Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species' nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species' response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species' breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; for a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management, use the Grassland and Wetland Birds Bibliography on the home page of this resource.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/93886","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Sondreal, M.L., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., Nenneman, M., and Euliss, B., 1998, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Chestnut-collared Longspur (Originally posted 1998; Revised 2002), 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/93886.","productDescription":"16 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292264,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/93886.PNG"},{"id":312405,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93886/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Originally posted 1998; Revised 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":298247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sondreal, Marriah L.","contributorId":73532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sondreal","given":"Marriah","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nenneman, Melvin P.","contributorId":60572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nenneman","given":"Melvin P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":298243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1000775,"text":"1000775 - 1998 - Maturity schedules of lake trout in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T13:35:44","indexId":"1000775","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maturity schedules of lake trout in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"We determined maturity schedules of male and female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan from nearshore populations and from an offshore population on Sheboygan Reef, which is located in midlake. Gill nets and bottom trawls were used to catch lake trout in fall 1994 and 1995 from two nearshore sites and Sheboygan Reef. Each lake trout was judged immature or mature, based on visual examination of gonads. Probit analysis, coupled with relative potency testing, revealed that age-at-maturity and length-at-maturity were similar at the two nearshore sites, but that lake trout from the nearshore sites matured at a significantly earlier age than lake trout from Sheboygan Reef. However, length at maturity for the nearshore populations was nearly identical to that for the offshore population, suggesting that rate of lake trout maturation in Lake Michigan was governed by growth rather than age. Half of the lake trout males reached maturity at a total length of 580 mm, whereas half of the females were mature at a length of 640 mm. Over half of nearshore males were mature by age 5, and over half the nearshore females matured by age 6. Due to a slower growth rate, maturity was delayed by 2 years on Sheboygan Reef compared with the nearshore populations. Documentation of this delay in maturation may be useful in deciding stocking allocations for lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Michigan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(98)70831-7","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Desorcie, T.J., and Stedman, R.M., 1998, Maturity schedules of lake trout in Lake Michigan: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 24, no. 2, p. 404-410, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(98)70831-7.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"404","endPage":"410","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Desorcie, Timothy J. 0000-0002-9965-1668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-1668","contributorId":23480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desorcie","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stedman, Ralph M.","contributorId":60578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stedman","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":94701,"text":"94701 - 1998 - Duck plague: emergence of a new cause of waterfowl mortality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:59","indexId":"94701","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Duck plague: emergence of a new cause of waterfowl mortality","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1998, Duck plague: emergence of a new cause of waterfowl mortality, v. 2, p. 458-460.","productDescription":"p. 458-460","startPage":"458","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14765,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37370654&referer=brief_results","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4213.000000000000000"},{"id":128311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633c69","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mac, M. 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E.","contributorId":114075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett Haecker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505285,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, P.D.","contributorId":113343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505284,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000710,"text":"1000710 - 1998 - Encouraging and embracing underrepresented groups","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T00:53:39.878211","indexId":"1000710","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Encouraging and embracing underrepresented groups","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Taylor, W., and Fabrizio, M.C., 1998, Encouraging and embracing underrepresented groups: Fisheries, v. 23, no. 1, p. 23-23.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"23","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423203,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-23-1"},{"id":128987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604b7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, William W.","contributorId":49735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"William W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fabrizio, Mary C.","contributorId":77471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabrizio","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":96612,"text":"96612 - 1998 - Efforts to monitor and protect tidewater gobies at Gaviota Creek during a stream bank stabilization project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96612","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Efforts to monitor and protect tidewater gobies at Gaviota Creek during a stream bank stabilization project","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"Final Report to the California Department of Parks.","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., 1998, Efforts to monitor and protect tidewater gobies at Gaviota Creek during a stream bank stabilization project.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60edbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, K. D.","contributorId":58213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lafferty","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007901,"text":"1007901 - 1998 - Ground-truthing a troll: studying the barking frog at Coronado National Memorial","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:17","indexId":"1007901","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3014,"text":"Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-truthing a troll: studying the barking frog at Coronado National Memorial","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Park Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schwalbe, C., and Alberti, B., 1998, Ground-truthing a troll: studying the barking frog at Coronado National Memorial: Park Science, v. 18, p. 26-27.","productDescription":"p. 26-27","startPage":"26","endPage":"27","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d47b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwalbe, C.","contributorId":44869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alberti, B.","contributorId":46460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alberti","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":87325,"text":"87325 - 1998 - Translocated sea otter populations off the coasts of Oregon and Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":87325,"text":"87325 - 1998 - Translocated sea otter populations off the coasts of Oregon and Washington","indexId":"87325","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Translocated sea otter populations off the coasts of Oregon and Washington"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70103848,"text":"70103848 - 1998 - Status and trends of the nation's biological resources","indexId":"70103848","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Status and trends of the nation's biological resources"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70103848,"text":"70103848 - 1998 - Status and trends of the nation's biological resources","indexId":"70103848","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Status and trends of the nation's biological resources"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-09T16:02:26","indexId":"87325","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Translocated sea otter populations off the coasts of Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"The historical distribution of sea otters extended from the northern islands of Japan north and east across the Aleutian chain to the mainland of North America then south along the west coast to central Baja California, Mexico (Riedman and Estes 1990). By the beginning of the twentieth century, after 150 years of being intensively hunted for their valuable fur, sea otters had been extirpated from most of their range (Kenyon 1969). In 1911 sea otters were protected by the passage of the International Fur Seal Treaty. Unfortunately, only 13 remnant populations survived the fur-hunting period, and two of those, British Columbia and Mexico, would also ultimately disappear, leaving only a small group of sea otters south of Alaska, along the rugged Big Sur coast of California (Kenyon 1969).
The earliest attempts to reestablish sea otters to unoccupied habitat were begun in the early 1950’s by R. D. (Sea Otter) Jones, then manager of the Aleutian National Wildlife Refuge (Kenyon 1969). These early efforts were experimental, and all failed to establish populations. However, the knowledge gained from Jones’s efforts and the seminal work of Kenyon (1969) and others during the 1950’s and early 1960’s ultimately led to the successful efforts to come.
During the mid-1960’s the Alaska Department of Fish and Game began translocating sea otters to sites where the species had occurred before the fur-trade period. The first translocations were restricted to Alaska, but beginning in 1969 and continuing through 1972, the effort expanded beyond Alaska. During this period, 241 sea otters were translocated to sites in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon (Jameson et al. 1982). The work was done cooperatively between state and provincial conservation agencies, with much of the financial support for the Oregon and Washington efforts coming from the Atomic Energy Commission (now ERDA). Followup studies of the Oregon population began in 1971 and continued through 1975. After 1975, surveys in Oregon occurred infrequently. In Washington no follow-up surveys were conducted until 1977, although the population has been monitored closely since then (Jameson et al. 1982, 1986; Jeffries and Jameson 1995).
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1998 - Herpetofaunal surveys of the Fall River Ranger District, U.S. Forest Service, southwestern South Dakota, and Badlands National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T11:32:26","indexId":"93827","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Herpetofaunal surveys of the Fall River Ranger District, U.S. Forest Service, southwestern South Dakota, and Badlands National Park","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/93827","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.E., Browning, D., Taylor, E.N., Ferguson, R., and Yturralde, K., 1998, Herpetofaunal surveys of the Fall River Ranger District, U.S. Forest Service, southwestern South Dakota, and Badlands National Park, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/93827.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635b93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Brian E.","contributorId":60152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Browning, Dawn M.","contributorId":56588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browning","given":"Dawn M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Emily N.","contributorId":43702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ferguson, R.S.","contributorId":30171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yturralde, K.","contributorId":50473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yturralde","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":96662,"text":"96662 - 1998 - Fire and fuels in a Sierra Nevada ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:03","indexId":"96662","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Fire and fuels in a Sierra Nevada ecosystem","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"van Wagtendonk, J., 1998, Fire and fuels in a Sierra Nevada ecosystem, chap. of Status and Trends of the Nation's Biological Resources.","productDescription":"p. 609","startPage":"609","numberOfPages":"609","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4587","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mac, M. 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(Draft)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:03","indexId":"96661","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Recovery plan for the least Bell's vireo and its riparian habitat. (Draft)","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., 1998, Recovery plan for the least Bell's vireo and its riparian habitat. (Draft).","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85330,"text":"85330 - 1998 - Tiger salamander life history in relation to agriculture in the northern Great Plains: a hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:01","indexId":"85330","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Tiger salamander life history in relation to agriculture in the northern Great Plains: a hypothesis","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Iowa Press","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","usgsCitation":"Larson, D., 1998, Tiger salamander life history in relation to agriculture in the northern Great Plains: a hypothesis, chap. of Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians, p. 325-329 [507 pp.].","productDescription":"p. 325-329 [507 pp.]","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b773","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lannoo, Michael J.","contributorId":46482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannoo","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504398,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Larson, D.L. 0000-0001-5202-0634","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":69501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":295916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007972,"text":"1007972 - 1998 - The role of natural history collections in documenting species declines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-12T16:39:22.345616","indexId":"1007972","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3653,"text":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of natural history collections in documenting species declines","docAbstract":"Efforts to document the decline of extant populations require a historical record of previous occurrences. Natural history museums contain such information for most regions of the world, at least at a coarse spatial scale. Museum collections have been successfully used to analyse declines in a wide range of plants and animals, at spatial scales ranging from single localities to large biotic and political regions. Natural history museum collections, when properly analysed, can be an invaluable tool in documenting changes in biodiversity during the past century.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01177-4","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, H., Fisher, R., and Davidson, C., 1998, The role of natural history collections in documenting species declines: Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 13, no. 1, p. 27-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01177-4.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130055,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640de2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, H.B.","contributorId":32106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaffer","given":"H.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davidson, C.","contributorId":92618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":94818,"text":"94818 - 1998 - Lesser scaup (Aythya affinis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-08T09:35:35","indexId":"94818","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Lesser scaup (Aythya affinis)","docAbstract":"Abstract not submitted to date","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Birds of North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithologists Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Austin, J.E., Custer, C.M., and Afton, A., 1998, Lesser scaup (Aythya affinis), chap. of Birds of North America.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"338","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62d7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Poole, A.","contributorId":113515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505307,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, F.","contributorId":114156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505308,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Austin, J. E.","contributorId":5999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, Christine M. 0000-0003-0500-1582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-1582","contributorId":31330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. 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No species were considered specialists in bald eagles; 5 species were considered raptor generalists and the remainder, generalists in other orders of fish-eating birds. An undescribed species of Hamatospiculum was found in 3 birds. Most of the common helminths were acquired from eating fish intermediate hosts.
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