The properties of the tremor wave field at Stromboli are analyzed using data from small-aperture arrays of short-period seismometers deployed on the north flank of the volcano. The seismometers are configured in two semi-circular arrays with radii of 60 and 150 m and a linear array with length of 600 m. The data are analyzed using a spatiotemporal correlation technique specifically designed for the study of the stationary stochastic wave field of Rayleigh and Love waves generated by volcanic activity and by scattering sources distributed within the island. The correlation coefficients derived as a function of frequency for the three components of motion clearly define the dispersion characteristics for both Rayleigh and Love waves. Love and Rayleigh waves contribute 70% and 30%, respectively, of the surface-wave power. The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves range from 1000 m/sec at 2 Hz to 350 m/sec at 9 Hz, and those for Love waves range from 800 to 400 m/sec over the same frequency band. These velocities are similar to those measured near Puu Oo on the east rift of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, although the dispersion characteristics of Rayleigh waves at Stromboli show a stronger dependence on frequency. Such low velocities are consistent with values expected for densely cracked solidified basalt. The dispersion curves are inverted for a velocity model beneath the arrays, assuming those dispersions represent the fundamental modes of Rayleigh and Love waves.
ABSTRACT: A hydrologic modeling study, using the Hydrologic Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF), was conducted in two glaciated watersheds, Purdy Creek and Ariel Creek in northeastern Pennsylvania. Both watersheds have wetlands and poorly drained soils due to low hydraulic conductivity and presence of fragipans. The HSPF model was calibrated in the Purdy Creek watershed and verified in the Ariel Creek watershed for June 1992 to December 1993 period. In Purdy Creek, the total volume of observed stream-flow during the entire simulation period was 13.36 × 106 m3 and the simulated streamflow volume was 13.82 × 106 m3 (5 percent difference). For the verification simulation in Ariel Creek, the difference between the total observed and simulated flow volumes was 17 percent. Simulated peak flow discharges were within two hours of the observed for 30 of 46 peak flow events (discharge greater than 0.1 m3/sec) in Purdy Creek and 27 of 53 events in Ariel Creek. For 22 of the 46 events in Purdy Creek and 24 of 53 in Ariel Creek, the differences between the observed and simulated peak discharge rates were less than 30 percent. These 22 events accounted for 63 percent of total volume of streamflow observed during the selected 46 peak flow events in Purdy Creek. In Ariel Creek, these 24 peak flow events accounted for 62 percent of the total flow observed during all peak flow events. Differences in observed and simulated peak flow rates and volumes (on a percent basis) were greater during the snowmelt runoff events and summer periods than for other times.
Spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri) populations on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Y-K Delta), Alaska, declined rapidly through the 1980s, and low adult female survival was suggested as the likely cause of the decline. We used mark-resighting techniques to study annual survival rates of adult female spectacled eiders at 2 sites on the Y-K Delta during 1993-96. Our data suggest survival rates may differ among sites. However, a model fit to a subset of data on females for which we knew lead levels in blood suggests lead exposure influences survival. Adult females exposed to lead prior to hatching their eggs survived at a much lower rate (0.44 ?? 0.10) each year than females not exposed to lead before hatch (0.78 ?? 0.05). We suggest most mortality from lead exposure occurs over winter, and the related reduction in adult survival may be impeding recovery of local populations. We encourage managers to curtail input of lead shot into the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802564","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Grand, J.B., Flint, P.L., Petersen, M.R., and Moran, C.L., 1998, Effect of lead poisoning on spectacled eider survival rates: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 62, no. 3, p. 1103-1109, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802564.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1109","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.0043487548828,\n 60.88168623709687\n ],\n [\n -165.02906799316406,\n 60.86196637375135\n ],\n [\n -165.04623413085938,\n 60.843572478769616\n ],\n [\n -165.0373077392578,\n 60.80909723816251\n ],\n [\n -164.94049072265625,\n 60.815124717051184\n ],\n [\n -164.89105224609375,\n 60.828515051020105\n ],\n [\n -164.8780059814453,\n 60.84323794629703\n ],\n [\n -164.9095916748047,\n 60.85862281676983\n ],\n [\n -165.0043487548828,\n 60.88168623709687\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.6649017333984,\n 61.267262143963144\n ],\n [\n -165.6195831298828,\n 61.26990273209316\n ],\n [\n -165.59280395507812,\n 61.27650323124963\n ],\n [\n -165.56259155273438,\n 61.29398784561188\n ],\n [\n -165.52963256835938,\n 61.30651799006751\n ],\n [\n -165.52345275878903,\n 61.31179234308851\n ],\n [\n -165.52413940429685,\n 61.31838403686128\n ],\n [\n -165.55091857910156,\n 61.326951166839436\n ],\n [\n -165.5632781982422,\n 61.33452782975877\n ],\n [\n -165.57838439941406,\n 61.34934643651025\n ],\n [\n -165.60997009277344,\n 61.35790510223449\n ],\n [\n -165.61683654785153,\n 61.35658853675885\n ],\n [\n -165.61546325683594,\n 61.344407680083755\n ],\n [\n -165.62232971191406,\n 61.332880884995056\n ],\n [\n -165.64979553222656,\n 61.32892786425992\n ],\n [\n -165.66627502441406,\n 61.32497434470966\n ],\n [\n -165.65322875976562,\n 61.31047383800506\n ],\n [\n -165.6456756591797,\n 61.3045398789521\n ],\n [\n -165.6690216064453,\n 61.29629640621224\n ],\n [\n -165.68824768066406,\n 61.29266859185916\n ],\n [\n -165.69305419921875,\n 61.29167911514325\n ],\n [\n -165.68000793457028,\n 61.282112564822505\n ],\n [\n -165.6649017333984,\n 61.267262143963144\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05f2e4b0c8380cd5103e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moran, Christine L.","contributorId":6621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020750,"text":"70020750 - 1998 - Ground-truthing a troll: Studying the barking frog at Coronado National Memorial","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70020750","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3014,"text":"Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-truthing a troll: Studying the barking frog at Coronado National Memorial","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Park Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07359462","usgsCitation":"Schwalbe, C., and Alberti, B., 1998, Ground-truthing a troll: Studying the barking frog at Coronado National Memorial: Park Science, v. 18, no. 1, p. 26-27.","startPage":"26","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2b76e4b0c8380cd5b9d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwalbe, C.","contributorId":44869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alberti, B.","contributorId":46460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alberti","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020822,"text":"70020822 - 1998 - Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70020822","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification","docAbstract":"The carbonate chemistry of seawater is usually not considered to be an important factor influencing calcium-carbonate-precipitation by corals because surface seawater is supersaturated with respect to aragonite. Recent reports, however, suggest that it could play a major role in the evolution and biogeography of recent corals. We investigated the calcification rates of five colonies of the zooxanthellate coral Stylophora pistillata in synthetic seawater using the alkalinity anomaly technique. Changes in aragonite saturation from 98% to 585% were obtained by manipulating the calcium concentration. The results show a nonlinear increase in calcification rate as a function of aragonite saturation level. Calcification increases nearly 3-fold when aragonite saturation increases from 98% to 390%, i.e., close to the typical present saturation state of tropical seawater. There is no further increase of calcification at saturation values above this threshold. Preliminary data suggest that another coral species, Acropora sp., displays a similar behaviour. These experimental results suggest: (l) that the rate of calcification does not change significantly within the range of saturation levels corresponding to the last glacial-interglacial cycle, and (2) that it may decrease significantly in the future as a result of the decrease in the saturation level due to anthropogenic release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Experimental studies that control environmental conditions and seawater composition provide unique opportunities to unravel the response of corals to global environmental changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global and Planetary Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00035-6","issn":"09218181","usgsCitation":"Gattuso, J., Frankignoulle, M., Bourge, I., Romaine, S., and Buddemeier, R., 1998, Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification: Global and Planetary Change, v. 18, no. 1-2, p. 37-46, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00035-6.","startPage":"37","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206566,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00035-6"},{"id":230235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05c6e4b0c8380cd50f51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gattuso, J.-P.","contributorId":61194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gattuso","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frankignoulle, M.","contributorId":39968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankignoulle","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bourge, I.","contributorId":10948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourge","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Romaine, S.","contributorId":50684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romaine","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020751,"text":"70020751 - 1998 - Assignment of boundary conditions in embedded ground water flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T12:09:45.647869","indexId":"70020751","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assignment of boundary conditions in embedded ground water flow models","docAbstract":"Many small-scale ground water models are too small to incorporate distant aquifer boundaries. If a larger-scale model exists for the area of interest, flow and head values can be specified for boundaries in the smaller-scale model using values from the larger-scale model. Flow components along rows and columns of a large-scale block-centered finite-difference model can be interpolated to compute horizontal flow across any segment of a perimeter of a small-scale model. Head at cell centers of the larger-scale model can be interpolated to compute head at points on a model perimeter. Simple linear interpolation is proposed for horizontal interpolation of horizontal-flow components. Bilinear interpolation is proposed for horizontal interpolation of head values. The methods of interpolation provided satisfactory boundary conditions in tests using models of hypothetical aquifers.
Groundwater and stream water data collected at three headwater catchments in the Neversink River watershed indicate that base flow is sustained by groundwater from two sources: a shallow flow system within the till and soil and a deep flow system within bedrock fractures and bedding planes that discharges as perennial springs. Data from eight wells finished near the till/bedrock interface indicate that saturated conditions are not maintained in the shallow flow system during most summers. In contrast, the discharge of a perennial spring remained constant during two summer rainstorms, providing evidence that the deep flow system is disconnected from the shallow flow system in summer. Discharge from perennial springs was the principal source of streamflow in a headwater reach during low flow. Mean NO3− concentrations were 20–25 μmol L−1 in five perennial springs during the summer but only 5–10 μmol L−1 in shallow groundwater. Thus the deep flow system does not reflect typical NO3− concentrations in the soil during summer. A hydrologic budget at a headwater drainage reveals that March and late fall are the principal groundwater recharge periods. Residence time modeling based on analyses of 18O and 35S indicates that groundwater in the deep flow system is 6–22 months old. These data indicate that summer base flow largely originates from previous dormant seasons when available soil NO3− is greater. In these Catskill watersheds, high base flow concentrations of NO3− during summer do not provide sufficient evidence that the atmospheric N deposition rate exceeds the demand of terrestrial vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98WR01282","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., Murdoch, P.S., Lawrence, G.B., and Michel, R.L., 1998, Effect of groundwater springs on NO3− concentrations during summer in Catskill Mountain streams: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 8, p. 1987-1996, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR01282.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1987","endPage":"1996","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487361,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98wr01282","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"34","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05e6e4b0c8380cd50ff8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869 daburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":1237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"daburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S. 0000-0001-9243-505X pmurdoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9243-505X","contributorId":2453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter","email":"pmurdoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, Gregory B. 0000-0002-8035-2350 glawrenc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Gregory","email":"glawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020815,"text":"70020815 - 1998 - Phanerozoic stratigraphy of Northwind Ridge, magnetic anomalies in the Canada Basin, and the geometry and timing of rifting in the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T13:18:14.494509","indexId":"70020815","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phanerozoic stratigraphy of Northwind Ridge, magnetic anomalies in the Canada Basin, and the geometry and timing of rifting in the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"Cores from Northwind Ridge, a high-standing continental fragment in the Chukchi borderland of the oceanic Amerasia basin, Arctic Ocean, contain representatives of every Phanerozoic system except the Silurian and Devonian systems.
Cambrian and Ordovician shallow-water marine carbonates in Northwind Ridge are similar to basement rocks beneath the Sverdrup basin of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Upper Mississippian(?) to Permian shelf carbonate and spicularite and Triassic turbidite and shelf lutite resemble coeval strata in the Sverdrup basin and the western Arctic Alaska basin (Hanna trough). These resemblances indicate that Triassic and older strata in southern Northwind Ridge were attached to both Arctic Canada and Arctic Alaska prior to the rifting that created the Amerasia basin. Late Jurassic marine lutite in Northwind Ridge was structurally isolated from coeval strata in the Sverdrup and Arctic Alaska basins by rift shoulders and grabens, and is interpreted to be a riftogenic deposit. This lutite may be the oldest deposit in the Canada basin. A cap of late Cenomanian or Turonian rhyodacite air-fall ash that lacks terrigenous material shows that Northwind Ridge was structurally isolated from the adjacent continental margins by earliest Late Cretaceous time.
Closing Amerasia basin by conjoining sea-floor magnetic anomalies beneath the Canada basin or by uniting the pre-Jurassic strata of Northwind Ridge with kindred sections in the Sverdrup basin and Hanna trough yield similar tectonic reconstructions. Together with the orientation and age of rift-margin structures, these data suggest that (1) prior to opening of the Amerasia basin, both northern Alaska and the continental ridges of the Chukchi borderland were part of North America, (2) the extension that created the Amerasia basin formed rift-margin grabens beginning in Early Jurassic time and new oceanic crust probably beginning in Late Jurassic or early Neocomian time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0801:PSONRM>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., Clark, D., Phillips, R., Srivastava, S., Blome, C., Gray, L., Haga, H., Mamet, B.L., McIntyre, D., McNeil, D.H., Mickey, M., Mullen, M.W., Murchey, B., Ross, C., Stevens, C., Silberling, N.J., Wall, J., and Willard, D., 1998, Phanerozoic stratigraphy of Northwind Ridge, magnetic anomalies in the Canada Basin, and the geometry and timing of rifting in the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, no. 6, p. 801-820, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0801:PSONRM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"801","endPage":"820","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7869e4b0c8380cd786ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, A.","contributorId":60378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, D.L.","contributorId":18131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, R. L.","contributorId":98289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Srivastava, S.P.","contributorId":89166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Srivastava","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blome, C.D.","contributorId":60647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gray, L.-B.","contributorId":10171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"L.-B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Haga, H.","contributorId":57621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haga","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mamet, B. L.","contributorId":12886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mamet","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McIntyre, D.J.","contributorId":34960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McNeil, D. H.","contributorId":46580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNeil","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mickey, M.B.","contributorId":28402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mickey","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mullen, M. W.","contributorId":15587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Murchey, B.I.","contributorId":59580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchey","given":"B.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Ross, C.A.","contributorId":24948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Stevens, C.H.","contributorId":16102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"C.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Silberling, Norman J.","contributorId":102438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberling","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Wall, J.H.","contributorId":51046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70020814,"text":"70020814 - 1998 - Technical note assessing the accuracy of Landsat Thematic Mapper classification using double sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T17:15:54.643897","indexId":"70020814","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Technical note assessing the accuracy of Landsat Thematic Mapper classification using double sampling","docAbstract":"Double sampling was used to provide a cost efficient estimate of the accuracy of a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) classification map of a scene located in the Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. In the first phase, 200 sample points were randomly selected to assess the accuracy between Landsat TM data and aerial photography. The overall accuracy and Kappa statistic were 49.5 per cent and 32.5 per cent, respectively. In the second phase, 25 sample points identified in the first phase were selected using stratified random sampling and located in the field. This information was used to correct for misclassification errors associated with the first phase samples. The overall accuracy and Kappa statistic increased to 59.6 per cent and 45.6 per cent, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1080/014311698214857","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Kalkhan, M.A., Reich, R., and Stohlgren, T., 1998, Technical note assessing the accuracy of Landsat Thematic Mapper classification using double sampling: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 19, no. 11, p. 2049-2060, https://doi.org/10.1080/014311698214857.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2049","endPage":"2060","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede6e4b0c8380cd49ab0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reich, R.M.","contributorId":68258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020753,"text":"70020753 - 1998 - Laurentide glacial landscapes: The role of ice streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T14:42:36.769014","indexId":"70020753","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laurentide glacial landscapes: The role of ice streams","docAbstract":"Glacial landforms of the North American prairie can be divided into two suites that result from different styles of ice flow: (1) a lowland suite of level-to-streamlined till consistent with formation beneath ice streams, and (2) an upland and lobe-margin suite of thick, hummocky till and glacial thrust blocks consistent with formation at ice-stream and ice-lobe margins. Southern Laurentide ice lobes hypothetically functioned as outlets of ice streams. Broad branching lowlands bounded by escarpments mark the stable positions of the ice streams that fed the lobes. If the lobes and ice streams were similar to modern ice streams, their fast flow was facilitated by high subglacial water pressure. Favorable geology and topography in the midcontinent encouraged nonuniform ice flow and controlled the location of ice streams and outlet lobes.
We documented gosling size in late summer, adult body size, and clutch size of known-age Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) females nesting on the Tutakoke River colony between 1986 and 1995. During this period, the colony increased from 1,100 to >5,000 nesting pairs. Gosling mass at 30 days of age declined from 764 ± SE of 13 g and 723 ± 15 g for males and females, respectively, in the 1986 cohort, to 665 ± 18 g and 579 ± 18 g in the 1994 cohort. Gosling size was directly negatively correlated with number of Black Brant broods. We detected no trend in adult body size for individuals from these cohorts; in fact, adults from the 1992 and 1994 cohorts had the largest overall masses. Clutch size increased with age from 3.4 eggs for 2-year-old females to 4.4 eggs for 5-year-old females. Clutch size declined during the study by 0.20 (3-year-old females) to 0.45 (2-year-old females) eggs. Clutch size did not decline between the 1986 and 1990 cohorts for females that were >5 years old. Our results for clutch size and gosling size are similar to those recorded for Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens). Our failure to detect a trend in adult body size, however, differs from the response of other geese to increasing population density. We interpret this difference in effects of density on adult size between Black Brant and other geese as an indication of stronger selection against the smallest individuals in Black Brant relative to other species of geese.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089410","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Sedinger, J.S., Lindberg, M.S., Person, B.T., Eichholz, M., Herzog, M.P., and Flint, P.L., 1998, Density-dependent effects on growth, body size, and clutch size in Black Brant: The Auk, v. 115, no. 3, p. 613-620, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089410.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"620","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487371,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089410","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tutakoke River","volume":"115","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059feabe4b0c8380cd4ee6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindberg, Mark S.","contributorId":63292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindberg","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Person, Brian T.","contributorId":107457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Person","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eichholz, Michael W.","contributorId":130963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eichholz","given":"Michael W.","affiliations":[{"id":7180,"text":"Coop Wildlife Res Lab, Ctr for Ecology, S IL Univ Carbondale, IL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herzog, Mark P. 0000-0002-5203-2835 mherzog@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-2835","contributorId":131110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Mark","email":"mherzog@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70020713,"text":"70020713 - 1998 - Nitrogen and carbon soil dynamics in response to climate change in a high-elevation ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T16:08:53.583398","indexId":"70020713","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen and carbon soil dynamics in response to climate change in a high-elevation ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"We have implemented a long-term snow-fence experiment at the Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research (NWT) site in the Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., to assess the effects of climate change on alpine ecology and biogeochemical cycles. The responses of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in high-elevation mountains to changes in climate are investigated by manipulating the length and duration of snow cover with the 2.6 × 60 m snow fence, providing a proxy for climate change. Results from the first year of operation in 1994 showed that the period of continuous snow cover was increased by 90 d. The deeper and earlier snowpack behind the fence insulated soils from winter air temperatures, resulting in a 9°C increase in annual minimum temperature at the soil surface. The extended period of snow cover resulted in subnivial microbial activity playing a major role in annual C and N cycling. The amount of C mineralized under the snow as measured by CO2 production was 22 g m-2 in 1993 and 35 g m-2 in 1994, accounting for 20% of annual net primary above-ground production before construction of the snow fence in 1993 and 31% after to snow fence was constructed in 1994. In a similar fashion, maximum subnivial N2O flux increased 3-fold behind the snow fence, from 75 μg N m-2 d-1 in 1993 to 250 μg N m-2 d-1 in 1994. The amount of N lost from denitrification was greater than the annual atmospheric input of N in snowfall. Surface litter decomposition studies show that there was a significant increase in the litter mass loss under deep and early snow, with no significant change under medium and little snow conditions. Changes in climate that result in differences in snow duration, depth, and extent may therefore produce large changes in the C and N soil dynamics of alpine ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2307/1551742","usgsCitation":"Williams, M.W., Brooks, P.D., and Seastedt, T., 1998, Nitrogen and carbon soil dynamics in response to climate change in a high-elevation ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 30, no. 1, p. 26-30, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551742.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Niwot Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.59733242778591,\n 40.06260050779872\n ],\n [\n -105.59733242778591,\n 40.0358922567398\n ],\n [\n -105.56220148215475,\n 40.0358922567398\n ],\n [\n -105.56220148215475,\n 40.06260050779872\n ],\n [\n -105.59733242778591,\n 40.06260050779872\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66c0e4b0c8380cd72f7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Mark W.","contributorId":43046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, P. D.","contributorId":46060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seastedt, T.","contributorId":90068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seastedt","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020714,"text":"70020714 - 1998 - Variations in tidal level in the Gulf of Mexico and implications for tidal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70020714","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in tidal level in the Gulf of Mexico and implications for tidal wetlands","docAbstract":"Tidal wetland environments have an ecological zonation that corresponds with tide levels, in particular with mean high water. However, mean sea level (MSL), which has shown a persistent rise in the Gulf of Mexico during this century, is the most common reference for water level change. We examine here the relationship between mean sea level and mean high water in describing water level changes in the Gulf of Mexico. The records of monthly mean water level for four stations, Galveston, Pensacola, Cedar Key and Key West, are partitioned into the annual cycle, the long-term trend, and a low-frequency (> 10 year period) fluctuation. The trend is the same for MSL and mean higher high water (MHHW) for all stations investigated except Cedar Key, Florida, where MHHW has increased more rapidly than MSL. The low-frequency fluctuations are similar between the stations and the tidal datums. MSL can predict MHHW with discrepancies of up to 5 cm owing to the lunar nodal cycle and an annual tidal signal. Low-frequency climatic fluctuations produce greater variations than the nodal cycle, but the difference in frequency can lead to interference between the two in MHHW. The combination of the two can produce sea-level rises in excess of 1 cm year-1 over several year periods, even in areas having long-term trends of 0.2 cm year-1 or less.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1997.0276","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Stumpf, R.P., and Haines, J.W., 1998, Variations in tidal level in the Gulf of Mexico and implications for tidal wetlands: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 46, no. 2, p. 165-173, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1997.0276.","startPage":"165","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206842,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1997.0276"},{"id":230920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc191e4b08c986b32a653","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stumpf, R. P.","contributorId":30649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haines, J. W.","contributorId":26319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020810,"text":"70020810 - 1998 - Acute toxicity of fire-retardant and foam-suppressant chemicals to early life stages of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T10:45:37","indexId":"70020810","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of fire-retardant and foam-suppressant chemicals to early life stages of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","docAbstract":"Laboratorys studies were conducted to determine the acute toxicity of three fire retardants (Fire-Trol GTS-R, Fire-Trol LCG-R, and Phos-Chek D75-F), and two fire-suppressant foams (Phos-Chek WD-881 and Ansul Silv-Ex) to early life stages of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in hard and soft water. Regardless of water type, swim-up fry and juveniles (60 and 90 d posthatch) exhibited similar sensitivities to each chemical and these life stages were more sensitive than eyed eggs. Foam suppressants were more toxic to each life stage than the fire retardants in both water types. The descending rank order of toxicity for these chemicals tested with swim-up fry and juveniles (range of 96-h median lethal concentrations [LC50s]) was Phos-Chek WD-881 (7–13 mg/L) > Ansul Silv-Ex (11–22 mg/L) > Phos-Chek D75-F (218–305 mg/L) > Fire-Trol GTS-R (218–412 mg/L) > Fire-Trol LCG-R (685–1,195 mg/L). Water type had a minor effect on the toxicity of these chemicals. Comparison of acute toxicity values with recommended application concentrations indicates that accidental inputs of these chemicals into stream environments would require substantial dilution (237- to 1,429-fold) to reach concentrations equivalent to their 96-h LC50s.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620170821","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Buhl, K.J., and Hamilton, S., 1998, Acute toxicity of fire-retardant and foam-suppressant chemicals to early life stages of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 8, p. 1589-1599, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170821.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1589","endPage":"1599","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6dce4b0c8380cd4769e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020728,"text":"70020728 - 1998 - Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Boston Harbor: Changes with time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:13:43","indexId":"70020728","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Boston Harbor: Changes with time","docAbstract":"The concentrations of metals in surface sediments of Boston Harbor have decreased during the period 1977–1993. This conclusion is supported by analysis of: (1) surface sediments collected at monitoring stations in the outer harbor between 1977 and 1993; (2) metal concentration profiles in sediment cores from depositional areas of the harbor; and (3) historical data from a contaminated-sediment database, which includes information on metal and organic contaminants and sediment texture. The background and matrix-corrected concentrations of lead (Pb) measured in the surficial layer (0–2 cm) of cores decreased by an average of 46%±12% among four locations in the outer harbor during the 16 y period. Chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn) exhibited similar trends. Results from our sediment sampling are supported by historical data that were compiled from diverse sources into a regional sediment database. This sediment database contains approximately 3000 samples; of these, about 460 samples were collected and analyzed for Cu, Hg, or Zn and many other sediment parameters in Boston Harbor surface sediments between 1971–1993. The database indicates that the concentrations of these three metals also decreased with time in Boston’s Inner Harbor. The decreases in metal concentrations that are observed in more recent years parallel a general decrease in the flux of metals to the harbor, implemented by: (1) ending the sewage sludge discharge to the Harbor in December, 1991; (2) greater source reduction (e.g. recovery of silver from photographic processing) and closing or moving of industries; (3) improvements in wastewater handling and sewage treatment; and (4) diminishing use of lead in gasoline beginning about 1973. Despite the general decrease in metal concentrations in Boston Harbor surface sediments, the concentrations of Ag and Hg measured at some outer harbor stations in 1993 were still at, or above, the level associated with frequent adverse effects to marine organisms (guidelines are: Ag 3.7 μg g−1, Hg 1.17 μg g−1, from Long et al., 1995). Concentrations of the other metals listed were in the range considered to occasionally induce adverse biological effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00027-5","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., and Manheim, F., 1998, Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Boston Harbor: Changes with time: Marine Environmental Research, v. 45, no. 2, p. 127-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00027-5.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"155","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -69.884033203125,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -69.884033203125,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 41.69752591075902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5474e4b0c8380cd6cfa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020809,"text":"70020809 - 1998 - Use of sublethal endpoints in sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-05T13:49:00","indexId":"70020809","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of sublethal endpoints in sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca","docAbstract":"Short-term sediment toxicity tests that only measure effects on survival can be used to identify high levels of contamination but may not be able to identify marginally contaminated sediments. The objective of the present study was to develop a method for determining the potential sublethal effects of contaminants associated with sediment on the amphipod Hyalella azteca (e.g., reproduction). Exposures to sediment were started with 7- to 8-d-old amphipods. On day 28, amphipods were isolated from the sediment and placed in water-only chambers where reproduction was measured on day 35 and 42. Typically, amphipods were first in amplexus at about day 21 to 28 with release of the first brood between day 28 to 42. Endpoints measured included survival (day 28, 35, and 42), growth (as length and weight on day 28 and 42), and reproduction (number of young/female produced from day 28 to 42). This method was used to evaluate a formulated sediment and field-collected sediments with low to moderate concentrations of contaminants. Survival of amphipods in these sediments was typically >85% after the 28-d sediment exposures and the 14-d holding period in water to measure reproduction. Reproduction was more variable than growth; hence, more replicates might be needed to establish statistical differences among treatments. Previous studies have demonstrated that growth of H. azteca in sediment tests often provides unique information that can be used to discriminate toxic effects of exposure to contaminants. Either length or weight can be measured in sediment tests with H. azteca. However, additional statistical options are available if length is measured on individual amphipods, such as nested analysis of variance that can account for variance in length within replicates. Ongoing water-only studies testing select contaminants will provide additional data on the relative sensitivity and variability of sublethal endpoints in toxicity tests with H. azteca.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620170811","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C.G., Brunson, E., Dwyer, F.J., Hardesty, D., and Kemble, N.E., 1998, Use of sublethal endpoints in sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 8, p. 1508-1523, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620170811.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1508","endPage":"1523","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489108,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1236401","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf8de4b08c986b329c17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, Chris G.","contributorId":48008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brunson, Eric L. 0000-0001-6624-0902 elbrunson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6624-0902","contributorId":3282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunson","given":"Eric L.","email":"elbrunson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dwyer, F. James","contributorId":176136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardesty, Douglas K. dhardesty@usgs.gov","contributorId":3281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardesty","given":"Douglas K.","email":"dhardesty@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020807,"text":"70020807 - 1998 - Coseismic temporal changes of slip direction: The effect of absolute stress on dynamic rupture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T14:28:49.620362","indexId":"70020807","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic temporal changes of slip direction: The effect of absolute stress on dynamic rupture","docAbstract":"We investigate the dynamics of rupture at low-stress level. We show that one main difference between the dynamics of high- and low-stress events is the amount of coseismic temporal rake rotation occurring at given points on the fault. Curved striations on exposed fault surfaces and earthquake dislocation models derived from ground-motion inversion indicate that the slip direction may change with time at a point on the fault during dynamic rupture. We use a 3D boundary integral method to model temporal rake variations during dynamic rupture propagation assuming a slip-weakening friction law and isotropic friction. The points at which the slip rotates most are characterized by an initial shear stress direction substantially different from the average stress direction over the fault plane. We show that for a given value of stress drop, the level of initial shear stress (i.e., the fractional stress drop) determines the amount of rotation in slip direction. We infer that seismic events that show evidence of temporal rake rotations are characterized by a low initial shear-stress level with spatially variable direction on the fault (possibly due to changes in fault surface geometry) and an almost complete stress drop.
Our models motivate a new interpretation of curved and cross-cutting striations and put new constraints on their analysis. The initial rake is in general collinear with the initial stress at the hypocentral zone, supporting the assumptions made in stress-tensor inversion from first-motion analysis. At other points on the fault, especially away from the hypocenter, the initial slip rake may not be collinear with the initial shear stress, contradicting a common assumption of structural geology. On the other hand, the later part of slip in our models is systematically more aligned with the average stress direction than the early slip. Our modeling suggests that the length of the straight part of curved striations is usually an upper bound of the slip-weakening distance if this parameter is uniform over the fault plane, and the direction of the late part of slip of curved striations should have more weight in the estimate of initial stress direction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0880030777","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Guatteri, M., and Spudich, P., 1998, Coseismic temporal changes of slip direction: The effect of absolute stress on dynamic rupture: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 88, no. 3, p. 777-789, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0880030777.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"789","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc5de4b0c8380cd4e252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guatteri, Mariagiovanna","contributorId":29979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guatteri","given":"Mariagiovanna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spudich, P.","contributorId":85700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020729,"text":"70020729 - 1998 - Methodology and implications of maximum paleodischarge estimates for mountain channels, upper Animas River basin, Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T16:24:24.981687","indexId":"70020729","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methodology and implications of maximum paleodischarge estimates for mountain channels, upper Animas River basin, Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Historical and geologic records may be used to enhance magnitude estimates for extreme floods along mountain channels, as demonstrated in this study from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. Historical photographs and local newspaper accounts from the October 1911 flood indicate the likely extent of flooding and damage. A checklist designed to organize and numerically score evidence of flooding was used in 15 field reconnaissance surveys in the upper Animas River valley of southwestern Colorado. Step-backwater flow modeling estimated the discharges necessary to create longitudinal flood bars observed at 6 additional field sites. According to these analyses, maximum unit discharge peaks at approximately 1.3 m3 s-1 km-2 around 2200 m elevation, with decreased unit discharges at both higher and lower elevations. These results (1) are consistent with Jarrett's (1987, 1990, 1993) maximum 2300-m elevation limit for flash-flooding in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, and (2) suggest that current Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) estimates based on a 24-h rainfall of 30 cm at elevations above 2700 m are unrealistically large. The methodology used for this study should be readily applicable to other mountain regions where systematic streamflow records are of short duration or nonexistent.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2307/1551744","usgsCitation":"Pruess, J., Wohl, E.E., and Jarrett, R.D., 1998, Methodology and implications of maximum paleodischarge estimates for mountain channels, upper Animas River basin, Colorado, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 30, no. 1, p. 40-50, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551744.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231197,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.06948821876755,\n 37.1\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 37.1\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -108.06948821876755,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -108.06948821876755,\n 37.1\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a556ce4b0c8380cd6d1e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pruess, J.","contributorId":44308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pruess","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wohl, Ellen E.","contributorId":16969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohl","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarrett, Robert D. rjarrett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"Robert","email":"rjarrett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":387291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}