Geologic data from the geologic map of the Spokane 1:100,000-scale quadrangle compiled by Joseph (1990) were entered into a geographic information system (GIS) as part of a larger effort to create regional digital geology for the Pacific Northwest. The map area is located in eastern Washington and extends across the state border into western Idaho (Fig. 1). This open-file report describes the methods used to convert the geologic map data into a digital format, documents the file structures, and explains how to download the digital files from the U.S. Geological Survey public access World Wide Web site on the Internet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98115","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources","usgsCitation":"Johnson, B.R., and Derkey, P., 1998, Digital geologic map of the Spokane 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington and Idaho: A digital database for the 1990 N.L. Joseph map: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-115, Report: ii, 13 p.; Readme; Spokane quad; Text and AML files; Map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98115.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 13 p.; Readme; Spokane quad; Text and AML files; Map","numberOfPages":"15","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":108805,"rank":8,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17760.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17760"},{"id":52787,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/pdf/98-115.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1793,"rank":6,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284295,"rank":4,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/readme.txt"},{"id":284296,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/covers.tar.Z"},{"id":284297,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/amls.tar.Z"},{"id":284298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0115/spok100k.hp.Z"},{"id":284299,"rank":5,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98115.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.0,47.5 ], [ -118.0,48.0 ], [ -117.0,48.0 ], [ -117.0,47.5 ], [ -118.0,47.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ac02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Bruce R.","contributorId":100009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Derkey, Pamela D.","contributorId":69590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derkey","given":"Pamela D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22446,"text":"ofr97657 - 1998 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the North Canadian River alluvium, Concho Reserve, Canadian County, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr97657","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-657","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the North Canadian River alluvium, Concho Reserve, Canadian County, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"A growing user population within the Concho Reserve in Canadian County, Oklahoma, has increased the need for drinking water. The North Canadian River alluvium is a reliable source of ground water for agriculture, industry, and cities in Canadian County and is the only ground-water source capable of meeting large demands. This study was undertaken to collect and analyze data to describe the hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the North Canadian River alluvium within the Concho Reserve. \r\nThe alluvium forms a band about 2 miles long and 0.5 mile wide along the southern edge of the Concho Reserve. Thickness of the alluvium ranges from 19 to 75 feet thick and averages about 45 feet in the study area. Well cuttings and natural gamma-ray logs indicate the alluvium consists of interfingering lenses of clay, silt, and sand. The increase of coarse-grained sand and the decrease of clay and silt with depth suggests that the water-bearing properties of the aquifer within the study area improve with depth. A clay layer in the upper part of the aquifer may be partially responsible for surface water ponding in low areas after above normal precipitation and may delay the infiltration of potentially contaminated water from land surface.\r\n\r\nSpecific conductance measurements indicate the ground-water quality improves in a northern direction towards the terrace. Water-quality properties, bacteria counts, major ion and nutrient concentrations, trace-element and radionuclide concentrations, and organic compound concentrations were measured in one ground-water sample at the southern edge of the Concho Reserve and comply with the primary drinking-water standards. Measured concentrations of iron, manganese, sulfate, and total dissolved solids exceed the secondary maximum contaminant levels set for drinking water. The ground water is a calcium sulfate bicarbonate type and is considered very hard, with a hardness of 570 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97657","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., 1998, Hydrogeology and water quality of the North Canadian River alluvium, Concho Reserve, Canadian County, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-657, v, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97657.","productDescription":"v, 27 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0657/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51976,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0657/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db62517f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, C.J.","contributorId":64269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22490,"text":"ofr98149 - 1998 - Schlumberger soundings in the Dillon resource area Beaverhead and Madison Counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-30T14:44:14.87176","indexId":"ofr98149","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-149","title":"Schlumberger soundings in the Dillon resource area Beaverhead and Madison Counties, Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98149","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bisdorf, R., and Wise, R.A., 1998, Schlumberger soundings in the Dillon resource area Beaverhead and Madison Counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-149, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98149.","productDescription":"73 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52005,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465497,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17769.htm","text":"Virginia City area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465498,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17770.htm","text":"Dyce Creek area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465499,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17771.htm","text":"China Town area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465500,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17772.htm","text":"Grasshopper Creek area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Beaverhead County, Madison County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.3426580058959,\n 45.58646666627905\n ],\n [\n -113.34827497985044,\n 44.748416384643605\n ],\n [\n -111.5962245335624,\n 44.74442709577522\n ],\n [\n -111.62430940333411,\n 45.606130647807475\n ],\n [\n -113.3426580058959,\n 45.58646666627905\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd410","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bisdorf, R.J.","contributorId":42960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wise, R. A.","contributorId":79124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22706,"text":"ofr98124 - 1998 - Use of air temperature data to anticipate the onset of snowmelt-season landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr98124","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-124","title":"Use of air temperature data to anticipate the onset of snowmelt-season landslides","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98124","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Chleborad, A.F., 1998, Use of air temperature data to anticipate the onset of snowmelt-season landslides: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-124, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98124.","productDescription":"16 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":8106,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0124/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":52164,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605137","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chleborad, Alan F.","contributorId":87578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chleborad","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22114,"text":"ofr98128 - 1998 - Report on the 1997 activity of Shrub mud volcano, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, southcentral Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr98128","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-128","title":"Report on the 1997 activity of Shrub mud volcano, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, southcentral Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98128","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Richter, D., Symonds, R., Rosenkrans, D., McGimsey, R.G., Evans, W.C., and Poreda, R., 1998, Report on the 1997 activity of Shrub mud volcano, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, southcentral Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-128, 13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98128.","productDescription":"13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0128/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51557,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0128/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f3ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":187159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Symonds, R.B.","contributorId":31011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symonds","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenkrans, D. S.","contributorId":53795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenkrans","given":"D. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Poreda, R.J.","contributorId":97138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poreda","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":22957,"text":"ofr9845 - 1998 - Drill cores and crushed samples of oil shale stored in the Anvil Points Mine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr9845","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-45","title":"Drill cores and crushed samples of oil shale stored in the Anvil Points Mine","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9845","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Dyni, J.R., and Donnell, J.R., 1998, Drill cores and crushed samples of oil shale stored in the Anvil Points Mine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-45, 1 v. 42 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9845.","productDescription":"1 v. 42 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0045/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52352,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635a24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyni, J. R.","contributorId":78341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyni","given":"J.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnell, J. R.","contributorId":60673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22477,"text":"ofr97787 - 1998 - Proposed expansion of the City of Albuquerque/U.S. Geological Survey ground-water-level monitoring network for the middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:08","indexId":"ofr97787","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-787","title":"Proposed expansion of the City of Albuquerque/U.S. Geological Survey ground-water-level monitoring network for the middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Middle Rio Grande Basin in central New Mexico, extending from \r\nCochiti Lake on the north to San Acacia on the south, covers an area \r\nof about 3,060 square miles. Ground-water withdrawals in the basin \r\nare concentrated in and around the city of Albuquerque. Because of \r\nrapid increases in population and associated ground-water pumpage, \r\na network of wells was established cooperatively by the City of \r\nand the U.S. Geological Survey between April 1982 and September 1983 \r\nto monitor changes in ground-water levels throughout the basin. \r\nExpansion of this network has been identified as an essential element \r\nin plans to study the relation between surface water and ground water \r\nin the basin. An inventory of existing wells in the Albuquerque \r\nmetropolitan area has brought together information on about 400 wells \r\nthat either are being monitored for water levels or would be good \r\ncandidates for monitoring. About 115 wells or well sites are proposed \r\nas additions to the current 128-well ground-water-level monitoring \r\nnetwork for the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Despite the extensive network \r\nthat would be created by the addition of the proposed existing wells, \r\nhowever, certain parts of the Albuquerque metropolitan area would remain \r\nwithout adequate coverage areally and/or with depth in the Santa Fe \r\nGroup aquifer until the installation of the proposed new monitoring \r\nwells.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S.G.S, Branch of Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97787","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bexfield, L.M., 1998, Proposed expansion of the City of Albuquerque/U.S. Geological Survey ground-water-level monitoring network for the middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-787, iv, 21 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97787.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0787/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19429,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0787/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19430,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0787/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51994,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0787/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bexfield, L. M.","contributorId":36593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26120,"text":"wri974198 - 1998 - Hydrology and geochemistry of a slag-affected aquifer and chemical characteristics of slag-affected ground water, northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T21:58:08.188936","indexId":"wri974198","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4198","title":"Hydrology and geochemistry of a slag-affected aquifer and chemical characteristics of slag-affected ground water, northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","docAbstract":"Slag is a by-product of steel manufacturing and a ubiquitous fill material in northwestern Indiana. Ground water associated with slag deposits generally is characterized by high pH and elevated concentrations of many inorganic water-quality constituents. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, conducted a study in northwestern Indiana from June 1995 to September 1996 to improve understanding of the effects of slag deposits on the water quality of a glacial-outwash aquifer.
The Bairstow Landfill, a slag-fill deposit overlying the Calumet aquifer near Hammond, Indiana, was studied to represent conditions in slag-deposit settings that are common in northwestern Indiana. Ground water from 10 observation wells, located in four nests at the site, and surface water from the adjacent Lake George were analyzed for values of field-measured parameters and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and bulk properties. Solid-phase samples of slag and aquifer sediment collected during drilling were examined with X-ray diffraction and geochemical digestion and analysis.
Concentrations of calcium, potassium, sodium, and sulfate were highest in wells screened partly or fully in slag. Potassium concentrations in ground water ranged from 2.9 to 120 milligrams per liter (mg/L), were highest in water from slag deposits, and decreased with depth. The highest concentrations for aluminum, barium, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium were in water from the slag. Silica concentrations were highest in wells screened directly beneath the slag-aquifer interface, and magnesium concentrations were highest in intermediate and deep aquifer wells. Silica concentrations in shallow and intermediate aquifer wells ranged from 27 to 41 mg/L and were about 10 times greater than those in water from slag deposits. The highest concentrations for chromium, lead, and zinc were in ground water from immediately below the slag-aquifer interface.
The solid-phase analyses indicated that calcite, dolomite, and quartz generally were present throughout the slag-aquifer system; barian celestite, cristobalite, manganese-bearing calcite, and minrecordite were present in fewer samples. Trace elements that are liberated from the slag may be incorporated as impurities during precipitation of major minerals, sorbed onto clays and other grainsize fractions not analyzed as part of this study, or present in low-abundance minerals that were not detected by the X-ray analysis.
Mass-balance and speciation programs were used to identify geochemical processes that may be occurring as water infiltrates through the slag, flows into the aquifer, and discharges into Lake George. The geochemical models indicate that precipitation of calcite may be occurring where slag-affected water enters the aquifer. Models also indicate that dolomite precipitation and clay-mineral dissolution may be occurring at the slag-aquifer interface; however, dolomite precipitation is generally believed to require geologically long time periods. Silica may be dissolving where slag-affected ground water enters the aquifer and may be precipitating where slag-affected ground water discharges to the lakebed of Lake George.
In addition to the site-specific study, a statistical analysis of regional water quality was done to compare ground water in wells affected and unaffected by slag. When com-pared to wells in background locations in the Calumet aquifer, wells screened in slag across northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois generally had relatively higher pH and specific-conductance values and relatively higher concentrations of alkalinity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, total organic carbon, calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, aluminum, barium, and possibly magnesium, sulfate, chromium, cobalt, copper, cyanide, manganese, mercury, nickel, and vanadium. When compared to wells in slag and wells in background locations, ground water from immediately beneath or immediately downgradient from slag had relatively high concentrations of arsenic and silica. Water-quality characteristics in ground water at the Bairstow Landfill were similar to water-quality characteristics in slag-contact and slag-affected wells throughout northwestern Indiana.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974198","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E.R., Greeman, T.K., and Harvey, C., 1998, Hydrology and geochemistry of a slag-affected aquifer and chemical characteristics of slag-affected ground water, northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4198, v, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974198.","productDescription":"v, 67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414756,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48809.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157824,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4198/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.525,\n 41.6667\n ],\n [\n -87.525,\n 41.6556\n ],\n [\n -87.475,\n 41.6556\n ],\n [\n -87.475,\n 41.6667\n ],\n [\n -87.525,\n 41.6667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, C.C.","contributorId":102108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3877,"text":"cir1172 - 1998 - Geology for a changing world; a science strategy for the Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, 2000-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:37","indexId":"cir1172","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1172","title":"Geology for a changing world; a science strategy for the Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, 2000-2010","docAbstract":"This report describes seven science goals conceived to address pressing issues facing the Nation in the next decade. These goals focus on understanding human interaction with the natural environment and build upon long-term USGS investments in basic research.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFree on application to U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/cir1172","usgsCitation":"Bohlen, S.R., Halley, R., Hickman, S.H., Johnson, S.Y., Lowenstern, J.B., Muhs, D.R., Plumlee, G.S., Thompson, G.A., Trauger, D.L., and Zoback, M., 1998, Geology for a changing world; a science strategy for the Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, 2000-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1172, viii, 59 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1172.","productDescription":"viii, 59 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":79,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circular/c1172","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1998/1172/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30969,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1998/1172/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a3e4b07f02db4967c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohlen, Steven R.","contributorId":17982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlen","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":45692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":147782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Samuel Y. 0000-0001-7972-9977 sjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7972-9977","contributorId":2607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Samuel","email":"sjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":1857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Thompson, George A.","contributorId":94288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Trauger, David L.","contributorId":107682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trauger","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zoback, Mary Lou","contributorId":10029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mary Lou","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":28337,"text":"wri974211 - 1998 - Assessment of the hydraulic connection between ground water and the Peace River, west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T22:27:23.598961","indexId":"wri974211","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4211","title":"Assessment of the hydraulic connection between ground water and the Peace River, west-central Florida","docAbstract":"The hydraulic connection between the Peace River and the underlying aquifers along the length of the Peace River from Bartow to Arcadia was assessed to evaluate flow exchanges between these hydrologic systems. Methods included an evaluation of hydrologic and geologic records and seismic-reflection profiles, seepage investigations, and thermal infrared imagery interpretation. Along the upper Peace River, a progressive long-term decline in streamflow has occurred since 1931 due to a lowering of the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer by as much as 60 feet because of intensive ground-water withdrawals for phosphate mining and agriculture. Another effect from lowering the potentiometric surface has been the cessation of flow at several springs located near and within the Peace River channel, including Kissengen Spring, that once averaged a flow of about 19 million gallons a day. The lowering of ground-water head resulted in flow reversals at locations where streamflow enters sinkholes along the streambed and floodplain.
Hydrogeologic conditions along the Peace River vary from Bartow to Arcadia. Three distinctive hydrogeologic areas along the Peace River were delineated: (1) the upper Peace River near Bartow, where ground-water recharge occurs; (2) the middle Peace River near Bowling Green, where reversals of hydraulic gradients occur; and (3) the lower Peace River near Arcadia, where ground-water discharge occurs.
Seismic-reflection data were used to identify geologic features that could serve as potential conduits for surface-water and ground-water exchange. Depending on the hydrologic regime, this exchange could be recharge of surface water into the aquifer system or discharge of ground water into the stream channel. Geologic features that would provide pathways for water movement were identified in the seismic record; they varied from buried irregular surfaces to large-scale subsidence flexures and vertical fractures or enlarged solution conduits. Generally, the upper Peace River is characterized by a shallow, buried irregular top of rock, numerous observed sinkholes, and subsidence depressions. The downward head gradient provides potential for the Peace River to lose water to the ground-water system. Along the middle Peace River area, head gradients alternate between downward and upward, creating both recharging and discharging ground-water conditions. Seismic records show that buried, laterally continuous reflectors in the lower Peace River pinch out in the middle Peace River streambed. Small springs have been observed along the streambed where these units pinch out. This area corresponds to the region where highest ground-water seepage volumes were measured during this study. Further south, along the lower Peace River, upward head gradients provide conditions for ground-water discharge into the Peace River. Generally, confinement between the surficial aquifer and the confined ground-water systems in this area is better than to the north. However, localized avenues for surface-water and ground-water interactions may exist along discontinuities observed in seismic reflectors associated with large-scale flexures or subsidence features.
Ground-water seepage gains or losses along the Peace River were quantified by making three seepage runs during periods of: (1) low base flow, (2) high base flow, and (3) high flow. Low and high base-flow seepage runs were performed along a 74-mile length of the Peace River, between Bartow and Nocatee. Maximum losses of 17.3 cubic feet per second (11.2 million gallons per day) were measured along a 3.2-mile reach of the upper Peace River. The high-flow seepage run was conducted to quantify losses in the Peace River channel and floodplain between Bartow and Fort Meade. Seepage losses calculated during high-flow along a 7.2-mile reach of the Peace River, from the Clear Springs Mine bridge to the Mobil Mine bridge, were approximately 10 percent of the river flow, or 118 cubic feet per second. Calculated seepages along the Peace River in Hardee and De Soto Counties were inconclusive, because most seepages were within the range of discharge measurement error.
Two continuous aerial thermal infrared imagery surveys were conducted to locate sites of ground-water discharge along the Peace River. Although temperature and hydrologic conditions were ideal to observe spring flow using thermal infrared imaging techniques, no sources of ground-water discharge were identified using this method. Diffuse ground-water seepage may, however, provide significant ground-water discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974211","usgsCitation":"Lewelling, B., Tihansky, A., and Kindinger, J., 1998, Assessment of the hydraulic connection between ground water and the Peace River, west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4211, vi, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974211.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2249,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974211/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120163,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4211.jpg"},{"id":411395,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48820.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Peace River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.9375,\n 27.9214\n ],\n [\n -81.9375,\n 27.1428\n ],\n [\n -81.75,\n 27.1428\n ],\n [\n -81.75,\n 27.9214\n ],\n [\n -81.9375,\n 27.9214\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewelling, B. R.","contributorId":17969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewelling","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tihansky, A. B. 0000-0003-1681-1601","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-1601","contributorId":77956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tihansky","given":"A. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kindinger, J. L.","contributorId":38983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":66012,"text":"i2550 - 1998 - Bathymetric map of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Arafura Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:57","indexId":"i2550","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2550","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Bathymetric map of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Arafura Sea","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2550","isbn":"0607894059","usgsCitation":"Grim, M.S., and Edgar, N., 1998, Bathymetric map of the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Arafura Sea: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2550, 1 map :col. ;68 x 58 cm., on sheet 81 x 102 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2550.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;68 x 58 cm., on sheet 81 x 102 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":115137,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2550/report.pdf","size":"44","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115138,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2550/plate-1.pdf","size":"5804","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":187198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2550/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"2500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 132,3 ], [ 132,18 ], [ 141,18 ], [ 141,3 ], [ 132,3 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db64075c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grim, M. S.","contributorId":102884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grim","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edgar, N.T.","contributorId":35812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4399,"text":"cir1153 - 1998 - A strategy for assessing potential future changes in climate, hydrology, and vegetation in the Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"cir1153","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1153","title":"A strategy for assessing potential future changes in climate, hydrology, and vegetation in the Western United States","docAbstract":"Historical and geological data indicate that significant changes can occur in the Earth's climate on time scales ranging from years to millennia. In addition to natural climatic change, climatic changes may occur in the near future due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and other trace gases in the atmosphere that are the result of human activities. International research efforts using atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM's) to assess potential climatic conditions under atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of twice the pre-industrial level (a '2 X CO2' atmosphere) conclude that climate would warm on a global basis. However, it is difficult to assess how the projected warmer climatic conditions would be distributed on a regional scale and what the effects of such warming would be on the landscape, especially for temperate mountainous regions such as the Western United States. In this report, we present a strategy to assess the regional sensitivity to global climatic change. The strategy makes use of a hierarchy of models ranging from an AGCM, to a regional climate model, to landscape-scale process models of hydrology and vegetation. A 2 X CO2 global climate simulation conducted with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) GENESIS AGCM on a grid of approximately 4.5o of latitude by 7.5o of longitude was used to drive the NCAR regional climate model (RegCM) over the Western United States on a grid of 60 km by 60 km. The output from the RegCM is used directly (for hydrologic models) or interpolated onto a 15-km grid (for vegetation models) to quantify possible future environmental conditions on a spatial scale relevant to policy makers and land managers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;","doi":"10.3133/cir1153","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., Hostetler, S.W., Bartlein, P.J., and Anderson, K.H., 1998, A strategy for assessing potential future changes in climate, hydrology, and vegetation in the Western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1153, iv, 20 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1153.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8178,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1998/c1153/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert Stephen","contributorId":47772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J.","contributorId":106879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Katherine H. 0000-0003-2677-6109","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-6109","contributorId":52556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27121,"text":"wri974243 - 1998 - Characterization of hydrogeologic units using matrix properties, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T22:14:13.612346","indexId":"wri974243","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4243","title":"Characterization of hydrogeologic units using matrix properties, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Determination of the suitability of Yucca Mountain, in southern Nevada, as a geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste requires the use of numerical flow and transport models. Input for these models includes parameters that describe hydrologic properties and the initial and boundary conditions for all rock materials within the unsaturated zone, as well as some of the upper rocks in the saturated zone. There are 30 hydrogeologic units in the unsaturated zone, and each unit is defined by limited ranges where a discrete volume of rock contains similar hydrogeologic properties. These hydrogeologic units can be easily located in space by using three-dimensional lithostratigraphic models based on relation- ships of the properties with the lithostratigraphy. Physical properties of bulk density, porosity, and particle density; flow properties of saturated hydraulic conductivity and moisture-retention characteristics; and the state variables (variables describing the current state of field conditions) of saturation and water potential were determined for each unit. Units were defined using (1) a data base developed from 4,892 rock samples collected from the coring of 23 shallow and 8 deep boreholes, (2) described lithostratigraphic boundaries and corresponding relations to porosity, (3) recognition of transition zones with pronounced changes in properties over short vertical distances, (4) characterization of the influence of mineral alteration on hydrologic properties such as permeability and moisture-retention characteristics, and (5) a statistical analysis to evaluate where boundaries should be adjusted to minimize the variance within layers. This study describes the correlation of hydrologic properties to porosity, a property that is well related to the lithostratigraphy and depositional and cooling history of the volcanic deposits and can, therefore, be modeled to be distributed laterally. Parameters of the hydrogeologic units developed in this study and the relation of flow properties to porosity that are described can be used to produce detailed and accurate representations of the core-scale hydrologic processes ongoing at Yucca Mountain.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974243","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., 1998, Characterization of hydrogeologic units using matrix properties, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4243, v, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974243.","productDescription":"v, 64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125030,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4243.jpg"},{"id":411457,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48850.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2236,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri97-4243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.4667,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -116.4667,\n 36.8292\n ],\n [\n -116.4028,\n 36.8292\n ],\n [\n -116.4028,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -116.4667,\n 36.9\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4cd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27439,"text":"wri974283 - 1998 - Recharge rates to the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri974283","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4283","title":"Recharge rates to the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974283","usgsCitation":"Grubbs, J.W., 1998, Recharge rates to the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4283, iv, 30 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974283.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4283/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56300,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4283/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644b6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23232,"text":"ofr97101 - 1998 - Water levels in the Yucca Mountain area, Nevada, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr97101","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-101","title":"Water levels in the Yucca Mountain area, Nevada, 1995","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97101","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Graves, R.P., and Goemaat, R., 1998, Water levels in the Yucca Mountain area, Nevada, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-101, v, 92 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97101.","productDescription":"v, 92 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52531,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9d86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graves, R. P.","contributorId":99179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goemaat, R. L.","contributorId":13982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goemaat","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020347,"text":"70020347 - 1998 - Defining the southwestern end of the Blytheville Arch, northeastern Arkansas: Delimiting a seismic source zone in the New Madrid region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T16:02:06.186305","indexId":"70020347","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Defining the southwestern end of the Blytheville Arch, northeastern Arkansas: Delimiting a seismic source zone in the New Madrid region","docAbstract":"Vibroseis seismic-reflection profiles around the southwestern end of the Blytheville arch document the southwesternly extent of the arch and refine the length of a fault zone that coincides with the arch. The 74.3 km of newly interpreted profiles and previously described profiles form a network of lines across and around the southern end of the arch. The southwestern terminus of the arch is defined by the absence of significantly upwarped or extensively disrupted reflectors, which are diagnostic traits of the arch where it is well developed. The arch is 134 km long as documented here, which is only slightly longer than the length reported by previous studies. Differing opinions about the magnitude of the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes could be partly explained by substantially longer seismic source zones, but this minor increase in source zone length does not reconcile the large differences in magnitude estimates of the events. If future earthquake ruptures associated with the arch are confined to areas of extensive deformation, then this well documented southwestern termination precludes a rupture substantially longer than ~134 km along the zone of seismicity that coincides with the axis of the Reelfoot rift.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.69.4.350","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Crone, A.J., 1998, Defining the southwestern end of the Blytheville Arch, northeastern Arkansas: Delimiting a seismic source zone in the New Madrid region: Seismological Research Letters, v. 69, no. 4, p. 350-358, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.69.4.350.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"350","endPage":"358","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Blytheville Arch, northeastern Arkansas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.11344917911748,\n 36.51604411880402\n ],\n [\n -91.11344917911748,\n 35.86883949799797\n ],\n [\n -90.41890155924816,\n 35.86883949799797\n ],\n [\n -90.41890155924816,\n 36.51604411880402\n ],\n [\n -91.11344917911748,\n 36.51604411880402\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe3ae4b0c8380cd4ebe3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crone, Anthony J. 0000-0002-3006-406X crone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-406X","contributorId":790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"Anthony","email":"crone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":385906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":66183,"text":"i2595 - 1998 - Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-24T15:28:28","indexId":"i2595","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2595","title":"Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars","docAbstract":"The polar deposits on Mars are of great interest because they probably record martian climate variations (Thomas and others, 1992). The area shown on this map includes polar layered deposits with distinct low-albedo features and a sharp boundary between the layered deposits and the moderately cratered unit that forms the floor of Chasma Australe. Detailed mapping of this quadrangle was undertaken to further investigate the geologic relations between the albedo features and the layered deposits and to better constrain the recent geologic history of the south polar region. Dark dunes in the north polar region appear to be derived from erosion of the layered deposits, but the source of dark material in the south polar region is less clear (Thomas and Weitz, 1989). The presence of dark material in the brighter, redder layered deposits is paradoxical (Herkenhoff and Murray, 1990a); resolving this paradox is likely to result in a better understanding of the origin and evolution of the layered deposits and, therefore, the mechanisms by which global climate variations are recorded. Published geologic maps of the south polar region of Mars have been based on images acquired by either Mariner 9 (Condit and Soderblom, 1978; Scott and Carr, 1978) or the Viking Orbiters (Tanaka and Scott, 1987). The extent of the layered deposits mapped previously from Mariner 9 data is different from that mapped using Viking Orbiter images, and the present map agrees with the map by Tanaka and Scott (1987): the floor of Chasma Australe is not mapped as layered deposits. The residual polar ice cap, areas of partial frost cover, the layered deposits, and two nonvolatile surface units - the dust mantle and the dark material - were mapped by Herkenhoff and Murray (1990a) at 1:2,000,000 scale using a color mosaic of Viking Orbiter images. This mosaic and an additional Viking color mosaic were used to confirm the identification of the nonvolatile Amazonian units for this map and to test hypotheses for their origin and evolution. The colors and albedos of these units, as measured in places outside this map area, are presented in table 1 and figure 1. Accurately measuring the color and albedo of the units in this map area was not possible due to low signal/noise in the part of the red/violet mosaic (corrected for atmospheric scattering) that includes this area (Herkenhoff and Murray, 1990a). However, color/albedo unit boundaries in this area are visible in color mosaics that have not been corrected for atmospheric scattering effects. Therefore, while the color and albedo of various units on this map cannot be precisely quantified and compared with the values in table 1 and figure 1, color/albedo units can still be recognized. Because the resolution of the color mosaics is not sufficient to map these units in detail at 1:500,000 scale, contacts between them were recognized and mapped using higher resolution black-and-white Viking and Mariner 9 images. Only two possible impact craters in the layered deposits have been found in the area mapped; both are slightly elongate rather than circular. One, 1.6 km in diameter at lat 86.6° S., long 268°, was recognized by Plaut and others (1988); the other, about 3 km in diameter, is at lat 82.8° S., long 277°. Although the crater statistics are poor (only 16 likely impact craters found in the entire south polar layered deposits), these observations generally support the conclusions that the south polar layered deposits are Late Amazonian in age and that some areas have been exposed for at least 120 million years (Plaut and others, 1988; Herkenhoff and Murray, 1992, 1994). However, the recent cratering flux on Mars is poorly constrained, so inferred ages of surface units are uncertain. The Viking Orbiter 2 images used to construct the base were taken during the southern summer of 1977, with resolutions no better than 180 m/pixel. (The \"less than 100 m per picture element\" in Notes on Base of the controlled photomosaic base [U.S. Geological Survey, 1986] is incorrect.) A digital mosaic of Mariner 9 images was also constructed to aid in mapping. The Mariner 9 images were taken during the southern summer of 1971-72 and have resolutions as high as 90 m/pixel. However, usefulness of the Mariner 9 mosaic is limited by incomplete coverage and atmospheric dust opacity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2595","isbn":"060789444X","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Herkenhoff, K.E., 1998, Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2595, 1 Map: 98 x 81 cm, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2595.","productDescription":"1 Map: 98 x 81 cm","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438904,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P945WNHO","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the MTM -85280 quadrangle, Planum Australe region of Mars"},{"id":188390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_2595.jpg"},{"id":367680,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2595/i2595.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","projection":"Polar Stereographic","otherGeospatial":"Mars; Planum Australe","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696cfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":274120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25389,"text":"wri974166 - 1998 - Analysis of a multiple-well interference test in Miocene tuffaceous rocks at the C-hole complex, May-June 1995, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri974166","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4166","title":"Analysis of a multiple-well interference test in Miocene tuffaceous rocks at the C-hole complex, May-June 1995, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974166","usgsCitation":"Geldon, A., Umari, A., Earle, J., Fahy, M., Gemmell, J., and Darnell, J., 1998, Analysis of a multiple-well interference test in Miocene tuffaceous rocks at the C-hole complex, May-June 1995, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4166, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974166.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4166/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54122,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4166/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680b96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geldon, A. L.","contributorId":46988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geldon","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Umari, A.M.","contributorId":96300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Umari","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Earle, J.D.","contributorId":13259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fahy, M.F.","contributorId":21189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahy","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gemmell, J.M.","contributorId":12525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gemmell","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Darnell, Jon","contributorId":103323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darnell","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":38251,"text":"pp1550B - 1998 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Forecasts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38251,"text":"pp1550B - 1998 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Forecasts","indexId":"pp1550B","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Forecasts"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77046,"text":"pp1550 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence","indexId":"pp1550","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":77046,"text":"pp1550 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence","indexId":"pp1550","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T20:26:48.246362","indexId":"pp1550B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1550","chapter":"B","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Forecasts","docAbstract":"The magnitude (Mw) 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake struck the San Francisco Bay region of central California at 5:04 p.m. P.d.t. on October 17, 1989, killing 62 people and generating billions of dollars in property damage. Scientists were not surprised by the occurrence of a destructive earthquake in this region and had, in fact, been attempting to forecast the location of the next large earthquake in the San Francisco Bay region for decades. This paper summarizes more than 20 scientifically based forecasts made before the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake for a large earthquake that might occur in the Loma Prieta area. The forecasts geographically closest to the actual earthquake primarily consisted of right-lateral strike-slip motion on the San Andreas Fault northwest of San Juan Bautista. Several of the forecasts did encompass the magnitude of the actual earthquake, and at least one approximately encompassed the along-strike rupture length. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake differed from most of the forecasted events in two ways: (1) it occurred with considerable dip-slip in addition to strike-slip motion, and (2) it was much deeper than expected.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence (Professional Paper 1550)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1550B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Harris, R.A., 1998, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Forecasts: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1550, iii, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1550B.","productDescription":"iii, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430578,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76940.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1550_b.jpg"},{"id":3491,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1550/pp1550b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.99006315024482,\n 39.273574361599486\n ],\n [\n -123.99006315024482,\n 35.72489852893848\n ],\n [\n -120.54394774455744,\n 35.72489852893848\n ],\n [\n -120.54394774455744,\n 39.273574361599486\n ],\n [\n -123.99006315024482,\n 39.273574361599486\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e4108","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Ruth A. 0000-0002-9247-0768 harris@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Ruth","email":"harris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22324,"text":"ofr98131A - 1998 - Sand dunes; computer animations and paper models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:56","indexId":"ofr98131A","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-131","chapter":"A","title":"Sand dunes; computer animations and paper models","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS ESIC Open-File Report Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr98131A","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., Galloway, J., and Starratt, S., 1998, Sand dunes; computer animations and paper models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-131, 64 p. :ill. ;28 cm. +1 computer disc (3 1/2 x 3 1/4 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98131A.","productDescription":"64 p. :ill. ;28 cm. +1 computer disc (3 1/2 x 3 1/4 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0131a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51734,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0131a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdd4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, T. 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The unfortunate practice by some 19th-century authors to use names in their Latinized form but to date them from their first appearance as French common names led to the use of Arctocepbalus for southern fur seals when the name correctly applies to the northern fur seal, known today as Callorbinus ursinus. However, Arctocepbalus and Callorbinus are antedated by Otoes G. Fischer, 1817, which is the earliest available generic name for the fur seal of the northern Pacific. The earliest available generic name for southern fur seals is Halarctus Gill, 1866. To avoid the confusion that would result from replacing the currently used generic names with those required by strict adherence to the Principle of Priority, we have petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to preserve Arctocepbalus and Callorbinus for the southern and northern fur seals, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00741.x","usgsCitation":"Gardner, A., and Robbins, C., 1998, Generic names of northern and southern fur seals (Mammalia: Otariidae): Marine Mammal Science, v. 14, no. 3, p. 544-551, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00741.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"544","endPage":"551","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Alfred L. 0000-0002-4945-1641 agardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4945-1641","contributorId":412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Alfred L.","email":"agardner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, C. Brian","contributorId":49488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C. Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3276,"text":"cir930O - 1998 - International strategic mineral issues summary report– Tungsten","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-08T22:50:29.365802","indexId":"cir930O","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"930","chapter":"O","title":"International strategic mineral issues summary report– Tungsten","docAbstract":"Scheelite and wolframite are the principal minerals currently mined for tungsten. Both occur in hard-rock deposits; wolframite is also recovered from placer deposits. Most current mine production of tungsten is from vein/stockwork, skarn, porphyry, and strata-bound deposits. Minor amounts are produced from disseminated, pegmatite, breccia, and placer deposits.
\n\n
Most tungsten is used to make tungsten carbide and tungsten alloys for use in machine tools and drilling equipment. Other important applications are in lamp filaments and cathodes, high-speed steels, textile dyes, paints, and catalysts.
\n\n
The world is well endowed with tungsten resources. China and the former Soviet Union have 8 of the world's 10 largest deposits; these 8 contain about half of the world's resources of tungsten. If economic conditions are suitable, world tungsten resources in known deposits and their extensions (categories R1 and R2), including economic, marginal, and subeconomic resources, are sufficient to permit world production to continue at 1995 levels until well into the 21st century.
\n\n
World tungsten resources in identified deposits and districts that are currently economically exploitable (category R1E) appear to be sufficient to meet world demand at 1995 levels only until the year 2007. However, the figure for resources of this kind does not include or reflect resources whose economic parameters are unknown in major producing areas in the former Soviet Union, China, and other nonmarket-economy countries and thus severely underestimates future tungsten availability.
\n\n
In 1995, China and the former Soviet Union accounted for over three-fourths of the world's mine production of tungsten. China alone produced about two-thirds of world output. Given its vast resources, China will likely maintain its prominent role in world tungsten supply. By the year 2020, changes in supply patterns are likely to result from declining output from individual deposits in Australia, Austria, and Portugal and the opening of new mines in Canada, China, and the United Kingdom.
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