A method has been developed for the trace analysis of two classes of antimicrobials consisting of six sulfonamides (SAs) and five tetracyclines (TCs), which commonly are used for veterinary purposes and agricultural feed additives and are suspected to leach into ground and surface water. The method used solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with positive ion electrospray. The unique combination of a metal chelation agent (Na2EDTA) with a macroporous copolymer resulted in quantitative recoveries by solid-phase extraction (mean recovery, 98 ± 12%) at submicrogram-per-liter concentrations. An ammonium formate/formic acid buffer with a methanol/water gradient was used to separate the antimicrobials and to optimize the signal intensity. Mass spectral fragmentation and ionization characteristics were determined for each class of compounds for unequivocal identification. For all SAs, a characteristic m/z 156 ion representing the sulfanilyl fragment was identified. TCs exhibited neutral losses of 17 amu resulting from the loss of ammonia and 35 amu from the subsequent loss of water. Unusual matrix effects were seen only for TCs in this first survey of groundwater and surface water samples from sites around the United States, requiring that TCs be quantitated using the method of standard additions.
Two sampling trips were undertaken in 1994 to determine the distribution of trace elements in the Upper Rio Grande and several of its tributaries. Water discharges decreased in the main stem of the Rio Grande from June to September, whereas dissolved concentrations of trace elements generally increased. This is attributed to dilution of base flow from snowmelt runoff in the June samples. Of the three major mining districts (Creede, Summitville, and Red River) in the Upper Rio Grande drainage basin, only the Creede District appears to impact the Rio Grande in a significant manner, with both waters and sediments having elevated concentrations of some trace elements considerably downriver. For example, dissolved zinc concentrations upriver of Willow Creek, which primarily drains the Creede District, were about 2-3 μg/L; immediately downstream of the Willow Creek confluence, concentrations were above 20 μg/L; and elevated concentrations occurred in the Rio Grande for the next 100 km. The Red River District does not significantly impact the Upper Rio Grande for most trace elements. Because of current water management practices, it is difficult to assess the impact of the Summitville District on the Upper Rio Grande. There are, however, large increases in many dissolved trace element concentrations as the Rio Grande passes through the San Luis Valley, coincident with elevated concentrations of those same trace elements in tributaries. Among these elements are As, B, Cr, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, U, and V. None of the trace elements exceeded U.S. EPA primary drinking water standards in either survey, with the exception of cadmium in Willow Creek. Secondary drinking water standards were frequently violated, especially in tributaries draining areas where mining has occurred. Dissolved zinc (in Willow Creek in both June and September) was the only element that exceeded the EPA Water Quality Criteria for aquatic life of 120 μg/L.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002440010267","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Taylor, H.E., Antweiler, R.C., Roth, D., Brinton, T., Peart, D., and Healy, D.F., 2001, The occurrence and distribution of selected trace elements in the upper Rio Grande and tributaries in Colorado and Northern New Mexico: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 41, no. 4, p. 410-426, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010267.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"410","endPage":"426","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208088,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010267"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae34e4b08c986b323f51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Antweiler, Ronald C. 0000-0001-5652-6034 antweil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-6034","contributorId":1481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"Ronald","email":"antweil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roth, D.A.","contributorId":100864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brinton, T.I.","contributorId":93922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinton","given":"T.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peart, D.B.","contributorId":45304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peart","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Healy, D. F.","contributorId":97120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022978,"text":"70022978 - 2001 - Lessons learned from long-term ecosystem research and monitoring in alpine and subalpine basins of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T19:47:45","indexId":"70022978","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1485,"text":"Ekologia (Bratislava)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lessons learned from long-term ecosystem research and monitoring in alpine and subalpine basins of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA","docAbstract":"Long-term ecosystem research and monitoring was begun in the Loch Vale watershed of Rocky Mountain National Park in 1983, after extensive survey work to identify the best location. Then, as now, our scientific objectives were to understand natural biogeochemical cycles and variability, so that we could differentiate ecosystem changes from human-caused disturbances, such as atmospheric deposition of pollutants and climate change. We have learned many lessons, often through our mistakes, that are worth passing on. Clear scientific objectives, even for long-term monitoring, are essential. Standardized methods, including rigorous quality assurance procedures should be adhered to from the beginning of the program. All data, even those collected routinely for background records, should be scrutinized and summarized at least once a year. Freely share basic information such as weather, hydrologic, chemical, and descriptive records with other researchers who can build upon your efforts. Use many tools when asking complex ecological questions, in order to minimize bias toward specific results. Publish frequently; long-term studies do not imply there are no interim conclusions or interesting findings. Interpret findings frequently to policy makers and citizens; increased understanding of the environment and human-caused changes may improve natural resource management, and build support for ecological research. And finally, be persistent. Long-term ecological research can be frustrating and difficult to maintain, yet is often the best way to observe and understand ecological change on a meaningful time scale.","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Landscape Ecology of Slovak Academy of Sciences","issn":"1335342X","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., 2001, Lessons learned from long-term ecosystem research and monitoring in alpine and subalpine basins of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA: Ekologia (Bratislava), v. 20, no. Supplement 2, p. 25-30.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233397,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","volume":"20","issue":"Supplement 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a465ce4b0c8380cd6761d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022974,"text":"70022974 - 2001 - Rapid arsenite oxidation by Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus: Field and laboratory investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:04:50","indexId":"70022974","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid arsenite oxidation by Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus: Field and laboratory investigations","docAbstract":"Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus, common inhabitants of terrestrial hot springs and thermally polluted domestic and industrial waters, have been found to rapidly oxidize arsenite to arsenate. Field investigations at a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park revealed conserved total arsenic transport and rapid arsenite oxidation occurring within the drainage channel. This environment was heavily colonized by Thermus aquaticus. In laboratory experiments, arsenite oxidation by cultures of Thermus aquaticus YT1 (previously isolated from Yellowstone National Park) and Thermus thermophilus HB8 was accelerated by a factor of over 100 relative to abiotic controls. Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus may therefore play a large and previously unrecognized role in determining arsenic speciation and bioavailability in thermal environments.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es010816f","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Gihring, T., Druschel, G., McCleskey, R.B., Hamers, R., and Banfield, J., 2001, Rapid arsenite oxidation by Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus: Field and laboratory investigations: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 35, no. 19, p. 3857-3862, https://doi.org/10.1021/es010816f.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"3857","endPage":"3862","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208268,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es010816f"}],"volume":"35","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-08-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94bfe4b0c8380cd815ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gihring, T.M.","contributorId":93672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gihring","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Druschel, G.K.","contributorId":62374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druschel","given":"G.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamers, R.J.","contributorId":63204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamers","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Banfield, J.F.","contributorId":48710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banfield","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022968,"text":"70022968 - 2001 - Comparison of soil infiltration rates in burned and unburned mountainous watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70022968","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of soil infiltration rates in burned and unburned mountainous watersheds","docAbstract":"Steady-state infiltration measurements were made at mountainous sites in New Mexico and Colorado, USA, with volcanic and granitic soils after wildfires and at comparable unburned sites. We measured infiltration in the New Mexico volcanic soils under two vegetation types, ponderosa pine and mixed conifer, and in the Colorado granitic soils under ponderosa pine vegetation. These measurements were made within high-severity burn areas using a portable infiltrometer with a 0.017 m2 infiltration area and artificial rainfall rates ranging from 97 to 440 mm h-1. Steady-state infiltration rates were less at all burned sites relative to unburned sites. The volcanic soil with ponderosa pine vegetation showed the greatest difference in infiltration rates with a ratio of steady-state infiltration rate in burned sites to unburned soils equal to 0.15. Volcanic soils with mixed conifer vegetation had a ratio (burned to unburned soils) of at most 0.38, and granitic soils with ponderosa pine vegetation had a ratio of 0.38. Steady-state infiltration rates on unburned volcanic and granitic soils with ponderosa pine vegetation are not statistically different. We present data on the particle-size distribution at all the study sites and examples of wetting patterns produced during the infiltration experiments. Published in 2001 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.380","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Martin, D., and Moody, J.A., 2001, Comparison of soil infiltration rates in burned and unburned mountainous watersheds: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 15, p. 2893-2903, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.380.","startPage":"2893","endPage":"2903","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208220,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.380"},{"id":233801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f890e4b0c8380cd4d1aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, D.A.","contributorId":61548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022964,"text":"70022964 - 2001 - Differentiating nonpoint sources of deisopropylatrazine in surface water using discrimination diagrams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T17:33:54.024941","indexId":"70022964","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiating nonpoint sources of deisopropylatrazine in surface water using discrimination diagrams","docAbstract":"Pesticide degradates account for a significant portion of the pesticide load in surface water. Because pesticides with similar structures may degrade to the same degradate, it is important to distinguish between different sources of parent compounds that have different regulatory and environmental implications. A discrimination diagram, which is a sample plot of chemical data that differentiates between different parent compounds, was used for the first time to distinguish whether sources other than atrazine (6-chloro-N 2-ethyl-N 4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) contributed the chlorinated degradate, deisopropylatrazine (DIA; 6-chloro-N-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) to the Iroquois and Delaware Rivers. The concentration ratio of deisopropylatrazine to deethylatrazine [6-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], called the D2R, was used to discriminate atrazine as a source of DIA from other parent sources, such as cyanazine (2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile) and simazine (6-chloro-N,N′-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine). The ratio of atrazine to cyanazine (ACR) used in conjunction with the D2R showed that after atrazine, cyanazine was the main contributor of DIA in surface water. The D2R also showed that cyanazine, and to a much lesser extent simazine, contributed a considerable amount (∼40%) of the DIA that was transported during the flood of the Mississippi River in 1993. The D2R may continue to be a useful discriminator in determining changes in the nonpoint sources of DIA in surface water as cyanazine is currently being removed from the market.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq2001.3051836x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E., and Goolsby, D.A., 2001, Differentiating nonpoint sources of deisopropylatrazine in surface water using discrimination diagrams: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1836-1843, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.3051836x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1836","endPage":"1843","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Kansas River Valley Experimental Farm","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.85715045658709,\n 39.094386865596505\n ],\n [\n -95.8574939283393,\n 39.057857149790436\n ],\n [\n -95.84581588877556,\n 39.05625687599337\n ],\n [\n -95.82761188592619,\n 39.05065563210067\n ],\n [\n -95.80975135482903,\n 39.05038889511985\n ],\n [\n -95.80253844804022,\n 39.05252276276147\n ],\n [\n -95.7575436485451,\n 39.053856397296755\n ],\n [\n -95.75033074175565,\n 39.0557234433349\n ],\n [\n -95.74243089146307,\n 39.061590980940736\n ],\n [\n -95.73109632365092,\n 39.06639133084025\n ],\n [\n -95.72972243664336,\n 39.088255460555786\n ],\n [\n -95.72697466262885,\n 39.09092135433383\n ],\n [\n -95.744835193726,\n 39.09038818363953\n ],\n [\n -95.75067421350788,\n 39.09198768363015\n ],\n [\n -95.7606348943118,\n 39.09012159678113\n ],\n [\n -95.78124319942413,\n 39.09412029385351\n ],\n [\n -95.85715045658709,\n 39.094386865596505\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0105e4b0c8380cd4fa53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022777,"text":"70022777 - 2001 - Hydrology of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T09:14:30","indexId":"70022777","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrology of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Yucca Mountain, located in southern Nevada in the Mojave Desert, is being considered as a geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste. Although the site is arid, previous studies indicate net infiltration rates of 5-10 mm yr-1 under current climate conditions. Unsaturated flow of water through the mountain generally is vertical and rapid through the fractures of the welded tuffs and slow through the matrix of the nonwelded tuffs. The vitric-zeolitic boundary of the nonwelded tuffs below the potential repository, where it exists, causes perching and substantial lateral flow that eventually flows through faults near the eastern edge of the potential repository and recharges the underlying groundwater system. Fast pathways are located where water flows relatively quickly through the unsaturated zone to the water table. For the bulk of the water a large part of the travel time from land surface to the potential repository horizon (~300 m below land surface) is through the interlayered, low fracture density, nonwelded tuff where flow is predominately through the matrix. The unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain is being modeled using a three-dimensional, dual-continuum numerical model to predict the results of measurements and observations in new boreholes and excavations. The interaction between experimentalists and modelers is providing confidence in the conceptual model and the numerical model and is providing researchers with the ability to plan further testing and to evaluate the usefulness or necessity of further data collection.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews of Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999RG000075","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., Kwicklis, E., Bodvarsson, G., and Fabryka-Martin, J.M., 2001, Hydrology of Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 39, no. 4, p. 447-470, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000075.","startPage":"447","endPage":"470","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208182,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000075"},{"id":233714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a370fe4b0c8380cd60bef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwicklis, E. M.","contributorId":86377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"E. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodvarsson, G.S.","contributorId":98045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodvarsson","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fabryka-Martin, J. M.","contributorId":101422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabryka-Martin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022782,"text":"70022782 - 2001 - Bioavailability of metals in stream food webs and hazards to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the upper Animas River watershed, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:53:40","indexId":"70022782","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioavailability of metals in stream food webs and hazards to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the upper Animas River watershed, Colorado","docAbstract":"The water quality, habitats, and biota of streams in the upper Animas River watershed of Colorado, USA, are affected by metal contamination associated with acid drainage. We determined metal concentrations in components of the food web of the Animas River and its tributaries - periphyton (aufwuchs), benthic invertebrates, and livers of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) - and evaluated pathways of metal exposure and hazards of metal toxicity to stream biota. Concentrations of the toxic metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in periphyton, benthic invertebrates, and trout livers from one or more sites in the upper Animas River were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Periphyton from sites downstream from mixing zones of acid and neutral waters had elevated concentrations of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) reflecting deposition of colloidal Fe and Al oxides, and reduced algal biomass. Metal concentrations in benthic invertebrates reflected differences in feeding habits and body size among taxa, with greatest concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd in the small mayfly Rhithrogena, which feeds on periphyton, and greatest concentrations of Pb in the small stonefly Zapada, a detritivore. Concentrations of Zn and Pb decreased across each trophic linkage, whereas concentrations of Cu and Cd were similar across several trophic levels, suggesting that Cu and Cd were more efficiently transferred via dietary exposure. Concentrations of Cu in invertebrates and trout livers were more closely associated with impacts on trout populations and invertebrate communities than were concentrations of Zn, Cd, or Pb. Copper concentrations in livers of brook trout from the upper Animas River were substantially greater than background concentrations and approached levels associated with reduced brook trout populations in field studies and with toxic effects on other salmonids in laboratory studies. These results indicate that bioaccumulation and transfer of metals in stream food webs are significant components of metal exposure for stream biota of the upper Animas River watershed and suggest that chronic toxicity of Cu is an important factor limiting the distribution and abundance of brook trout populations in the watershed.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002440010147","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Besser, J., Brumbaugh, W.G., May, T., Church, S.E., and Kimball, B.A., 2001, Bioavailability of metals in stream food webs and hazards to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the upper Animas River watershed, Colorado: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 48-59, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010147.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"59","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208228,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010147"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0,37.0 ], [ -109.0,41.0 ], [ -102.0,41.0 ], [ -102.0,37.0 ], [ -109.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f13de4b0c8380cd4ab07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, J.M.","contributorId":91569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022790,"text":"70022790 - 2001 - Constants for mercury binding by organic matter isolates from the Florida Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:50:41","indexId":"70022790","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constants for mercury binding by organic matter isolates from the Florida Everglades","docAbstract":"Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been implicated as an important complexing agent for Hg that can affect its mobility and bioavailability in aquatic ecosystems. However, binding constants for natural Hg-DOM complexes are not well known. We employed a competitive ligand approach to estimate conditional stability constants for Hg complexes with DOM isolates collected from Florida Everglades surface waters. The isolates examined were the hydrophobic fraction of DOM from a eutrophic, sulfidic site (F1-HPoA) and the hydrophilic fraction from an oligotrophic, low-sulfide site (2BS-HPiA). Our experimental determinations utilized overall octanol-water partitioning coefficients (Dow) for 203Hg at 0.01 M chloride and across pH and DOM concentration gradients. Use of this radioisotope allowed rapid determinations of Hg concentrations in both water and octanol phases without problems of matrix interference.
Conditional stability constants (I = 0.06, 23°C) were log K′ = 11.8 for F1-HPoA and log K′ = 10.6 for 2BS-HPiA. These are similar to previously published stability constants for Hg binding to low-molecular-weight thiols. Further, F1-HPoA showed a pH-dependent decline in Dow that was consistent with models of Hg complexation with thiol groups as the dominant Hg binding sites in DOM. These experiments demonstrate that the DOM isolates are stronger ligands for Hg than chloride ion or ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid. Speciation calculations indicate that at the DOM concentrations frequently measured in Everglades, 20 to 40 μM, significant complexation of Hg by DOM would be expected in aerobic (sulfide-free) surface waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00742-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Benoit, J., Mason, R., Gilmour, C., and Aiken, G., 2001, Constants for mercury binding by organic matter isolates from the Florida Everglades: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, no. 24, p. 4445-4451, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00742-6.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4445","endPage":"4451","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208008,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00742-6"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.97448730468749,\n 24.943728712051445\n ],\n [\n -79.99969482421875,\n 24.943728712051445\n ],\n [\n -79.99969482421875,\n 26.45090222367262\n ],\n [\n -81.97448730468749,\n 26.45090222367262\n ],\n [\n -81.97448730468749,\n 24.943728712051445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa04e4b0c8380cd4d89b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benoit, J.M.","contributorId":102648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benoit","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, R.P.","contributorId":61989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilmour, C.C.","contributorId":63558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmour","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022791,"text":"70022791 - 2001 - Consumption of tropospheric levels of methyl bromide by C1 compound-utilizing bacteria and comparison to saturation kinetics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:59:18","indexId":"70022791","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consumption of tropospheric levels of methyl bromide by C1 compound-utilizing bacteria and comparison to saturation kinetics","docAbstract":"Pure cultures of methylotrophs and methanotrophs are known to oxidize methyl bromide (MeBr); however, their ability to oxidize tropospheric concentrations (parts per trillion by volume [pptv]) has not been tested. Methylotrophs and methanotrophs were able to consume MeBr provided at levels that mimicked the tropospheric mixing ratio of MeBr (12 pptv) at equilibrium with surface waters (≈2 pM). Kinetic investigations using picomolar concentrations of MeBr in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were performed using strain IMB-1 andLeisingeria methylohalidivorans strain MB2T— terrestrial and marine methylotrophs capable of halorespiration. First-order uptake of MeBr with no indication of threshold was observed for both strains. Strain MB2T displayed saturation kinetics in batch experiments using micromolar MeBr concentrations, with an apparent K s of 2.4 μM MeBr and aV max of 1.6 nmol h−1(106 cells)−1. Apparent first-order degradation rate constants measured with the CSTR were consistent with kinetic parameters determined in batch experiments, which used 35- to 1 × 107-fold-higher MeBr concentrations. Ruegeria algicola (a phylogenetic relative of strain MB2T), the common heterotrophs Escherichia coli andBacillus pumilus, and a toluene oxidizer,Pseudomonas mendocina KR1, were also tested. These bacteria showed no significant consumption of 12 pptv MeBr; thus, the ability to consume ambient mixing ratios of MeBr was limited to C1 compound-oxidizing bacteria in this study. Aerobic C1 bacteria may provide model organisms for the biological oxidation of tropospheric MeBr in soils and waters.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0168","usgsCitation":"Arnsberg, A.J., Cole, B.E., and Cloern, J.E., 2001, Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem--Regional monitoring program results, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-68, 217 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0168.","productDescription":"217 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":100118,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0068/report.pdf","size":"12399","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0068/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.035888671875,\n 37.36142550190517\n ],\n [\n -121.84936523437499,\n 37.36142550190517\n ],\n [\n -121.84936523437499,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -123.035888671875,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -123.035888671875,\n 37.36142550190517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnsberg, Andrew J.","contributorId":57932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnsberg","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45058,"text":"wri004186 - 2001 - Assessment of water quality, road runoff, and bulk atmospheric deposition, Guanella Pass area, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado, water years 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:48","indexId":"wri004186","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4186","title":"Assessment of water quality, road runoff, and bulk atmospheric deposition, Guanella Pass area, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado, water years 1995-97","docAbstract":"The Guanella Pass road, located about 40 miles west of Denver, Colorado, between the towns of Georgetown and Grant, has been designated a scenic byway and is being considered for reconstruction. The purpose of this report is to present an assessment of hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the Guanella Pass area and provide baseline data for evaluation of the effects of the proposed road reconstruction. The data were collected during water years 1995-97 (October 1, 1995, to September 30, 1997).Based on Colorado water-quality standards, current surface-water quality near Guanella Pass road was generally acceptable for specified use classifications of recreation, water supply, agriculture, and aquatic life. Streams had small concentrations of dissolved solids, nutrients, trace elements, and suspended sediment. An exception was upper Geneva Creek, which was acidic and had relatively large concentrations of iron, zinc, and other trace elements related to acid-sulfate weathering. Concentrations of many water-quality constituents, especially particle-related phases and suspended sediment, increased during peak snowmelt and rainstorm events and decreased to prerunoff concentrations at the end of runoff periods. Some dissolved (filtered) trace-element loads in Geneva Creek decreased during rainstorms when total recoverable loads remained generally static or increased, indicating a phase change that might be explained by adsorption of trace elements to suspended sediment during storm runoff.Total recoverable iron and dissolved zinc exceeded Colorado stream-water-quality standards most frequently. Exceedances for iron generally occurred during periods of high suspended-sediment transport in several streams. Zinc standards were exceeded in about one-half the samples collected in Geneva Creek 1.5 miles upstream from Grant.Lake-water quality was generally similar to that of area streams. Nitrogen and phosphorus ratios calculated for Clear and Duck Lakes indicated that phytoplankton in the lakes were probably phosphorus-limited. Measures of trophic status (secchi depth, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a) indicated that Duck and Clear Lakes were oligotrophic in 1997.Ground water had relatively low specific conductance (range 24 to 584 microsiemens per centimeter) and did not exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards, except for samples collected from a single well, which exceeded the Proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for uranium.Runoff from the Guanella Pass road enters streams through surface channels connected to culverts and roadside ditches. Fifty-six percent of the total number of culvert and roadside-ditch drainage features on the Guanella Pass road showed evidence of recent surface runoff connection to an adjacent stream. Road runoff is generated during snowmelt and during summer rainstorms.At a road cross-drain culvert monitored continuously for discharge (water years 1996-97), most runoff (77 to 96 percent) was a result of snowmelt, and runoff from the road preceded the basinwide peak streamflow, resulting in sediment and water-quality constituent inputs to the stream when the stream?s capacity for dilution of the road runoff was low. Specific conductance of road-runoff samples ranged from 14 to 468 microsiemens per centimeter. Major-ion composition of some samples indicated effects from deicing salt (sodium chloride) and dust inhibitor (magnesium chloride) applied to sections of the road, but changes in the stream concentrations that might be attributed to the runoff were brief and relatively small.Nutrients were commonly measured in road-runoff samples at larger concentrations than in streamflow. Concentrations of nitrate and ammonia, especially during rainfall-generated road runoff, were more similar to the concentrations in precipitation than to the concentrations in stream water. Concentrations of ammonia plus organic nitrogen (total as N) (range less than 0.2 to 24 milligrams per liter) and t","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri004186","usgsCitation":"Stevens, M.R., 2001, Assessment of water quality, road runoff, and bulk atmospheric deposition, Guanella Pass area, Clear Creek and Park Counties, Colorado, water years 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4186, viii, 183 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm.; 50 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004186.","productDescription":"viii, 183 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm.; 50 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3912,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004186","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Michael R. 0000-0002-9476-6335 mrsteven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-6335","contributorId":769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Michael","email":"mrsteven@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44639,"text":"wri014108 - 2001 - Hydrologic setting and geochemical characterization of free-phase hydrocarbons in the alluvial aquifer at Mandan, North Dakota, November 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:23:12","indexId":"wri014108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4108","title":"Hydrologic setting and geochemical characterization of free-phase hydrocarbons in the alluvial aquifer at Mandan, North Dakota, November 2000","docAbstract":"Free-phase hydrocarbons are present in the alluvial aquifer at Mandan, North Dakota. A large contaminant body of the hydrocarbons [light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL)] floats on the water table about 20 feet below land surface. The main LNAPL body is about 6 feet thick, and the areal extent is about 657,000 square feet. A study was conducted to describe the hydrologic setting and characterize the geochemical composition of the free-phase hydrocarbons in the alluvial aquifer.
Most of the study area is underlain by alluvium of the Heart River Valley that ranges in thickness from about 25 to 109 feet. The alluvium can be divided into three stratigraphic units silty clay, silty sand, and sand and is underlain by shales and sandstones. Monitoring wells were installed prior to this study, to an average depth of about 29 feet.
Regional ground-water flow in the Heart River aquifer generally may be from west-northwest to eastsoutheast and is influenced by hydraulic connections to the river. Hydraulic connections also are probable between the aquifer and the Missouri River. Ground-water flow across the north boundary of the aquifer is minimal because of adjacent shales and sandstones of relatively low permeability. Recharge occurs from infiltration of precipitation and is spatially variable depending on the thickness of overlying clays and silts. Although the general water-table gradient may be from west-northwest to east-southeast, the flow directions can vary depending on the river stage and recharge events. Any movement of the LNAPL is influenced by the gradients created by changes in water-level altitudes.
LNAPL samples were collected from monitoring wells using dedicated bailers. The samples were transferred to glass containers, stored in the dark, and refrigerated before shipment for analysis by a variety of analytical techniques. For comparison purposes, reference-fuel samples provided by the refinery in Mandan also were analyzed. These reference-fuel samples included a current diesel fuel, a closely related but slightly broader refinery-cut fuel, a crude-oil composite, unleaded regular gasoline, and additives.
Four principal analytical techniques were used for geochemical characterization: Purge-and-trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (volatile components); capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (semivolatile components); isotope ratio mass spectrometry (carbon isotopes; whole oils); and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (additives and other organic components). Volatile analytes included solvents, disinfection byproducts, halogenated hydrocarbons, and alkylbenzenes, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and meta-, para-, and orf/zo-xylenes. Semivolatile analytes included rt-alkanes, isoprenoid alkanes, cycloalkanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds (naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, and dibenzothiophenes and their alkylated derivatives). Of the additives, only the diesel-fuel additive with the red dye marker was amenable to electrospray ionization.
Results indicate the LNAPL consists of closely correlatable diesel fuel at various stages of degradation. All LNAPL samples contained the red dye marker for diesel fuel. None of the samples contained chlorinated solvents associated with industries such as drycleaning or automotive maintenance. Solvents such as acetone, dimethyl ether, and methylene chloride and the gasoline additives methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl-t-butyl ether (ETBE), and t-amyl-methyl ether (TAME) were not found. With one possible exception, no evidence of a different diesel or other hydrocarbon fuel contribution was identified. At one site near the north edge of the main LNAPL body, evidence exists for traces of possible gasoline components in addition to the diesel fuel. The geochemical analysis of the LNAPL and correlations with other fuel products and additives strongly suggest episodic releases of a single, local-source, diesel fuel into the aquifer over an extended period of time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014108","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F.D., Rostad, C.E., Kvenvolden, K.A., Delin, G.N., Putnam, L.D., Kolak, J.J., Chaplin, B.P., and Schaap, B.D., 2001, Hydrologic setting and geochemical characterization of free-phase hydrocarbons in the alluvial aquifer at Mandan, North Dakota, November 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4108, iv, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014108.","productDescription":"iv, 117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science 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The Yukon River is also fundamental to the ecosystems of the eastern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea, providing most of the freshwater runoff, sediments, and dissolved solutes. Despite its remoteness and perceived invulnerability, the Yukon River Basin is changing. For example, records of air temperature during 1961-1990 indicate a warming trend of about 0.75 deg C per decade at latitudes where the Yukon River is located. Increases in temperature will have wide-ranging effects on permafrost distribution, glacial runoff and the movement of carbon and nutrients within and from the basin. In addition, Alaska has many natural resources such as timber, minerals, gas, and oil that may be developed in future years. As a consequence of these changes, several issues of scientific and cultural concern have come to the forefront. At present, water quality data for the Yukon River Basin are very limited. This fact sheet describes a program to provide the data that are needed to address these issues.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs05001","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., Hooper, R., and Landa, E., 2001, Water quality in the Yukon River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 050-01, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05001.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_050_01.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -168,58 ], [ -168,70 ], [ -128,70 ], [ -128,58 ], [ -168,58 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa112","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":240711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, Rick","contributorId":75213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Rick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landa, Ed","contributorId":83594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"Ed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45055,"text":"wri004154 - 2001 - Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:22:03","indexId":"wri004154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4154","title":"Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997","docAbstract":"Spatial determinations of the metal loads in Wightman Fork can be used to identify potential source areas to the stream. In September 1997, a chloride tracer-injection study was done concurrently with synoptic water-quality sampling in Wightman Fork near the Summitville Mine site. Discharge was determined and metal concentrations at 38 sites were used to generate mass-load profiles for dissolved aluminum, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had previously identified these metals as contaminants of concern.Metal loads increased substantially in Wightman Fork near the Summitville Mine. A large increase occurred along a 60-meter reach that is north of the North Waste Dump and generally corresponds to a region of radial faults. Metal loading from this reach was equivalent to 50 percent or more of the dissolved aluminum, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc load upstream from the outfall of the Summitville Water Treatment Facility (SWTF). Overall, sources along the entire reach upstream from the SWTF were equivalent to 15 percent of the iron, 33 percent of the copper and manganese, 58 percent of the zinc, and 66 percent of the aluminum load leaving the mine site. The largest increases in metal loading to Wightman Fork occurred as a result of inflow from Cropsy Creek. Aluminum, iron, manganese, and zinc loads from Cropsy Creek were equivalent to about 40 percent of the specific metal load leaving the mine site. Copper, iron, and manganese loads from Cropsy Creek were nearly as large or larger than the load from sources upstream from the SWTF. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004154","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., and Bencala, K.E., 2001, Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4154, iv, 26 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004154.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6676b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":231010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44990,"text":"wri014230 - 2001 - Hydrology of the coastal springs ground-water basin and adjacent parts of Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus Counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri014230","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4230","title":"Hydrology of the coastal springs ground-water basin and adjacent parts of Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus Counties, Florida","docAbstract":"The coastal springs in Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus Counties, Florida consist of three first-order magnitude springs and numerous smaller springs, which are points of substantial ground-water discharge from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Spring flow is proportional to the water-level altitude in the aquifer and is affected primarily by the magnitude and timing of rainfall. Ground-water levels in 206 Upper Floridan aquifer wells, and surface-water stage, flow, and specific conductance of water from springs at 10 gaging stations were measured to define the hydrologic variability (temporally and spatially) in the Coastal Springs Ground-Water Basin and adjacent parts of Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus Counties. Rainfall at 46 stations and ground-water withdrawals for three counties, were used to calculate water budgets, to evaluate long-term changes in hydrologic conditions, and to evaluate relations among the hydrologic components. \r\n\r\nPredictive equations to estimate daily spring flow were developed for eight gaging stations using regression techniques. Regression techniques included ordinary least squares and multiple linear regression techniques. The predictive equations indicate that ground-water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer are directly related to spring flow. At tidally affected gaging stations, spring flow is inversely related to spring-pool altitude. The springs have similar seasonal flow patterns throughout the area. \r\n\r\nWater-budget analysis provided insight into the relative importance of the hydrologic components expected to influence spring flow. Four water budgets were constructed for small ground-water basins that form the Coastal Springs Ground-Water Basin. Rainfall averaged 55 inches per year and was the only source of inflow to the Basin. The pathways for outflow were evapotranspiration (34 inches per year), runoff by spring flow (8 inches per year), ground-water outflow from upward leakage (11 inches per year), and ground-water withdrawal (2 inches per year). Recharge (rainfall minus evapotranspiration) to the Upper Floridan aquifer consists of vertical leakage through the surficial deposits. Discharge is primarily through springs and diffuse upward leakage that maintains the extensive swamps along the Gulf of Mexico. The ground-water basins had slightly different partitioning of hydrologic components, reflecting variation among the regions. \r\n\r\nTrends in hydrologic data were identified using nonparametric statistical techniques to infer long-term changes in hydrologic conditions, and yielded mixed results. No trend in rainfall was detected during the past century. No trend in spring flow was detected in 1931-98. Although monotonic trends were not detected, rainfall patterns are naturally variable from month to month and year to year; this variability is reflected in ground-water levels and spring flows. A decreasing trend in ground-water levels was detected in the Weeki Wachee well (1966-98), but the trend was statistically weak. At current ground-water withdrawal rates, there is no discernible affect on ground-water levels and spring flows. Sporadic data records, lack of continuous data, and inconsistent periods of record among the hydrologic components impeded analysis of long-term changes to the hydrologic system and interrelations among components. The ongoing collection of hydrologic data from index sites could provide much needed information to assess the hydrologic factors affecting the quantity and quality of spring flow in the Coastal Springs Ground-Water Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014230","usgsCitation":"Knochenmus, L.A., and Yobbi, D.K., 2001, Hydrology of the coastal springs ground-water basin and adjacent parts of Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4230, vi, 88 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014230.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3864,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/wri01_4230_knochenmus.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb899","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knochenmus, Lari A. lari@usgs.gov","contributorId":301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"Lari","email":"lari@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yobbi, Dann K.","contributorId":15247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"Dann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45050,"text":"wri20014083 - 2001 - Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Comerio, Puerto Rico, 1997-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20014083","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4083","title":"Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Comerio, Puerto Rico, 1997-99","docAbstract":"To meet the increasing need for a safe and adequate supply of water in the municipio of Comerio, an integrated surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the area was conducted. The major results of this study and other important hydrologic and water-quality features were compiled in a Geographic Information System, and are presented in two 1:30,000-scale map plates to facilitate interpretation and use of the diverse water-resource data. \r\n\r\nBecause the supply of safe drinking water was a critical issue during recent dry periods, the surface-water assessment portion of this study focused on analysis of low-flow characteristics in local streams and rivers. Low-flow characteristics were evaluated at one continuous-record gaging station based on graphical curve-fitting techniques and log-Pearson Type III frequency curves. Estimates of low-flow characteristics for 13 partial-record stations were generated using graphical-correlation techniques. Flow-duration characteristics for the continuous- and partial-record stations were estimated using the relation curves developed for the low-flow study. Stream low-flow statistics document the general hydrology under current land- and water-use conditions. \r\n\r\nA sanitary quality survey of streams utilized 24 sampling stations to evaluate about 84 miles of stream channels with drainage to or within the municipio of Comerio. River and stream samples for fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus analyses were collected on two occasions at base-flow conditions to evaluate the sanitary quality of streams. Bacteriological analyses indicate that about 27 miles of stream reaches within the municipio of Comerio may have fecal coliform bacteria concentrations above the water-quality goal established by the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental de Puerto Rico) for inland surface waters. Sources of fecal contamination may include illegal discharge of sewage to storm-water drains, malfunction of sanitary sewer ejectors, clogged and leaking sewage pipes, septic tank leakage, unfenced livestock, runoff from livestock pens, and seepage from pits containing animal wastes. Long-term fecal coliform data at two sampling stations on the Rio de la Plata indicate that since 1984, the geometric mean of five consecutive samples commonly has been at or below 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters (established as the sanitary quality goal in Puerto Rico for Class SD type waters). At the sampling station upstream of Comerio, the geometric mean concentration has been near 500 colonies per 100 milliliters; downstream of the town of Comerio, the geometric mean concentration has been near 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters concentration. The data at these stations also indicate that fecal coliform concentrations increase commonly above 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters during storm-runoff events, ranging from 1,000 to 100,000 colonies per 100 milliliters at both stations. \r\n\r\nGeologic, topographic, soil, hydrogeologic, and streamflow data were used to divide the municipio of Comerio into five hydrogeologic terranes. The integrated database was then used to evaluate the ground-water development potential of each hydrogeologic terrane. Analysis suggests that areas with slopes greater than 15 degrees have relatively low ground-water development potential. Fractures may be important locally in enhancing the water-bearing properties in the hydrogeologic terranes containing igneous rocks. \r\n\r\nThe integrated hydrogeologic approach used in this study can serve as an important tool for regulatory agencies of Puerto Rico and the municipio of Comerio to evaluate the ground-water resource development potential, examine ground- and surface-water interaction, and determine the effect of land-use practices on ground-water quantity and quality. \r\n\r\nStream low-flow statistics document the general hydrology under current land and water uses. Low-flow characteristics may substantially change as a re","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri20014083","collaboration":"In cooperation with the\r\nMUNICIPIO OF COMERIO, PUERTO RICO, OFFICE OF THE MAYOR","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., Gómez-Gómez, F., Santiago-Rivera, L., and Oliveras-Feliciano, M., 2001, Surface-water, water-quality, and ground-water assessment of the Municipio of Comerio, Puerto Rico, 1997-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4083, v, 41 p. : map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014083.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. : map ; 28 cm.","temporalStart":"1997-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9254,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4083/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 67.25,17.75 ], [ 67.25,18.50 ], [ 66.75,18.50 ], [ 66.75,17.75 ], [ 67.25,17.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a628","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santiago-Rivera, Luis","contributorId":83888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oliveras-Feliciano, M. L.","contributorId":54959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliveras-Feliciano","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45070,"text":"wri004274 - 2001 - Simulated ground-water flow and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Burlington, Iowa, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T09:45:36","indexId":"wri004274","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4274","title":"Simulated ground-water flow and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Burlington, Iowa, 1999","docAbstract":"The City of Burlington, Iowa, obtains some of its public water supply by withdrawing ground water from the Mississippi River alluvium, an alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Mississippi River. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Burlington, conducted a hydrologic study of the Mississippi River alluvium near Burlington in 1999 to improve understanding of the flow system, evaluate the effects of hypothetical pumping scenarios on the flow system, and evaluate selected water-quality constituents in parts of the alluvium.
\nA steady-state, ground-water flow model was constructed for a 7-square-mile area of the alluvium using October 1999 hydrologic conditions to help conceptualize the flow system, identify sources of water to the alluvium, and assess potential effects from additional hypothetical ground-water withdrawals from the lower alluvium. The model was discretized into a 70-row by 68-column grid using cells measuring 200 feet by 200 feet. Three model layers were used to represent flow in the upper part of the alluvium, lower part of the alluvium, and bedrock. The primary sources of ground water to the alluvium were subsurface flow from areas of the alluvium adjacent to the modeled area, recharge from precipitation, subsurface flow from Flint River streamchannel deposits adjacent to the alluvium, and river leakage. The primary components of outflow from the flow system were river leakage, municipal ground-water withdrawals (pumpage), and leakage to drainage ditches.
\nThree hypothetical pumping scenarios were used to assess the potential effects of increased ground-water withdrawals from the lower part of the alluvium: (1) pumping a second existing municipal well at a rate of 0.5 million gallons per day, (2) pumping a hypothetical well completed in an area between the city water-treatment facility and Flint River at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day, and (3) pumping a hypothetical well completed in an area south of the Flint River at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day. Maximum additional simulated drawdown in the upper alluvium ranged from less than 3 feet (for scenario 1) to about 9 feet (for scenario 3). Maximum additional simulated drawdown in the lower alluvium ranged from about 12 feet (for scenario 1) to about 34 feet (for scenario 3). Water budgets for each scenario indicated future additional withdrawals from the flow system near Burlington’s existing municipal wells would significantly increase the amount of river leakage into the flow system.
\nWater samples collected from the alluvium indicated ground water can be classified as a calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type. Reducing conditions likely occur in some localized areas of the alluvium, as suggested by relatively large concentrations of dissolved iron (4,390 micrograms per liter) and manganese (2, 430 micrograms per liter) in some ground-water samples. Nitrite plus nitrate was detected at concentrations greater than or equal to 8 milligrams per liter in three samples collected from observation wells completed in close proximity to cropland; the nitrite plus nitrate concentration in one groundwater sample exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level for nitrate in drinking water (10 milligrams per liter as N). Triazine herbicides (atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, simazine, and selected degradation products) and chloroacetanilide herbicides (acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor) were detected in some water samples. A greater number of herbicide compounds were detected in surface-water samples than in ground-water samples. Herbicide concentrations typically were at least an order of magnitude greater in surfacewater samples than in ground-water samples. The Maximum Contaminant Level for alachlor (2 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in a sample from Dry Branch Creek at Tama Road and for atrazine (3 micrograms per liter) was exceeded in samples collected from Dry Branch Creek at Tama Road and the county drainage ditch at Tama Road.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004274","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Burlington, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Boyd, R., 2001, Simulated ground-water flow and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Burlington, Iowa, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4274, v, 46 p.; ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004274.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.; ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004274.JPG"},{"id":3922,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ia.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/WRIR_00-4274.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.09262466430663,\n 40.8161477453172\n ],\n [\n -91.05863571166992,\n 40.8493976983769\n ],\n [\n -91.10172271728516,\n 40.87588181562867\n ],\n [\n -91.13777160644531,\n 40.843164602353745\n ],\n [\n -91.09262466430663,\n 40.8161477453172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6493fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, Robert A.","contributorId":16491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45074,"text":"wri004288 - 2001 - Influence of natural factors on the quality of midwestern streams and rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T15:53:26","indexId":"wri004288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4288","title":"Influence of natural factors on the quality of midwestern streams and rivers","docAbstract":"Streams flowing through cropland in the Midwestern Corn Belt differ considerably in their chemical and ecological characteristics, even though agricultural land use is highly intensive throughout the entire region. These differences likely are attributable to differences in riparian vegetation, soil properties, and hydrology. This conclusion is based on results from a study of the upper Midwest region conducted during seasonally low-flow conditions in August 1997 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. This report summarizes significant results from the study and presents some implications for the design and interpretation of water-quality monitoring and assessment studies based on these results.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004288","usgsCitation":"Porter, S.D., Harris, M.A., and Kalkhoff, S.J., 2001, Influence of natural factors on the quality of midwestern streams and rivers: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4288, 13 p.; col. ill., col. map; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004288.","productDescription":"13 p.; col. ill., col. map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3925,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004288","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":316703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004288.JPG"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n 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