{"pageNumber":"3511","pageRowStart":"87750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":70175559,"text":"70175559 - 1998 - Foreword","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T16:32:58","indexId":"70175559","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foreword","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03161667","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.M., Scott, M.L., and Patten, D., 1998, Foreword: Wetlands, v. 18, no. 4, p. 497-497, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161667.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"497","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326603,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b43946e4b03bcb01039fbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, Michael L. scottm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Michael","email":"scottm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":645691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patten, Duncan","contributorId":146522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patten","given":"Duncan","affiliations":[{"id":13655,"text":"Montana State Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":645692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021105,"text":"70021105 - 1998 - Sources of crustal deformation associated with the Krafla, Iceland, eruption of September 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T00:24:07.474422","indexId":"70021105","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of crustal deformation associated with the Krafla, Iceland, eruption of September 1984","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A decade-long plate-boundary rifting episode in northern Iceland ended with the September 1984 fissure eruption of Krafla volcano. We apply a nonlinear inversion method to geodetic data collected before and after the eruption to infer the location, geometry, and strengths of deformation sources associated with the eruption. The net outflow of magma from a 3-km-deep magma chamber beneath the Krafla caldera was 30−120× 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m³. A similar volume of magma, 50−70×10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m³, was emplaced in a 1-meter-wide, ∼9-km-long dike extending from the surface to ∼7 km depth. Furthermore, at least 110×10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m³ of magma erupted. Accordingly, a surplus of magma must have been expelled from a second reservoir, the location of which, although uncertain, is likely to lie at depths greater than ∼5 km beneath Krafla volcano. It would be difficult to detect this deeper source because of the narrow aperture of the geodetic networks.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98GL50655","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Arnadottir, T., Sigmundsson, F., and Delaney, P., 1998, Sources of crustal deformation associated with the Krafla, Iceland, eruption of September 1984: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 7, p. 1043-1046, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL50655.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1043","endPage":"1046","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487390,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98gl50655","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b936de4b08c986b31a4ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnadottir, T.","contributorId":80830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnadottir","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sigmundsson, F.","contributorId":50314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sigmundsson","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Delaney, P.T.","contributorId":69980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020520,"text":"70020520 - 1998 - Tectonic Processes on Europa: Tidal Stresses, Mechanical Response, and Visible Features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70020520","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic Processes on Europa: Tidal Stresses, Mechanical Response, and Visible Features","docAbstract":"Europa's orbital eccentricity, driven by the resonance with Io and Ganymede, results in \"diurnal\" tides (3.5-day period) and possibly in nonsynchronous rotation. Both diurnal variation and nonsynchronous rotation can create significant stress fields on Europa's surface, and both effects may produce cracking. Patterns and time sequences of apparent tectonic features on Europa include lineaments that correlate with both sources of stress, if we take into account nonsynchronous rotation, after initial crack formation, by amounts ranging up to several tens of degrees. For example, the crosscutting time sequence of features in the Cadmus and Minos Linea region is consistent with a combined diurnal and nonsynchronous tensile-stress field, as it evolves during tens of degrees of nonsynchronous rotation. Constraints on the rotation rate from comparing Voyager and Galileo images show that significant rotation requires 104yr, but could be fast enough to have allowed significant rotation since the last global resurfacing, even if such resurfacing was as recent as a few million years ago. Once cracking is initiated, diurnal tides work cracks so that they open and close daily. Although the daily effect is small, over 105yr double ridges could plausibly be built along the cracks with sizes and morphologies consistent with observed structures, according to a model in which underlying liquid water fills the open cracks, partially freezes, and is extruded during the daily closing of the cracks. Thus, several lines of observational and theoretical evidence can be integrated if we assume nonsynchronous rotation and the existence of a liquid water layer. ?? 1998 Academic Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1998.5986","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Greenberg, R., Geissler, P., Hoppa, G., Tufts, B., Durda, D., Pappalardo, R., Head, J., Greeley, R., Sullivan, R., and Carr, M.H., 1998, Tectonic Processes on Europa: Tidal Stresses, Mechanical Response, and Visible Features: Icarus, v. 135, no. 1, p. 64-78, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5986.","startPage":"64","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206950,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.5986"},{"id":231336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba44de4b08c986b320235","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenberg, R.","contributorId":26778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geissler, P.","contributorId":45662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoppa, G.","contributorId":80856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoppa","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tufts, B.R.","contributorId":93225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tufts","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Durda, D.D.","contributorId":67688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durda","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pappalardo, R.","contributorId":84924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pappalardo","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Head, J.W.","contributorId":67982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sullivan, R.","contributorId":63134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":386532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70020521,"text":"70020521 - 1998 - Organic carbon accumulation and preservation in surface sediments on the Peru margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70020521","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic carbon accumulation and preservation in surface sediments on the Peru margin","docAbstract":"Concentrations and characteristics of organic matter in surface sediments deposited under an intense oxygen-minimum zone on the Peru margin were studied in samples from deck-deployed box cores and push cores acquired by submersible on two transects spanning depths of 75 to 1000 m at 12??and 13.5??S. The source of organic matter to the seafloor in these areas is almost entirely marine material as confirmed by the narrow range of ??13C of organic carbon obtained in the present study (-20.3 to -21.6???; PDB) and the lack of any relationship between pyrolysis hydrogen index and carbon isotope composition. Organic carbon contents are highest (up to 16%) on the slope at depths between 75 and 350 m in sediments deposited under intermediate water masses with low dissolved oxygen concentrations (< 5 ??mol/kg). Even at these low concentrations of dissolved oxygen, however, the surface sediments that were recovered from these depths are dominantly unlaminated. Strong currents (up to 30 cm/s) associated with the poleward-flowing Peru Undercurrent were measured at depths between 160 and 300 m on both transects. The seafloor in this range of water depths is characterized by bedforms stabilized by bacterial mats, extensive authigenic mineral crusts, and (or) thick organic flocs. Constant advection of dissolved oxygen, although in low concentrations, active resuspension of surficial organic matter, activity of organisms, and transport of fine-grained sediment to and from more oxygenated zones all contribute to greater degradation and poorer initial preservation of organic matter than might be expected under oxygen-deficient conditions. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations ultimately may be the dominant affect on organic matter characteristics, but reworking of fine-grained sediment and organic matter by strong bottom currents and redeposition on the seafloor in areas of lower energy also exert important controls on organic carbon concentration and degree of oxidation in this region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00120-X","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Arthur, M., Dean, W., and Laarkamp, K., 1998, Organic carbon accumulation and preservation in surface sediments on the Peru margin: Chemical Geology, v. 152, no. 3-4, p. 273-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00120-X.","startPage":"273","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206951,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00120-X"},{"id":231337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f8ee4b0c8380cd75b5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laarkamp, K.","contributorId":74161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laarkamp","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020448,"text":"70020448 - 1998 - The chemical evolution of Kurnub Group palcowater in the Sinai-Negev province - A mass balance approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70020448","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemical evolution of Kurnub Group palcowater in the Sinai-Negev province - A mass balance approach","docAbstract":"The chemical evolution of the Kurnub Group paleowater was studied starting from rainwater in recharge areas of the Sinai and along groundwater flowpaths leading to the natural outlets of this regional aquifer. This was achieved by investigating the chemical composition of groundwater, ionic ratios, degrees of saturation with common mineral species, normative analysis of dissolved salts and by modeling of rock/water interaction and mixing processes occurring along groundwater flow paths. The initial groundwater composition used is from the Nakhel well in Sinai. It evolves from desert rainwater percolating through typical Kurnub Group lithology in Sinai. This rainwater dissolves mainly gypsum, halite and dolomite together with smaller amounts of marine aerosol and K-feldspar. At the same time it precipitates calcite, SiO2, smectite and degasses CO2. Between the area of Nakhel and the northern Negev the chemistry of Kurnub Group waters is influenced by dissolution of halite and lesser amounts of gypsum of surficial origin in recharge areas, small amounts of feldspars and of dolomite cement in sandstones eroded from the Arabo-Nubian igneous massif of Sinai and organic degradation-derived CO2. Concomitantly, there is precipitation of calcite, smectite, SiO2 and probably analcime characteristic of sediments in continental closed basins. North of the Negev, the Kurnub Group fluids are diluted and altered by mixing with Judea Group aquifer groundwaters. On the E there is mixing with residual brines from the water body ancestral to the Dead Sea, prior to discharge into the Arava valley. Rock/water interaction indicated by NETPATH and PHREEQC modeling is in agreement with lithology and facies changes previously observed in the Kurnub Group sequence.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00092-9","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Rosenthal, E., Jones, B., and Weinberger, G., 1998, The chemical evolution of Kurnub Group palcowater in the Sinai-Negev province - A mass balance approach: Applied Geochemistry, v. 13, no. 5, p. 553-569, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00092-9.","startPage":"553","endPage":"569","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206986,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00092-9"},{"id":231485,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa2be4b08c986b32273d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenthal, E.","contributorId":72562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenthal","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weinberger, G.","contributorId":70958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weinberger","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000642,"text":"1000642 - 1998 - Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region of ciscoes (genus <i>Coregonus</i>): Taxonomic implications for the Great Lakes species flock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T13:32:24","indexId":"1000642","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region of ciscoes (genus <i>Coregonus</i>): Taxonomic implications for the Great Lakes species flock","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sequence variation in the control region (D-loop) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was examined to assess the genetic distinctiveness of the shortjaw cisco (</span><i>Coregonus zenithicus</i><span>). Individuals from within the Great Lakes Basin as well as inland lakes outside the basin were sampled. DNA fragments containing the entire D-loop were amplified by PCR from specimens of</span><i>C. zenithicus</i><span>&nbsp;and the related species&nbsp;</span><i>C. artedi</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>C. hoyi</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>C. kiyi</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>C. clupeaformis</i><span>. DNA sequence analysis revealed high similarity within and among species and shared polymorphism for length variants. Based on this analysis, the shortjaw cisco is not genetically distinct from other cisco species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00419.x","usgsCitation":"Reed, K.M., Dorschner, M.O., Todd, T.N., and Phillips, R.B., 1998, Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region of ciscoes (genus <i>Coregonus</i>): Taxonomic implications for the Great Lakes species flock: Molecular Ecology, v. 7, p. 1091-1096, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00419.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1091","endPage":"1096","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Kent M.","contributorId":75094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorschner, Michael O.","contributorId":35676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorschner","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Todd, Thomas N.","contributorId":42547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, Ruth B.","contributorId":9607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000645,"text":"1000645 - 1998 - Longevity of Lake Superior lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T13:44:09","indexId":"1000645","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Longevity of Lake Superior lake trout","docAbstract":"<p><span>The age structure of mature lake trout&nbsp;</span><i>Salvelinus namaycush</i><span>&nbsp;from the Wisconsin waters of Lake Superior increased following a population recovery that has taken place since the 1960s. As the population aged, it became apparent that scales were unreliable aging structures. Beginning in 1986, we examined both scale and sagittal otolith ages from tagged fish with a known period at liberty. We found large discrepancies in scale and sagittal otolith ages of mature fish, such that scale ages were biased low. We estimated lake trout living up to 42 years, which is greater than previously reported from Lake Superior. Investigators studying lake trout population dynamics in the Great Lakes should be aware that lake trout can live longer than previously thought.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0700:LOLSLT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Schram, S.T., and Fabrizio, M.C., 1998, Longevity of Lake Superior lake trout: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 18, no. 3, p. 700-703, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0700:LOLSLT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"700","endPage":"703","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63f02d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schram, Stephen T.","contributorId":59384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schram","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fabrizio, Mary C.","contributorId":77471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabrizio","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020459,"text":"70020459 - 1998 - Oceanic methane hydrate: The character of the Blake Ridge hydrate stability zone, and the potential for methane extraction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T17:01:38","indexId":"70020459","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2418,"text":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oceanic methane hydrate: The character of the Blake Ridge hydrate stability zone, and the potential for methane extraction","docAbstract":"Oceanic methane hydrates are mineral deposits formed from a crystalline 'ice' of methane and water in sea-floor sediments (buried to less than about 1 km) in water depths greater than about 500 m; economic hydrate deposits are probably restricted to water depths of between 1.5 km and 4 km. Gas hydrates increase a sediment's strength both by 'freezing' the sediment and by filling the pore spaces in a manner similar to water-ice in permafrost. Concentrated hydrate deposits may be underlain by significant volumes of methane gas, and these localities are the most favourable sites for methane gas extraction operations. Seismic reflection records indicate that trapped gas may blow-out naturally, causing large-scale seafloor collapse. In this paper, we consider both the physical properties and the structural integrity of the hydrate stability zone and the associated free gas deposits, with special reference to the Blake Ridge area, SE US offshore, in order to help establish a suitable framework for the safe, efficient, and economic recovery of methane from oceanic gas hydrates. We also consider the potential effects of the extraction of methane from hydrate (such as induced sea-floor faulting, gas venting, and gas-pocket collapse). We assess the ambient pressure effect on the production of methane by hydrate dissociation, and attempt to predict the likelihood of spontaneous gas flow in a production situation.Oceanic methane hydrates are mineral sits formed from a crystalline `ice' of methane and water in sea-floor sediments (buried to less than about 1 km) in water depths greater than about 500 m; economic hydrate deposits are probably restricted to water depths of between 1.5 km and 4 km. Gas hydrates increase a sediment's strength both by `freezing' the sediment and by filling the pore spaces in a manner similar to water-ice in permafrost. Concentrated hydrate deposits may be underlain by significant volumes of methane gas, and these localities are the most favourable sites for methane gas extraction operations. Seismic reflection records indicate that trapped gas may blow-out naturally, causing large-scale seafloor collapse. In this paper, we consider both the physical properties and the structural integrity of the hydrate stability zone and the associated free gas deposits, with special reference to the Blake Ridge area, SE US offshore, in order to help establish a suitable framework for the safe, efficient, and economic recovery of methane from oceanic gas hydrates. We also consider the potential effects of the extraction of methane from hydrate (such as induced sea-floor faulting, gas venting, and gas-pocket collapse). We assess the ambient pressure effect on the production of methane by hydrate dissociation, and attempt to predict the likelihood of spontaneous gas flow in a production situation.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1747-5457.1998.tb00786.x","issn":"01416421","usgsCitation":"Max, M., and Dillon, W.P., 1998, Oceanic methane hydrate: The character of the Blake Ridge hydrate stability zone, and the potential for methane extraction: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 21, no. 3, p. 343-357, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1998.tb00786.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"357","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479831,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1998.tb00786.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c9ae4b0c8380cd74cf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Max, M.D.","contributorId":17366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Max","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":386299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020512,"text":"70020512 - 1998 - Climate variations and changes in mass of three glaciers in western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70020512","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate variations and changes in mass of three glaciers in western North America","docAbstract":"Time series of net and seasonal mass balances for three glaciers in western North America, one in the Pacific Northwest and two in Alaska, show various relationships to Pacific hemisphere climate indexes. During the winter season the two coastal, maritime-regime glaciers, over 2000 km apart, are affected almost identically, albeit inversely, by atmospheric and oceanic conditions in both the tropical and North Pacific. The two Alaska glaciers, only 350 km apart, have almost no coherence. Lag correlations show that in winter the maritime glaciers are influenced by concurrent conditions in the North Pacific, but by conditions in the tropical Pacific in August-September of the prior northern summer. The winter balance variations contain interannual El Nino-Southern Oscillation variability superimposed on North Pacific interdecadal variability; the interdecadal 1976-77 climate regime shift is clearly evident. The summer balances and the continental-regime glacier have a general lack of correlations, with no clear, strong, consistent patterns, probably a result of being influenced more by local processes or by circulation patterns outside the Pacific Ocean basin. The results show the Pacific Northwest is strongly influenced by conditions in the tropical Pacific, but that this teleconnection has broken down in recent years, starting in 1989. During the seven years since then (1989-95), all three glaciers have shown, for the first time, coherent signals, which were net mass loss at the highest rate in the entire record. The authors' results agree with those of other recent studies that suggest these recent years are unusual and may be a signature of climate warming.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Climate","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08948755","usgsCitation":"Hodge, S.M., Trabant, D., Krimmel, R.M., Heinrichs, T., March, R., and Josberger, E., 1998, Climate variations and changes in mass of three glaciers in western North America: Journal of Climate, v. 11, no. 9, p. 2161-2179.","startPage":"2161","endPage":"2179","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f656e4b0c8380cd4c6d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodge, S. M.","contributorId":94665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodge","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trabant, D.C.","contributorId":42209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krimmel, R. M.","contributorId":81093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krimmel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heinrichs, T.A.","contributorId":88100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinrichs","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"March, R.S.","contributorId":16431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70020495,"text":"70020495 - 1998 - Estimation of the depth to the fresh-water/salt-water interface from vertical head gradients in wells in coastal and island aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-05T01:36:31.073353","indexId":"70020495","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of the depth to the fresh-water/salt-water interface from vertical head gradients in wells in coastal and island aquifers","docAbstract":"<div id=\"Abs1-section\" class=\"c-article-section\"><div id=\"Abs1-content\" class=\"c-article-section__content\"><p> An accurate estimate of the depth to the theoretical interface between fresh, water and salt water is critical to estimates of well yields in coastal and island aquifers. The Ghyben–Herzberg relation, which is commonly used to estimate interface depth, can greatly underestimate or overestimate the fresh-water thickness, because it assumes no vertical head gradients and no vertical flow. Estimation of the interface depth needs to consider the vertical head gradients and aquifer anisotropy that may be present. This paper presents a method to calculate vertical head gradients using water-level measurements made during drilling of a partially penetrating well; the gradient is then used to estimate interface depth. Application of the method to a numerically simulated fresh-water/salt-water system shows that the method is most accurate when the gradient is measured in a deeply penetrating well. Even using a shallow well, the method more accurately estimates the interface position than does the Ghyben–Herzberg relation where substantial vertical head gradients exist. Application of the method to field data shows that drilling, collection methods of water-level data, and aquifer inhomogeneities can cause difficulties, but the effects of these difficulties can be minimized.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050159","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Izuka, S.K., and Gingerich, S.B., 1998, Estimation of the depth to the fresh-water/salt-water interface from vertical head gradients in wells in coastal and island aquifers: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 365-373, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050159.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"365","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bb6e4b0c8380cd5283e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izuka, S. K.","contributorId":39818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izuka","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gingerich, S. B.","contributorId":83958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020441,"text":"70020441 - 1998 - Greenland Sea Odden sea ice feature: Intra-annual and interannual variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T16:26:22.417077","indexId":"70020441","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Greenland Sea Odden sea ice feature: Intra-annual and interannual variability","docAbstract":"<p><span>The “Odden” is a large sea ice feature that forms in the east Greenland Sea that may protrude eastward to 5°E from the main sea ice pack (at about 8°W) between 73° and 77°N. It generally forms at the beginning of the winter season and can cover 300,000 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>. Throughout the winter the outer edge of the Odden may advance and retreat by several hundred kilometers on timescales of a few days to weeks. Satellite passive microwave observations from 1978 through 1995 provide a continuous record of the spatial and temporal variations of this extremely dynamic phenomenon. Aircraft synthetic aperture radar, satellite passive microwave, and ship observations in the Odden show that the Odden consists of new ice types, rather than older ice types advected eastward from the main pack. The 17-year record shows both strong interannual and intra-annual variations in Odden extent and temporal behavior. For example, in 1983 the Odden was weak, in 1984 the Odden did not occur, and in 1985 the Odden returned late in the season. An analysis of the ice area and extent time series derived from the satellite passive microwave observations along with meteorological data from the International Arctic Buoy Program (IABP) determined the meteorological forcing associated with Odden growth, maintenance, and decay. The key meteorological parameters that are related to the rapid ice formation and decay associated with the Odden are, in order of importance, air temperature, wind speed, and wind direction. Oceanographic parameters must play an important role in controlling Odden formation, but it is not yet possible to quantify this role because of a lack of long-term oceanographic observations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JC00375","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Shuchman, R., Josberger, E., Russel, C., Fischer, K., Johannessen, O., Johannessen, J., and Gloersen, P., 1998, Greenland Sea Odden sea ice feature: Intra-annual and interannual variability: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 103, no. C6, p. 12709-12724, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC00375.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"12709","endPage":"12724","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489077,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jc00375","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"C6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a6ce4b0c8380cd5b177","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shuchman, R.A.","contributorId":27204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuchman","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Russel, C.A.","contributorId":6219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russel","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fischer, K.W.","contributorId":11379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johannessen, O.M.","contributorId":30766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johannessen","given":"O.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johannessen, J.","contributorId":44318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johannessen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gloersen, P.","contributorId":55961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gloersen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70020395,"text":"70020395 - 1998 - Theoretical Evaluation of the Transient Response of Constant Head and Constant Flow-Rate Permeability Tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T09:44:07","indexId":"70020395","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1824,"text":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theoretical Evaluation of the Transient Response of Constant Head and Constant Flow-Rate Permeability Tests","docAbstract":"A theoretical analysis is presented that compares the response characteristics of the constant head and the constant flowrate (flow pump) laboratory techniques for quantifying the hydraulic properties of geologic materials having permeabilities less than 10-10 m/s. Rigorous analytical solutions that describe the transient distributions of hydraulic gradient within a specimen are developed, and equations are derived for each method. Expressions simulating the inflow and outflow rates across the specimen boundaries during a constant-head permeability test are also presented. These solutions illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of each method, including insights into measurement accuracy and the validity of using Darcy's law under certain conditions. The resulting observations offer practical considerations in the selection of an appropriate laboratory test method for the reliable measurement of permeability in low-permeability geologic materials.","language":"English","doi":"10.1520/GTJ10425J","issn":"01496115","usgsCitation":"Zhang, M., Takahashi, M., Morin, R.H., and Esaki, T., 1998, Theoretical Evaluation of the Transient Response of Constant Head and Constant Flow-Rate Permeability Tests: Geotechnical Testing Journal, v. 21, no. 1, p. 52-57, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10425J.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1f4e4b08c986b3254ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, M.","contributorId":39161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takahashi, M.","contributorId":92617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Esaki, T.","contributorId":22939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esaki","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020467,"text":"70020467 - 1998 - Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: Coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-17T17:59:57.964242","indexId":"70020467","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: Coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper examines the linkages between the carbon cycle and sedimentary processes on land. Available data suggest that sedimentation on land can bury vast quantities of organic carbon, roughly 10</span><sup>15</sup><span>&nbsp;g C yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. To evaluate the relative roles of various classes of processes in the burial of carbon on land, terrestrial sedimentation was modeled as a series of 864 scenarios. Each scenario represents a unique choice of intensities for seven classes of processes and two different global wetland distributions. Comparison was made with presumed preagricultural conditions. The classes of processes were divided into two major component parts: clastic sedimentation of soil-derived carbon and organic sedimentation of autochthonous carbon. For clastic sedimentation, masses of sediment were considered for burial as reservoir sediment, lake sediment, and combined colluvium, alluvium, and aeolian deposits. When the ensemble of models is examined, the human-induced burial of 0.6-1.5·10</span><sup>15</sup><span>&nbsp;g yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;of carbon on land is entirely plausible. This sink reaches its maximum strength between 30° and 50° N. Paddy lands stand out as a type of land use that warrants future study, but the many faces of rice agriculture limit generalization. In an extreme scenario, paddy lands alone could be made to bury about 1·10</span><sup>15</sup><span>&nbsp;g C yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. Arguing that terrestrial sedimentation processes could be much of the sink for the so called “missing carbon” is reasonable. Such a hypothesis, however, requires major redesign of how the carbon cycle is modeled. Unlike ecosystem processes that are amenable to satellite monitoring and parallel modeling, many aspects of terrestrial sedimentation are hidden from space.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98GB00741","usgsCitation":"Stallard, R.F., 1998, Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: Coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 12, no. 2, p. 231-257, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GB00741.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479885,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98gb00741","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231099,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba562e4b08c986b3209f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stallard, Robert F. 0000-0001-8209-7608 stallard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":1924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"Robert","email":"stallard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020396,"text":"70020396 - 1998 - Estimating survival rates with age-structure data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T16:43:43","indexId":"70020396","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating survival rates with age-structure data","docAbstract":"<p><span>We developed a general statistical model that provides a comprehensive framework for inference about survival rates based on standing age-structure and ages-at-death data. Previously available estimators are maximum likelihood under the general model, but they use only 1 type of data and require the assumption of a stable age structure and a known population growth rate. We used the general model to derive new survival rate estimators that use both types of data and require only the assumption of a stable age structure or a known population growth rate. Our likelihood-based approach allows use of standard model-selection procedures to test hypotheses about age-structure stability, population growth rates, and age-related patterns in survival. We used this approach to estimate survival rates for female sea otters (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) in Prince William Sound, Alaska.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802355","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Udevitz, M.S., and Ballachey, B.E., 1998, Estimating survival rates with age-structure data: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 62, no. 2, p. 779-792, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802355.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"779","endPage":"792","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b4fe4b0c8380cd52681","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020471,"text":"70020471 - 1998 - Velocities of Thwaites Glacier and smaller glaciers along the Marie Byrd Land coast, West Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-31T00:06:04.890361","indexId":"70020471","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocities of Thwaites Glacier and smaller glaciers along the Marie Byrd Land coast, West Antarctica","docAbstract":"<p>Average velocities for time intervals ranging from &lt;1 to 15 years were measured by tracking ice-surface patterns on sequential Landsat and European Remote-sensing Satellite synthetic aperture radar images. Velocities of Thwaites Glacier range from 2.2 km a-1 above the grounding line to 3.4 km a-1 at the limit of measurements on Thwaites Glacier ice tongue. The glacier increases in velocity by about 1 km a-1 where it crosses the grounding line. Over the period 1984-93, Thwaites Glacier ice tongue accelerated by about 0.6 km a<sup>-1</sup>. Velocities of the floating part of several minor glaciers and some ice shelves are also determined: Land Glacier, 1.7-1.9 km a<sup>-1</sup>; DeVicq Glacier, 0.7-1.1 km a<sup>-1</sup>; Dotson Ice Shelf, 0.2-0.5 km a<sup>-1</sup>; Getz Ice Shelf, 0.2-0.8 km a<sup>-1</sup>; and Sulzberger Ice Shelf, 0.01-0.02 km a-<sup>1</sup>. The high velocities along the Marie Byrd Land coast are consistent with the high precipitation rates over West Antarctica and, for some of the glaciers, the lack of buttressing ice shelves.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge  University Press","doi":"10.3189/1998AoG27-1-47-53","issn":"02603055","usgsCitation":"Rosanova, C., Lucchitta, B., and Ferrigno, J., 1998, Velocities of Thwaites Glacier and smaller glaciers along the Marie Byrd Land coast, West Antarctica: Annals of Glaciology, v. 27, p. 47-53, https://doi.org/10.3189/1998AoG27-1-47-53.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479721,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-47-53","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231182,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Marie Byrd Land, Thwaites Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.04820126847721,\n              -75.75247521923728\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.64636854280855,\n              -74.24926951119446\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.76879966633066,\n              -72.25690371722537\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.9482050647864,\n              -72.0337568161302\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.94679994999498,\n              -72.73397912494998\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.59780288237764,\n              -73.89256093467202\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.7014555662805,\n              -74.08644188622097\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.98496234308786,\n              -75.28023156297127\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.24586605672292,\n              -76.29783733193298\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.03458479959156,\n              -76.5660269143949\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.853715475366,\n              -77.9194879151742\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.524041903742,\n              -78.74994702440699\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.59784685215666,\n              -77.88236832728519\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.53511102403613,\n              -76.28221164787584\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.16187842485917,\n              -75.40224471626082\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.65036324372977,\n              -74.36141143148107\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2239998065539,\n              -74.76074345506773\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.30294501647364,\n              -75.75814973125316\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.04820126847721,\n              -75.75247521923728\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1f2e4b08c986b32a839","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosanova, C.E.","contributorId":63548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosanova","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucchitta, B.K.","contributorId":35288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrigno, J.G.","contributorId":104559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021097,"text":"70021097 - 1998 - Relation between irrigation method, sediment yields, and losses of pesticides and nitrogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-27T12:18:43","indexId":"70021097","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relation between irrigation method, sediment yields, and losses of pesticides and nitrogen","docAbstract":"Yields of suspended sediment from watersheds in the Quincy and Pasco Basins of Washington State have been reduced by the use of sprinkler irrigation on cropland previously in furrow irrigation. Mean daily yields of suspended sediment from nine watersheds sampled during April and May 1994 ranged from 0.4 kg/ha of irrigated cropland in a watershed with no furrow irrigation to 19 kg/ha in a watershed where 58% of irritated cropland was in furrow irrigation. About 67% of the variation in the yields can be attributed to irrigation method. Temporal trends also indicated that use of sprinkler irrigation reduced sediment yields. Mean daily yields of suspended solids from one of the watersheds decreased from 0.3 kg/ha in 1975 to <0.2 kg/ha in 1988, corresponding with a decrease from about 65% to <50% in the use of furrow irrigation. Sampling in two watersheds suggests that the use of sprinkler irrigation reduces runoff losses of pesticides and N. For 10 of 13 pesticides and N, runoff losses from a watershed with mostly furrow irrigation exceeded runoff losses from a watershed with mostly sprinkler irrigation.","language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","doi":"10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020018x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Ebbert, J., and Kim, M.H., 1998, Relation between irrigation method, sediment yields, and losses of pesticides and nitrogen: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 27, no. 2, p. 372-380, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020018x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"372","endPage":"380","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a63fe4b0e8fec6cdc141","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebbert, J.C.","contributorId":57451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebbert","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kim, M. H.","contributorId":68868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020440,"text":"70020440 - 1998 - A model of northern pintail productivity and population growth rate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T17:30:35","indexId":"70020440","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model of northern pintail productivity and population growth rate","docAbstract":"<p><span>Our objective was to synthesize individual components of reproductive ecology into a single estimate of productivity and to assess the relative effects of survival and productivity on population dynamics. We used information on nesting ecology, renesting potential, and duckling survival of northern pintails (<i>Anas acuta</i>) collected on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Y-K Delta), Alaska, 1991-95, to model the number of ducklings produced under a range of nest success and duckling survival probabilities. Using average values of 25% nest success, 11% duckling survival, and 56% renesting probability from our study population, we calculated that all young in our population were produced by 13% of the breeding females, and that early-nesting females produced more young than later-nesting females. Further, we calculated, on average, that each female produced only 0.16 young females/nesting season. We combined these results with estimates of first-year and adult survival to examine the growth rate (X) of the population and the relative contributions of these demographic parameters to that growth rate. Contrary to aerial survey data, the population projection model suggests our study population is declining rapidly (X = 0.6969). The relative effects on population growth rate were 0.1175 for reproductive success, 0.1175 for first-year survival, and 0.8825 for adult survival. Adult survival had the greatest influence on X for our population, and this conclusion was robust over a range of survival and productivity estimates. Given published estimates of annual survival for adult females (61%), our model suggested nest success and duckling survival need to increase to approximately 40% to achieve population stability. We discuss reasons for the apparent discrepancy in population trends between our model and aerial surveys in terms of bias in productivity and survival estimates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802565","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., Grand, J.B., and Rockwell, R.F., 1998, A model of northern pintail productivity and population growth rate: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 62, no. 3, p. 1110-1118, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802565.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1110","endPage":"1118","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"62","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e480e4b0c8380cd46687","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rockwell, Robert F.","contributorId":172752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockwell","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6989,"text":"American Museum of Natural History","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":386224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000501,"text":"1000501 - 1998 - Sieve efficiency in benthic sampling as related to chironomid head capsule width","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T12:56:00","indexId":"1000501","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2556,"text":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sieve efficiency in benthic sampling as related to chironomid head capsule width","docAbstract":"<p>The width of the head capsule in chironomid larvae is the most important morphometric character controlling retention of specimens in sieving devices. Knowledge of the range in size of these widths within any chironomid community is fundamental to sampling and interpreting the resulting data. We present the head capsule widths of 30 species of chironomids and relate their size distribution to loss or retention in several experiments using graded sieve sizes. Based on our measurements and those found in the literature we found the head capsule width of fourth instars in half the chironomids species to be less than 350 I?m. Many species may never be collected with the commonly used U.S. Standard No. 30 sieve (589 I?m), and the No. 60 (246 I?m) screen appears to retain most species only qualitatively. We found 70 to 90% of the chironomid larvae and 19 to 34% of their biomass can pass through a No. 80 sieve (177 I?m). The implications of sieve loss and other factors affecting sieving efficiency are discussed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Kansas Entomological Society","usgsCitation":"Hudson, P.L., and Adams, J.V., 1998, Sieve efficiency in benthic sampling as related to chironomid head capsule width: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, v. 71, no. 4, p. 456-468.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"468","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":319776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25085862"}],"volume":"71","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3cb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Patrick L. 0000-0002-7646-443X phudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-443X","contributorId":5616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Patrick","email":"phudson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020462,"text":"70020462 - 1998 - Methods for assessing the impacts of ultraviolet-B radiation on aquatic invertebrates","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70020462,"text":"70020462 - 1998 - Methods for assessing the impacts of ultraviolet-B radiation on aquatic invertebrates","indexId":"70020462","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Methods for assessing the impacts of ultraviolet-B radiation on aquatic invertebrates"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70073677,"text":"70073677 - 1998 - Environmental toxicology and risk assessment: Seventh volume","indexId":"70073677","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Environmental toxicology and risk assessment: Seventh volume"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70073677,"text":"70073677 - 1998 - Environmental toxicology and risk assessment: Seventh volume","indexId":"70073677","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Environmental toxicology and risk assessment: Seventh volume"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-17T11:58:08","indexId":"70020462","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5638,"text":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","printIssn":"1071-720X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"STP1333","title":"Methods for assessing the impacts of ultraviolet-B radiation on aquatic invertebrates","docAbstract":"<p><span>A standard methodology for assessing the impacts of simulated solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) on aquatic invertebrates was established. A solar simulator was used to expose a variety of aquatic invertebrates to different levels of UV-B. The simulator was calibrated as close as possible to match local ambient solar radiation measured in and out of water with a scanning spectroradiometer. A series of repeated exposures were conducted to determine the effects of UV-B on two species of </span><i>Ceriodaphnia</i><span>. Survivorship of </span><i>C. reticulata</i><span> declined with increasing UV-B with 100% mortality occurring after four daily 5 hr exposures to a UV-B irradiance that was 14% of ambient sunlight (40.8/μW/cm</span><sup>2</sup><span>) and 70% mortality for </span><i>C. dubia</i><span> after seven days of an exposure to 5% of ambient (14.5μW/cm</span><sup>2</sup><span>). Significant reductions in fertility (#young/adult) was observed in both low and high light adapted individuals with low light individuals appearing to be more sensitive. This methodology allowed us to make comparisons to natural conditions in aquatic habitats and to make risk assessments for individual species.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental toxicology and risk assessment: Seventh volume (STP1333)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"ASTM International","doi":"10.1520/STP12153S","isbn":"978-0-8031-1485-2","usgsCitation":"Hurtubise, R., Little, E.E., and Havel, J., 1998, Methods for assessing the impacts of ultraviolet-B radiation on aquatic invertebrates: ASTM Special Technical Publication STP1333, v. 7, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1520/STP12153S.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"44","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a559ee4b0c8380cd6d246","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686347,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greenberg, Bruce M.","contributorId":103577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686348,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeLonay, Aaron J. 0000-0002-3752-2799 adelonay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-2799","contributorId":2725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"Aaron","email":"adelonay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686349,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Hurtubise, R.D.","contributorId":61592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurtubise","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Havel, J.E.","contributorId":72548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havel","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020508,"text":"70020508 - 1998 - The fate of geothermal arsenic in the Madison and Missouri Rivers, Montana and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T09:42:44","indexId":"70020508","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fate of geothermal arsenic in the Madison and Missouri Rivers, Montana and Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p><span>Geothermal As from Yellowstone National Park causes high As concentrations (10–370&nbsp;</span><i>μ</i><span>g/L) in the Madison and Missouri Rivers in Montana and Wyoming. Arsenic transport is largely conservative in the upper basin as demonstrated by the near equivalence of dissolved and total-recoverable As concentrations, the constancy of As loads, and consistent ratios of concentrations of As to conservative geothermal tracers. Diurnal cycling of As between aqueous and solid phases in response to<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>p</i><span>H-induced changes in sorption equilibria causes small variations of about 10–20% in dissolved As concentrations. HCl-extractable As concentrations in river and lake sediment in the upper basin are variable depending on position relative to the As-rich headwaters and geochemical and physical processes associated with lakes. In the lower Missouri River, large quantities of suspended sediment from tributaries provide sufficient sorption sites for substantial conversion of As from the aqueous phase to the solid phase.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98WR01704","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D.A., Moore, J.N., Dalby, C.E., and Savka, M.W., 1998, The fate of geothermal arsenic in the Madison and Missouri Rivers, Montana and Wyoming: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 11, p. 3051-3067, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR01704.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3051","endPage":"3067","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98wr01704","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Madison River, Missouri River","volume":"34","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babf8e4b08c986b3231b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Johnnie N.","contributorId":13668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Johnnie","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dalby, Charles E.","contributorId":118679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dalby","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savka, Michael W.","contributorId":87104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savka","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70020509,"text":"70020509 - 1998 - Hermit crabs in the diet of Pigeon Guillemots at Kachemak Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T16:27:46","indexId":"70020509","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hermit crabs in the diet of Pigeon Guillemots at Kachemak Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Guillemots (<i>Cepphus</i> spp.) feed their chicks a diet that is almost exclusively fish. We observed Pigeon Guillemots (<i>C. columba</i>) at two colonies in Alaska where hermit crabs (Crustacea: Anomura) were a major part of the diet for some nestlings. Hermit crabs were delivered to three of five observed nests at one colony, comprised between 2% and 22% of the items delivered at those nests, and were the second most common food type at one nest. Hermit crabs may be an attractive prey item when lipid-rich forage fish are scarce, and crabs living in gastropod shells that have been softened by encrustations of <i>Suberites</i> sponges may be vulnerable to guillemot predation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521913","issn":"07386028","usgsCitation":"Litzow, M.A., Piatt, J.F., and Figurski, J.D., 1998, Hermit crabs in the diet of Pigeon Guillemots at Kachemak Bay, Alaska: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 21, no. 2, p. 242-244, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521913.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"244","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet, Kachemak Bay","volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3077e4b0c8380cd5d683","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litzow, Michael A.","contributorId":8789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litzow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Figurski, Jared D.","contributorId":16307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Figurski","given":"Jared","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020454,"text":"70020454 - 1998 - Asymmetric radiation of seismic waves from an atoll: nuclear tests in French Polynesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T14:46:08","indexId":"70020454","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Asymmetric radiation of seismic waves from an atoll: nuclear tests in French Polynesia","docAbstract":"Seismic records of nuclear tests detonated in the Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia show large unpredicted arrivals 2.2 and 4.5 seconds (X1 and X2) after the P-wave at the Australian Warramunga Array. These arrivals are not observed at the Canadian Yellowknife Array. X1 and X2 are also absent on Warramunga Array recordings of tests carried out at the Fangataufa Atoll situated 40 km SSE of Mururoa. Array analysis shows that X1 and X2 are produced within the source area. The layered crustal structure of the atoll, significant local inhomogeneities, and focusing effects due to the elongated shape and the steep flanks of the Mururoa Atoll are most likely responsible for X1 and X2. The form of Mururoa (28 × 10 km) and its East-West orientation is due to its location on the Austral Fracture Zone (AFZ). The Fangataufa Atoll on the other hand is almost circular (10 km diameter) and is unaffected by the dynamics along the AFZ. Our observations demonstrate that complicated structures in the source area can significantly alter the wave field at teleseismic distances and produce a large magnitude (m<sub>b</sub>) bias. A better understanding of the exact cause of these unusual seismic observations will only become possible, if the coordinates of the tests and information on the detailed 3-D structure of the atolls are released.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98GL51306","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Weber, M.J., Wicks, C., Kruger, F., Jahnke, G., and Schlittenhardt, J., 1998, Asymmetric radiation of seismic waves from an atoll: nuclear tests in French Polynesia: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 10, p. 1967-1970, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL51306.","startPage":"1967","endPage":"1970","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278562,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL51306"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee98e4b0c8380cd49e52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, Michael J.","contributorId":83799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wicks, Charles W. Jr.","contributorId":68169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Charles W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kruger, Frank","contributorId":42485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruger","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jahnke, Gunnar","contributorId":63680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jahnke","given":"Gunnar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schlittenhardt, Jorg","contributorId":97769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlittenhardt","given":"Jorg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70020439,"text":"70020439 - 1998 - Preferential flow and transport of nitrate and bromide in claypan soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-01-30T09:27:28","indexId":"70020439","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preferential flow and transport of nitrate and bromide in claypan soil","docAbstract":"<p>The in situ measurement of water flow and chemical transport through clay pan soils is crucial to understanding potential water contamination from agricultural sources. It is important due to the large areal extent of these soils in agricultural regions of the midwestern United States and because of preferential flow paths caused by desiccation cracks, worms burrowing, and root development. A study plot at the Missouri Management Systems Evaluation Area near Centralia, Missouri, was instrumented to determine the rate of preferential flow of water and transport of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>fertilizer in the unsaturated zone through a claypan soil using<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>15</sup>N‐NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and Br‐1 tracers. The areal distribution of preferential flow paths was between 2 and 20% in the topsoil. Gravity lysimeter flow caused by preferential flow through the claypan was as much as 150 times greater than the estimated average rate of vertical recharge. As much as 2.4% of the volume of the soil below the clay pan may be occupied by preferential flow paths.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02820.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Kelly, B.P., and Pomes, M., 1998, Preferential flow and transport of nitrate and bromide in claypan soil: Ground Water, v. 36, no. 3, p. 484-494, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02820.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"484","endPage":"494","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a821de4b0c8380cd7b8f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, B. P.","contributorId":30653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pomes, M.L.","contributorId":84393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomes","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70020510,"text":"70020510 - 1998 - Relative importance of physical and economic factors in Appalachian coalbed gas assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70020510","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relative importance of physical and economic factors in Appalachian coalbed gas assessment","docAbstract":"In the 1995 National Assessment of Oil and Gas Resources prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, only 20% of the assessed technically recoverable Appalachian Province coalbed gas resources were economic. Physical and economic variables are examined to explain the disparity between economic and technically recoverable coalbed gas. The Anticline and Syncline plays of the Northern Appalachian Basin, which account for 77% of the assessed technically recoverable coalbed gas, are not economic. Analysis shows marginal reductions in costs or rate of return will not turn these plays into commercial successes. Physical parameters that determine ultimate well recoverability and the rate of gas recovery are primary reasons the Northern Appalachian Basin plays are non-commercial. If the application of new well stimulation technology could offset slow gas desorption rates, Appalachian Province economic gas could increase to more then 70% of the technically recoverable gas. Similarly, if operators are able to develop strategies to selectively drill plays by avoiding dry holes and non-commercial occurrences, the economic fraction of technically recoverable gas could increase to over half.In the 1995 National Assessment of Oil and Gas Resources prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, only 20% of the assessed technically recoverable Appalachian Province coalbed gas resources were economic. Physical and economic variables are examined to explain the disparity between economic and technically recoverable coalbed gas. The Anticline and Syncline plays of the Northern Appalachian Basin, which account for 77% of the assessed technically recoverable coalbed gas, are not economic. Analysis shows marginal reductions in costs or rate of return will not turn these plays into commercial successes. Physical parameters that determine ultimate well recoverability and the rate of gas recovery are primary reasons the Northern Appalachian Basin plays are non-commercial. If the application of new well stimulation technology could offset slow gas desorption rates, Appalachian Province economic gas could increase to more then 70% of the technically recoverable gas. Similarly, if operators are able to develop strategies to selectively drill plays by avoiding dry holes and non-commercial occurrences, the economic fraction of technically recoverable gas could increase to over half.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00032-9","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E.D., 1998, Relative importance of physical and economic factors in Appalachian coalbed gas assessment: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 38, no. 1-2, p. 47-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00032-9.","startPage":"47","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206885,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00032-9"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa68ae4b0c8380cd84ee7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020497,"text":"70020497 - 1998 - Soft shell clams Mya arenaria with disseminated neoplasia demonstrate reverse transcriptase activity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-07T12:28:46.224099","indexId":"70020497","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soft shell clams Mya arenaria with disseminated neoplasia demonstrate reverse transcriptase activity","docAbstract":"Disseminated neoplasia (DN), a proliferative cell disorder of the circulatory system of bivalves, was first reported in oysters in 1969. Since that time, the disease has been determined to be transmissible through water-borne exposure, but the etiological agent has not been unequivocally identified. In order to determine if a viral agent, possibly a retrovirus, could be the causative agent of DN, transmission experiments were performed, using both a cell-free filtrate and a sucrose gradient-purified preparation of a cell-free filtrate of DN positive materials. Additionally, a PCR-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay was used to determine if reverse transcriptase was present in tissues or hemolymph from DN positive soft shell clams Mya arenaria. DN was transmitted to healthy clams by injection with whole DN cells, but not with cell-free flitrates prepared from either tissues from DN positive clams, or DN cells. The cell-free preparations from DN-positive tissues and hemolymph having high levels of DN cells in circulation exhibited positive reactions in the PCR-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay. Cell-free preparations of hemolymph from clams having low levels of DN (<0.1% of cells abnormal), hemocytes from normal soft shell clams, and normal soft shell clam tissues did not produce a positive reaction in the PCR enhanced reverse transcriptase assay.","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao034187","issn":"01775103","usgsCitation":"House, M., Kim, C., and Reno, P., 1998, Soft shell clams Mya arenaria with disseminated neoplasia demonstrate reverse transcriptase activity: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 34, no. 3, p. 187-192, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao034187.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487325,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao034187","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230904,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91d4e4b08c986b319b21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"House, M.L.","contributorId":11370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kim, C.H.","contributorId":102232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reno, P.W.","contributorId":39973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reno","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}