No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY831","usgsCitation":"Lumia, R., Archer, R., Burke, P.M., and Dalton, F., 1984, Water resources data, New York, water year 1983, volume 1, eastern New York, excluding Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-83-1, viii, 240 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY831.","productDescription":"viii, 240 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380709,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1983/ny-83-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1983/ny-83-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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M.","contributorId":8478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dalton, F.N.","contributorId":58283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalton","given":"F.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":6382,"text":"pp1270 - 1984 - Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T20:50:10.521656","indexId":"pp1270","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1270","title":"Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Samples of soils or other regoliths, taken at a depth of approximately 20 cm form locations about 80 km apart, throughout the conterminous United States, were analyzed for their content of elements. In this manner, 1,318 sampling sites were chosen, and the results of the sample analyses for 50 elements were plotted on maps. The arithmetic and geometric mean, the geometric deviation, and a histogram showing frequencies of analytical values are given for 47 elements.\r\n\r\nThe lower concentrations of some elements (notable, aluminum, barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and strontium) in most samples of surficial materials from the Eastern United States, and the greater abundance of heavy metals in the same materials of the Western United States, indicates a regional geochemical pattern of the largest scale. The low concentrations of many elements in soils characterize the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Souls of the Pacific Northwest generally have high concentrations of aluminum, cobalt, iron, scandium, and vanadium, but are low in boron. Soils of the Rocky Mountain region tend to have high concentrations of copper, lead, and zinc. High mercury concentrations in surficial materials are characteristic of Gulf Coast sampling sites and the Atlantic coast sites of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Maine. At the State level, Florida has the most striking geochemical pattern by having soils that are low in concentrations of most elements considered in this study. Some smaller patterns of element abundance can be noted, but the degree of confidence in the validity of these patterns decreases as the patterns become less extensive.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1270","usgsCitation":"Shacklette, H.T., and Boerngen, J.G., 1984, Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of the conterminous United States (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1270, iv, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1270.","productDescription":"iv, 105 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1270.jpg"},{"id":9098,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1270/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":405953,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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T.","contributorId":43339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shacklette","given":"Hansford","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boerngen, Josephine G.","contributorId":31750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boerngen","given":"Josephine","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12313,"text":"ofr84740 - 1984 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12313,"text":"ofr84740 - 1984 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas","indexId":"ofr84740","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38492,"text":"pp1370C - 1989 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste— Characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas","indexId":"pp1370C","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste— Characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38492,"text":"pp1370C - 1989 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste— Characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas","indexId":"pp1370C","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste— Characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T22:07:16.740234","indexId":"ofr84740","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-740","title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas","docAbstract":"The Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas, includes most of the area east of the Rio Grande to the Sacramento Mountains. The Legion encompasses two large basins, the Jornada del Muerto and Tularosa basins, and the intervening San Andres Mountains. The altitude of the valley surfaces generally are from 600 to 1.500 meters. The mountain ranges generally have altitudes from 1,500 to 2,400 meters. About one-half the area is underlain by basin fill.
Outcropping sedimentary rocks in the Rio Grande region range in age from Precambrian to Holocene. The oldest Precambrian rocks are metamorphosed and intruded by plutons. Paleozoic rocks are primarily carbonate rocks, with argillaceous beds, in the older Paleozoic units. Clastic and gypsum are in greater abundance in younger Paleozoic units of Pennsylvanian and Permian age. The Mesozoic rocks primarily are clastic rocks with some limestone. Cenozoic rocks consist of sequences of conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, and siltstone derived from adjacent mountain masses, interbedded with basalt and andesite flows, and silicic tuffs. Volcanic activity continued into the Quaternary. Early to middle Tertiary volcanic and tectonic processes resulted in the implacement of plutonic bodies.
Media considered to have potential for isolation of high-level radioactive waste include intrusive rocks, ash-flow tuff, and basaltic lava flows. Laharic and mudflow breccia and argillaceous beds also may be prospective host rocks. These and other rocks may be prospective media in areas where the unsaturated zone is thick.
Quaternary faults are more common in the southern one-half of the region than in the northern one-half. Range-bounding faults with evidence of Quaternary movement extend northward into the central part of the region. Volcanic activity in the northern part of the region includes basalt flows of Quaternary age. Historical crustal uplift and seismicity have occurred in the vicinity of Socorro, New Mexico. The region is bordered on the west by an area with heat flow greater than 2.5 heat-flow units. A few measurements of this magnitude have been made within the region.
Recharge to ground water in the Rio Grande region occurs in the higher altitudes where precipitation is greater, that is, in the San Andres and Sacramento Mountains and on the Chupadera Mesa. Ground-water flow from units west of the San Andres Mountains discharge to the Rio Grande. The ground-water flow unit of the Tularosa basin ultimately discharges to the Rio Grande or to wells in the vicinity of El Paso. Intermediate discharge points in the Tularosa basin include seepage to streams, springs, and evaporation to playas in the central part of the basin. Dissolved-solids concentations in ground water in the region generally are more than 1,000 milligrams per liter. The dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water in the recharge areas generally are less than 1,000 milligrams per liter. Dissolved-solids of concentrations ranging from 3,000 to 25,000 milligrams per liter are found in the ground water underlying the playa area in the central part of the Tularosa basin.
The more than 43 mining districts in the region contain base metals and to a lesser extent, precious metals, in vein and replacement deposits. Four coal fields are located in the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr84740","usgsCitation":"1984, Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-740, Report: xii, 148 p.; 7 Plates: 22.76 x 36.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84740.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 148 p.; 7 Plates: 22.76 x 36.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383935,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383934,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383933,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383932,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383931,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383930,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-6-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383929,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/plate-6-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383928,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0740/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -93.69140625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a230","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bedinger, M. S.","contributorId":65452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedinger","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503981,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargent, K. A.","contributorId":58630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503980,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langer, W. H.","contributorId":44932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503979,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27101,"text":"wri834164 - 1984 - Water-quality and chemical loads of the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, April 1980 to March 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-23T19:57:45.66881","indexId":"wri834164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4164","title":"Water-quality and chemical loads of the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, April 1980 to March 1981","docAbstract":"Water samples were analyzed for 42 chemical constituents to determine the water quality of the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania from April 1, 1980, to March 31, 1981. The investigation was part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Chesapeake Bay Program's Fall Line Monitoring Project to provide information on the Susquehanna River's freshwater input to the Chesapeake Bay. \r\n\r\nStreamflow and sediment discharge at Harrisburg during the study were 77 and 72 percent, respectively, of the average annual discharges. Precipitation was 16 percent lower than normal. Streamflow for February 1981 was 140 percent higher than the average monthly flow and transported 61 percent of the total annual sediment discharge. \r\n\r\nApproximately 2,300,000 tons of suspended sediment and 2,990,000 tons of dissolved solids were transported during the study. About 76 percent of the 42,000-ton nitrogen load was dissolved. Nearly 84 percent of the 2,930-ton phosphorus load and 95 percent of the 111,000-ton iron, aluminum and manganese loads were associated with suspended sediment. \r\n\r\nThe herbicides atrazine and 2,4-Dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were the only pesticides measured in significant concentrations during the study period. Concentrations of 2,4-D varies throughout the year, and atrazine varied mostly during the spring and summer. Seasonal variations for other constituent concentrations and loads were directly related to streamflow. \r\n\r\nThe concentrations of many constituents varies with distance along the sampling cross-section. Maximum concentrations of suspended sediment differed between the east and west channels and fluctuated from one channel to the other. Specific conductance, dissolved nutrients, and dissolved major ions were consistently higher along the east and west banks. Dissolved nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in the vertical section closest to the west bank of the river. \r\n\r\nDiel variations of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and specific conductance recorded for the period 1974 through 1978 were greatest during the months of June, July, August, and September. However, no trends in the amount of daily variation were determined for the five years of data. Regular diel variation patterns were observed for water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH for all streamflow conditions except peak flow and ice melt conditions. Specific conductance showed no regular diel variation, and was inversely related to streamflow. All four constituents were greatly influenced for short durations by melting ice.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834164","usgsCitation":"Fishel, D.K., 1984, Water-quality and chemical loads of the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, April 1980 to March 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4164, vii, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834164.","productDescription":"vii, 90 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55965,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":409604,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35816.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4164/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Harrisburg","otherGeospatial":"Susquehanna River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.01609734800176,\n 40.37109573401304\n ],\n [\n -77.01609734800176,\n 40.13768753069422\n ],\n [\n -76.74337760794909,\n 40.13768753069422\n ],\n [\n -76.74337760794909,\n 40.37109573401304\n ],\n [\n -77.01609734800176,\n 40.37109573401304\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e8e4b07f02db5e8f5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishel, David K.","contributorId":34967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27083,"text":"wri844066 - 1984 - An assessment of nonpoint-source discharges, streamflow, and water quality in Onion River, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-19T15:24:20","indexId":"wri844066","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4066","title":"An assessment of nonpoint-source discharges, streamflow, and water quality in Onion River, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Onion River in eastern Wisconsin was studied during the 1979 and 1980 water years to define the relationship between water quality and streamflow. Agricultural nonpoint-source discharges in the lower part of the Onion River are suspected of contributing significantly to degradation of water quality.
\nTwo streamflow water-quality monitoring stations were established on the Onion River, one at Hingham upstream of the affected area, and one near Sheboygan Falls downstream of the affected 272 pounds per square mile upstream of Hingham in the 1979 water year. Part of the high nutrient yields are due to point sources from Belgium Creek, which drains an area of 16.2 square miles. In the 1979 water year, point sources contributed an estimated 16,700 pounds of phosphorus or 45 percent of the total annual load downstream of Hingham, whereas, upstream of Hingham point sources contributed an estimated 2,200 pounds of phosphorus, or 18 percent of the total annual load. At Hingham during base flow, four of five phosphorus concentrations exceeded levels recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; most concentrations during storm runoff exceeded these levels. At Sheboygan Falls, all phosphorus concentrations at base flow and most storm runoff concentrations also exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency criteria. All samples at both Hingham and Sheboygan Falls contained concentrations of un-ionized ammonia that were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's criteria (0.02 milligrams per liter), except the March 1980 samples. No samples exceeded the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources criteria for un-ionized ammonia (0.04 milligrams per liter). area. Streamflow at Onion River at Hingham ranged from a minimum 7-day mean low flow (Q?) of 8.7 to a maximum discharge of 600 cubic feet per second; at Onion River near Sheboygan Falls streamflow ranged from a Q7 of 13 to a maximum discharge of 2,350 cubic feet per second. Based on discharges at the Sheboygan River at Sheboygan, these discharges ranged from about double the low flow that occurs on the average of once every 2 years, to discharges of between 5-and 10-year recurrence intervals. The average discharges at Hingham in the 1979 and 1980 water were 32.2 and 27.6 cubic feet per second, respectively. At Sheboygan Falls, the average discharges in the 1979 and 1980 water years were 94.2 and 55.2 cubic feet per second, respectively. Based on the average discharge at the Sheboygan River at Sheboygan, the 1979 discharge was 60 percent greater than average, and the 1980 discharge was about 5 percent less than average.
\nPrecipitation in the study area for the 1979 water year was 33.1 inches and for the 1980 water year it was 36.8 inches; these amounts are 3.3 inches and 7.0 inches, respectively, more than average.
\nSuspended-sediment yields and, probably, phosphorus yields were slightly above average for both years because of greater than normal precipitation, and stream discharges that were greater than normal in 1979 and near normal in 1980. Suspended-sediment yields were 79.1 tons per square mile for the 1979 water year and 63.9 tons per square mile for the 1980 water year at Hingham, while downstream of Hingham the yields were 93.5 tons per square mile for the 1979 water year and 84.2 tons per square mile for the 1980 water year. Phosphorus yields were 331 pounds per square mile for the 1979 water year and 317 pounds per square mile for the 1980 water year at Hingham. Downstream of Hingham, the phosphorus yields were 656 pounds per square mile for the 1979 water year and 647 pounds per square mile for the 198Q water year.
\nA population of bottom-dwelling carp resuspends the bottom sediments during its late spring and early summer active period, possibly causing high concentrations of suspended sediment and phosphorus.
\nNutrient yields and loading rates were highest downstream of Hingham. Nonpoint-source contribution of phosphorus amounted to 362 pounds per square mile downstream of Hingham compared to 272 pounds per square mile upstream of Hingham in the 1979 water year.
\nPart of the high nutrient yields are due to point sources from Belgium Creek, which drains an area of 16.2 square miles. In the 1979 water year, point sources contributed an estimated 16,700 pounds of phosphorus or 45 percent of the total annual load downstream of Hingham, whereas, upstream of Hingham point sources contributed an estimated 2,200 pounds of phosphorus, or 18 percent of the total annual load.
\nAt Hingham during base flow, four of five phosphorus concentrations exceeded levels recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; most concentrations during storm runoff exceeded these levels. At Sheboygan Falls, all phosphorus concentrations at base flow and most storm runoff concentrations also exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency criteria.
\nAll samples at both Hingham and Sheboygan Falls contained concentrations of un-ionized ammonia that were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's criteria (0.02 milligrams per liter), except the March 1980 samples. No samples exceeded the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources criteria for un-ionized ammonia (0.04 milligrams per liter).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Field, S.J., and Lidwin, R., 1984, An assessment of nonpoint-source discharges, streamflow, and water quality in Onion River, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4066, vi, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844066.","productDescription":"vi, 78 p.","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55949,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4066/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Ozaukee County, Sheboygan County","otherGeospatial":"Onion River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.06503295898438,\n 43.7859669617277\n ],\n [\n -88.15704345703124,\n 43.75125720420175\n ],\n [\n -88.08563232421875,\n 43.62762639320158\n ],\n [\n -87.88719177246094,\n 43.55352464927332\n ],\n [\n -87.84393310546875,\n 43.555515149559746\n ],\n [\n -87.8192138671875,\n 43.599289521300825\n ],\n [\n -87.80548095703125,\n 43.65197548731187\n ],\n [\n -87.77114868164062,\n 43.715534726205114\n ],\n [\n -87.76016235351562,\n 43.76018449420188\n ],\n [\n -87.81715393066406,\n 43.80083640601217\n ],\n [\n -87.85903930664062,\n 43.777043519302175\n ],\n [\n -87.98057556152344,\n 43.76365585841392\n ],\n [\n -88.03688049316406,\n 43.77307711737606\n ],\n [\n -88.06503295898438,\n 43.7859669617277\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684dce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, S. J.","contributorId":50540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidwin, R.A.","contributorId":33349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidwin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4261,"text":"cir927 - 1984 - The Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral resources maps of the Walker Lake 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:44","indexId":"cir927","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"927","title":"The Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral resources maps of the Walker Lake 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"The Walker Lake 1? by 2? quadrangle in eastern California and western Nevada was studied by an interdisciplinary research team to appraise its mineral resources. The appraisal is based on geological, geochemical, and geophysical field and laboratory investigations, the results of which are published as a folio of maps, figures, and tables, with accompanying discussions. This circular provides background information on the investigations and integrates the information presented in the folio. The selected bibliography lists selected references to the geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and mineral deposits of the Walker Lake 1? by 2? quadrangle.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir927","usgsCitation":"Stewart, J.H., Chaffee, M., Dohrenwend, J.C., John, D., Kistler, R.W., Kleinhampl, F.J., Menzie, W., Plouff, D., Rowan, L.C., and Silberling, N.J., 1984, The Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program; background information to accompany folio of geologic, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral resources maps of the Walker Lake 1 degree x 2 degrees Quadrangle, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 927, iii, 22 p. :ill., map ; 26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir927.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p. :ill., map ; 26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0927/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31373,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1984/0927/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ecac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, John Harris","contributorId":63790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Harris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chaffee, M.A.","contributorId":108049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dohrenwend, J. C.","contributorId":40960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohrenwend","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"John, D. A.","contributorId":43748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kistler, R. W.","contributorId":36112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kleinhampl, F. J.","contributorId":64650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinhampl","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Menzie, W. D.","contributorId":52916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Plouff, Donald","contributorId":94657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plouff","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Silberling, Norman J.","contributorId":102438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberling","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":38585,"text":"pp1278 - 1984 - The thrust belt in Southwest Montana and east-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-13T13:33:32","indexId":"pp1278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1278","title":"The thrust belt in Southwest Montana and east-central Idaho","docAbstract":"The leading edge of the Cordilleran fold and thrust in southwest Montana appears to be a continuation of the edge of the Wyoming thrust belt, projected northward beneath the Snake River Plain. Trces of the thrust faults that form the leading edge of the thrust belts are mostly concealed, but stratigraphic and structural evidence suggests that the belt enters Montana near the middle of the Centennial Mountains, continues west along the Red Rock River valley, and swings north into the Highland Mountains near Butte. The thrust belt in southwest Montana and east-central Idaho includes at least two major plates -- the Medicine Lodge and Grasshopper thrust plates -- each of which contains a distinctive sequence of rocks, different in facies and structural style from those of the cratonic region east of the thrust belt. The thrust plates are characterized by persuasive, open to tight and locally overturned folds, and imbricate thrust faults, structural styles unusual in Phanerozoic cratonic rocks. The basal decollement zones of the plates are composed of intensely sheared, crushed, brecciated, and mylonitized rocks, the decollement at the base of the Medicine Lodge plate is as much as 300 meters thick. The Medicine Lodge and Grasshopper thrust plates are fringed on the east by a 10- to 50-kilometer-wide zone of tightly folded rocks cut by imbricate thrust fauls, a zone that forms the eastern margin of the thrust belt in southwest Montana. The frontal fold and thrust zone includes rocks that are similar to those of the craton, even though they differ in details of thickness, composition, or stratigraphic sequence. The zone is interpreted to be one of terminal folding and thrusting in cratonic rocks overridden by the major thrust plates from farther west. The cratonic rocks were drape-folded over rising basement blocks that formed a foreland bulge in front of the thrust belt. The basement blocks are bounded by steep faults of Proterozoic ancestry, which also moved as tear faults during thrusting, and seem to have controlled the curving patterns of salients and reentrants at the leading edge of the thrust belt. Radiometric and stratiographic evidence shows that the thrust belt was in its present position by about 75 million year go.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1278","usgsCitation":"Ruppel, E., and Lopez, D.A., 1984, The thrust belt in Southwest Montana and east-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1278, Report: iii, 41 p.; 1 Plate: 27.32 x 21.52 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1278.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 41 p.; 1 Plate: 27.32 x 21.52 inches","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1278/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":279485,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1278/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":279486,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1278/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.0,43.0 ], [ -114.0,46.0 ], [ -111.0,46.0 ], [ -111.0,43.0 ], [ -114.0,43.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634a5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppel, Edward T.","contributorId":7609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"Edward T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopez, David A.","contributorId":79445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6136,"text":"pp1318 - 1984 - Palynology of selected coal beds in the proposed Pennsylvanian System stratotype in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:57","indexId":"pp1318","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1318","title":"Palynology of selected coal beds in the proposed Pennsylvanian System stratotype in West Virginia","docAbstract":"The usefulness of Pennsylvanian palynomorphs, spores, and pollen grains, as an aid in coal-correlation investigations in the Appalachians, has been known for many years. However, much of this and subsequent information was scattered in the literature or was not from the proposed stratotype area of West Virginia. Investigation of coals from sections of the proposed Pennsylvanian System stratotype provided the opportunity to examine changes in palynomorph content through a number of coals from the New River Formation to the basal part of the Monongahela Formation. \r\n\r\nThe rank of most coals of the Pocahontas and New River Formations of West Virginia does not permit extraction of palynomorphs with current laboratory maceration techniques. Because of this, the data of some possibly equivalent lower rank Pennsylvanian coals from adjacent parts of southern Ohio and eastern Kentucky have been included. The coals examined from the Kanawha Formation, Charleston Sandstone, and Monongahela Formations of West Virginia have yielded abundant and well-preserved palynomorphs. Attention has been focused on the Charleston Sandstone, which is a massive, complex unit lacking marine fossils and composed primarily of sandstone. The coal is a significant resource in Pennsylvanian rocks, and the correlation of coals is an important consideration in the area of the stratotype in West Virginia and in adjacent States. \r\n\r\nAs a result of this preliminary examination, the approximate range zones of some important taxa have been established. These range zones together with abundance data are used to correlate the coals. The range zones of some important taxa from Lower to Upper Pennsylvanian coals are: Densosporites irregularis Hacquebard and Barss, Stenozonotriletes lycosporoides (Butterworth and Williams) Smith and Butterworth, Schulzospora rara Kosanke, Laevigatosporites spp., Radiizonates spp., Torispora securis Balme, Zosterosporites triangularis Kosanke, Thymospora pseudothiessenii (Kosanke) Wilson and Venkatachala, Schopfites dimorphus Kosanke, and Thymospora thiessenii (Kosanke) Wilson and Venkatachala. Some of the range zones are relatively short and extremely useful for correlation studies. For example, in the Charleston Sandstone, T. pseudothiessenii (Kosanke) Wilson and Venkatachala is present in the Upper No.5 Block coal (upper bench) and the No.6 Block coal, whereas Schopfites dimorphus Kosanke is restricted to the No.6 Block coal. Thymospora thiessenii (Kosanke) Wilson and Venkatachala is not restricted to the Pittsburgh No.8 coal, but it is the only coal known in which this taxon is so dominant (more than 70 percent of the palynomorph assemblage). \r\n\r\nThis preliminary report has provided a framework for the correlation of a selected number of coals occurring in Ohio and eastern Kentucky with those of the proposed Pennsylvanian System stratotype of West Virginia. In other studies, additional samples from the stratotype would be examined for ultimate correlation with rocks of Pennsylvania and in adjacent States and elsewhere.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1318","usgsCitation":"Kosanke, R.M., 1984, Palynology of selected coal beds in the proposed Pennsylvanian System stratotype in West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1318, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1318.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1318/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1318/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68954b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kosanke, Robert M.","contributorId":29811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosanke","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27841,"text":"wri834207 - 1984 - Evaluation of the potential for artificial ground-water recharge in eastern San Joaquin County, California — Phase 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-18T22:40:21.549985","indexId":"wri834207","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4207","title":"Evaluation of the potential for artificial ground-water recharge in eastern San Joaquin County, California — Phase 2","docAbstract":"In response to the increasing demand on water supplies and declining water levels in eastern San Joaquin County, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Joaquin County Flood Control and Water Conservation District, is evaluating the potential for artificially recharging the aquifer system in eastern San Joaquin County, Calif. Phase 1 of this study evaluated the geologic and hydrological conditions in the area and selected 20 drill sites in three areas of high potential for artificial recharge of the aquifer system. In phase 2, test holes were drilled. This report is on phase 2, and summarizes the data collected during the drilling and evaluates the suitability of the drilled areas for their potential for artificial recharge. Two areas seem to have a fair potential for artificial recharge of the aquifer system using the basin-spreading method: (1) The flood plain area along the Mokelumne River north of Lockeford, and (2) an area northeast of Linden along the Calaveras River. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834207","usgsCitation":"Ireland, R.L., 1984, Evaluation of the potential for artificial ground-water recharge in eastern San Joaquin County, California — Phase 2: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4207, Report: iv, 28 p.; 2 Plates: 29.24 × 35.17 inches and 34.60 × 27.49 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834207.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 28 p.; 2 Plates: 29.24 × 35.17 inches and 34.60 × 27.49 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56669,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4207/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56668,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4207/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394484,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35850.htm"},{"id":56667,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4207/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4207/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Joaquin County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.25,\n 37.8740\n ],\n [\n -120.917,\n 37.8740\n ],\n [\n -120.917,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 37.8740\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa1fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ireland, R. L.","contributorId":89893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ireland","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11641,"text":"ofr83948 - 1984 - Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11641,"text":"ofr83948 - 1984 - Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States","indexId":"ofr83948","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2967,"text":"wsp2276 - 1986 - Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States","indexId":"wsp2276","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2967,"text":"wsp2276 - 1986 - Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States","indexId":"wsp2276","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-26T20:35:22.176536","indexId":"ofr83948","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-948","title":"Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr83948","usgsCitation":"Wetzel, K.L., and Bettandorff, J., 1984, Techniques for estimating streamflow characteristics in the Eastern and Interior coal provinces of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-948, Report: v, 95 p.; 2 Plates: 28.99 x 28.04 inches and 27.71 x 28.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83948.","productDescription":"Report: v, 95 p.; 2 Plates: 28.99 x 28.04 inches and 27.71 x 28.21 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0948/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":382613,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0948/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":382615,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0948/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":382614,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0948/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wetzel, K. L.","contributorId":14418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettandorff, J.M.","contributorId":67499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettandorff","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38561,"text":"pp1295 - 1984 - Glastonbury Gneiss and mantling rocks (a modified Oliverian dome) in south-central Massachusetts and north-central Connecticut: Geochemistry, petrogenesis, and isotopic age","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":49319,"text":"ofr77544 - 1977 - Seismic refraction time-distance curves, Carolina, Hope Valley, and Kingston quadrangles, Rhode Island","indexId":"ofr77544","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Seismic refraction time-distance curves, Carolina, Hope Valley, and Kingston quadrangles, Rhode Island"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38561,"text":"pp1295 - 1984 - Glastonbury Gneiss and mantling rocks (a modified Oliverian dome) in south-central Massachusetts and north-central Connecticut: Geochemistry, petrogenesis, and isotopic age","indexId":"pp1295","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Glastonbury Gneiss and mantling rocks (a modified Oliverian dome) in south-central Massachusetts and north-central Connecticut: Geochemistry, petrogenesis, and isotopic age"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T20:09:55.708609","indexId":"pp1295","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1295","title":"Glastonbury Gneiss and mantling rocks (a modified Oliverian dome) in south-central Massachusetts and north-central Connecticut: Geochemistry, petrogenesis, and isotopic age","docAbstract":"The Glastonbury dome is a long, narrow structure trending approximately 70 km north-northeast through Connecticut and Massachusetts along the west side of the Bronson Hill anticlinorium. Structurally and stratigraphically the dome is analogous to the Oliverian domes of New Hampshire. It is cored by Glastonbury Gneiss and is mantled by Ammonoosuc Volcanics and Partridge Formation (or their equivalents) of Ordovician age. The Glastonbury Gneiss intrudes the Ammonoosuc and, thereby, establishes the relative age of the two units. Monson Gneiss, which unconformably underlies the Ammonoosuc Volcanics in the Monson anticline to the east, is not in contact with Glastonbury Gneiss except near Stafford Springs, Conn., where the contact may be gradational. In some places, Monson Gneiss shows evidence of plastic flow and potential anatexis. The northern part of the Glastonbury Gneiss typically is leucocratic, granoblastic, relatively potassium-poor gneiss that appears homogeneous in outcrop, but proves to be chemically and modally inhomogeneous over short distances, as shown by variation diagrams and REE plots. The gneiss straddles the compositional fields of trondhjemite, tonalite, and granodiorite, and partly overlaps that of Monson Gneiss. The southern part of the Glastonbury Gneiss is consistently more potassic than the northern, having compositions ranging from granite to granodiorite. All of the Glastonbury Gneiss show pervasive, strong foliation, deformation, and local shearing related to the Acadian orogeny. \r\n\r\nField relations, textures, and chemistry of the northern part of the Glastonbury suggest an origin by anatexis of the premetamorphic Monson sequence at temperatures of about 690 DC to 750 DC and pressures of <3kbars. The southern part of the Glastonbury appears to have been generated contemporaneously but not comagmatically from calcalkaline crust. U-Pb zircon ages for both the northern and southern bodies are slightly discordant with 207PbfosPb ages of 445 to 467 m.y. At first these results seem to contradict the known stratigraphic position of the Glastonbury relative to the Monson, which yields distinctly younger zircon 207PbfosPb ages of 428 to 440 m.y. However, this apparent discrepancy in the radiometric ages-younger Monson, older Glastonbury-could be resolved by postulating either (1) a small component of old inherited zircon in the Glastonbury or (2) preferential metamorphic overprinting of the zircon in the Monson. In any case, the isotopic age discrepancy is not so large as to render the proposed Monson anatectic model implausible. Rb-Sr whole-rock data show a large amount of scatter on an isochron diagram and hence do not permit a reliable estimate of age. This condition may reflect inhomogeneities in the initial 87S r /8SS r ratio or may have been also induced by later Acadian or Alleghanian metamorphism. \r\n\r\nAn early Silurian to Middle Ordovician age of the Glastonbury Gneiss gives evidence of higher heat flow and more extensive plutonism in the Taconic than has generally been recognized. With certain qualifications, the Glastonbury and associated volcanic rocks are compatible with recent plate-tectonic models involving the Bronson Hill anticlinorium.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1295","usgsCitation":"Leo, G.W., Zartman, R., and Brookins, D.G., 1984, Glastonbury Gneiss and mantling rocks (a modified Oliverian dome) in south-central Massachusetts and north-central Connecticut: Geochemistry, petrogenesis, and isotopic age (Supercedes OFR 77-544): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1295, iv, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1295.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410878,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74531.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":65330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1295/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1295/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.25,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -72.625,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -72.625,\n 41.5772\n ],\n [\n -72.25,\n 41.5772\n ],\n [\n -72.25,\n 42.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Supercedes OFR 77-544","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674deb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leo, G. W.","contributorId":102899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leo","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brookins, D. G.","contributorId":93963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brookins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19013,"text":"ofr84461 - 1984 - Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19013,"text":"ofr84461 - 1984 - Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"ofr84461","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1409,"text":"wsp2278 - 1986 - Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho","indexId":"wsp2278","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1409,"text":"wsp2278 - 1986 - Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho","indexId":"wsp2278","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T18:12:46.433791","indexId":"ofr84461","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-461","title":"Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"A nonlinear, least-squares regression technique for the estimation of ground-water flow model parameters was applied to the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho. The computer program simulates two-dimensional, steady-state ground-water flow. Hydrologic data for the 1980 water year were used to calculate recharge rates, boundary fluxes, and spring discharges. Groundwater use was estimated from irrigated land maps and crop consumptive-use figures. These estimates of ground-water withdrawal, recharge rates, and boundary flux, along with leakance, were used as known values in the model calibration of transmissivity. Leakance values were adjusted between regression solutions by comparing model-calculated to measured spring discharges. In other simulations, recharge and leakance also were calibrated as prior information regression parameters, which limits the variation of these parameters using a normalized standard error of estimate.
Results from a best-fit model indicate a wide areal range in transmissivity from about 0.05 to 44 feet squared per second and in leakance from about 2.2 x 10-9 to 6.0 x 10-8 feet per second per foot. Along with parameter values, model statistics also were calculated, including the coefficient of correlation between computed and observed head (0.996), standard error of the estimates of head (40 feet), and parameter coefficients of variation (about 10-40 per-cent). Additional boundary flux was added in some areas during calibration to achieve proper fit to ground-water flow directions. Model fit improved significantly when areas that violated model assumptions were removed. Model fit also improved when y-direction (northwest-southeast) transmissivity values were larger than x-direction (northeast-southwest) transmissivity values. The model was most sensitive to changes in recharge, and in some areas, to changes in transmissivity, particularly near the spring discharge area from Milner to King Hill.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84461","usgsCitation":"Garabedian, S., 1984, Application of a parameter-estimation technique to modeling the regional aquifer underlying the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-461, Report: viii, 119 p.; 3 Plates: 31.82 x 29.41 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84461.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 119 p.; 3 Plates: 31.82 x 29.41 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422898,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0461/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422897,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0461/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422899,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0461/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422896,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0461/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0461/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.91325553997359,\n 43.936820147196954\n ],\n [\n -114.91325553997359,\n 42.63060363384477\n ],\n [\n -112.18757815094972,\n 42.63060363384477\n ],\n [\n -112.18757815094972,\n 43.936820147196954\n ],\n [\n -114.91325553997359,\n 43.936820147196954\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26366,"text":"wri834190 - 1984 - Impact of development on availability and quality of ground water in eastern Nassau County, Florida, and southeastern Camden County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T09:27:23","indexId":"wri834190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4190","title":"Impact of development on availability and quality of ground water in eastern Nassau County, Florida, and southeastern Camden County, Georgia","docAbstract":"The primary sources of water in the area are from the surficial and Floridan aquifers. The surficial aquifer, consisting of thin permeable zones of sand, shell, and limestone, provides limited water supplies (10-50 gallons per minute). Its estimated transmissivity ranges from less than 100 to 10,000 feet squared per day. Its water is generally of acceptable quality for most uses, except near the coast. The Floridan aquifer consists of three zones of permeable limestone and dolomite separated by semiconfining beds of hard, massive dolomite and limestone, all of which are confined by leaky confining beds. The upper and middle zones, about 530-1,000 feet and 1,200-1,700 feet below land surface, respectively, have transmissivities ranging from 20,000-50,000 and 40,000-60,000 feet squared per day, respectively. The lower zone, about 2,000-2,100 feet below land surface contains very saline water. Water in the upper zone contains chloride concentrations generally ranging from 20-40 milligrams per liter. In Fernandina Beach, water from a few wells tapping this zone has relatively high chloride concentrations (190 milligrams per liter), probably due to upward migration of saline water from deeper zones through uncased or improperly-plugged well bores and not by lateral intrusion. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri834190","usgsCitation":"Brown, D., 1984, Impact of development on availability and quality of ground water in eastern Nassau County, Florida, and southeastern Camden County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4190, vi, 133 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834190.","productDescription":"vi, 133 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55160,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","county":"Camden County, Nassau County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 29.964452850852005\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 31.942839972853083\n ],\n [\n -81.024169921875,\n 31.942839972853083\n ],\n [\n -81.024169921875,\n 29.964452850852005\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 29.964452850852005\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6f9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, D.P.","contributorId":95881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38532,"text":"pp1312 - 1984 - The Richmond and Greenwich slices of the Hamburg klippe in eastern Pennsylvania — Stratigraphy, sedimentology, structure, and plate tectonic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-12T21:48:12.293122","indexId":"pp1312","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1312","title":"The Richmond and Greenwich slices of the Hamburg klippe in eastern Pennsylvania — Stratigraphy, sedimentology, structure, and plate tectonic implications","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1312","usgsCitation":"Lash, G.G., and Drake, A.A., 1984, The Richmond and Greenwich slices of the Hamburg klippe in eastern Pennsylvania — Stratigraphy, sedimentology, structure, and plate tectonic implications: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1312, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1312.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406568,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74325.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":65295,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1312/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1312/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Richmond and Greenwich slices of the Hamburg klippe","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.0519,\n 40.4614\n ],\n [\n -75.6978,\n 40.4614\n ],\n [\n -75.6978,\n 40.6889\n ],\n [\n -76.0519,\n 40.6889\n ],\n [\n -76.0519,\n 40.4614\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67acbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lash, G. G.","contributorId":60648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lash","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, Avery A. Jr.","contributorId":81090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Avery","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":7565,"text":"ofr84732 - 1984 - Synopsis of ground-water and surface-water resources of North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T11:21:23","indexId":"ofr84732","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-732","title":"Synopsis of ground-water and surface-water resources of North Dakota","docAbstract":"This report describes the surface- and ground-water resources of North Dakota and the limitations of our understanding of these resources. Ground water and surface water are actually one resource, because they are often hydraulically interconnected. They are discussed separately for convenience. In general, the surface-water resources of the mainstem of the Missouri river are abundant and suitable for most uses. Other rivers may be important locally as water-supply sources, but the quantities of flow are small, quite variable in time, and generally of an unsuitable quality for most uses. Streamflow characteristics of North Dakota reflect its arid to semiarid climate (annual precipitation varies from 13 to 20 inches from west to east across the State), cold winters (usually including a significant snowpack available for spring snowmelt runoff), and the seasonal distribution of annual precipitation (almost 50 percent falls from Nky to July).
Significant volumes of shallow ground water, of variable quality are found in the glacial-drift aquifers in parts of central, northern, and eastern North Dakota. Existing information provides only a limited capability to assess the long-term reliability of these scattered aquifers. There are significant indications, however, of water-quality problems related to sustained production of wells if long-term utilization of these aquifers is planned. A summary of the general suitability for use of surface water and ground water is given in Table E1.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84732","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., Benson, R., Engberg, R., Wiche, G., Emerson, D.G., Crosby, O., and Miller, J., 1984, Synopsis of ground-water and surface-water resources of North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-732, xi, 127 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84732.","productDescription":"xi, 127 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":140840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0732/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35023,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0732/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687da3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, R.D.","contributorId":23955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engberg, R. A.","contributorId":104876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engberg","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiche, G.J.","contributorId":90715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Emerson, D. G.","contributorId":39385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Crosby, O.A.","contributorId":61047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosby","given":"O.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":156147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miller, J.E.","contributorId":63058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":7583,"text":"ofr84695 - 1984 - Twenty-two measured sections of Cretaceous-lower Tertiary rocks, eastern North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-12T18:19:04.521099","indexId":"ofr84695","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-695","title":"Twenty-two measured sections of Cretaceous-lower Tertiary rocks, eastern North Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84695","usgsCitation":"Molenaar, C.M., Kirk, A.R., Magoon, L.B., and Huffman, A., 1984, Twenty-two measured sections of Cretaceous-lower Tertiary rocks, eastern North Slope, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-695, Report: i 19 p.; 4 Plates: 7.61 × 17.61 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84695.","productDescription":"Report: i 19 p.; 4 Plates: 7.61 × 17.61 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":35067,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0695/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35066,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0695/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35065,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0695/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0695/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":408223,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13528.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":35069,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0695/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35068,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0695/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"eastern North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.333,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 69\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 69.75\n ],\n [\n -149.333,\n 69.75\n ],\n [\n -149.333,\n 69\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db623c84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molenaar, C. M.","contributorId":77904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molenaar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, A. R.","contributorId":34911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magoon, L. B.","contributorId":44531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huffman, A. C.","contributorId":55422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"A. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26287,"text":"wri844022 - 1984 - Quantity and quality of streamflow in the White River basin, Colorado and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T19:38:41.047971","indexId":"wri844022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4022","title":"Quantity and quality of streamflow in the White River basin, Colorado and Utah","docAbstract":"The water quality and flow of existing streams in the White River basin, located in northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah, are adequate for present uses, but future development (such as energy) may affect stream quality and quantity. Present conditions are described as a baseline to enable planners to allocate available water and to measure changes in quantity and quality of water in the future. The White River basin contains extensive energy resources consisting of oil, natural gas, coal, and oil shale. Large quantities of water will be required for energy-resource development and associated municipal and industrial uses. An average of 70% of the annual flow in the White River occurs during May, June, and July as a result of snowmelt runoff. The 7-day, 10-year low-flow discharges/sq mi and the 1-day, 25-year high-flow discharges/sq mi are larger in the eastern part of the basin than in the western part. Flow-duration curves indicate that high flows in the White River and the North and South Fork White Rivers result mainly from snowmelt runoff and that base flow is sustained throughout the year by groundwater discharge from the alluvial and bedrock aquifers. Water type varies in the basin; however, calcium and sodium are the dominantly occurring cations and sulfate and bicarbonate are the dominantly occurring anions. Computed total annual dissolved-solids loads in the White River range from 31 ,800 tons/yr in the North Fork White River to 284,000 tons/yr at the mouth. A 10% increase to a 14% decrease of the dissolved-solids load could result at the mouth of the White River near Ouray, Utah. This corresponds to a 5% increase to a 10% decrease in dissolved-solids concentration. The seasonal pattern of stream temperatures was found to fit a harmonic curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844022","usgsCitation":"Boyle, J.M., Covay, K., and Bauer, D.P., 1984, Quantity and quality of streamflow in the White River basin, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4022, viii, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844022.","productDescription":"viii, 84 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404386,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35925.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55095,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4022/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4022/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"White River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.698,\n 40.387\n ],\n [\n -107.148,\n 40.387\n ],\n [\n -107.148,\n 39.55\n ],\n [\n -109.698,\n 39.55\n ],\n [\n -109.698,\n 40.387\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyle, J. M.","contributorId":46567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Covay, K.J.","contributorId":44948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covay","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bauer, D. P.","contributorId":32542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38513,"text":"pp1342 - 1984 - The evolution of the southern California uplift, 1955 through 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T15:11:50","indexId":"pp1342","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1342","title":"The evolution of the southern California uplift, 1955 through 1976","docAbstract":"The southern California uplift culminated in 1974 as a 150- km-wide crustal swell that extended about 600 km eastward and east-southeastward from Point Arguello to the Colorado River and Salton Sea, respectively; it was characterized by remarkably uniform height changes between 1959 and 1974 of 0.30-0.35 m over at least half of its 60,000-70,000 km2 area. At its zenith, the uplift included virtually the entire Transverse Ranges geologic province and parts of the Coast Ranges, San Joaquin Valley, Sierra Nevada, Basin and Range, Mojave Desert, Peninsular Ranges, and Salton Trough provinces. The alinement of the western part of the uplift closely paralleled the east-trending Transverse Ranges, whereas the southern flank of the eastern lobe roughly coincided with the west-northwest-trending San Andreas fault. The position and configuration of the uplift associate it with a singularly complex section of the boundary between the North American and Pacific plates that has certainly sustained major modification during the past 5 million years and probably during the past 1 million years.
Surface deformation can be categorized as tectonic or nontectonic. Nontectonic vertical displacements associated with the activities of man have overwhelmed natural compaction and areally significant soil expansion in the southern California area. Because tectonic displacements are implicitly defined as those that cannot be otherwise explained, those vertical movements that can be reasonably attributed to artificial processes have been subtracted from our reconstructed configurations of the uplift. Hence this reconstruction has necessarily included the assembly and evaluation of an enormous volume of data on oil-field operations, changes in ground-water levels, and measured subsidence (or rebound) associated with changes in the underground fluid regimen.
Measured changes in height at various stages in the evolution of the uplift have been based chiefly on first-order levelings carried out between 1953 and 1976. Exceptions to this generalization consist largely of the results of pre-1953 surveys through the western Transverse Ranges and the eastern Mojave Desert. Errors in measured height differences derive from blunders, systematic survey errors, random survey errors, improperly formulated orthometric corrections, and intrasurvey movement; the last of these has created the most serious problems encountered in our reconstruction of the basic data. A variety of independent tests indicate that survey error associated with the utilized levelings was generally small and fell largely within the predicted random-error range. Moreover, the redundancy and coherence displayed by the entire data set provide convincing evidence of survey accuracy and the virtual absence of height- and slope-dependent error in particular.
Our reconstructions of the changing configuration of the uplift derive chiefly from comparisons among sequentially developed observed elevations along the same route. Most of the observed elevations from which the vertical displacements were computed have been reconstructed with respect to bench mark Tidal 8, San Pedro, as invariant in height. Because the San Pedro tide station has been characterized by a history of modest relative uplift, vertical displacements referred to this station are biased slightly toward the appearance of subsidence. Where the observed elevations cannot be conveniently tied to Tidal 8, they have been referred to secondary control points whose history with respect to Tidal 8 can be independently established. Each of the lines of observed elevation changes provides, accordingly, a section athwart or along the axis of the uplift from which the changes in the configuration of the uplift can be roughly generalized. Because relatively few surveys were run in 1955, which we choose as a representative temporal datum, we have commonly incorporated the results of earlier or of somewhat later levelings as the equivalents of 1955 surveys. Although this procedure introduces a certain subjectivity, the probable equivalence between the results of these earlier or later surveys with those that would have been obtained had this leveling been carried out in 1955, usually can be independently tested. Wherever the calculated vertical displacements are based on comparisons between the results of levelings over different routes, the observed elevations have been orthometrically corrected to agree with those that would have been produced had each of these surveys been along the same route.
The growth of the southern California uplift consisted of two well-defined spasms of positive movement, the second of which was closely followed by partial collapse. Our reconstruction, although it clearly errs in detail, indicates that the uplift, together with marginal and apparently ephemeral tectonic subsidence, nucleated in the west-central Transverse Ranges near Ozena, sometime between the spring of 1959 and the spring of 1960. The uplift expanded rapidly eastward (and probably westward as well), and by the fall of 1961 much of the Transverse Ranges and the Mojave Desert at least as far east as Twentynine Palms had risen by as much as 0.25 m. Between 1962 and 1972 the area included by the initially developed (1959-61) uplift sustained additional but clearly decelerating uplift accompanied locally by oscillatory displacements. Between 1972/ 73 and 1974 a second crustal spasm extended the uplift eastward to the Colorado River and elevated much of the eastern Mojave Desert by values that equaled or exceeded those developed within the western lobe. Between 1974 and 1976, at least the central part of the uplift sustained partial collapse that nowhere amounted to less than 50 percent of the cumulative uplift since 1959. Whether this collapse affected the entire uplift is conjectural, but we now recognize well-defined evidence of major down-to-the-north tilting that must have occurred within the eastern part of the uplift at some time between 1974 and 1976.
Accumulating evidence indicates that nearly all the area included with the southern California uplift underwent similar uplift and partial collapse during the early part of the 20th century. Thus we infer that the recent uplift represents but a single event in an ongoing, more or less cyclic deformational process characterized by a period of about 50 years. Even though less than two full cycles are expressed in the geodetic record, the cumulative rate of uplift near the center of the recent uplift probably has averaged about 5 mm/yr, a value that is roughly consistent with the uplift rates that have been deduced for the late Quaternary emergent marine terraces along the south flank of the Transverse Ranges.
Although the evolution of the recent uplift is relatively well defined, its correlation with the regional seismicity is poorly defined. A comparison between the occurrence of southern California earthquakes of magnitude ≥4 during the period 1932 to 1976 with the 1974 configuration of the uplift demonstrates the existence of (1) relatively aseismic areas within the western lobe of the uplift (in the western Transverse Ranges), in the central part of the uplift (in the western Mojave Desert), and along an east-trending zone that extends into the eastern Mojave athwart the south flank of the uplift (north of the Salton Sea) and (2) localized concentrations of seismic activity along the flanks of the uplift. Moreover, 9 of the 10 largest earthquakes recorded within or around the area of the southern California uplift during the period 1932 to 1976 (the 1933 Long Beach, the 1941 Santa Barbara, the 1946 Walker Pass, the 1947 Manix, the 1948 Desert Hot Springs, and the four major 1952 Kern County shocks) occurred before the inception of the uplift in 1959 or 1960.
The area embraced by the southern California uplift has been identified with geodetically defined horizontal strain, part of which may have accumulated as a major north-south contractional event that roughly coincided with the first spasm of uplift. Nonetheless, continuing contractional strain associated with regionally developed partial collapse argues that the uplift cannot be fully explained simply as the vertical expression of continuing north-south compression. Consideration of the two well-defined historical episodes of uplift and partial collapse indicate that the southern California uplift may be the product of decoupling and viscous flow beneath the seismogenic zone, presumably driven by continuing motion between the irregularly margined plates south of the great bend of the San Andreas fault. Because the magnitude of the maximum uplift associated with each episode was approximately the same, there may be some threshold value above which collapse (viscous flow) may ensue; the absence of total collapse may be a function of precollapse strain hardening within the postulated subseismogenic viscoelastic layer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1342","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., Elliot, M.R., Church, J.P., and Wood, S.H., 1984, The evolution of the southern California uplift, 1955 through 1976: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1342, Report: vii, 136 p.; 16 Plates: 48 x 50.5 inches or less, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1342.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 136 p.; 16 Plates: 48 x 50.5 inches or less","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":65240,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1342/plate-07.pdf","text":"Plate 7","size":"973.46 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 7"},{"id":65241,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1342/plate-09.pdf","text":"Plate 9","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 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Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliot, Michael R.","contributorId":189355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliot","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Church, Jack P.","contributorId":6480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wood, Spencer H. 0000-0002-5794-2619","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5794-2619","contributorId":16111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Spencer","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of 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California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38465,"text":"pp1434 - 1988 - Landslides, Floods, and Marine Effects of the Storm of January 3-5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay Region, California","indexId":"pp1434","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Landslides, Floods, and Marine Effects of the Storm of January 3-5, 1982, in the San Francisco Bay Region, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T21:26:17.783541","indexId":"ofr84583","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-583","title":"Peak flow, volume, and frequency of the January 1982 flood, Santa Cruz Mountains and vicinity, California","docAbstract":"The areal distribution of precipitation and flooding during the January 1982 storm in the Santa Cruz Mountains and vicinity was influenced by the orographic effect of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Precipitation depths ranged from 12.2 inches in 1 day on the west side to 1.33 inches on the east side. Unit peak discharge ranged from 626 cubic feet per second per square mile on the west side to 83 cubic feet per second per square mile on the east side. The median recurrence interval of peak flow on the west side is 22 years, whereas on the east side it is 6.8 years. Development of a relation between rainfall at Ben Lomond and runoff on the San Lorenzo River at Big Trees shows that the significant climatic factors that describe the flood hydrology of the basin are (1) precipitation for the 3 consecutive days including the day of peak flows and (2) precipitation for a 60-day duration prior to the peak. A study of historical floods and precipitation characterisitics in the San Lorenzo River basin suggests that major floods in the area are the product of (1) greater-than-normal antecedent precipitation for up to 60 days prior to the flood and (2) subsequent intense frontal-type storms immediately prior to the peak. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84583","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, J.C., and Poeschel, K., 1984, Peak flow, volume, and frequency of the January 1982 flood, Santa Cruz Mountains and vicinity, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-583, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84583.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379138,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0583/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":140037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0583/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Santa Cruz","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.7557373046875,\n 36.31291199724548\n ],\n [\n -120.4376220703125,\n 36.31291199724548\n ],\n [\n -120.4376220703125,\n 37.74465712069939\n ],\n [\n -122.7557373046875,\n 37.74465712069939\n ],\n [\n -122.7557373046875,\n 36.31291199724548\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6884ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, J. C.","contributorId":32154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poeschel, K.R.","contributorId":98715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeschel","given":"K.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8094,"text":"ofr8465 - 1984 - Floods in south-central Oklahoma and north-central Texas, October 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T14:30:00","indexId":"ofr8465","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-65","title":"Floods in south-central Oklahoma and north-central Texas, October 1981","docAbstract":"Heavy rains fell over south-central Oklahoma and north-central Texas during October 11-14, 1981, causing record flooding in both States. Six lives were lost, many people were temporarily left homeless, and damages amounted to nearly $115 million. The maximum rainfall of 23 inches occurred 5 miles north of Clyde, Texas, in about 34 hours.
\nFlood discharges along the East Fork Little Wichita River in Texas and along the Blue River, Clear Boggy Creek, and part of Muddy Boggy Creek in Oklahoma in the Red River basin exceeded those previously known. The Red River near Gainesville, Texas, had a record stage. Severe flooding also occurred along the West Fork and Elm Fork Trinity Rivers in Texas. The Brazos River experienced record flooding along tributaries in Abilene and Breckenridge, Texas, and the Brazos River near Glen Rose had a record stage that was almost 1.5 feet higher than any previous flood.
\nSubstantial reductions in peak stages and discharges on the West Fork Trinity River downstream from Eagle Mountain Reservoir were attained as a result of reservoir storage. All floodwater on the Elm Fork Trinity River was contained by reservoir storage thus preventing a potentially devastating flood downstream on the Trinity River. Maximum stages and discharges and/or contents were recorded during and after this major flood at 83 gaging stations, crest-stage stations, reservoir stations, and a miscellaneous site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8465","usgsCitation":"Buckner, H.D., and Kurklin, J.K., 1984, Floods in south-central Oklahoma and north-central Texas, October 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-65, v, 112 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8465.","productDescription":"v, 112 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0065/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35693,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0065/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.17431640625,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -101.14013671875,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 31.42866311735861\n ],\n [\n -94.98779296875,\n 34.831841149828655\n ],\n [\n -96.17431640625,\n 36.049098959065645\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b118c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buckner, Harold D.","contributorId":173633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buckner","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kurklin, Joanne K.","contributorId":173634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kurklin","given":"Joanne","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8100,"text":"ofr84702 - 1984 - Compilation of selected hydrologic data from the MX missile-siting investigation, east-central Nevada and western Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T17:19:33","indexId":"ofr84702","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-702","title":"Compilation of selected hydrologic data from the MX missile-siting investigation, east-central Nevada and western Utah","docAbstract":"Construction, water-level, and water-quality data for wells and site-description, discharge, and water-quality data for springs and streams in 37 hydrographic areas in Nevada and Utah are presented in this report. These data are grouped in tables, by area. Additional tables contain a summary of data and aquifer-test results for wells in valley-fill deposits at 42 sites in Nevada and Utah and for wells in carbonate rocks at five sites in Nevada.
The data in this report were gathered by Ertec Western, Inc., or their subcontractors, for the U.S. Department of the Air Force as part of the MX missile-siting project and were originally presented in a number of individual reports.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, NV","doi":"10.3133/ofr84702","usgsCitation":"Bunch, R.L., and Harrill, J.R., 1984, Compilation of selected hydrologic data from the MX missile-siting investigation, east-central Nevada and western Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-702, Report: v, 123 p.; Plate: 24.22 in. x 19.98 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84702.","productDescription":"Report: v, 123 p.; Plate: 24.22 in. x 19.98 in.","numberOfPages":"128","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":140663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0702/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35699,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0702/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35700,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0702/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","publicComments":"A product of the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis of the Great Basin-Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a993b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunch, Robin L.","contributorId":69840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunch","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrill, James R.","contributorId":99533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27398,"text":"wri844114 - 1984 - Hydrogeology and effects of tailings basins on the hydrology of Sands Plain, Marquette County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-29T14:42:11","indexId":"wri844114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4114","title":"Hydrogeology and effects of tailings basins on the hydrology of Sands Plain, Marquette County, Michigan","docAbstract":"Sands Plain, a 225-square mile area, is near the Marquette iron-mining district in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Gribben Basin, a settling basin for disposal of waste rock particles from iron-ore concentration, is in the western part. Because Sands Plain is near iron-ore deposits, but not underlain by them, parts of the area are being considered as sites for additional tailings basins.
Glacial deposits, as much as 500 feet thick, comprise the principal aquifer. Most ground water flows through the glacial deposits and discharges in a series of nearly parallel tributaries to the Chocolay River which flows into Lake Superior. Ninety-five percent of the discharge of these streams is ground-water runoff. The aquifer is recharged by precipitation at an average rate of 15 inches per year and by streamflow losses from the upper reaches of Goose Lake Outlet at an average rate of 2 inches per year.
Precipitation collected at two sites had mean pH values of 4.0; rates of deposition of sulfate and total dissolved nitrogen were estimated to be 17.4 and 5.8 pounds per acre per year, respectively. Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from streams ranged from 82 to 143 milligrams per liter; sulfate ranged from 4.2 to 10 milligrams per liter. Calcium and bicarbonate were the principal dissolved substances. Highest dissolved-solids concentrations in water from wells in glacial deposits were found in a major buried valley east of Goose Lake Outlet. These concentrations ranged from 14 to 246 milligrams per liter; sulfate concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 53 milligrams per liter. Because of the high ground-water component of streamflow, mean concentrations of total nitrogen and trace metals in surface water do not differ significantly from mean concentrations in ground water.
A two-dimensional digital model of ground-water flow was used to simulate water levels and ground-water runoff under steady-state and transient conditions Predictive simulations with the steady-state model were made to determine the effects of continued operation of Gribben tailings basin and construction and operation of four hypothetical tailings basins. Operation of Gribben Basin has decreased the average rate of ground-water flow to Goose Lake Outlet by 0.9 to 1.6 cubic feet per second but has increased the average rate of groundwater flow to Warner Creek by about 0.2 cubic foot per second. Continued filling of the tailings basin to its design capacity is expected to cause a slight increase in leakage from the basin to Goose Lake Outlet.
Four hypothetical tailings basins, comprising a total of 11 square miles, were simulated by successively adding one more basin to the previous basin configuration. Net ground-water flow to streams was reduced by the simulated basins. The magnitude of these reductions depends on engineering decisions about the method of basin construction and a better understanding of the hydraulic properties of the materials used to seal the basin perimeters. The maximum total reduction in ground-water runoff due to construction and operation of 11 square miles of tailings basins is about 18 cubic feet per second compared to flow simulated by a steady-state simulation without tailings basins. If bottom sealing, rather than slurry wall construction, is used for one of the hypothetical basins, the total maximum reduction is 7.5 cubic feet per second. Under some assumed conditions, leakage from the tailings basins may slightly increase ground-water flow to Goose Lake Outlet and Warner Creek. The maximum probable leakage from all tailings basins is about 7 cubic feet per second; the minimum probable leakage is about 0.7 cubic foot per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri844114","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Grannemann, N., 1984, Hydrogeology and effects of tailings basins on the hydrology of Sands Plain, Marquette County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4114, Document: vi, 98 p.; Plate: 22.07 x 17.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844114.","productDescription":"Document: vi, 98 p.; Plate: 22.07 x 17.25 inches","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56258,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4114/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56257,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4114/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Marquette County","otherGeospatial":"Sands Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.625,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -87.233333,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -87.233333,\n 46.316667\n ],\n [\n -87.466667,\n 46.316667\n ],\n [\n -87.466667,\n 46.366667\n ],\n [\n -87.516667,\n 46.391667\n ],\n [\n -87.625,\n 46.391667\n ],\n [\n -87.625,\n 46.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6277f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grannemann, N.G.","contributorId":11221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grannemann","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8214,"text":"ofr84147 - 1984 - Index of surface-water stations in Texas, January 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-01T18:16:05.065422","indexId":"ofr84147","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-147","title":"Index of surface-water stations in Texas, January 1984","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's investigations of the water resources of Texas are conducted in cooperation with the Texas Department of Water Resources, river authorities, cities, counties, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, International Boundary and Water Commission, and others.
\nInvestigations are under the general direction of C. W. Boning, District Chief, Texas District. The Texas District office is located in the Federal Building, 300 East 8th Street, Austin, Texas 78701.
\nAs of January 1, 1984, 399 stream-gaging, 86 reservoir-contents, 19 stage, 2 periodic discharge through range, 42 flood-hydrograph partial-record, 15 floodprofile partial-record, 34 low-flow partial-record, 11 crest-stage partial-record, 11 tide-level , 60 daily chemical-qual ity, 27 continuous-recording water-quality, 187 periodic chemical-qual ity, 175 periodic organic-quality, 60 pesticides, 1 sediment, 43 periodic sediment, 109 periodic biological, 28 continuous-recording water temperature, and 37 national stream-quality accounting network stations were in operation. Plate 1 shows the location of surface-water streamflow or reservoircontent and chemical-qual ity or sediment stations in Texas. Plate 2 shows the location of partial-record surface-water stations.
\nThis index shows the station number and name, latitude and longitude, type of data collected, and the office principally responsible for the data collection (table 1). An 8-digit permanent numerical designation for gaging stations has been adopted on a nationwide basis; stations are numbered and listed in downstream order. In the downstream direction along the main stem, all stations on a tributary entering above a main-stem station are listed before that station. A tributary entering between two main-stem stations is listed between them. A similar order is followed in listing stations on first rank, second rank, and other ranks of tributaries. To indicate the rank of any tributary on which a gaging station is situated and the stream to which it is an immediate tributary, each indention in the listing of gaging stations represent one rank. This downstream order and system of indention show which gaging stations are on tributaries between any two stations on a main stem and the rank of the tributary on which each gaging station is situated. On plates 1 and 2 the 8-digit station number is abbreviated because of space limitation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr84147","usgsCitation":"Carrillo, E., and Buckner, H., 1984, Index of surface-water stations in Texas, January 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-147, Report: ii, 16 p.; 2 Plates: 18.51 x 17.15 inches and 18.39 x 17.55 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84147.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 16 p.; 2 Plates: 18.51 x 17.15 inches and 18.39 x 17.55 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406082,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68575,"text":"ha690 - 1987 - Water withdrawn for irrigation in 1980 on the Snake River Plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ha690","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Water withdrawn for irrigation in 1980 on the Snake River Plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":68575,"text":"ha690 - 1987 - Water withdrawn for irrigation in 1980 on the Snake River Plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ha690","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Water withdrawn for irrigation in 1980 on the Snake River Plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-20T16:42:26.179746","indexId":"ofr84434","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84434","usgsCitation":"Bigelow, B.B., Goodell, S.A., and Newton, G.D., 1984, Water withdrawn for irrigation in 1980 on the Snake River plain, Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-434, 2 Plates: 48.57 x 35.97 inches and 43.89 x 32.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84434.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 48.57 x 35.97 inches and 43.89 x 32.75 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399167,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0434/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":399166,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0434/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0434/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":397206,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13406.htm"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.183,\n 42.350\n ],\n [\n -111.542,\n 42.350\n ],\n [\n -111.542,\n 44.315\n ],\n [\n -117.183,\n 44.315\n ],\n [\n -117.183,\n 42.350\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bigelow, B. B.","contributorId":76317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigelow","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodell, S. A.","contributorId":38168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodell","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newton, G. D.","contributorId":43374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":11292,"text":"ofr84439 - 1984 - Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11292,"text":"ofr84439 - 1984 - Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas","indexId":"ofr84439","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2739,"text":"wsp2268 - 1987 - Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas","indexId":"wsp2268","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2739,"text":"wsp2268 - 1987 - Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas","indexId":"wsp2268","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-03T10:28:52","indexId":"ofr84439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-439","title":"Assessment of water resources in lead-zinc mined areas in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to evaluate water-resources problems related to abandoned lead and zinc mines in Cherokee County, Kansas, and adjacent areas in Missouri and Oklahoma. Past mining activities have caused changes in the hydrogeology of the area. Lead and zinc mining has caused discontinuities and perforations in the confining shale west of the Pennsylvanian-Mississippian geologic contact (referred to as the western area), which have created artificial ground-water recharge and discharge areas. Recharge to the shallow aquifer (rocks of Mississippian age) through collapses, shafts, and drill holes in the shale has caused the formation of a groundwater \"mound\" in the vicinity of the Picher Field in Kansas and Oklahoma. Discharge of mine-contaminated ground water to Tar Creek occurs in'Oklahoma from drill holes and shafts where the potentiometric surface of the shallow aquifer is above the land surface. Mining of ore in the shallow aquifer has resulted in extensive fracturing and removal of material, which has created highly transmissive zones and voids and increased ground-water storage properties of the aquifer. In the area east of the Pennsylvanian-Mississippian geologic contact (referred to as the eastern area), fractured rock and tailings on the land surface increased the amount of water available for infiltration to the shallow aquifer; in the western area, tailings on the impermeable shale created artificial, perched aquifer systems that slowly drain to surface streams.
Pumping of the deep aquifer (rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age) by towns and industries, which developed as a result of the mining industry, has resulted in a potential for downward movement of water from the shallow aquifer. The potential is greatest in Ottawa County, Oklahoma. Because of the large volume of water that may be transported from the shallow to the deep aquifer, open drill holes or casings present the greatest contamination hazard to water supplies in the deep aquifer.
Mining allowed oxidation of ore deposits which, on saturation with water, resulted in poor-quality water that generally contains large concentrations of sulfate and trace metals. Water from mines in the eastern area contained dissolved-solids concentrations of less than 500 mg/L (milligrams per liter), a median pH of 3.9, sulfate concentrations that ranged between 98 and 290 mg/L, and median concentrations for zinc of 37,600 pg/L (micrograms per liter), for lead of 240 pg/L, for cadmium of 180 ug/L, for iron of 70 pg/L, for manganese of 240 pg/L, and for silica of 15 mg/L. Water from mines in the western area contained dissolved-solids concentrations of generally more than 500 mg/L, a median pH of 6.8, sulfate concentrations that ranged between 170 and 2,150 mg/L, and median concentrations for zinc of 3,200 pg/L, for lead of 0 pg/L (minimum detection limit is 10 pg/L), for cadmium of 6 pg/L, for iron of 840 pg/L, for manganese of 440 ug/L, and for silica of 11 mg/L.
No conclusive evidence of lateral migration of water from the mines into domestic well-water supplies in the shallow aquifer was found in the study area in Kansas. Analyses of water from public-supply wells tapping the deep aquifer did not indicate contamination with trace metals, although chemical analyses from four of six wells exhibited increasing trends through time in sulfate concentrations. These increases probably reflect localized leakage of water from the shallow aquifer along corroded or leaky well casings.
Effects of abandoned lead and zinc mines on tributaries of the Spring River in the eastern area are most severe in Short Creek. Compared with water samples from three other major streams in the eastern area, a sample collected from Short Creek, 2 miles west of Galena, Kansas, during August 1981, contained the largest concentrations of dissolved sulfate (240 mg/L), zinc (25,000 pg/L), cadmium (170 pg/L), manganese (1,700 ug/L), and the lowest pH (6.0). Concentrations of these constituents are due primarily to inflow of ground water from the breccia, mines, and to seepage from chat piles in the Short Creek basin. The largest concentrations of zinc and manganese in the Spring River during August 1981, were observed in analyses of samples collected below Short Creek. In the western area, drainage from tailings, which act as perched aquifers on the impervious Pennsylvanian shales, appeared to have little effect on water quality in Willow Creek during low-flow conditions but caused larger concentrations of dissolved zinc just after a wet period during June 1981. Drainage from tailings cause large concentrations of sulfate, zinc, and cadmium in Tar Creek in Kansas. Compared with four other major streams in the western area in Kansas, Tar Creek contained the largest low-flow concentrations of sulfate (910 mg/L), zinc (5,800 pg/L), and cadmium (40ug/L).
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