rate of sand transport by the northerly wind compares well with the measured backshore erosion rate of 1·26 m3 m−1, which was determined by comparing beach profiles from the start and end of the period of northerly winds. The theoretical estimate of 0·04 m3 m−1 for the rate of sand transport by the southerly wind, however, is notably less than the measured rate of 0·45 m3 m−1. The large discrepancy between the two rates can be explained by a difference in the shear velocity of the wind between the beach face, where the erosion occurred, and the backshore, where the wind stress was measured. Using an empirical relationship for the wind shear drag coefficient as a function of coastal environment, the theoretical estimate for the rate of sand transport by the southerly wind becomes 0·44 m3 m−1.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb01995.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Dingman, J.R., Hsu, S., and Reiss, T.E., 1992, Theoretical and measured aeolian sand transport on a barrier island, Louisiana, USA: Sedimentology, v. 39, no. 6, p. 1031-1043, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb01995.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1031","endPage":"1043","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Isles Dernieres","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.98449916362239,\n 29.092384944604603\n ],\n [\n -90.98449916362239,\n 29.01624841213905\n ],\n [\n -90.65250653375439,\n 29.01624841213905\n ],\n [\n -90.65250653375439,\n 29.092384944604603\n ],\n [\n -90.98449916362239,\n 29.092384944604603\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1f6e4b08c986b325500","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dingman, John R.","contributorId":150408,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dingman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":18016,"text":"CA Air Resources Board","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":374587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsu, S.A.","contributorId":94161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsu","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reiss, Thomas E. 0000-0003-0388-7076 treiss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0388-7076","contributorId":4149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiss","given":"Thomas","email":"treiss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016785,"text":"70016785 - 1992 - Controls on the accumulation of coal and on the development of anastomosed fluvial systems in the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-25T15:12:29.251249","indexId":"70016785","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on the accumulation of coal and on the development of anastomosed fluvial systems in the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah","docAbstract":"

Alluvial strata of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah are part of a transgressive systems tract associated with a foreland basin developed adjacent to the Sevier orogenic belt. These strata contain valley fill deposits, anastomosed channel systems and widespread coals. The coals constitute a relatively minor part of the Dakota Formation in terms of sediment volume, but may represent a substantial amount of the time represented by the formation. The coals are separated by clastic units up to 20 m thick.

The stratigraphically lowest clastic unit of the Dakota Formation lies above an unconformity cut into Jurassic rocks. Incised valleys associated with the unconformity are up to 12 m deep. Two discrete episodes of valley fill sedimentation are recognized, including a lower sandstone unit with conglomerate layers, and an upper, discontinuous, coal-bearing unit. After the valleys filled, the area became one of low relief where extensive mires formed. Peat accumulation was interrupted at least three times by deposition of clastic sediment derived from the west.

The clastic units consist of sandstone, mudstone or heterolithic ribbon bodies, stacked tabular sandstones, and laminated mudstones, and contain minor coal beds less than 0·35 m thick. Ribbon bodies are 1–9 m thick and 15–160 m wide, have pronounced basal scours, and are filled with both lateral and vertical accretion deposits. An anastomosed channel complex is suggested by the large number of coeval channels of varying dimensions, the variation in the structure and grain size of channel fills, and the presence of abundant tabular sandstones interpreted as crevasse splays. Although some sandstone bodies have well developed lateral accretion surfaces, the overall ribbon geometry indicates that mature meandering streams were not well developed. This is in contrast to modern anastomosed systems, which are commonly thought to be a transitional morphology caused by avulsion of a meander belt to a new position on its floodplain. Rather than being a transitional channel pattern related to river avulsion, the anastomosed channels of the Dakota Formation may have formed part of a large inland delta that episodically invaded widespread mires. The mires developed during periods when clastic influx was reduced either by high rates of subsidence close to the thrust belt or by deflection of rivers by emergent thrusts.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02138.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Kirschbaum, M., and McCabe, P., 1992, Controls on the accumulation of coal and on the development of anastomosed fluvial systems in the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of southern Utah: Sedimentology, v. 39, no. 4, p. 581-598, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02138.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"581","endPage":"598","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"southern Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.67664651654788,\n 37.84164146988323\n ],\n [\n -112.67664651654788,\n 37.00456026130664\n ],\n [\n -111.44358687219949,\n 37.00456026130664\n ],\n [\n -111.44358687219949,\n 37.84164146988323\n ],\n [\n -112.67664651654788,\n 37.84164146988323\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd4e4b0c8380cd4dfbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirschbaum, M.A.","contributorId":79471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschbaum","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, P.J.","contributorId":57608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016806,"text":"70016806 - 1992 - Dolomitization of Quaternary reef limestones, Aitutaki, Cook Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-25T14:55:22.525839","indexId":"70016806","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dolomitization of Quaternary reef limestones, Aitutaki, Cook Islands","docAbstract":"

Six holes were drilled to depths of 30–69 m in the shallow lagoon of Aitutaki in the southern Cook Islands. One hole encountered pervasively dolomitized reef limestones at 36 m subbottom depth, which extended to the base of the drilled section at 69·3 m. This hole was drilled near the inner edge of the present barrier reef flat on the flank of a seismically defined subsurface ridge. Both the morphology and biofacies indicate that this ridge may represent an outer reef crest. Mineralogy, porosity and cementation change in concert downhole through three zones. Zone 1, 0–9 m, is composed of primary skeletal aragonite and calcite with minor void-filling aragonite and magnesian calcite cement of marine phreatic origin. Zone 2, 9–36 m, is composed of replacement calcite and calcite cement infilling intergranular, intragranular, mouldic and vuggy porosity. Stable isotopes (mean δ18O=—5·4‰ PDB for carbonate; δD =—50‰ SMOW for fluid inclusions) support the petrographic evidence indicating that sparry calcite cements formed in predominantly freshwater. Carbon isotope values of —4·0 to —11·0‰ for calcite indicate that organic matter and seawater were the sources of carbon. Zone 3, 36–69·3 m, is composed of replacement dolostone, consisting of protodolomite with, on average, 7 mol% excess CaCO3 and broad and weak ordering X-ray reflections at 2·41 and 2·54 A. The fine-scale replacement of skeletal grains and freshwater void-filling cements by dolomite did not significantly reduce porosity. Stable isotopes (mean δ18O=+2·6‰0 PDB for dolomite; maximum δD =—27‰ SMOW for fluid inclusions) and chemical composition indicate that the dolomite probably formed from seawater, although formation in the lower part of a mixed freshwater-seawater zone, with up to 40% freshwater contribution, cannot be completely ruled out. The carbon (δ13C=2·7‰) and magnesium were derived from seawater.

Low-temperature hydrothermal iron hydroxides and associated transition metals occur in void space in several narrow stratigraphic intervals in the limestone section that was replaced by dolomite. The entire section of dolomite is also enriched in these transition metals. The metals dispersed throughout the dolostone section were introduced at the time of dolomitization by a different and later episode of hydrothermal circulation than the one(s) that produced the localized deposits near the base of the section.

The primary reef framework is considered to have been deposited during several highstands of sea level. Following partial to local recrystallization of the limestone, a single episode of dolomitization occurred. Both tidal and thermal pumping drove large quantities of seawater through the porous rocks and perhaps maintained a wide mixing zone. However, the isotopic, geochemical and petrographic data do not clearly indicate the extent of seawater mixing.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02142.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Hein, J., Gray, S., Richmond, B.M., and White, L.D., 1992, Dolomitization of Quaternary reef limestones, Aitutaki, Cook Islands: Sedimentology, v. 39, no. 4, p. 645-661, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02142.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"661","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Aitutaki, Cook Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.87136665599027,\n -18.765653396687753\n ],\n [\n -159.87136665599027,\n -19.007031209969057\n ],\n [\n -159.66538681523917,\n -19.007031209969057\n ],\n [\n -159.66538681523917,\n -18.765653396687753\n ],\n [\n -159.87136665599027,\n -18.765653396687753\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a039fe4b0c8380cd50592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. jhein@usgs.gov","contributorId":140283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James R.","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, S.C.","contributorId":16426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richmond, B. M.","contributorId":67902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}