Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
Information on the biophysical features of Federal lands identified as suitable for transfer to the State of Colorado was requested by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). This information is intended for use in conducting an Environmental Assessment prior to the transfer of ownership (conveyance) to the State. The Colorado State Land Board filed a selective application to obtain public land and mineral estate in lieu of lands to which the State of Colorado was entitled but did not receive at the time of statehood. To address this legal obligation, 339 parcels of Federal lands (organized into 89 indemnity units [IUs]), currently under management by the BLM, have been identified as suitable for transfer to the State. The IUs include 23,130 acres of surface and mineral estate and 6,150 acres of mineral estate only. The specific land parcels to be transferred to the State will be finalized after an Environmental Assessment and other evaluations are completed.
To provide the biophysical information necessary for conducting a future Environmental Assessment of the potential effects of the proposed land transfer, information on ecological communities, soil characteristics, and land use was summarized at three levels: (1) all of Colorado, (2) lands under the jurisdiction of the BLM, and (3) the 89 IUs. Information was also synthesized and summarized for 179 plant and animal species or subspecies of management concern to evaluate which species had the potential for occurrence on IUs. Datasets summarized for Colorado and for indemnity units and methodological details for all data summaries are provided in U.S. Geological Survey data releases available online at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7GT5MGV and https://doi.org/10.5066/F7C24VQ0.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181167","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Carr, N.B., Burris, L.E., and Manier, D.J., 2018, Biophysical assessment for indemnity selection of Federal lands in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1167, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181167.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 51 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-094998","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359757,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7GT5MGV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Broad-scale assessment of biophysical features in 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Fort Collins Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Building C
Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118
An imaging sonar was used to assess the behavior and abundance of fish sized the same as salmonid smolt and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) at the entrance to the juvenile fish floating surface collector (FSC) at North Fork Reservoir, Oregon. The purpose of the FSC is to collect downriver migrating juvenile salmonids (Chinook salmon [Oncorhynchus tshawytscha], Coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch], and steelhead [Oncorhynchus mykiss]) at the North Fork Dam and to safely route them around the hydroelectric projects. The objective of the imaging sonar component of this study was to assess the behaviors of both smolt and predator-size fish (smolt [60–250 millimeter] and predator 350–650 [millimeter]) observed near the FSC and to determine if the presence of predator-size fish influenced the abundance of smolt-size fish. An imaging sonar was deployed near the entrance to the FSC during the spring smolt out-migration period. The imaging sonar technology was an informative tool for assessing abundance and spatial and temporal behaviors of both smolt and predator-size fish near the entrance of the FSC. Both smolt and predator-size fish were regularly observed near the entrance, with greater abundances observed during day than during night. Behavioral differences were also observed between the two fish-size classes, with smolt-size fish traveling straighter with more directed movement, and predator-size fish generally showing more milling behavior. Additionally, the presence of predator-size fish may be effecting the abundance and direction of travel of smolt-size fish, as counts of smolt-size fish were reduced in conjunction with the presence of predator-size fish and a greater proportion of smolt-size fish were observed traveling away from the FSC when predator-size fish were present than when predator-size fish were absent. Results of modeling potential predator-prey interactions and influences indicated that both the number of juvenile fish tracks and photoperiod had the strongest effects on the number of predator fish tracks, with more predator-size fish tracks observed as the number of smolt-size fish tracks increased. Overall, the results indicate that predator-size fish are present near the entrance of the FSC, concomitant with smolt-size fish, and their abundances and behaviors indicate that they may be drawn to the entrance of the FSC because of the abundance of prey-sized fish found there.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181182","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Portland General Electric","usgsCitation":"Smith, C.D., Plumb J.M., and Adams, N.S. 2018, Fish behavior and abundance monitoring near a floating surface collector in North Fork Reservoir, Clackamas River, Oregon, using multi-beam acoustic imaging sonar: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1182, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181182.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-100791","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359740,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1182/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":359741,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1182/ofr20181182.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1182"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"North Fork Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.73376464843749,\n 45.0657615477031\n ],\n [\n -121.73263549804688,\n 45.0657615477031\n ],\n [\n -121.73263549804688,\n 45.45724086262233\n ],\n [\n -122.73376464843749,\n 45.45724086262233\n ],\n [\n -122.73376464843749,\n 45.0657615477031\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
The U.S. Geological Survey collected continuous water-temperature data in select tributaries of the lowermost 80 kilometers (50 miles) of the Willamette River in northwestern Oregon, during summers 2016 and 2017. Point measurements of water temperature and water quality (dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and pH) also were collected at multiple locations and depths within the river and in the lower reaches of three major tributaries (Clackamas and Molalla Rivers, and Johnson Creek). These datasets were collected to identify potential locations of cold-water refuges for sensitive fish species, and to characterize daily, seasonal, and spatial variability in water conditions. These datasets may be useful for local municipalities that are required to identify cold-water refuges (as defined in State of Oregon water-quality standards) and determine approaches for protecting and enhancing these features as part of their Willamette River water-temperature Total Maximum Daily Load implementation plans. This report documents the data collection methods, provides summary graphs and maps of the water-temperature data, and outlines steps for accessing the data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181184","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Lake Oswego, City of Wilsonville, Meyer Memorial Trust, and Benton Soil and Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Mangano, J.F., Piatt, D.R., Jones, K.L, and Rounds, S.A., 2018, Water temperature in tributaries, off-channel features, and main channel of the lower Willamette River, northwestern Oregon, summers 2016 and 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1184, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181184.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099746","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359616,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1184/ofr20181184.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1184"},{"id":359615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1184/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Lower Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.85736083984375,\n 45.268121280142886\n ],\n [\n -122.57995605468749,\n 45.268121280142886\n ],\n [\n -122.57995605468749,\n 45.66108710567762\n ],\n [\n -122.85736083984375,\n 45.66108710567762\n ],\n [\n -122.85736083984375,\n 45.268121280142886\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
The North American Prairie Pothole Region covers about 770,000 square kilometers of the United States and Canada (including parts of 5 States and 3 provinces: North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Minnesota, Iowa, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Alberta). The Laurentide Ice Sheet shaped the landscape of the region about 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. The retreat of the ice sheet left behind low-permeability glacial till and a landscape dotted with millions of depressions known today as prairie potholes. The wetlands that subsequently formed in these depressions, prairie-pothole wetlands, provide critical migratory-bird habitat and support dynamic aquatic communities. Extensive grasslands and productive agricultural systems surround these wetland ecosystems. In prairie-pothole wetlands, the compositions of plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate communities are highly dependent on hydrogeochemical conditions. Regional climate shifts between wet and dry periods affect the length of time that wetlands contain ponded surface water and the chemistry of that ponded water. Land-use change can exacerbate or reduce the effects of climate on wetland hydrology and water chemistry.
A mechanistic understanding of the relation among climate, land use, hydrology, chemistry, and biota in prairie-pothole wetlands is needed to better understand the complex, and often interacting, effects of climate and land use on prairie-pothole wetland systems and to facilitate climate and land-use change adaptation efforts. The Pothole Hydrology-Linked Systems Simulator (PHyLiSS) model was developed to address this need. The model simulates water-surface elevation dynamics in prairie-pothole wetlands and quantifies changes in salinity. The PHyLiSS model is unique among other wetland models because it accommodates differing sizes and morphometries of wetland basins, is not dependent on a priori designations of wetland class, and allows for functional changes associated with dynamic shifts in ecohydrological states. The PHyLiSS model also has the capability to simulate wetland salinity, and potential future iterations will also simulate the effects of changing hydrology and geochemical conditions on biota. This report documents the development of the hydrological and geochemical components of the PHyLiSS model and provides example applications.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181165","usgsCitation":"McKenna, O.P., Mushet, D.M., Scherff, E.J., McLean, K.I., and Mills, C.T., 2018, The Pothole Hydrology-Linked Systems Simulator (PHyLiSS)—Development and application of a systems model for prairie-pothole wetlands: U.S. Geological Survey Report 2018–1165, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181165.","productDescription":"vii, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-098927","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1165/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359587,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1165/ofr20181165.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1165"},{"id":359588,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5b840f3ee4b05f6e321b4f04","text":"Pothole Hydrology Linked Systems Simulator (PHyLiSS)"}],"contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
San Diego County is a hotspot of biodiversity, situated at the intersection of the Baja peninsula, the California floristic province, and the desert southwest. This hotspot is characterized by a high number of rare and endemic species, which persist alongside a major urban epicenter. San Diego County has implemented a strategic management plan that identifies species, based on low numbers of occurrences or high level of threat, for which management practices are recommended. In creating a management plan for rare species, it is important to strike a balance between preserving locally adapted traits and maintaining genetic diversity, as species’ ranges fluctuate in response to a changing climate and habitat fragmentation. This project, in partnership with the San Diego Natural History Museum, aims to provide a reference point for the current status of genetic diversity of rare plant species that will inform future preservation and restoration efforts. We focused on six threatened or endangered plant species: Acanthomintha ilicifolia, Baccharis vanessae, Chloropyron maritimum ssp. maritimum, Deinandra conjugens, Dicranostegia orcuttiana, and Monardella viminea. For each species, botanists from the San Diego Natural History Museum visited all known occurrences in San Diego County and collected leaf tissue for genetic and cytological analysis. We then developed a panel of genetic markers to estimate genetic diversity and population structure. This population genetic survey provided insight into the amount of genetic differentiation across each species’ range, identified isolated occurrences potentially subject to inbreeding or genetic bottlenecks, and identified areas that are rich sources of allelic diversity. Finally, we convened a panel of experts to review results and compatible management options for each species. A summary of the management workshop is included in this report. Overall, we found low genetic differentiation among occurrences across the San Diego region for all species, with the exception of A. ilicifolia. Relative inbreeding was low and consistent across sites, and genetic diversity across sites was variable, with noted exceptions. These findings allow for a wide array of management options that are compatible with panmictic population structure in five of the six surveyed species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181175","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Diego Association of Governments","usgsCitation":"Milano, E.R., and Vandergast, A.G., 2018, Population genomic surveys for six rare plant species in San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1175, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181175.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101386","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437680,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OWNCG8","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Genotypes for six rare plant species found in San Diego County in 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Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819
The U.S. Geological Survey Community for Data Integration annually funds small projects focusing on data integration for interdisciplinary research, innovative data management, and demonstration of new technologies. This report provides a summary of the 11 projects funded in fiscal year 2017, outlining their goals, activities, and outputs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181154","usgsCitation":"Hsu, L., Allstadt, K.E., Bell, T.M., Boydston, E.E., Erickson, R.A., Everette, A.L., Lentz, E., Peters, J., Reichert, B.E., Nagorsen, S., Sherba, J.T., Signell, R.P., Wiltermuth, M.T., and Young, J.A., 2018, Community for Data Integration fiscal year 2017 funded project report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1154, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181154.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099013","costCenters":[{"id":38128,"text":"Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1154/ofr20181154.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1154"},{"id":359451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1154/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Science Analytics and Synthesis
U.S. Geological Survey
108 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The Pallid Sturgeon Population Assessment Program (PSPAP) was initiated in 2003, and full implementation began in 2006, to monitor the trend of Scaphirhynchus albus (pallid sturgeon) and native fish communities in the Upper and Lower Missouri River Basins. The original PSPAP (v. 1.0) was a catch-effort based monitoring program where population abundance and trend were monitored using a relative index, catch per unit effort. In 2013, the Missouri River Recovery Program (MRRP), led by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), began a reassessment of science and monitoring approaches to support a new river management plan. The need to redesign the PSPAP was triggered by the recognition that the PSPAP v. 1.0 would not be optimally effective in contributing information needed to make decisions about the pallid sturgeon fundamental management objective—to avoid jeopardizing the continued existence of the pallid sturgeon from USACE actions in the Missouri River—identified in the Missouri River Science and Adaptive Management Plan. The fundamental management objective includes two management subobjectives: (1) increase pallid sturgeon recruitment to age 1 and (2) maintain or increase numbers of pallid sturgeon as an interim measure until sufficient and sustained natural recruitment occurs. These two management subobjectives motivated the development of two fundamental information objectives for PSPAP v. 2.0: (1) to provide information needed to quantify recruitment to age 1 and (2) to quantify pallid sturgeon population abundance and trend. The charge to the authors of this report was to develop an approach to monitoring the pallid sturgeon population in the Missouri River that would contribute information toward gauging overall performance of management actions to achieve the fundamental objectives of the MRRP and to potentially improve understanding of linkages from the management activities to population responses. We used transparent and robust processes to identify alternative monitoring designs that meet the fundamental objectives for managing pallid sturgeon in the MRRP, with a focus on simulation models to evaluate the performance of varying monitoring. This report documents the process of comparing potential alternative monitoring design abilities to provide decision-relevant information for management of the species. The process includes evaluation of information content and attendant uncertainties and considers tradeoffs in types of information valued by stakeholders. The anticipated end product of this process will be synthesized in a decision-support tool that can be used to facilitate learning and iterative revisions of the monitoring roadmap.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181166","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri River Recovery Program","usgsCitation":"Colvin, M.E., Reynolds, S., Jacobson, R.B., Pierce, L.L., Steffensen, K.D., and Welker, T.L., 2018, Overview and progress of the pallid sturgeon assessment framework redesign process: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1166, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181166.","productDescription":"vii, 87 p.","numberOfPages":"96","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-097824","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359394,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1166/ofr20181166.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.31 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1166"},{"id":359393,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1166/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Columbia Environmental Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4200 New Haven Road
Columbia, MO 65201
This report summarizes a framework for monitoring hydrogeomorphic and vegetation responses to environmental flows in support of the Willamette Sustainable Rivers Program (SRP). The SRP is a partnership between The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to provide ecologically sustainable flows downstream of dams while still meeting human needs and congressionally authorized purposes. TNC, USACE, and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) developed this framework specifically for the spawning reaches and lower, alluvial reaches of the Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, North Santiam, South Santiam, and main-stem Santiam Rivers. This monitoring framework links stakeholder-defined ecological goals and environmental flow recommendations with measurable objectives and monitoring activities to assess whether those objectives are achieved. Monitoring activities are described for distinct spatial scales (reaches, zones, and sites), which are coupled with appropriate measurement frequency (monthly to decadal or following specific flow conditions). Initial monitoring efforts could focus on developing baseline datasets for tracking future changes and developing robust relationships between flow and hydrogeomorphic and vegetation processes. These relationships would support stakeholders in developing refined environmental flow recommendations that could be efficiently evaluated in the future using continuous discharge records and strategic field-based monitoring.
Environmental flow recommendations were developed to achieve certain hydraulic targets (generally defined through water-surface elevation and inundation extent) to support critical habitats for native species at different times of the year. Additionally, flow recommendations were created to support geomorphic processes that create and sustain important riparian and aquatic habitats. The spatial extent, depth, timing, duration, and frequency of inundation extents can be monitored using a combination of water-level loggers, crest-stage gages, surveys, and mapping from aerial photographs or satellite images. Changes in channel morphology (such as increases in gravel bars, side channels or channel width) can be evaluated through repeat mapping of aerial photographs or lidar and carried, and repeat surveys of channel-bed elevations could document patterns of incision or aggradation. Changes in bed texture (such as fining or coarsening) could focus on spawning habitats for spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Deposition of fine-grained sediment in floodplain channels could be evaluated with deposition pads, repeat surveys, or lidar.
Environmental flow recommendations also were developed to promote various stages of floodplain forest succession, with a focus on black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) because its life history is tightly coupled with floodplain hydrology and disturbance processes. Monitoring approaches for vegetation include strategies for tracking all phases of stand recruitment, establishment, and succession for black cottonwood. Potential recruitment sites can be identified by mapping unvegetated gravel bars from aerial photographs or lidar. Reach-scale patterns of stand recruitment and early succession can be monitored at the reach scale by mapping seral stages of floodplain vegetation from aerial photographs and lidar at the decadal scale. These monitoring approaches also could identify areas of stand recruitment or floodplain recycling. Site-scale monitoring of black cottonwood recruitment and establishment could focus on vegetation plots situated along floodplain transects within laterally dynamic monitoring zones to track seedling establishment or stem exclusion and early seral succession. Reach-scale landcover mapping from aerial photographs and lidar would complement site-scale observations and aid in characterizing overall status and condition of floodplain forests, which could be related to streamflows and hydrogeomorphic processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181157","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Wallick, J.R., Bach, L.B., Keith, M.K., Olson, M., Mangano, J.F., and Jones, K.L., 2018, Monitoring framework for evaluating hydrogeomorphic and vegetation responses to environmental flows in the Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, and Santiam River Basins, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1157, 66 p.,\nhttps://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181157.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-090522 ","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359441,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1157/ofr20181157.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1157"},{"id":359440,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1157/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Middle Fork Willamette, McKenzie, and Santiam River Basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.33,\n 43.8333\n ],\n [\n -122.1667,\n 43.8333\n ],\n [\n -122.1667,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123.33,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -123.33,\n 43.8333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
Director,
Utah Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2329 West Orton Circle
Salt Lake City, UT 84119-2047
Burning and grazing are natural processes in native prairies that also serve as important tools in grassland management to conserve plant diversity, to limit encroachment of woody and invasive plants, and to maintain or improve prairies. Native prairies managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) in the Prairie Pothole Region of the northern Great Plains have been extensively invaded by nonnative, cool-season species of grasses. These invasions were believed to reflect a common management history of long-term rest and little or no defoliation by natural processes (burning and grazing). To address the challenges associated with these invasive species, the FWS embraced a collaborative approach in 2008, in partnership with U.S. Geological Survey, to restore native prairies on lands managed by FWS. This approach is known as the Native Prairie Adaptive Management (NPAM) initiative and was based on the application of an adaptive decision-support framework to assist managers in selecting management actions despite uncertainty and in maximizing learning from management outcomes. The primary objective of this approach was to increase the composition of native grasses and forbs on native, unbroken sod while minimizing costs. The alternative management actions that were used to meet this objective include grazing, burning, burning and grazing, and rest (no action).
A major challenge for FWS resource managers participating in the NPAM initiative was the recognition that other taxa, besides native grasses and forbs, may be affected by the alternative management practices, thus complicating the adaptive-management cycle and deepening the uncertainty. Specifically, many grassland birds are sensitive to changes in vegetation composition and structure, and thus management that alters vegetation also may affect bird populations. The primary objectives of this study were to assess the effects of alternative management actions on grassland birds on FWS-owned grasslands that are managed under the adaptive-management framework, and to assess the association of vegetation structure and composition as mechanisms for triggering grassland bird responses to management.
We surveyed breeding birds and sampled vegetation on 89 native prairie NPAM units managed by the FWS during 2011–13, including 55 units in 2011, 87 units in 2012, and 87 units in 2013. The NPAM units were in 19 FWS refuge complexes and wetland management districts, including 14 complexes in FWS Region 6 (North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana) and 5 complexes in FWS Region 3 (Minnesota). Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the effects of management actions on vegetation structure, vegetation composition, and densities of common bird species. Vegetation structure and composition varied among study units and years, and many of these differences were linked to specific management activities or to the recency of those activities. We recorded 110 bird species in the 89 adaptive-management units. Models of bird abundance reflected not only disturbance-derived changes in vegetation structure and species-specific vegetation preferences but also the influence of defoliation treatments. Vegetation composition was less important to grassland birds than vegetation structure; in particular, mean vertical obstruction (vegetation height-density), bare-ground cover, and litter depth positively or negatively influenced densities of some grassland bird species. The diversity of bird responses to management in this study underscores the complexity of natural grassland systems and the need for heterogeneity management in grasslands in this region.
Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
In this report, we constructed and parameterized the Stream Salmonid Simulator (S3) for the 64-kilometer “Restoration Reach” of the Trinity River, just downstream of Lewiston Dam in northern California. S3 is a deterministic life-stage-structured population model that tracks daily growth, movement, and survival of juvenile salmon. A key theme of the model is that river flow affects habitat availability and capacity, which in turn drives density-dependent population dynamics. To explicitly link population dynamics to habitat quality and quantity, the river environment is constructed as a one-dimensional series of linked habitat units, each of which has an associated daily timeseries of discharge, water temperature, and useable habitat area or carrying capacity. In turn, the physical characteristics of each habitat unit and the number of fish occupying each unit drive survival and growth within each habitat unit and movement of fish among habitat units.
The physical template of the Restoration Reach was formed by classifying the river into 356 meso-habitat units comprised of runs, riffles, and pools. For each habitat unit, we developed a timeseries of daily flow, water temperature, amount of available spawning habitat, and fry and parr carrying capacity. Capacity timeseries were constructed using state-of-the-art models of spatially explicit hydrodynamics and quantitative fish habitat relationships developed for the Trinity River. These variables were then used to drive population dynamics such as egg growth and survival and juvenile movement, growth, and survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181174","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Perry, R.W., Jones, E.C., Plumb, J.M., Som, N.A., Hetrick, N.J., Hardy, T.B., Polos, J.C., Martin, A.C., Alvarez, J.S., and De Juilio, K.P., 2018, Application of the Stream Salmonid Simulator (S3) to the restoration reach of the Trinity River, California—Parameterization and calibration: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1174, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181174.","productDescription":"vi, 65 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-092954","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359376,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1174/ofr20181174.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1174"},{"id":359375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1174/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.12927246093751,\n 40.635319920747456\n ],\n [\n -122.7674102783203,\n 40.635319920747456\n ],\n [\n -122.7674102783203,\n 40.77950154452172\n ],\n [\n -123.12927246093751,\n 40.77950154452172\n ],\n [\n -123.12927246093751,\n 40.635319920747456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
Invasive species are a subset of non-native (or alien) species, and knowing what species are non-native to a region is a first step to managing invasive species. People have been compiling non-native and invasive species lists ever since these species started causing harm, yet national non-native species lists are neither universal, nor common. Non-native species lists serve diverse purposes: watch lists for preventing invasions, inventory and monitoring lists for research and modeling, regulatory lists for species control, and nonregulatory lists for raising awareness. This diversity of purpose and the lists’ variation in geographic scope make compiling comprehensive lists of established (or naturalized) species for large regions difficult. However, listing what species are non-native in an area helps measure Essential Biodiversity Variables for invasive species monitoring and mount an effective response to established non-native species. In total, 1,166 authoritative sources were reviewed to compile the first comprehensive non-native species list for three large regions of the United States: Alaska, Hawaii, and the conterminous United States (lower 48 States). The list contains 11,344 unique names: 598 taxa for Alaska, 5,848 taxa for Hawaii, and 6,675 taxa for the conterminous United States. The list is available to the public from U.S. Geological Survey ScienceBase (https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E5K160), and the intent, though not a guarantee, is to update the list as non-native species become established in, or are eliminated from, the United States. The list has been used to annotate non-native species occurrence records in the U.S. Geological Survey all-taxa mapping application, Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON, https://bison.usgs.gov).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181156","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Simpson, A., and Eyler, M.C., 2018, First comprehensive list of non-native species established in three major regions of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1156, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181156.","productDescription":"v; 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-090660","costCenters":[{"id":38106,"text":"Science Analytics and Synthesis Program ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437693,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9E5K160","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"A comprehensive list of non-native species established in three major regions of the United States: Version 3.0"},{"id":358802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1156/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358803,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1156/ofr20181156.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.43 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1156"}],"country":"United States","contact":"Director, Science Analytics Synthesis Program
U.S. Geological Survey
West 6th Avenue and Kipling Street
Lakewood, CO 80225
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Environmental Health Mission Area (EHMA) is providing comprehensive science on sources, movement, and transformation of contaminants and pathogens in watershed and aquifer drinking-water supplies and in built water and wastewater infrastructure (referred to as the USGS Water and Wastewater Infrastructure project) in the Greater Chicago Area and elsewhere in the United States, to fill data gaps identified by stakeholders and collaborators in drinking water and public health. EHMA Water and Wastewater Infrastructure research specifically provides insight into natural factors in the environment as well as those water-infrastructure components and processes (such as source-water corrosivity, treatment, plumbing, and so forth) that might influence human exposure to chemical and microbial contaminants at the residential tap. This infrastructure-exposure research role is fulfilled uniquely by the USGS and not by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other agencies, or municipalities that focus on regulatory and policy activities and related compliance. The USGS approach to assessing the possible links between human health and chemical contaminant and pathogen exposure in drinking water is conducted in collaboration with public health experts and includes comprehensive characterization of the presence/absence and concentrations of more than 500 organic and 27 inorganic chemical constituents at the point of use (tap).
Laboratory results for lead and other inorganic contaminants in Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana, residential tapwater are being released to ensure the timely release of quality-assured data to participants in the study. Concentrations of lead and other inorganic constituents were assessed in drinking water at the point of use (kitchen tap or filter) in 45 residential locations and in two locations within each of the two Chicago water purification plants and the two East Chicago water filtration plants during July–December 2017. Three methods were used for analyzing lead. The most sensitive method had a reporting limit of 0.020 micrograms per liter (µg/L). When using the most sensitive analytical method, lead was detected in 39 of 45 residential tapwater samples, with concentrations ranging from less than 0.020 µg/L to 5.31 µg/L (median of the detected values = 0.481 µg/L). Concentrations of lead also were detected in Lake Michigan intake water at all water purification/filtration plant facilities at concentrations ranging from 0.083 to 0.330 µg/L, but were not detected above the reporting limit in any samples of treated, pre-distribution drinking water at any of the water purification/filtration plant facilities.
Because the USGS Water and Wastewater Infrastructure project in the Greater Chicago Area is focused on the potential human exposure to a broad suite of organic and inorganic contaminants in drinking water and is not focused specifically on lead, the sampling protocol did not include “first-draw,” stagnant sampling and samples were collected with point-of-use treatment in place, if present. Thus, the lead results reported herein are not appropriate for assessment of compliance with the EPA 1991 Lead and Copper Rule. Information resources for lead mitigation and water filtration are provided.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Chicago, Department of Water Management; City of East Chicago, Utilities Department; Indiana Department of Environmental Management, Drinking Water Branch; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS); University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health","usgsCitation":"Romanok, K.M., Kolpin, D.W., Meppelink, S.M., Focazio, M.J., Argos, M., Hollingsworth, M.E., McCleskey, R.B., Putz, A.R., Stark, A., Weis, C.P., Zehraoui, A., and Bradley, P.M., 2018, Concentrations of lead and other inorganic constituents in samples of raw intake and treated drinking water from the municipal water filtration plant and residential tapwater in Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana, July–December 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1071, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181071.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 10 p.; Data release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-094493","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358915,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181098","text":"Open-File Report 2018–1098","linkHelpText":"- Methods Used for the Collection and Analysis of Chemical and Biological Data for the Tapwater Exposure Study, United States, 2016–17"},{"id":358912,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1071/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358914,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":" https://doi.org/10.5066/F70R9NN0","text":"USGS data release ","description":"USGS data release ","linkHelpText":"Occurrence and Concentrations of Trace Elements in Discrete Tapwater Samples Collected in Chicago, Illinois and East Chicago, Indiana, 2017"},{"id":358913,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1071/ofr20181071.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1071"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","city":"Chicago, East Chicago","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Environmental Health Mission Area, initiated the Tapwater Exposure Study as part of an infrastructure project to assess human exposure to potential threats from complex mixtures of contaminants. In the pilot phase (2016), samples were collected from 11 States throughout the United States, and in the second phase (2017), the study focused on the Greater Chicago area, including North and South Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana. Residential tapwater samples were collected at private residences during both phases, and during the first phase, samples were collected from Federal office buildings and from one office 19-liter water-bottle source. During the second phase, raw intake and treated (pre-distributional) water samples also were collected from four drinking-water treatment facilities in the Greater Chicago area. Samples were sent to laboratories at the USGS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and Colorado School of Mines Center for Environmental Risk Assessment, for potential drinking-water pathogens, chemical, and bioassay analyses. These analyses included more than 400 chemicals such as trace elements, steroid hormones, pharmaceuticals, volatile organic compounds, pesticides, per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances, cyanotoxins, and other organic compounds. The in vitro bioassay analyses included estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado School of Mines, Center for Environmental Risk Assessment; National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS), National Toxicology Program Laboratory; University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Romanok, K.M., Kolpin, D.W., Meppelink, S.M., Argos, M., Brown, J.B., DeVito, M.J., Dietze, J.E., Givens, C.E., Gray, J.L., Higgins, C.P., Hladik, M.L., Iwanowicz, L.R., Loftin, K.A., McCleskey, R.B., McDonough, C.A., Meyer, M.T., Strynar, M.J., Weis, C.P., Wilson, V.S., and Bradley, P.M., 2018, Methods used for the collection and analysis of chemical and biological data for the Tapwater Exposure Study, United States, 2016–17: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1098, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181098.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 79 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-094498","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1098/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358921,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1098/ofr20181098.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.07 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1098"},{"id":358923,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181071","text":"Open-File Report 2018-1071","linkHelpText":"- Concentrations of Lead and Other Inorganic Constituents in Samples of Raw Intake and Treated Drinking Water From the Municipal Water Filtration Plant and Residential Tapwater in Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana, July–December 2017"},{"id":358922,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7959GVJ","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Target-Chemical Concentrations, Exposure Activity Ratios, and Bioassay Results for Assessment of Mixed-Organic/Inorganic-Chemical Exposure in USA Tapwater, 2016"},{"id":359038,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F70R9NN0","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Occurrence and Concentrations of Trace Elements in Discrete Tapwater Samples Collected in Chicago, Illinois and East Chicago, Indiana, 2017"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n 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U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District, conducted a study to examine water fluxes in two small study areas in the Indian River Lagoon. Vertical arrays of temperature sensors were placed at multiple locations in the lagoon bed to measure temperature time series in the vertical profile. These data at one of the study areas, Eau Gallie, were used in two numerical models, 1DTempPro and VFLUX, to estimate seepage flux rates into the lagoon. 1DTempPro uses an inverse-modeling approach to calibrate groundwater flux to the measured temperature time series. VFLUX isolates the fundamental frequency signal in the temperature data and utilizes the resulting amplitude and phase differences between sensor locations to determine vertical water flux.
Field measurements were made during two time periods, March 23 to April 28, 2017, and June 1 to November 3, 2017. Simulating the first, drier period at one location with 1DTempPro helped determine reasonable seepage fluctuations and provided guidelines for choosing which temperature sensor pairs used in the VFLUX simulations would produce the best results. VFLUX simulations at eight locations indicated daily average seepage flux rates of less than 20 centimeters per day (cm/d) and substantial seepage flux out to a distance of at least 110 meters from shore. The spatial variation in average seepage flux rates within 40 meters of shore seemed large, ranging from about 3 to 20 cm/d.
In the VFLUX application using the June 1–November 3, 2017 data, the seepage flux has a higher magnitude and fluctuation than the first simulation period, making the isolation of the fundamental temperature frequency signal in the temperature data difficult. However, useful partial or full simulations were achieved at 6 of the 10 locations. The storm surge of Hurricane Irma on September 10, 2017, changed the depths of the sensors relative to the lagoon bed and disrupted the ability of VFLUX to compute seepage flux for the posthurricane period. The June 1 to November 3, 2017, computed seepage flux rates were higher than those for the March 24 to April 28, 2017, period and were sometimes as great as 40 cm/d, and more than 60 cm/d at one location. The seepage time-series data collected during Hurricane Irma indicates a downward seepage flux as a result of the storm surge, followed by upwelling from precipitation recharge inland. The average seepage flux rates are higher than those during the March–April period and are over 25 cm/d near the coast and about 20 cm/d 130 meters offshore.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181151","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Swain, E.D., and Prinos, S.T., 2018, Using heat as a tracer to determine groundwater seepage in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, April–November, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1151, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181151.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 18 p.; Data Releases","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-096716","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358771,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q8JGAO","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Model data sets for 1DTempPro and VFLUX simulation experiments to determine groundwater seepage in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida"},{"id":358770,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1151/ofr20181151.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1151"},{"id":358769,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1151/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358772,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7VM4B41","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Temperature data collected in the Indian River Lagoon to evaluate groundwater seepage, Brevard County, Florida, 2017–2018"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Indian River Lagoon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.91156005859375,\n 28.10832614221258\n ],\n [\n -80.452880859375,\n 28.10832614221258\n ],\n [\n -80.452880859375,\n 28.84707946871795\n ],\n [\n -80.91156005859375,\n 28.84707946871795\n ],\n [\n -80.91156005859375,\n 28.10832614221258\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559
Hurricane Florence made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, shortly after dawn on September 14, 2018. Once over land, the forward motion of the hurricane slowed to about 2 to 3 miles per hour. Over the next several days, the hurricane delivered historic amounts of rainfall across North and South Carolina, causing substantial flooding in many communities across both States. For the Hurricane Florence event, a new record rainfall total of 35.93 inches was set in Elizabethtown, N.C. Many other locations throughout North Carolina set new records for rainfall, exceeding the previous State record for rainfall from a tropical system of 24.06 inches, which was set over a 4-day period in Southport, N.C., during Hurricane Floyd in 1999. In South Carolina, the highest reported total rainfall of 23.63 inches was in Loris, S.C., which was the highest total rainfall in South Carolina from a tropical cyclone, replacing the previous total of 17.45 inches associated with Tropical Storm Beryl in 1994. During the October 2015 flood in South Carolina, a 4-day total rainfall of 26.88 inches was recorded in Mount Pleasant; however, because that total rainfall was a combination of a tropical storm system and another front that was centered over the State, it is not considered the largest rainfall event from a tropical storm.
Peak streamflow and stage data at 84 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow gaging stations (referred to hereafter as streamgages) in North and South Carolina with at least 10 years of systematic record and for which the flooding following Hurricane Florence resulted in a peak in the top 5 for the period of record are included in this report. New peak streamflows of record were recorded at 18 sites in North Carolina and 10 sites in South Carolina. Another 49 streamgages recorded peak streamflows in the top 5 for their record (45 in North Carolina and 4 in South Carolina). Peak streamflow data following Hurricane Florence were not available for three additional streamgages prior to the publication of this report. Of those three streamgages, two recorded a new peak stage of record and one recorded the second highest peak stage of record. An additional four stage-only streamgages having at least 10 years of systematic record also had new peak stages (also referred to as gage height) of record. For 11 of the 28 streamgages for which the September 2018 peak streamflow was the peak of record, the October 2016 peak following Hurricane Matthew was the second largest peak, and for another four streamgages the September 1999 peak following Hurricane Floyd was the second largest peak.
For the 28 streamgages for which a new peak streamflow of record was recorded, a flood-frequency analysis was done using available systematic record through September 2017 and the peak streamflow from the Hurricane Florence event. Of the 28 streamgages analyzed, the estimated annual exceedance probability for the Hurricane Florence peak streamflow at 9 of the streamgages was less than 0.2 percent, which in terms of recurrence intervals is greater than a 500-year flood event. At three streamgages, the estimated annual exceedance probability was equal to 0.2 percent, and at six streamgages, it was between 0.2 and 1 percent (between a 500- and 100-year recurrence interval, respectively). For the remaining 10 streamgages, the estimated annual exceedance probability was between 1.5 and 7.1 percent, which in terms of recurrence intervals is approximately a 67- to 14-year event, respectively.
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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
The Mars Global Digital Dune Database (MGD3) is an online repository that has catalogued dune fields larger than 1 km2 located between latitudes 90° N. and 90° S. The work presented here expands upon previous MGD3 open-file reports, with a new emphasis upon characterizing dune fields through composition, stability, and thermal inertia. Included in this latest addition is a detailed compositional analysis and the associated observational data from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) for dune fields 300 km2 or larger; a near-global dune stability assessment; Mars Odyssey (MO1) Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) apparent thermal inertia values; and vertical near-surface thermophysical heterogeneities determined by fitting a two-layer thermal model to observed temperatures. These additional datasets are divided into two workbooks: equatorial and south polar regions. A detailed description for the layout of these workbooks can be found in the corresponding metadata document. The continuing goal of the MGD3 is to provide a reliable and multifaceted repository of data for Mars’ dunes, with the intention that such data be easily accessible and useful to future research.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181164","usgsCitation":"Gullikson, A.L., Hayward, R.K., Titus, T.N., Charles, H., Fenton, L.K., Hoover, R., and Putzig, N.E., 2018, Mars global digital dune database (MGD3)—Composition, stability, and thermal inertia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1164, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181164.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 17 p.; Appendix 1; Dune Database","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-097409","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1164/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358708,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1164/ofr20181164.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1164"},{"id":358709,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1164/ofr20181164_appendix.pdf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"603 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1164 Appendix","linkHelpText":"Graphs pertaining to the spectral glitch"},{"id":358710,"rank":4,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1164/ofr20181164_dunedatabase.zip","text":"Dune Database","size":"3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 2018-1164 Database","linkHelpText":"Equatorial and South Polar Dune Databases and metadata"},{"id":358712,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101170","text":"Open-File Report 2010–1170 —","linkHelpText":"Mars Global Digital Dune Database: MC–1"},{"id":358711,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071158","text":"Open-File Report 2007–1158 —","linkHelpText":"Mars Global Digital Dune Database: MC2–MC29"},{"id":358713,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20121259","text":"Open-File Report 2012–1259 —","linkHelpText":"Mars Global Digital Dune Database: MC–30"}],"contact":"Contact Astrogeology Research Program staff
Astrogeology Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Dr.
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
The Bureau of Reclamation supports the Shasta Dam Fish Passage Evaluation (SDFPE; Yip, 2015) program, and in 2016 set out to determine the feasibility of reintroducing winter-run and spring-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) to tributaries upstream of Shasta Dam. Ideally, reintroduction strategy includes trapping naturally produced downstream-migrating juvenile fish at the head of Lake Shasta (upstream of Shasta Dam), or near the mouth of the tributaries where they flow into the lake. However, evaluations of a juvenile collection system in one of the target tributaries (McCloud River) was delayed because of concerns about the fish source to be used as surrogate for winter-run Chinook salmon and the location and impact of the trap-and-haul operations.
In 2017, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was contracted to evaluate the reintroduction of winter-run salmon into tributaries upstream of Shasta Dam, and the McCloud River, having the most suitable spawning and rearing habitat for salmon adjacent to Shasta Reservoir (Lake) was the chosen study area. The first stage of the project was to assess the feasibility using a head-of-reservoir fish trap to collect juvenile salmon, but these efforts were delayed, so efforts were used to assess how juvenile Chinook salmon would distribute within the McCloud River and Shasta Reservoir and help determine the feasibility of collecting fish at Shasta Dam. Importantly, NOAA fisheries was also conducting an acoustic telemetry project through the Sacramento River, and they provided the additional acoustic detection data on our tagged fish to San Francisco Bay. These data were collected beyond original study goals, but added a large contribution to the findings and inferences from this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181144","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Adams, N.S., Liedtke, T.L., Plumb, J.M., Hansen, A.C., Evans, S.D., and Weiland., L.K., 2018, Emigration and transportation stress of juvenile Chinook salmon relative to their reintroduction upriver of Shasta Dam, California, 2017–18: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018-1144, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181144.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098563","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358642,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1144/ofr20181144.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1144"},{"id":358641,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1144/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Shasta Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.684326171875,\n 37.6968609874419\n ],\n [\n -121.3604736328125,\n 37.6968609874419\n ],\n [\n -121.3604736328125,\n 41.017210578228436\n ],\n [\n -122.684326171875,\n 41.017210578228436\n ],\n [\n -122.684326171875,\n 37.6968609874419\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
The purpose of this report is to provide a compilation of structural retrofits and replacements of older buildings and infrastructure in the San Francisco Bay Area that have either been completed since 1989 or that are in progress as of October 2018. For the purposes of this report, all or parts of nine Bay Area counties were included: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. Santa Cruz County was not included. The compilation of 700 investments is presented as a table in the appendix. We consider this table as version 1, as we urge that those familiar with additional projects contact the report authors with information to update the table.
In total, we have identified \\$73 to \\$80 billion in investments to retrofit or replace structures to mitigate the impacts of future San Francisco Bay Area earthquakes. These totals represent an average investment of \\$2.5 to \\$2.8 billion per year in retrofits and replacement of structures since 1989.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181168","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T.M., Gefeke, K., Boatwright, J., and Knudsen, K.L., 2018, Reported investments in earthquake mitigation top \\$73 to \\$80 billion in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, since the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1168, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181168.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 18 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102021","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1168/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358504,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1168/ofr20181168.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Open-File Report 2018–1168"},{"id":358505,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1168/ofr20181168_appendix.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"175 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Open-File Report 2018–1168 Appendix","linkHelpText":"Spreadsheet of Known Investments in Earthquake Resiliency Made in the San Francisco Bay Area Since the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","contact":"Contact Information,
Earthquake Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, collected data on isotopes, age dating, and geochemistry including aqueous uranium concentrations of samples from 20 locations in the vicinity of the Homestake Mining Company Superfund site near Milan, New Mexico. The 20 sampled locations include 19 groundwater wells and 1 treatment plant for water used for injection into aquifers. At 6 of the 19 wells, multiple samples were collected by several different sampling methods, including passive, micropurge, and volumetric methods.
Aqueous uranium concentrations were adjusted on the basis of comparisons between three sampling methods (called sample adjustments). These adjustments were specific to passive sample results because they underestimated uranium concentrations compared with results from purge samples (micropurge and volumetric). Sample adjustments were also made on aqueous selenium concentrations from previously published data for passive sampler results following a similar procedure.
Aqueous uranium concentrations in dissolved and total form were adjusted from the original analytical values (called laboratory analytical adjustments) on the basis of a rigorous comparison to several external tests, including reruns and analysis by a different laboratory after accuracy issues were identified in data from the original laboratory. The original laboratory analytical results were found to be two to five times greater than historical concentrations at the same locations, which prompted further evaluation, as described in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181055","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Harte, P.T., Blake, J.M., and Becher, K.D., 2018, Determination of representative uranium and selenium concentrations from groundwater, 2016, Homestake Mining Company Superfund site, Milan, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1055, 40 p., appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181055.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 37 p.; Appendix; Data release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-091402","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355297,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1055/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":355299,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7CR5RJS","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data Associated with Uranium Background Concentrations at Homestake Mining Company Superfund Site near Milan, New Mexico, July 2016 through October 2016 "},{"id":358281,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1055/ofr20181055_app2.csv","text":"Appendix 2","size":"12.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"linkHelpText":"Original and adjusted aqueous uranium concentrations"},{"id":355298,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1055/ofr20181055.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1055"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Milan","otherGeospatial":"Homestake Mining Company Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.8917,\n 35.2083\n ],\n [\n -107.8417,\n 35.2083\n ],\n [\n -107.8417,\n 35.275\n ],\n [\n -107.8917,\n 35.275\n ],\n [\n -107.8917,\n 35.2083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey 331
Commerce Way, Suite 2
Pembroke, NH 03275
The Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility, operated by the U.S. Navy and located in the Hālawa area, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, includes 20 underground storage tanks that can hold a total of 250 million gallons of fuel. In January 2014, the U.S. Navy notified the Hawaiʻi Department of Health and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of release of an estimated 27,000 gallons of fuel from the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility. In response to past and potential future fuel releases, data are needed to evaluate groundwater flow in the surrounding area. During July 2017–February 2018, the U.S. Geological Survey collected groundwater-level data at 24 sites near the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility. At 14 of the 24 sites, groundwater-temperature data were also collected, and at 6 of the 24 sites, barometric-pressure data were collected. During the data-collection period, a regional aquifer test was conducted in coordination with the operators of three production wells in the area. The recorded water-level changes in response to planned withdrawal changes during December 2017–February 2018 can be used to improve understanding of the groundwater-flow system. The scope of this report is limited to a non-interpretive presentation of the data and a brief discussion of the factors affecting the water-level data.
Director,
Pacific Islands Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Inouye Regional Center
1845 Wasp Blvd., B176
Honolulu, HI 96818
Director,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
Oil producers have been using enhanced oil recovery methods, including (1) thermal recovery for heavy oil and (2) carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) for medium or light oil, to maximize oil recovery from existing reservoirs. The CO2-EOR method is widely used for recovering additional oil after waterflood, which leaves behind a large volume of oil in the reservoir. Completing a CO2-EOR feasibility study requires values of various geologic, petrophysical, and reservoir properties, as well as production data. Most of the required data are available except for two critical parameters: (1) the oil saturation at the start of CO2-EOR and (2) the oil recovery factor. Several methods, including core analysis, open-hole and cased-hole well logging, well-to-well tracer tests, and material balance, have been deployed to determine the residual oil saturation after waterflood (at which the relative permeability to oil nears zero) or remaining oil saturation after waterflood, equal to the oil saturation at the start of CO2-EOR. This report presents the material balance approach, which is less expensive than other approaches and provides reasonably accurate values of oil saturation at the start of CO2-EOR, and therefore is more useful when assessing a large number of reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181146","usgsCitation":"Verma, M.K., 2018, Material balance approach for determining oil saturation at the start of carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1146, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181146.","productDescription":"v, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-091063","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1146/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358131,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1146/ofr20181146.pdf","text":"Report","size":"527 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1146"}],"contact":"Energy Resources Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
913 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: gd-energyprogram@usgs.gov
For nature reserves in urban settings, wildlife and wildlife habitats may be affected by recreational activities and intensive, adjacent development. Sustaining biodiversity in such reserves is a challenge for land and natural resource managers, but identification of core areas and key resources for wildlife species may help in planning for current and emerging threats. To help identify core areas and resources, we conducted spatial analyses and predictive modeling of vertebrate distributions for a network of nature reserves in densely populated Orange County, California. We primarily focused on bobcats (Lynx rufus), a species with a strong association with natural habitat. Bobcat space use has been correlated with broad, simple land-use categories, but relatively little is known about the influence of greater landscape complexity on habitat suitability for bobcats. To examine habitat selection by bobcats, we developed spatial data layers representing environmental factors that might influence this species, and we used previously collected Global Positioning System tracking data for 30 male and 21 female bobcats to indicate bobcat response to complex landscape factors. We examined these inputs using Resource Selection Function (RSF) modeling and developed spatially explicit models of the probability of bobcat use (selection or avoidance) of landscape characteristics. RSF models highlighted the general importance of reserve habitat for bobcats, but suggested that female bobcats were more dependent that male bobcats on habitat within designated reserves. Male bobcats, which range more widely than female bobcats, were associated with undeveloped areas both within and outside reserves. Small areas were present outside reserves that seemed to provide additional suitable habitat or movement areas for bobcats, potentially through restoration, connectivity, or reduced edge effects.
Although bobcat RSFs suggested areas of high value to this species and potentially other species, taxa can differ greatly in their resource-selection and spatial requirements. Thus, for several species of reptiles, amphibians, and birds, we adapted species distribution models based on occurrence data to examine the response of other vertebrates to the landscape. To identify potential High-Value Areas (HVAs) for single or multiple species, we then developed a step-wise filtering process that can be applied to a series of spatial data layers. We provide examples of alternative decision models for HVAs that capture different elements of biodiversity and a range of management considerations. As landscape and management challenges change, these spatial layers and decision rules can be adjusted based on new information. Our approach thus establishes a general framework for identifying high-value habitat that can be used for current management decisions and refined in the future, depending on management interests and goals and the availability of suitable quality data or adequate surrogate information.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181095","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Natural Communities Coalition","usgsCitation":"Boydston, E.E., and Tracey, J.A., 2018, Modeling resource selection of bobcats (Lynx rufus) and vertebrate species distributions in Orange County, southern California, with a section on Modeling for reptile, amphibian, and bird distributions by Tracey, J.A., Preston, K.L., Rochester, C.J., Boydston, E.E., and Fisher, R.N.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1095, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181095.","productDescription":"vi, 65 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-086435","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358295,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1095/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":358296,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1095/ofr20181095.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1095"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Orange County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.95,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -117.5667,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -117.5667,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -117.95,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -117.95,\n 33.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive East
Sacramento, California 95819