{"pageNumber":"350","pageRowStart":"8725","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":70017106,"text":"70017106 - 1992 - Characteristics of a sandy depositional lobe on the outer Mississippi fan from SeaMARC IA sidescan sonar images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T13:22:47.519085","indexId":"70017106","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of a sandy depositional lobe on the outer Mississippi fan from SeaMARC IA sidescan sonar images","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15574778\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>SeaMARC IA sidescan sonar images of the distal reaches of a depositional lobe on the Mississippi Fan show that channelized rather than unconfined transport was the dominant transport mechanism for coarse-grained sediment during the formation of this part of the deep-sea fan. Overbank sheet flow of sands was not an important process in the transport and deposition of the sandy and silty sediment found on this fan. The dendritic distributary pattern and the high order of splaying of the channels, only one of which appears to have been active at a time, suggest that coarse-grained deposits on this fan are laterally discontinuous.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0689:COASDL>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D., Schwab, W.C., Nelson, C., Kenyon, N.H., and Lee, H., 1992, Characteristics of a sandy depositional lobe on the outer Mississippi fan from SeaMARC IA sidescan sonar images: Geology, v. 20, no. 8, p. 689-692, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0689:COASDL>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"689","endPage":"692","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f493e4b0c8380cd4bdca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kenyon, Neil H.","contributorId":89535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017061,"text":"70017061 - 1992 - Distribution and effects of shallow gas on bulk estuarine sediment properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T14:14:37","indexId":"70017061","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and effects of shallow gas on bulk estuarine sediment properties","docAbstract":"<p>Gas bubble are present in sediments covering approximately 30% of the main stem of Chesapeake Bay, with bubbles occurring at the sediment-water interface in 18% of the main stem sediments. This biogenic gas is found either in the sediments in the lower salinity reaches of the Bay, or confined to sediments which overline infilled palaeodrainage channels formed during the Wisconsinan low sea level stand (approximately 18 ka). Gas associated with the old drainage network does not correlate with present bathymetry or sedimentological patterns. Some differences between the gas-charged and gas-free sediments are: (1) gas-charged sediments have water contents 10-20% higher than comparable gas-free cores; (2) organic matter is better presented with depth in the gas-charged sediments (upwards of 60% more at one depth); (3 monosulphides are dominant sulphide mineral phase within the gas-charged sediments, comprising over 40% of the total sulphur. Within the gas-free sediments monosulphides are significant only near the sediment-water interface and rapidly become negligible with depth, and; (4) cores of gas-charged sediments are highly colour-banded due to preservation of sulphide mineral variations, while gas-free cores are diagenetically altered to pyrite.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(92)90081-T","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Hill, J.M., Halka, J., Conkwright, R., Koczot, K., and Coleman, S., 1992, Distribution and effects of shallow gas on bulk estuarine sediment properties: Continental Shelf Research, v. 12, no. 10, p. 1219-1229, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(92)90081-T.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1219","endPage":"1229","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.65435791015625,\n              39.457402514270825\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.65435791015625,\n              39.457402514270825\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.65435791015625,\n              39.457402514270825\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.65435791015625,\n              39.457402514270825\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.761474609375,\n              38.156156969924915\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.95123291015625,\n              38.156156969924915\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.95123291015625,\n              39.51039803578193\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.761474609375,\n              39.51039803578193\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.761474609375,\n              38.156156969924915\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a028be4b0c8380cd500c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, J. M.","contributorId":55400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halka, J.P.","contributorId":27551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halka","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conkwright, R.","contributorId":69717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conkwright","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koczot, K.","contributorId":46698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koczot","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coleman, S.","contributorId":69718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70016990,"text":"70016990 - 1992 - Subglacial water flow inferred from stream measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T00:10:37.608025","indexId":"70016990","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subglacial water flow inferred from stream measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-content\"><div class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"><p>The subglacial drainage system of South Cascade Glacier is inferred by examining how discharges of water, solutes and artificial tracers in streams draining the glacier respond to meltwater and precipitation on the glacier surface. Results indicate that the glacier is divided into three (two large and one small) drainage basins, each drained by a single stream. The positions of drainage divides on the glacier surface do not always lie directly over those at the base of the glacier. Comparisons of water discharge and cation load in each of the two main streams indicate that subglacial hydraulic processes differ between drainage basins. One stream drains from a conduit that is isolated in its lower reach from the surrounding subglacial region and receives water routed englacially from the surface. The upper reach of the conduit also receives water routed englacially from the surface as well as from a distributed subglacial flow system. The other main stream drains from a conduit coupled to a debris layer beneath the glacier. Observations of the layer in natural ice tunnels indicate that the water may flow within a thin layer of debris. A one-dimensional model of flow through the debris layer can explain both the base-flow and diurnal variations of the second main stream.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/S002214300000959X","issn":"00221430","usgsCitation":"Fountain, A.G., 1992, Subglacial water flow inferred from stream measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA: Journal of Glaciology, v. 38, no. 128, p. 51-64, https://doi.org/10.3189/S002214300000959X.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225093,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"128","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d15e4b08c986b31d629","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016882,"text":"70016882 - 1992 - Wave-current interaction in the bottom boundary layer during storm and non-storm conditions: Observations and model predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:32:17.566978","indexId":"70016882","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave-current interaction in the bottom boundary layer during storm and non-storm conditions: Observations and model predictions","docAbstract":"<p>Bottom boundary layer measurements of current velocity profiles and bed response under combined wave and current conditions were obtained at a water depth of 145 m on the shelf off central California during December 1988. High quality logarithmic current profiles, excellent time-series bottom photographs, and a large variation in the relative strengths of the wave-induced oscillatory currents and the quasi-steady low frequency currents provided a dataset that is ideal for examining the effects of wave-current interaction near a rough boundary. During one period of 3 days that included a brief storm event, the wave-induced bottom currents (Ub 1 10) ranged from 2.3 to 22 cm s-1 and the steady currents (Ur) ranged from 1.8 to 28.1 cm s-1 at 0.18 m above the bottom; the ratio Ub U18 varied from below 0.2 to more than 7. Velocity profiles were highly logarithmic (R2 &gt; 0.95) 60% of the time and 27 profiles collected at 2-h intervals had R2 {slanted equal to or greater-than} 0.994 which allowed reliable estimates of the current shear velocity (U*c) and roughness length (zoc). Mean U*c values had magnitudes of 0.3-2.4 cm s-1 and zoc, which ranged from 0.04 to 3.5 cm, was strongly correlated to the Ub U18 ratio. Drag coefficients (CD = ??c/??U1002) ranged from about 2.5 ?? 10-3-12 ?? 10-3 in direct response to the wave-current variation; the use of a constant CD of 3 ?? 10-3 for steady flow over a rough bed would have underpredicted the shear stress by up to four times during the storm event. The large zoc and U*c values cannot be explained by changes in the carefully-observed, small (&lt;1 cm) physical bed roughness elements that covered the mud-rich study site. A side-scan sonar site survey also eliminated the possibility of flow disturbance by larger upstream topography. The observations clearly demonstrate the importance of wave-current interaction near a rough boundary. Comparison of the observations with results of the combined flow models of Grant and Madsen and Glenn show the models provide good predictions of U*c and zoc when the waves are characterized by either H 1 3 or H 1 10.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(92)90058-R","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1992, Wave-current interaction in the bottom boundary layer during storm and non-storm conditions: Observations and model predictions: Continental Shelf Research, v. 12, no. 12, p. 1331-1352, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(92)90058-R.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1331","endPage":"1352","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224950,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf99e4b08c986b32e9c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016876,"text":"70016876 - 1992 - New look at regional flood-frequency relations for arid lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T07:49:38","indexId":"70016876","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New look at regional flood-frequency relations for arid lands","docAbstract":"A new method is proposed that combines records for several streamflow-gaging stations, as in the station-year approach, and produces regional flood-frequency relations using an iterative regression technique. This technique eliminates the need to extrapolate the flood-frequency relation to the flood probability of interest. The resulting multiparameter regional flood-frequency relation is based on all the available annual peak-flow data. The method was applied to a group of records from 42 gaging stations in Nevada with many years of no flow and with many poorly defined flood-frquency relations. One- and two-parameter models were developed in which much of the variance in peak discharge is explained by drainage area. The log-Pearson type III and Weibull probability distributions were used in the models. Part of the error is directly assessed using randomly selected subsamples of the annual peak discharges. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:6(868)","usgsCitation":"Hjalmarson, H., and Thomas, B.E., 1992, New look at regional flood-frequency relations for arid lands: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 118, no. 6, p. 868-886, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:6(868).","startPage":"868","endPage":"886","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269427,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:6(868)"},{"id":224855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a65e3e4b0c8380cd72c87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, B. E.","contributorId":90767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016822,"text":"70016822 - 1992 - Utility of radiocarbon-dated stratigraphy in determining late Holocene earthquake recurrence intervals, upper Cook Inlet region, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T22:48:27.889988","indexId":"70016822","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Utility of radiocarbon-dated stratigraphy in determining late Holocene earthquake recurrence intervals, upper Cook Inlet region, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>During the great 1964 earthquake, parts of coastal southern Alaska subsided tectonically as much as 2 m, and this led to burial of high-intertidal organic-rich marshes by low-intertidal and tidal silt. In the tectonically active part of upper Cook Inlet, the presence of stratigraphic sections containing numerous prehistoric interbedded layers of peat and silt suggests that such stratigraphy resulted when marshes and forests were similarly inundated and buried by intertidal and tidal sediment as a result of great, prehistoric earthquakes.</p><p>This study tests the feasibility of using buried, radiocarbon-dated, late Holocene peat layers that are exposed in the intertidal zone of upper Cook Inlet to determine earthquake recurrence intervals, because estimates of the recurrence intervals of past earthquakes are needed for evaluation of the potential for future earthquakes. In a reconnaissance study of interbedded peat and silt, 65 conventional radiocarbon dates from peat and other organic material in 25 measured sections in the intertidal zone and one drillhole were used. Radiocarbon ages from the tops of peat beds cluster weakly but may indicate that regional subsidence events recurred at irregular intervals between about 200 to 800 radiocarbon yr within the past 3,200 radiocarbon yr. Conversion to calibrated ages does not alter this range substantially but may extend both ends of the age range. Coeval and correlative stratigraphy and radiocarbon data in the buried peat layers of upper Cook Inlet strongly suggest sudden, subsidence-induced layering. Because of problems associated with conventional radiocarbon dating, the complex stratigraphy of the study area, the tectonic setting, and regional changes in sea level, conclusions from the study do not permit precise identification of the timing and recurrence of paleoseismic events.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0684:UORDSI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bartsch-Winkler, S., and Schmoll, H., 1992, Utility of radiocarbon-dated stratigraphy in determining late Holocene earthquake recurrence intervals, upper Cook Inlet region, Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, no. 6, p. 684-694, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0684:UORDSI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"684","endPage":"694","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224853,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"upper Cook Inlet region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.21835533891556,\n              62.26809200594323\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.26132408891561,\n              62.26809200594323\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.26132408891561,\n              59.88911950060532\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.21835533891556,\n              59.88911950060532\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.21835533891556,\n              62.26809200594323\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0d0e4b08c986b32a32d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartsch-Winkler, S.","contributorId":31388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch-Winkler","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmoll, H. R.","contributorId":71543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoll","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016958,"text":"70016958 - 1992 - A relation among geology, tectonics, and velocity structure, western to central Nevada Basin and Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T22:37:23.22359","indexId":"70016958","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A relation among geology, tectonics, and velocity structure, western to central Nevada Basin and Range","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15007885\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>In the northwestern to central Nevada Basin and Range, there are correlations between velocity and specific geologic structures of the crust. Mapped range-bounding faults at the surface can be traced to appreciable (10 km) depths based on velocity variations and are consistent with subsurface projections of the faults based on seismic reflection images. The limiting depth of the faults, as indicated by the velocity variations, corresponds to the maximum depth of earthquakes along the seismic profile. Correlations between velocity and the surface geology show that in the upper crust the pre-Cenozoic rocks are underlain by high-velocity (6.0 km/s) rocks, whereas the Tertiary ranges are underlain by lower-velocity (4.0-5.7 km/s) rocks to depths as great as 10 km. Although the Tertiary rocks differ in composition from the Mesozoic rocks, the lower-velocity Tertiary rocks may also be attributed to rock masses which are broken (4.0-5.7 km/s), and the higher-velocity Mesozoic rocks (6.0 km/s) may be attributed to largely unbroken rock masses. The regional seismicity pattern is consistent with this interpretation, as earthquakes are largely confined within or near the base of the low-velocity rocks. These low-velocity, highly fractured rocks are laterally distributed in discrete zones, suggesting that extension is not uniformly distributed but occurs in discrete, highly extended zones. Beneath these highly extended zones, the lower-crustal layers show structural evidence of extension, and velocity measurements suggest that the lowermost crust has been magmatically underplated. The superposition of Tertiary volcanic rocks, highly fractured upper crust, and lower-crustal magmatic underplating suggests that the Tertiary volcanic rocks originated from lower-crustal magmas that migrated to the surface via the highly extended zones. The velocity structure of one of the highly extended zones and the Lahonton Basin resembles that of many continental rifts. The velocity structure beneath central Nevada, however, is much more like normal continental crust. On the basis of isotopic studies, it is concluded that the transition between highly extended crust and more normal crust occurs in the area inferred to be the edge of the North American craton.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1178:ARAGTA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., 1992, A relation among geology, tectonics, and velocity structure, western to central Nevada Basin and Range: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, no. 9, p. 1178-1192, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1178:ARAGTA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1178","endPage":"1192","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224518,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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D.","contributorId":98738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017305,"text":"70017305 - 1992 - Evidence from Cd/Ca ratios in foraminifera for greater upwelling off California 4,000 years ago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T15:41:21","indexId":"70017305","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence from Cd/Ca ratios in foraminifera for greater upwelling off California 4,000 years ago","docAbstract":"<p>UPWELLING of nutrient-rich Pacific deep water along the North American west coast is ultimately driven by the temperature difference between air masses over land and over the ocean. The intensity of upwelling, and biological production in the region, could therefore be affected by anthropogenic climate change. Examination of the geological record is one way to study the link between climate and upwelling. Because Pacific deep water is enriched in cadmium, dissolved cadmium concentrations in coastal water off central California reflect the intensity of upwelling. By demonstrating that the Cd/Ca ratio in the shell of a benthic foraminifer, Elphidiella hannai, is proportional to the Cd concentration in coastal water, we show here that foraminiferal Cd/Ca ratios can be used to detect past changes in mean upwelling intensity. Examination of a sediment core from the mouth of San Francisco Bay reveals that foraminiferal Cd/Ca decreased by about 30% from 4,000 years ago to the present, probably because of a reduction in coastal upwelling. This observation is consistent with predictions of atmospheric general circulation models that northwesterly winds, which drive upwelling, became weaker over this period as summer insolation of the Northern Hemisphere decreased.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/358054a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"VanGeen, A., Luoma, N., Fuller, C.C., Anima, R., Clifton, H., and Trumbore, S., 1992, Evidence from Cd/Ca ratios in foraminifera for greater upwelling off California 4,000 years ago: Nature, v. 358, no. 6381, p. 54-56, https://doi.org/10.1038/358054a0.","startPage":"54","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479595,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61v845hk","text":"External Repository"},{"id":225018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"358","issue":"6381","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d59e4b0c8380cd52f80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanGeen, A.","contributorId":84086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanGeen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, N.","contributorId":66430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anima, R.","contributorId":77304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clifton, H.E.","contributorId":44151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Trumbore, S.","contributorId":89287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trumbore","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017295,"text":"70017295 - 1992 - Reconnaissance exploration geochemistry in the central Brooks Range, northern Alaska: Implications for exploration of sediment-hosted zinc-lead-silver deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T00:29:18.358657","indexId":"70017295","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconnaissance exploration geochemistry in the central Brooks Range, northern Alaska: Implications for exploration of sediment-hosted zinc-lead-silver deposits","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>A reconnaissance geochemical survey was conducted in the southern Killik River quadrangle, central Brooks Range, northern Alaska. The Brooks Range lies within the zone of continuous permafrost which may partially inhibit chemical weathering and oxidation. The minus 30-mesh and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrate fractions of sediment samples were chosen as the sample media for the survey so that mechanical rather than chemical dispersion patterns would be enhanced. A total of 263 sites were sampled within the southern half of the Killik River quadrangle at an average sample density of approximately one sample per 12 km<sup>2</sup>. All samples were submitted for multi-element analyses.</p><p>In the western and central Brooks Range, several known sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag(-Ba) deposits occur within a belt of Paleozoic rocks of the Endicott Mountains allochthon. Exploration for this type of deposit in the Brook Range is difficult, due to the inherently high background values for Ba, Zn and Pb in shale and the common occurrence of metamorphic quartz-calcite veins, many of which contain traces of sulfide minerals. Stream sediments derived from these sources produce numerous geochemical anomalies which are not necessarily associated with significant mineralization.</p><p>R-mode factor analysis provides a means of distinguishing between element associations related to lithology and those related to possible mineralization. Factor analysis applied to the multi-element data from the southern Killik River quadrangle resulted in the discovery of two additional Zn-Pb-Ag mineral occurrences of considerable areal extent which are 80–100 km east of any previously known deposit. These have been informally named the Kady and Vidlee. Several lithogeochemical element associations, or factors, and three factors which represent sulfide mineralization were identified: Ag-Pb-Zn (galena and sphalerite) and Fe-Ni-Co-Cu (pyrite ± chalcopyrite) in the concentrate samples and Cd-Zn-Pb-As-Mn in the sediment samples. The distribution of high scores for each individual mineralization factor outlined several relatively large (200–250 km<sup>2</sup>) geochemically favorable areas. When the distribution of high scores for all three factors were superimposed, samples characterized by high scores for one or both of the concentrate mineralization factors<span>&nbsp;</span><i>and</i><span>&nbsp;</span>the mineralization factor in sediments define basin areas of approximately 48 and 64 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>surrounding Kady and Vidlee, respectively.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(92)90028-7","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K., and Kelley, D.L., 1992, Reconnaissance exploration geochemistry in the central Brooks Range, northern Alaska: Implications for exploration of sediment-hosted zinc-lead-silver deposits: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 42, no. 2-3, p. 273-300, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(92)90028-7.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"300","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a96d6e4b0c8380cd821f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelley, D. L.","contributorId":40976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017284,"text":"70017284 - 1992 - Experiments with central-limit properties of spatial samples from locally covariant random fields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:54:44.774452","indexId":"70017284","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3243,"text":"Regional Science and Urban Economics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experiments with central-limit properties of spatial samples from locally covariant random fields","docAbstract":"<p><span>When spatial samples are statistically dependent, the classical estimator of sample-mean standard deviation is well known to be inconsistent. For locally dependent samples, however, consistent estimators of sample-mean standard deviation can be constructed. The present paper investigates the sampling properties of one such estimator, designated as the&nbsp;</span><i>tau estimator</i><span>&nbsp;of sample-mean standard deviation. In particular, the asymptotic normality properties of standardized sample means based on tau estimators are studied in terms of computer experiments with simulated sample-mean distributions. The effects of both sample size and dependency levels among samples are examined for various value of tau (denoting the size of the spatial kernel for the estimator). The results suggest that even for small degrees of spatial dependency, the tau estimator exhibits significantly stronger normality properties than does the classical estimator of standardized sample means.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-0462(92)90036-Z","issn":"01660462","usgsCitation":"Barringer, T.H., and Smith, T.E., 1992, Experiments with central-limit properties of spatial samples from locally covariant random fields: Regional Science and Urban Economics, v. 22, no. 3, p. 387-403, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(92)90036-Z.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"403","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224734,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e01e4b0c8380cd53273","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, T. H.","contributorId":29468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, T. E.","contributorId":23530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017253,"text":"70017253 - 1992 - One-level prediction-A numerical method for estimating undiscovered metal endowment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70017253","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"One-level prediction-A numerical method for estimating undiscovered metal endowment","docAbstract":"One-level prediction has been developed as a numerical method for estimating undiscovered metal endowment within large areas. The method is based on a presumed relationship between a numerical measure of geologic favorability and the spatial distribution of metal endowment. Metal endowment within an unexplored area for which the favorability measure is greater than a favorability threshold level is estimated to be proportional to the area of that unexplored portion. The constant of proportionality is the ratio of the discovered endowment found within a suitably chosen control region, which has been explored, to the area of that explored region. In addition to the estimate of undiscovered endowment, a measure of the error of the estimate is also calculated. One-level prediction has been used to estimate the undiscovered uranium endowment in the San Juan basin, New Mexico, U.S.A. A subroutine to perform the necessary calculations is included. ?? 1992 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01782267","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"McCammon, R., and Kork, J., 1992, One-level prediction-A numerical method for estimating undiscovered metal endowment: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 1, no. 2, p. 139-147, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01782267.","startPage":"139","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205589,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01782267"},{"id":225016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e37e4b0c8380cd7553f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kork, J.O.","contributorId":86831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kork","given":"J.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017205,"text":"70017205 - 1992 - Seasonal dynamics of groundwater-lake interactions at Doñana National Park, Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-26T16:05:04","indexId":"70017205","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal dynamics of groundwater-lake interactions at Doñana National Park, Spain","docAbstract":"<p>The hydrologic and solute budgets of a lake can be strongly influenced by transient groundwater flow. Several shallow interdunal lakes in southwest Spain are in close hydraulic connection with the shallow ground water. Two permanent lakes and one intermittent lake have chloride concentrations that differ by almost an order of magnitude. A two-dimensional solute-transport model, modified to simulate transient groundwater-lake interaction, suggests that the rising water table during the wet season leads to local flow reversals toward the lakes. Response of the individual lakes, however, varies depending on the lake's position in the regional flow system. The most dilute lake is a flow-through lake during the entire year; the through flow is driven by regional groundwater flow. The other permanent lake, which has a higher solute concentration, undergoes seasonal groundwater flow reversals at its downgradient end, resulting in complex seepage patterns and higher solute concentrations in the ground water near the lake. The solute concentration of the intermittent lake is influenced more strongly by the seasonal wetting and drying cycle than by the regional flow system. Although evaporation is the major process affecting the concentration of conservative solutes in the lakes, geochemical and biochemical reactions influence the concentration of nonconservative solutes. Probable reactions in the lakes include biological uptake of solutes and calcite precipitation; probable reactions as lake water seeps into the aquifer are sulfate reduction and calcite dissolution. Seepage reversals can result in water composition that appears inconsistent with predictions based on head measurements because, under transient flow conditions, the flow direction at any instant may not satisfactorily depict the source of the water. Understanding the dynamic nature of groundwater-lake interaction aids in the interpretation of hydrologic and chemical relations between the lakes and the ground water.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90008-J","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sacks, L.A., Herman, J.S., Konikow, L.F., and Vela, A.L., 1992, Seasonal dynamics of groundwater-lake interactions at Doñana National Park, Spain: Journal of Hydrology, v. 136, no. 1-4, p. 123-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90008-J.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"154","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"136","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b889ae4b08c986b316a69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sacks, Laura A.","contributorId":19134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Janet S.","contributorId":62138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vela, Antonio L.","contributorId":78884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vela","given":"Antonio","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017180,"text":"70017180 - 1992 - Energy, time, and channel evolution in catastrophically disturbed fluvial systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T13:28:55","indexId":"70017180","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy, time, and channel evolution in catastrophically disturbed fluvial systems","docAbstract":"<div>Two diverse fluvial systems show that with time, channels adjust such that the rate of energy dissipation is minimized. One fluvial system, characterized by high relief and coarse-grained sediment, was subjected to an explosive volcanic eruption; the other system, characterized by low relief and fine-grained sediment, was subjected to dredging and straightening. Study of the expenditure of kinetic- and potential-energy components of total-mechanical energy provide an energy-based rationale of the interdependency between processes and forms during channel evolution. Spatial and temporal trends of aggradation and degradation are similar although relative amounts of aggradation in the high-energy system are greatly enhanced by the deposition of large amounts of eroded bank material from upstream reaches. Degradation accompanied by widening is the most efficient means of energy dissipation because all components of total-mechanical energy decrease with time. Widening dominates energy dissipation in the coarse-grained system to offset increases in hydraulic depth caused by incision. In the low-energy fine-grained system, channel adjustment and energy dissipation are dominated by vertical processes because of low relative values of kinetic energy, and because eroded bank sediment is transported out of the drainage basin and does not aid in downstream aggradation, energy dissipation, or channel recovery.</div>\n<div>Specific energy is shown to decrease nonlinearly with time during channel evolution and provides a measure of reductions in available energy at the channel bed. Data from two sites show convergence towards a minimum specific energy with time. Time-dependent reductions in specific energy at a point act in concert with minimization of the rate of energy dissipation over a reach during channel evolution as the fluvial systems adjust to a new equilibrium.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(92)90013-E","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Simon, A., 1992, Energy, time, and channel evolution in catastrophically disturbed fluvial systems: Geomorphology, v. 5, no. 3-5, p. 345-372, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(92)90013-E.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"372","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0951e4b0c8380cd51e81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, A.","contributorId":43501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017150,"text":"70017150 - 1992 - Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T16:53:42.972072","indexId":"70017150","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":681,"text":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland","docAbstract":"<p><span>Partitioning available energy between plants and bare soil in sparsely vegetated rangelands will allow hydrologists and others to gain a greater understanding of water use by native vegetation, especially phreatophytes. Standard methods of conducting energy budget studies result in measurements of latent and sensible heat fluxes above the plant canopy which therefore include the energy fluxes from both the canopy and the soil. One-dimensional theoretical numerical models have been proposed recently for the partitioning of energy in sparse crops. Bowen ratio and other micrometeorological data collected over phreatophytes growing in areas of shallow ground water in central Nevada were used to evaluate the feasibility of using these models, which are based on surface and within-canopy aerodynamic resistances, to determine heat and water vapor transport in sparsely vegetated rangelands. The models appear to provide reasonably good estimates of sensible heat flux from the soil and latent heat flux from the canopy. Estimates of latent heat flux from the soil were less satisfactory. Sensible heat flux from the canopy was not well predicted by the present resistance formulations. Also, estimates of total above-canopy fluxes were not satisfactory when using a single value for above-canopy bulk aerodynamic resistance.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0168-1923(92)90039-7","usgsCitation":"Nichols, W., 1992, Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 60, no. 3-4, p. 221-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90039-7.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0946e4b0c8380cd51e53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, William D.","contributorId":98296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017130,"text":"70017130 - 1992 - Use of forecasting signatures to help distinguish periodicity, randomness, and chaos in ripples and other spatial patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-17T21:55:39","indexId":"70017130","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1206,"text":"Chaos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of forecasting signatures to help distinguish periodicity, randomness, and chaos in ripples and other spatial patterns","docAbstract":"Forecasting of one-dimensional time series previously has been used to help distinguish periodicity, chaos, and noise. This paper presents two-dimensional generalizations for making such distinctions for spatial patterns. The techniques are evaluated using synthetic spatial patterns and then are applied to a natural example: ripples formed in sand by blowing wind. Tests with the synthetic patterns demonstrate that the forecasting techniques can be applied to two-dimensional spatial patterns, with the same utility and limitations as when applied to one-dimensional time series. One limitation is that some combinations of periodicity and randomness exhibit forecasting signatures that mimic those of chaos. For example, sine waves distorted with correlated phase noise have forecasting errors that increase with forecasting distance, errors that, are minimized using nonlinear models at moderate embedding dimensions, and forecasting properties that differ significantly between the original and surrogates. Ripples formed in sand by flowing air or water typically vary in geometry from one to another, even when formed in a flow that is uniform on a large scale; each ripple modifies the local flow or sand-transport field, thereby influencing the geometry of the next ripple downcurrent. Spatial forecasting was used to evaluate the hypothesis that such a deterministic process - rather than randomness or quasiperiodicity - is responsible for the variation between successive ripples. This hypothesis is supported by a forecasting error that increases with forecasting distance, a greater accuracy of nonlinear relative to linear models, and significant differences between forecasts made with the original ripples and those made with surrogate patterns. Forecasting signatures cannot be used to distinguish ripple geometry from sine waves with correlated phase noise, but this kind of structure can be ruled out by two geometric properties of the ripples: Successive ripples are highly correlated in wavelength, and ripple crests display dislocations such as branchings and mergers. ?? 1992 American Institute of Physics.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chaos","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1063/1.165894","issn":"10541500","usgsCitation":"Rubin, D.M., 1992, Use of forecasting signatures to help distinguish periodicity, randomness, and chaos in ripples and other spatial patterns: Chaos, v. 2, no. 4, p. 525-536, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.165894.","startPage":"525","endPage":"536","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265846,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.165894"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf11e4b08c986b329937","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, D. M.","contributorId":103689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017083,"text":"70017083 - 1992 - Geochemistry and origin of the Bald Knob manganese deposit, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T16:47:44.034034","indexId":"70017083","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and origin of the Bald Knob manganese deposit, North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p><span>Geochemical and textural evidence for the submarine hydrothermal origin of the Bald Knob Mn deposit, North Carolina, is preserved in a mineralogically diverse suite of rocks that have experienced amphibolite facies metamorphism. Manganese- and Mn-Fe-rich lithologies have high Mn/Fe ratios and low concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, U, Th, and rare earth elements that are similar to concentrations reported from other ancient manganiferous deposits and from crusts and sediments which are forming in hydrothermally active regions of the present sea floor. Manganese- and Ca-rich carbonate minerals, a variety of Mn-rich silicates (including tephroite, the Mn humite-group minerals, spessartine, rhodonite, and pyroxmangite), and the oxides galaxite and jacobsite form fine laminations that represent different bulk compositions. No chemical or textural evidence for replacement of Mn-poor by Mn-rich minerals was found and, in some samples, the same lithologic units are repeated on the scale of a thin section, consistent with a primary sedimentary origin for the layering. Chert, which is one of the country rocks at Bald Knob, and Mn- and Ca-rich carbonate rocks represent original sedimentary protoliths. More than one detrital component may be present in the Mn-rich layers. Biogenic detritus was the probable source of at least some of the siliceous material that allowed for the formation of the Mn-rich silicates. An aluminous detrital component, which probably was derived from a continental or andesitic source, is reflected in spessartine-rich layers. Minor Mn and Co sulfide mineralization (alabandite, cattierite, cobaltite) was contemporaneous with deposition of the Mn-rich sediments. The association of the manganiferous lithologies with chert and meta-igneous rocks (amphibolite) is consistent with deposition of the sediments in a rifting environment, such as a back-arc basin, or possibly, a midocean ridge.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.87.8.2023","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Flohr, M., 1992, Geochemistry and origin of the Bald Knob manganese deposit, North Carolina: Economic Geology, v. 87, no. 8, p. 2023-2040, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.8.2023.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2023","endPage":"2040","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16dae4b0c8380cd552ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flohr, M.J.K.","contributorId":73753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flohr","given":"M.J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016928,"text":"70016928 - 1992 - The Pearlette family ash beds in the Great Plains: Finding their identities and their roots in the Yellowstone country","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:34:24","indexId":"70016928","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Pearlette family ash beds in the Great Plains: Finding their identities and their roots in the Yellowstone country","docAbstract":"For many years the numerous deposits of so-called 'Pearlette volcanic ash' in the Great Plains region of the United States were considered to be the remnants of the same volcanic event, and were used as a time-stratigraphic marker of probable Middle Pleistocene age. Although a few early workers had suggested that more than one air-fall event might be represented among the Pearlette occurrences, it was not until the latter half of the present century, after identification of volcanic ash beds by detailed chemical and mineralogical methods had been developed, that it could be established that the 'Pearlette family' of volcanic ashes included three ash beds of subtly differing characteristics. Development of isotopic methods of age determination has established that the ages of the three are significantly different (2.09, 1.29, and 0.60 Ma). The area of distribution of the Pearlette family ash beds was found to include not only the Great Plains, but also to extend across the Rocky Mountain and the Basin and Range provinces to the Pacific Ocean. The search for the sources of these three similar appearing ash beds, facilitated greatly by information gained from concurrent mapping projects underway in areas of major Late Cenozoic volcanic activity in western United States, ultimately led to the sites of the caldera-forming eruptions in the Yellowstone National Park region. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(92)90003-K","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, R., and Naeser, C.W., 1992, The Pearlette family ash beds in the Great Plains: Finding their identities and their roots in the Yellowstone country: Quaternary International, v. 13-14, no. C, p. 9-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(92)90003-K.","startPage":"9","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270046,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(92)90003-K"}],"volume":"13-14","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba87de4b08c986b321c74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, R.E.","contributorId":107348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016924,"text":"70016924 - 1992 - Sampling design for spatially distributed hydrogeologic and environmental processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:25:04.145988","indexId":"70016924","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling design for spatially distributed hydrogeologic and environmental processes","docAbstract":"<p><span>A methodology for the design of sampling networks over space is proposed. The methodology is based on spatial random field representations of nonhomogeneous natural processes, and on optimal spatial estimation techniques. One of the most important results of random field theory for physical sciences is its rationalization of correlations in spatial variability of natural processes. This correlation is extremely important both for interpreting spatially distributed observations and for predictive performance. The extent of site sampling and the types of data to be collected will depend on the relationship of subsurface variability to predictive uncertainty. While hypothesis formulation and initial identification of spatial variability characteristics are based on scientific understanding (such as knowledge of the physics of the underlying phenomena, geological interpretations, intuition and experience), the support offered by field data is statistically modelled. This model is not limited by the geometric nature of sampling and covers a wide range in subsurface uncertainties. A factorization scheme of the sampling error variance is derived, which possesses certain atttactive properties allowing significant savings in computations. By means of this scheme, a practical sampling design procedure providing suitable indices of the sampling error variance is established. These indices can be used by way of multiobjective decision criteria to obtain the best sampling strategy. Neither the actual implementation of the in-situ sampling nor the solution of the large spatial estimation systems of equations are necessary. The required values of the accuracy parameters involved in the network design are derived using reference charts (readily available for various combinations of data configurations and spatial variability parameters) and certain simple yet accurate analytical formulas. Insight is gained by applying the proposed sampling procedure to realistic examples related to sampling problems in two dimensions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(92)90008-P","usgsCitation":"Christakos, G., and Olea, R., 1992, Sampling design for spatially distributed hydrogeologic and environmental processes: Advances in Water Resources, v. 15, no. 4, p. 219-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(92)90008-P.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224858,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab079e4b0c8380cd87b19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christakos, G.","contributorId":87685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christakos","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016896,"text":"70016896 - 1992 - Age and nature of the basement in northeastern Washington and northern Idaho: isotopic evidence from Mesozoic and Cenozoic granitoids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T00:19:55.863815","indexId":"70016896","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and nature of the basement in northeastern Washington and northern Idaho: isotopic evidence from Mesozoic and Cenozoic granitoids","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>K-feldspar Pb and whole rock Nd isotopic analyses from 25 Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic rocks and two gneisses from NE Washington and northern Idaho are used to elucidate the age and nature of the concealed cratonic basement. The plutons form two highly distinct isotopie groups: Group I (hornblende-biotite and two-mica plutons of all ages) have Pb isotopie compositions suggesting derivation from rocks of the Belt Supergroup or their metamorphosed equivalents, although Nd isotopie data can only support this model if there was a significant input of juvenile mantle-derived or ancient light REE-depleted material. Group II (hornblende-biotite of Eocene age) have highly retarded Pb isotopie compositions relative to the present day crustal average and require a source region with long-term U (and other LIL) depletion, characteristic of cratonic lower crust. A U-Pb zircon upper intercept age of ca. 2600 Ma obtained from one of the Group II samples, together with Sm-Nd data from the gneisses, indicates possible late-Archean crust at depth, which acted as a source region for Eocene extension-related plutonism. Isotopie compositions and apparent geochemical evolution do not support a direct correlation with the nearest exposed North American Craton in the Wyoming province. If it represents attenuated pre-Mesozoic craton, then it must have been accreted to the craton prior to development of the miogeocline in the Late Proterozoic. Alternatively, it may be part of the Cordilleria terrane accreted to the craton in the Early Cretaceous.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629622","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Whitehouse, M., Stacey, J.S., and Miller, F.K., 1992, Age and nature of the basement in northeastern Washington and northern Idaho: isotopic evidence from Mesozoic and Cenozoic granitoids: Journal of Geology, v. 100, no. 6, p. 691-701, https://doi.org/10.1086/629622.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"691","endPage":"701","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8dee4b0c8380cd47f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitehouse, M.J.","contributorId":87699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehouse","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stacey, J. S.","contributorId":72785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stacey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, F. K.","contributorId":10803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016862,"text":"70016862 - 1992 - Placer and lode platinum-group minerals in south Kalimantan, Indonesia: Evidence for derivation from Alaskan-type ultramafic intrusions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T14:35:46.259299","indexId":"70016862","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":941,"text":"Australian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Placer and lode platinum-group minerals in south Kalimantan, Indonesia: Evidence for derivation from Alaskan-type ultramafic intrusions","docAbstract":"<p><span>Platinum‐group element minerals (PGM) occur in significant proportions in placer deposits in several localities in South Kalimantan. They consist of Pt‐Fe alloy that may be intergrown with or contain inclusions of Ir‐Os‐Ru alloy, laurite and chromite. Alluvial PGM found along Sungai Tambanio are in part derived from chromitite schlieren in dunitic bodies intruded into clinopyroxene cumulates that may be part of an Alaskan‐type ultramafic complex. A chromitite schlieren in serpentinite from one of these dunitic bodies is anomalous in PGE (Pt: 580 ppb; Pd: 3.4 ppb; Rh: 1 ppb; Ru: 9 ppb; Ir: 21 ppb; and Os: 3.9 ppb). The chondrite‐normalized PGE pattern for this rock, pan concentrates from this area, and PGM concentrates from diamond‐Au‐PGM placer deposits have an ‘M'‐shaped pattern enriched in Ir and Pt that is typical of PGE‐mineralization associated with Alaskan‐type ultramafic complexes.</span><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><strong></strong></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08120099208728033","usgsCitation":"Zientek, M.L., Pardiarto, B., Simandjuntak, H.R., Wikrama, A., Oscarson, R.L., Meier, A.L., and Carlson, R.R., 1992, Placer and lode platinum-group minerals in south Kalimantan, Indonesia: Evidence for derivation from Alaskan-type ultramafic intrusions: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, no. 3, p. 405-417, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099208728033.","productDescription":"13","startPage":"405","endPage":"417","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224663,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Indonesia","state":"South Kalimantan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              114.65945835600536,\n              -4.2368231340230835\n            ],\n            [\n              115.59459857259452,\n              -3.815204863732106\n            ],\n            [\n              115.74781363632894,\n              -2.892224665820109\n            ],\n            [\n              115.087403878852,\n              -2.739194623430407\n            ],\n            [\n              114.54850951674905,\n              -3.5410405620093997\n            ],\n            [\n              114.6119088534673,\n              -4.226285382436345\n            ],\n            [\n              114.66474163406554,\n              -4.2526294920889285\n            ],\n            [\n              114.65945835600536,\n              -4.2526294920889285\n            ],\n            [\n              114.65945835600536,\n              -4.2368231340230835\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b89e4b0c8380cd794cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zientek, M. L.","contributorId":6118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pardiarto, B.","contributorId":302915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pardiarto","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":865822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simandjuntak, H. R. W.","contributorId":302916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simandjuntak","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":865823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wikrama, A.","contributorId":302917,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wikrama","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":865824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oscarson, Robert L. roscarson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oscarson","given":"Robert","email":"roscarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":865825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meier, A. L.","contributorId":302918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":865826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Carlson, R. R.","contributorId":75918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":865827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70016861,"text":"70016861 - 1992 - Semiempirical model of soil water hysteresis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T06:12:59","indexId":"70016861","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Semiempirical model of soil water hysteresis","docAbstract":"<p>In order to represent hysteretic soil water retention curves accurately using as few measurements as possible, a new semiempirical model has been developed. It has two postulates related to physical characteristics of the medium, and two parameters, each with a definite physical interpretation, whose values are determined empirically for a given porous medium. One parameter represents the fraction of the pore space that is not subject to Haines jump hysteresis. Its associated postulate is that a single value of this parameter characterizes a given medium, or, equivalently, that the medium is self-similar with respect to the division between hysteretic and nonhysteretic pore space. The second parameter is the effective body-to-neck size ratio of the medium's largest pore. The second postulate specifies a particular relation between the size distributions of pore bodies and of pore necks. Tests of the model show that it provides high-quality optimized fits to measured water content vs. matric pressure wetting curves for a wide variety of media. The parameter values obtained through optimization correlate plausibly with such media properties as uniformity of particles, complexity of structure, and degree of compaction. A practical use of this model is to provide a complete simulated main wetting curve for a medium where only a main drying curve and two points on the wetting curve have been measured. With additional development, it may be possible to do without the two measured wetting points if parameters can be evaluated from other measurements or known properties of the medium.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060011x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., 1992, Semiempirical model of soil water hysteresis: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 56, no. 6, p. 1723-1730, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060011x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1723","endPage":"1730","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d0ee4b08c986b318248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016847,"text":"70016847 - 1992 - Petrology of lavas from episodes 2-47 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Evaluation of magmatic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016847","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of lavas from episodes 2-47 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Evaluation of magmatic processes","docAbstract":"The Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii is one of its largest and most compositionally varied historical eruptions. The mineral and whole-rock compositions of the Puu Oo lavas indicate that there were three compositionally distinct magmas involved in the eruption. Two of these magmas were differentiated (<6.8 wt% MgO) and were apparently stored in the rift zone prior to the eruption. A third, more mafic magma (9-10 wt% MgO) was probably intruded as a dike from Kilauea's summit reservoir just before the start of the eruption. Its intrusion forced the other two magmas to mix, forming a hybrid that erupted during the first three eruptive episodes from a fissure system of vents. A new hybrid was erupted during episode 3 from the vent where Puu Oo later formed. The composition of the lava erupted from this vent became progressively more mafic over the next 21 months, although significant compositional variation occurred within some eruptive episodes. The intra-episode compositional variation was probably due to crystal fractionation in the shallow (0.0-2.9 km), dike-shaped (i.e. high surface area/volume ratio) and open-topped Puu Oo magma reservoir. The long-term compositional variation was controlled largely by mixing the early hybrid with the later, more mafic magma. The percentage of mafic magma in the erupted lava increased progressively to 100% by episode 30 (about two years after the eruption started). Three separate magma reservoirs were involved in the Puu Oo eruption. The two deeper reservoirs (3-4 km) recharged the shallow (0.4-2.9 km) Puu Oo reservoir. Recharge of the shallow reservoir occurred rapidly during an eruption indicating that these reservoirs were well connected. The connection with the early hybrid magma body was cut off before episode 30. Subsequently, only mafic magma from the summit reservoir has recharged the Puu Oo reservoir. ?? 1992 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00301115","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Garcia, M., Rhodes, J., Wolfe, E., Ulrich, G., and Ho, R., 1992, Petrology of lavas from episodes 2-47 of the Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Evaluation of magmatic processes: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 55, no. 1-2, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301115.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205485,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301115"},{"id":224466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7833e4b0c8380cd78670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, M.O.","contributorId":47868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"M.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhodes, J.M.","contributorId":31110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, E.W.","contributorId":57470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ulrich, G. E.","contributorId":88737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulrich","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ho, R.A.","contributorId":68887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ho","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70016685,"text":"70016685 - 1992 - Late Cretaceous inoceramid bivalves of the Kuskokwim Basin, southwestern Alaska, and their implications for basin evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-18T11:22:15.953259","indexId":"70016685","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cretaceous inoceramid bivalves of the Kuskokwim Basin, southwestern Alaska, and their implications for basin evolution","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-content\"><div class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"><p>Upper Cretaceous rocks of the Kuskokwim Group are exposed in a large region of southwestern Alaska and are mainly composed of deformed turbidite deposits that contain few fossils other than inoceramid bivalves. This paper documents the taxonomy of the inoceramids in the Kuskokwim Group, develops an inoceramid biostratigraphy based on known ranges in other regions, and analyzes biogeographic patterns, paleoecology, and depositional history of the Kuskokwim Group.</p><p>Most of the inoceramid bivalves present in the Kuskokwim Group are of Cenomanian and Turonian age, and an assemblage of species typical of late Turonian age rocks is particularly well developed. Only two localities appear to be as young as Santonian age. The following 16 species or subspecies are discussed and illustrated in detail:<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Birostrina tamurai</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Matsumoto and Noda,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Inoceramus virgatus</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Schlüter,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. pennatulus</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Pergament,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. pictus minus</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Matsumoto,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>cf.<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. yabei</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Nagao and Matsumoto,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I.</span>? sp. aff.<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. costatus</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Nagao and Matsumoto,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. hobetsensis</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Nagao and Matsumoto,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. longealatus</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Tröger,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. frechi</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Flegel,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. waltersdorfensis waltersdorfensis</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Andert,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>cf.<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. waltersdorfensis hannovrensis</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Heinz,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. kuskokwimensis</span><span>&nbsp;</span>n. sp.,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Mytiloides</span><span>&nbsp;</span>cf.<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">M. opalensis</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(Böse),<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">M. teraokai</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(Matsumoto and Noda),<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">M.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>cf.<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">M. incertus</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(Jimbo), and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Sphenoceramus naumanni</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(Yokoyama). In addition, a specimen with affinities to<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">Mytiloides striatoconcentricus carpathicus</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(Simionescu) and a specimen that may belong to the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. (Cremnoceramus?) rotundatus–I.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(<span class=\"italic\">C</span>.)<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">erectus</span><span>&nbsp;</span>lineage are illustrated.</p><p>Most of the taxa present in the Kuskokwim region are found in other regions of the North Pacific, particularly Japan and eastern Siberia, or are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Only one species,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">I. kuskokwimensis</span><span>&nbsp;</span>n. sp., is new and may be endemic. North Pacific taxa are predominant in the Kuskokwim region, but intervals near the Cenomanian–Turonian Stage boundary and in the upper Turonian contain taxa characteristic of Europe and the Western Interior basin of North America; some of these taxa have not been recorded previously in the North Pacific region. Turonian heteromorph ammonite assemblages associated with inoceramids in the finer grained facies of the Kuskokwim region are similar to those found in coeval rocks of Japan and Germany.</p><p>The depositional area of the Kuskokwim Group can be broken into two northeast-trending subbasins, the Kuskokwim River subbasin to the northwest and the Mulchatna River subbasin to the southeast, connected by the Nushagak Hills corridor. Within the Kuskokwim River subbasin, deposition apparently started earlier in the north (middle Cenomanian) than in the south (late Cenomanian to early Turonian), and prograding deltaic sedimentation along the western margin also appears to have started earlier in the north. No marine fossils younger than latest Turonian to earliest Coniacian are known from the Kuskokwim River subbasin. The youngest fossils identified are Santonian in age and are from deep-water deposits in the Nushagak Hills corridor. Few fossils are known from the Mulchatna River subbasin and age control is limited.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University","doi":"10.1017/S0022336000061400","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Elder, W., and Box, S.E., 1992, Late Cretaceous inoceramid bivalves of the Kuskokwim Basin, southwestern Alaska, and their implications for basin evolution: Journal of Paleontology, v. 66, no. 2 Suppl., 39 p., https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000061400.","productDescription":"39 p.","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"2 Suppl.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44d5e4b0c8380cd66e16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, W.P.","contributorId":65467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Box, S. E.","contributorId":38567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016673,"text":"70016673 - 1992 - The stable isotope geochemistry of acid sulfate alteration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T17:18:34.020347","indexId":"70016673","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The stable isotope geochemistry of acid sulfate alteration","docAbstract":"<p><span>Acid sulfate wall-rock alteration, characterized by the assemblage alunite + kaolinite + quartz + or - pyrite, results from base leaching by fluids concentrated in H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;. Requisite amounts of H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;can be generated by different mechanisms in three principal geologic environments: (1) by atmospheric oxidation of sulfides in the supergene environment, (2) by atmospheric oxidation at the water table in the steam-heated environment of H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S released by deeper, boiling fluids, and (3) by the disproportionation of magmatic SO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;to H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S and H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;during condensation of a magmatic vapor plume at intermediate depths in magmatic hydrothermal environments in silicic and andesitic volcanic terranes. In addition, coarse vein alunite may form in a magmatic steam environment from rapid release of an SO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;-rich magmatic vapor phase at high temperature and low pressure or from the oxidation of a more reduced magmatic vapor by entrained atmospheric oxygen in the carapace of a volcanic edifice.Alunite [KAl&nbsp;</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;(SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;)&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;(OH)&nbsp;</span><sub>6</sub><span>&nbsp;] contains four stable isotope sites and complete analyses (delta D, delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;) , delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O&nbsp;</span><sub>OH</sub><span>&nbsp;, and delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S) are now possible. Except for delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O&nbsp;</span><sub>OH</sub><span>&nbsp;in magmatic hydrothermal alunites, primary values are usually retained. In cooperation with many colleagues, over 500 measurements have been made on nearly 200 samples of alunite and associated minerals from 23 localities, and 55 additional analyses have been taken from the literature. This survey confirms that kinetic factors play an important role in the stable isotope systematics of alunite and acid sulfate alteration. To a very large extent they form the isotopic basis for distinguishing between environments of acid sulfate alteration, and they provide important insights into attendant processes. Stable isotope analyses of alunite, often in combination with those on associated sulfides and kaolinite, permit recognition of environments of formation and provide information on origins of components, processes (including rates), physical-chemical environments, and temperatures of formation.Supergene acid sulfate alteration may form over any sulfide zone when it is raised above the water table by tectonics or exposed by erosion. It may overprint earlier acid sulfate assemblages, particularly the magmatic hydrothermal assemblages which are pyrite rich such as at El Salvador, Chile; Rodalquilar, Spain; and Goldfield, Nevada. Supergene alunite normally has delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S values virtually identical to precursor sulfides unless bacteriogenic reduction of aqueous sulfate takes place in standing pools of water. delta D values are close to that of local meteoric water unless extensive evaporation occurs. delta D and delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O&nbsp;</span><sub>OH</sub><span>&nbsp;values of supergene alunites from a range of latitudes fall in a broad zone parallel to the meteoric water line much the way delta D and delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O values of associated halloysite-kaolinite fall near the kaolinite line of Savin and Epstein (1970). delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;) values are kinetically controlled and will reflect the hydro-geochemistry of the environment. delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;-OH) alues are grossly out of equilibrium and large negative values are definitive of a supergene origin.In steam-heated environments, such as those at the Tolfa district, Italy, and Marysvale, Utah, and numerous modern geothermal systems, acid sulfate alteration zones are characterized by pronounced vertical zoning. Such acid sulfate alteration may occur over adularia-sericite-type base and precious metal ore deposits such as the one at Buckskin, Nevada. Initial delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;) and delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S values are kinetically controlled, but delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;) values usually reach equilibrium with fluids, and even delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S values may reflect partial exchange with H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S where the residence time of aqueous sulfate is sufficient. Most alunites of steam-heated origin have delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S values the same as those of precursor H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S (and as related sulfides, if present) and delta D values similar to that of local meteoric water. In the samples analyzed, most delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;-OH) values give reasonable temperatures of 90 degrees to 160 degrees C, indicating that delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;) and delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O&nbsp;</span><sub>OH</sub><span>&nbsp;values reflect a close approach to equilibrium with the fluid. The delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;) and delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O&nbsp;</span><sub>OH</sub><span>&nbsp;values also reflect the degree of exchange of the meteoric fluids with wall rock. Coeval kaolinites typically have delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O and delta D values to the left of the kaolinitc line.Magmatic hydrothermal, acid sulfate alteration zones in near-surface epithermal deposits such as Summitville, Colorado. Julcani, Peru, and Red Mountain and Lake City, Colorado, are characterized by vertical orientation and horizontal zoning, the presence of coeval pyrite, PO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;analogues of alunite, zunyite, and later gold, pyrite and enargite, and often other Cu-As-Sb-S minerals. Acid sulfate alteration assemblages also occur as late stages in the porphyry-copper deposit at E1 Salvador, Chile. In the examples studied, magmatic hydrothermal alunites have delta D values close to those for magmatic water. delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S values are 16 to 28 per mil larger than those for associated pyrite, reflecting equilibrium between aqueous H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S and SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;formed by the disproportionation of magmatically derived SO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;. delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;) values are usually 8 to 18 per mil and vary systematically with delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S values, reflecting variations in temperature and/or H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S/SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;fluid ratios. Further variation in delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;) values may result if SO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;condenses in mixed magmatic meteoric water fluids. delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO (sub 4-) OH) values of magmatic hydrothermal alunites are generally unsuitable for temperature determinations because of retrograde exchange in the OH site, but delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S (sub alunite-pyrite) values provide reliable temperature estimates.Magmatic steam environments appear to occur over a range of depths and are characterized by monomineralic veins of coarse alunite in variably alunitized and kaolinized wall rocks containing minor pyrite. Alunite formed in the magmatic steam environment can usually be recognized by delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S near delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S (sub Sigma S) values and delta D and delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO&nbsp;</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;) values near magmatic values. Magmatic steam alunite differs from magmatic hydrothermal alunite by having delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S close to delta&nbsp;</span><sup>34</sup><span>&nbsp;S (sub Sigma S) values of the system. delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub SO (sub 4-) OH) values of most magmatic steam alunite give temperatures ranging from 90 degrees to 210 degrees C but, for reasons which are not understood, some temperatures as well as calculated delta&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;O (sub H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;O) values are too low for presumed precipitation from a magmatic vapor phase. Magmatic steam environments may occur over porphyry-type mineralization as at Red Mountain, Colorado, and Alunite Ridge, Utah, and over or adjacent to adularia-sericite-type deposits in volcanic domes as at Cactus, California.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.87.2.225","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Bethke, P.M., and Wasserman, M., 1992, The stable isotope geochemistry of acid sulfate alteration: Economic Geology, v. 87, no. 2, p. 225-262, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.2.225.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb064e4b08c986b324e2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bethke, P. M.","contributorId":32921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wasserman, M.D.","contributorId":77949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserman","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016577,"text":"70016577 - 1992 - Environmental benefits vs. costs of geologic mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016577","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental benefits vs. costs of geologic mapping","docAbstract":"Boone and Winnebago Counties, Illinois, U.S.A., were selected for this study, required by the Illinois State Senate, because mapping and environmental interpretations were completed there in 1981. Costs of geologic mapping in these counties in 1990 dollars were $290,000. Two estimates of costs of statewide mapping were made, one extrapolated from Boone and Winnebago Counties ($21 million), the other estimated on the basis of differences between the Boone/Winnebago program and proposed mapping program for the State of Illinois ($55 million). Benefits of geologic information come in the form of future avoided costs for environmental cleanup. Only the quantifiable data, available from a few sites, were included. Data collection, based on 55 personal interviews in Boone and Winnebago Counties, were grouped into four cumulative categories with increasing variability. Geologic maps alone cannot account for all avoided costs of future cleanup. Therefore, estimated benefits were reduced by 50, 75, and 90 percent in three scenarios. To account for delays in proper utilization of knowledge gained from a mapping program, a 10-yr delay in benefit realization was assumed. All benefits were converted to 1990 dollars. In benefit category 4, benefit-cost ratios for Boone/Winnebago Counties ranged between 5 and 55. Statewide projection of benefits was based on county areas and an aquifer contamination potential score for each county. Statewide benefit-cost ratio in benefit category 4 ranged from 1.2 to 14 ($21 million mapping costs) and from 0.5 to 5.4 ($55 million mapping costs). ?? 1992 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01740575","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Bhagwat, S., and Berg, R.C., 1992, Environmental benefits vs. costs of geologic mapping: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 19, no. 1, p. 33-40, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01740575.","startPage":"33","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205328,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01740575"},{"id":223018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09a2e4b0c8380cd51fd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bhagwat, S.B.","contributorId":58025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhagwat","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berg, R. C.","contributorId":11673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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