Two slow-moving landslides in Honolulu, Hawaii, were the subject of photogrammetric measurements, field mapping, and subsurface investigation to learn whether surface observations can yield useful information consistent with results of subsurface investigation. Mapping focused on structural damage and on surface features such as scarps, shears, and toes. The x-y-z positions of photo-identifiable points were obtained from aerial photographs taken at three different times. The measurements were intended to learn if the shape of the landslide failure surface can be determined from systematic surface observations and whether surface observations about deformation are consistent with photogrammetrically-obtained displacement gradients. Field and aerial photographic measurements were evaluated to identify the boundaries of the landslides, distinguish areas of incipient landslide enlargement, and identify zones of active and passive failure in the landslides. Data reported here apply mainly to the Alani-Paty landslide, a translational, earth-block landslide that damaged property in a 3.4-ha residential area. It began moving in the 1970s and displacement through 1991 totaled 4 m. Thickness, determined from borehole data, ranges from about 7 to 10 m; and the slope of the ground surface averages about 9°. Field evidence of deformation indicated areas of potential landslide enlargement outside the well-formed landslide boundaries. Displacement gradients obtained photogrammetrically and deformation mapping both identified similar zones of active failure (longitudinal stretching) and passive failure (longitudinal shortening) within the body of the landslide. Surface displacement on the landslide is approximately parallel to the broadly concave slip surface.
Mineralogical, chemical, and isotopic (O, C, S, and Sr) analyses were performed on minerals and bulk rocks from a forearc basement section to understand alteration processes and compare with mid-ocean ridges (MOR) and ophiolites. Ocean Drilling Program Hole 786B in the Izu-Bonin forearc penetrates 103 m of sediment and 725 m into volcanic flows, breccias, and basal dikes. The rocks comprise boninites and andesites to rhyolites. Most of the section was affected by low-temperature (<100°C) seawater alteration, with temperatures increasing downward. The rocks are partly (5–25%) altered to smectite, Fe-oxyhydroxide, calcite, and phillipsite, and exhibit gains of K, Rb, and P, loss of Ca, variable changes in Si, Na, Mg, Fe, Sr, and Y, and elevated δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr. Higher temperatures (∼150°C) in the basal dikes below 750 m led to more intense alteration and formation of chlorite-smectite, corrensite, albite, K-feldspar, and quartz (±chlorite). A 5 m thick hydrothermally altered and pyritized zone at 815 m in the basal dikes reacted with mixtures of seawater and hydrothermal fluids to Mg-chlorite, albite, and pyrite, and gained Mg and S and lost Si and Ca. Focused flow of hydrothermal fluids produced serialization halos (Na-K sericite, quartz, pyrophyllite, K-feldspar, and pyrite) along quartz veins at temperatures of 200°–250°C. High 87Sr/86Sr ratios of chloritized (∼0.7055) and sericitized (∼0.7065) rocks indicate involvement of seawater via mixing with hydrothermal fluids. Low δ34S of sulfide (−2 to −5.5‰) and sulfate (12.5‰) are consistent with input of magmatic SO2 into hydrothermal fluids and disproportionation to sulfide and sulfate. Alteration processes were generally similar to those at MORs, but the arc section is more intensively altered, in part because of the presence of abundant glassy rocks and mafic phases. The increase in alteration grade below 750 m and the mineralization in the basal dikes are analogous to changes that occur near the base of the volcanic section in MOR and the Troodos ophiolite.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB00598","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Alt, J., Teagle, D., Brewer, T., Shanks, W.C., and Halliday, A., 1998, Alteration and mineralization of an oceanic forearc and the ophiolite-ocean crust analogy: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 6, p. 12365-12380, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00598.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"12365","endPage":"12380","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489107,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb00598","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229872,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-06-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e977e4b0c8380cd482cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alt, J.C.","contributorId":72951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alt","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Teagle, D.A.H.","contributorId":61594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teagle","given":"D.A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brewer, T.","contributorId":20493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Halliday, A.","contributorId":30779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halliday","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020795,"text":"70020795 - 1998 - Impact of alternative regeneration methods on genetic diversity in coastal Douglas-fir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-19T10:25:57","indexId":"70020795","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1688,"text":"Forest Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of alternative regeneration methods on genetic diversity in coastal Douglas-fir","docAbstract":"Genetic implications of natural and artificial regeneration following three regeneration methods (group selection, shelterwood, and clearcut) were investigated in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) using genetic markers (17 allozyme loci). In general, harvesting followed by either natural or artificial regeneration resulted in offspring populations little altered from those in the previous generation. Cutting the smallest trees to form shelterwoods, however, resulted in the removal of rare, presumably deleterious, alleles, such that slightly fewer alleles per locus were observed among residual trees (2.76) and natural regeneration (2.75) than found in uncut (control) stands (2.86). Thus, although the shelterwood regime appears quite compatible with gene conservation, it would be best to leave parent trees of a range of sizes in shelterwoods designated as gene conservation reserves, in order to maximize the number of alleles (regardless of current adaptive value) in naturally regenerated offspring. Seedling stocks used for artificial regeneration in clearcut, shelterwood, and group selection stands (7 total) had significantly greater levels of genetic diversity, on average, than found in natural regeneration. This is probably because the seeds used in artificial seedling stocks came from many wild stands and thus, sampled more diversity than found in single populations. For. Sci. 44(3): 390-396.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of American Foresters","usgsCitation":"Adams, W., Zuo, J., Shimizu, J., and Tappeiner, J., 1998, Impact of alternative regeneration methods on genetic diversity in coastal Douglas-fir: Forest Science, v. 44, no. 3, p. 390-396.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"390","endPage":"396","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38b2e4b0c8380cd61669","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, W.T.","contributorId":67687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zuo, J.","contributorId":98069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuo","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shimizu, J.Y.","contributorId":48346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shimizu","given":"J.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C.","contributorId":39751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020791,"text":"70020791 - 1998 - Microtox(TM) characterization of foundry sand residuals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70020791","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3707,"text":"Waste Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microtox(TM) characterization of foundry sand residuals","docAbstract":"Although foundry residuals, consisting mostly of waste Sands, represent a potentially attractive, high-volume resource for beneficial reuse applications (e.g. highway embankment construction), prospective end users are understandably concerned about unforeseen liabilities stemming from the use of these residuals. This paper, therefore, focuses on the innovative use of a microbial bioassay as a means of developing a characterization of environmental suitability extending beyond the analytical coverage already provided by mandated chemical-specific tests (i.e., TCLP, etc.). Microtox(TM) bioassays were conducted on leachates derived from residuals obtained at a wide range of facilities, including: 11 gray and ductile iron foundries plus one each steel and aluminum foundries. In addition, virgin sand samples were used to establish a relative 'natural' benchmark against which the waste foundry sands could then be compared in terms of their apparent quality. These bioassay tests were able to effectively 'fingerprint' those residuals whose bioassay behavior was comparable to that of virgin materials. In fact, the majority of gray and ductile iron foundry residuals tested during this reported study elicited Microtox(TM) response levels which fell within or below the virgin sand response range, consequently providing another quantifiable layer of Support for this industry's claim that their sands are 'cleaner than dirt.' However, negative Microtox(TM) responses beyond that of the virgin sands were observed with a number of foundry samples (i.e. four of the 11 gray or ductile iron sands plus both non-iron sands). Therefore, the latter results would suggest that these latter residuals be excluded from beneficial reuse for the immediate future, at least until the cause and nature of this negative response has been further identified.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waste Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00030-0","issn":"0956053X","usgsCitation":"Bastian, K., and Alleman, J., 1998, Microtox(TM) characterization of foundry sand residuals: Waste Management, v. 18, no. 4, p. 227-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00030-0.","startPage":"227","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206852,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00030-0"},{"id":230965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56ace4b0c8380cd6d740","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bastian, K.C.","contributorId":83694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bastian","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alleman, J.E.","contributorId":103824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alleman","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020777,"text":"70020777 - 1998 - Do black ducks and wood ducks habituate to aircraft disturbance?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-16T11:32:28.608791","indexId":"70020777","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do black ducks and wood ducks habituate to aircraft disturbance?","docAbstract":"Experiments with the Rocky 7 rover were performed in the Mojave Desert to better understand how to conduct rover-based, long-distance (kilometers) geological traverses on Mars. The rover was equipped with stereo imaging systems for remote sensing science and hazard avoidance and 57Fe Mössbauer and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers for in situ determination of mineralogy of unprepared rock and soil surfaces. Laboratory data were also obtained using the spectrometers and an X ray diffraction (XRD)/XRF instrument for unprepared samples collected from the rover sites. Simulated orbital and descent image data assembled for the test sites were found to be critical for assessing the geologic setting, formulating hypotheses to be tested with rover observations, planning traverses, locating the rover, and providing a regional context for interpretation of rover-based observations. Analyses of remote sensing and in situ observations acquired by the rover confirmed inferences made from orbital and simulated descent images that the Sunshine Volcanic Field is composed of basalt flows. Rover data confirmed the idea that Lavic Lake is a recharge playa and that an alluvial fan composed of sediments with felsic compositions has prograded onto the playa. Rover-based discoveries include the inference that the basalt flows are mantled with aeolian sediment and covered with a dense pavement of varnished basalt cobbles. Results demonstrate that the combination of rover remote sensing and in situ analytical observations will significantly increase our understanding of Mars and provide key connecting links between orbital and descent data and analyses of returned samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JE01768","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Arvidson, R., Acton, C., Blaney, D., Bowman, J., Kim, S., Klingelhofer, G., Marshall, J., Niebur, C., Plescia, J., Saunders, R., and Ulmer, C., 1998, Rocky 7 prototype Mars rover field geology experiments: 1. Lavic Lake and Sunshine volcanic field, California: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 103, no. E10, p. 22671-22688, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE01768.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"22671","endPage":"22688","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479797,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98je01768","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230949,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae1ce4b0c8380cd8701c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acton, C.","contributorId":24521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acton","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blaney, D.","contributorId":72513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaney","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowman, J.","contributorId":58046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kim, S.","contributorId":53120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klingelhofer, G.","contributorId":57195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klingelhofer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Marshall, J.","contributorId":45243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Niebur, C.","contributorId":51050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niebur","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Plescia, J.","contributorId":20500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plescia","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Saunders, R.S.","contributorId":14437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ulmer, C.T.","contributorId":7035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulmer","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70020536,"text":"70020536 - 1998 - How organisms do the right thing: The attractor hypothesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-28T08:55:10","indexId":"70020536","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1206,"text":"Chaos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How organisms do the right thing: The attractor hypothesis","docAbstract":"Neo-Darwinian theory is highly successful at explaining the emergence of adaptive traits over successive generations. However, there are reasons to doubt its efficacy in explaining the observed, impressively detailed adaptive responses of organisms to day-to-day changes in their surroundings. Also, the theory lacks a clear mechanism to account for both plasticity and canalization. In effect, there is a growing sentiment that the neo-Darwinian paradigm is incomplete, that something more than genetic structure, mutation, genetic drift, and the action of natural selection is required to explain organismal behavior. In this paper we extend the view of organisms as complex self-organizing entities by arguing that basic physical laws, coupled with the acquisitive nature of organisms, makes adaptation all but tautological. That is, much adaptation is an unavoidable emergent property of organisms' complexity and, to some a significant degree, occurs quite independently of genomic changes wrought by natural selection. For reasons that will become obvious, we refer to this assertion as the attractor hypothesis. The arguments also clarify the concept of \"adaptation.\" Adaptation across generations, by natural selection, equates to the (game theoretic) maximization of fitness (the success with which one individual produces more individuals), while self-organizing based adaptation, within generations, equates to energetic efficiency and the matching of intake and biosynthesis to need. Finally, we discuss implications of the attractor hypothesis for a wide variety of genetical and physiological phenomena, including genetic architecture, directed mutation, genetic imprinting, paramutation, hormesis, plasticity, optimality theory, genotype-phenotype linkage and puncuated equilibrium, and present suggestions for tests of the hypothesis. ?? 1998 American Institute of Physics.","language":"English","publisher":"AIP Publishing","doi":"10.1063/1.166355","issn":"10541500","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J., Freeman, D., Mills, A., and Graham, J., 1998, How organisms do the right thing: The attractor hypothesis: Chaos, v. 8, no. 3, p. 717-726, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.166355.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"726","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265845,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.166355"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3253e4b0c8380cd5e700","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, D.C.","contributorId":21309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills, A.","contributorId":33085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, J.H.","contributorId":77322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020765,"text":"70020765 - 1998 - Flooding to restore connectivity of regulated, large-river wetlands: Natural and controlled flooding as complementary processes along the lower Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T15:05:21","indexId":"70020765","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flooding to restore connectivity of regulated, large-river wetlands: Natural and controlled flooding as complementary processes along the lower Missouri River","docAbstract":"You can always count on finding the Mississippi just where you left it last year. But the Missouri is a tawny, restless, brawling flood. It cuts corners, runs around at night, fills itself with snags and traveling sandbars, lunches on levees, and swallows islands and small villages for dessert. Its perpetual dissatisfaction with its bed is the greatest peculiarity of the Missouri.… It makes farming as fascinating as gambling. You never know whether you are going to harvest corn or catfish (Fitch 1907, p. 637).
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.2307/1313335","usgsCitation":"Galat, D., Fredrickson, L., Humburg, D., Bataille, K., Bodie, J., Dohrenwend, J., Gelwicks, G., Havel, J., Helmers, D., Hooker, J., Jones, J., Knowlton, M., Kubisiak, J., Mazourek, J., McColpin, A., Renken, R.B., and Semlitsch, R.D., 1998, Flooding to restore connectivity of regulated, large-river wetlands: Natural and controlled flooding as complementary processes along the lower Missouri River: BioScience, v. 48, no. 9, p. 721-733, https://doi.org/10.2307/1313335.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"733","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479833,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1313335","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","volume":"48","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1189e4b0c8380cd5401b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galat, D.L.","contributorId":54546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galat","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fredrickson, L.H.","contributorId":91042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredrickson","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Humburg, D.D.","contributorId":87101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Humburg","given":"D.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bataille, K.J.","contributorId":94459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bataille","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bodie, J.R.","contributorId":43941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodie","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dohrenwend, J.","contributorId":108269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohrenwend","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gelwicks, G.T.","contributorId":63987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelwicks","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Havel, J.E.","contributorId":72548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havel","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Helmers, D.L.","contributorId":63988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helmers","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hooker, J.B.","contributorId":95228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooker","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jones, J.R.","contributorId":15967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Knowlton, M.F.","contributorId":87325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowlton","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Kubisiak, J.","contributorId":50686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubisiak","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Mazourek, J.","contributorId":98494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazourek","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"McColpin, A.C.","contributorId":65248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McColpin","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Renken, Rochelle B.","contributorId":107646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Renken","given":"Rochelle","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Semlitsch, R. D.","contributorId":22522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semlitsch","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70021063,"text":"70021063 - 1998 - Black Mats, Spring-Fed Streams, and Late-Glacial-Age Recharge in the Southern Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T13:22:17","indexId":"70021063","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Black Mats, Spring-Fed Streams, and Late-Glacial-Age Recharge in the Southern Great Basin","docAbstract":"Black mats are prominent features of the late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphic record in the southern Great Basin. Faunal, geochemical, and sedimentological evidence shows that the black mats formed in several microenvironments related to spring discharge, ranging from wet meadows to shallow ponds. Small land snails such as Gastrocopta tappaniana and Vertigo berryi are the most common mollusk taxa present. Semiaquatic and aquatic taxa are less abundant and include Catinellids, Fossaria parva, Gyraulus parvus, and others living today in and around perennial seeps and ponds. The ostracodes Cypridopsis okeechobi and Scottia tumida, typical of seeps and low-discharge springs today, as well as other taxa typical of springs and wetlands, are common in the black mats. Several new species that lived in the saturated subsurface also are present, but lacustrine ostracodes are absent. The ??13C values of organic matter in the black mats range from -12 to -26???, reflecting contributions of tissue from both C3 (sedges, most shrubs and trees) and C4 (saltbush, saltgrass) plants. Carbon-14 dates on the humate fraction of 55 black mats fall between 11,800 to 6300 and 2300 14C yr B.P. to modern. The total absence of mats in our sample between 6300 and 2300 14C yr B.P. likely reflects increased aridity associated with the mid-Holocene Altithermal. The oldest black mats date to 11,800-11,600 14C yr B.P., and the peak in the 14C black mat distribution falls at ???10,000 14C yr B.P. As the formation of black mats is spring related, their abundance reflects refilling of valley aquifers starting no later than 11,800 and peaking after 11,000 14C yrB.P. Reactivation of spring-fed channels shortly before 11,200 14C yr B.P. is also apparent in the stratigraphic records from the Las Vegas and Pahrump Valleys. This age distribution suggests that black mats and related spring-fed channels in part may have formed in response to Younger Dryas (YD)-age recharge in the region. However, the inception of black mat formation precedes that of the YD by at least 400 14C yr, and hydrological change is gradual, not rapid. ?? 1998 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1006/qres.1997.1959","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Quade, J., Forester, R.M., Pratt, W., and Carter, C., 1998, Black Mats, Spring-Fed Streams, and Late-Glacial-Age Recharge in the Southern Great Basin: Quaternary Research, v. 49, no. 2, p. 129-148, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1959.","startPage":"129","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266457,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1959"}],"volume":"49","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1d5e4b0c8380cd4ae54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":388509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, W.L.","contributorId":59972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carter, C.","contributorId":96293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020763,"text":"70020763 - 1998 - Building a North American spatial data infrastructure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T14:57:27.859083","indexId":"70020763","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Building a North American spatial data infrastructure","docAbstract":"This paper addresses the state of spatial data infrastructures within North America in late 1997. After providing some background underlying the philosophy and development of the SDI concept, the authors discuss effects of technology, institutions, and standardization that confront the cohesive implementation of a common infrastructure today. The paper concludes with a comparative framework and specific examples of elements and initiatives defining respective spatial data infrastructure initiatives in the United States and Canada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304098782383098","usgsCitation":"Coleman, D.J., and Nebert, D.D., 1998, Building a North American spatial data infrastructure: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 25, no. 3, p. 151-160, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304098782383098.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2a7e4b0c8380cd4b292","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coleman, D. J.","contributorId":106282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nebert, Douglas D. ddnebert@usgs.gov","contributorId":3629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nebert","given":"Douglas","email":"ddnebert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":387398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020539,"text":"70020539 - 1998 - Biomarker generation from Type II-S kerogens in claystone and limestone during hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70020539","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Biomarker generation from Type II-S kerogens in claystone and limestone during hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis","docAbstract":"A claystone and a limestone containing immature Type II-S kerogen were thermally matured in the presence and absence of water, to study the influence of water and clay minerals on the generation of biomarkers. In contrast to hydrous pyrolysis, anhydrous pyrolysis of the claystone did not generate biomarkers, which resulted in the loss of important information. Desulfurization of the polar fraction of the claystone showed that anhydrous pyrolysis is not capable of converting S-bound biomarkers to free biomarkers. For the limestone, the differences between hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis are less dramatic. Adsorption of the polar fraction of the claystone to smectite interlayers probably leads to cross-linking reactions, preventing the generation of free biomarkers. During hydrous pyrolysis, the smectite interlayers are occupied by water so that generation of biomarkers can take place. In addition, cross-linking reactions during anhydrous pyrolysis of the claystone may be enhanced because of the presence of S-S bonds in the organic matter of the claystone. These results show that water is important in closed system laboratory experiments designed to simulate natural maturation of sedimentary organic matter.A claystone and a limestone containing immature Type II-S kerogen were thermally matured in the presence and absence of water, to study the influence of water and clay minerals on the generation of biomarkers. In contrast to hydrous pyrolysis, anhydrous pyrolysis of the claystone did not generate biomarkers, which resulted in the loss of important information. Desulfurization of the polar fraction of the claystone showed that anhydrous pyrolysis is not capable of converting S-bound biomarkers to free biomarkers. For the limestone, the differences between hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis are less dramatic. Adsorption of the polar fraction of the claystone to smectite interlayers probably leads to cross-linking reactions, preventing the generation of free biomarkers. During hydrous pyrolysis, the smectite interlayers are occupied by water so that generation of biomarkers can take place. In addition, crosslinking reactions during anhydrous pyrolysis of the claystone may be enhanced because of the presence of S-S bonds in the organic matter of the claystone. These results show that water is important in closed system laboratory experiments designed to simulate natural maturation of sedimentary organic matter.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 18th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry. Part 2 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"22 September 1997 through 26 September 1997","conferenceLocation":"Maastricht, Neth","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00187-9","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Koopmans, M., Carson, F., Sinninghe, D.J., and Lewan, M.D., 1998, Biomarker generation from Type II-S kerogens in claystone and limestone during hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis, in Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, no. 5-7 -7 pt 2, Maastricht, Neth, 22 September 1997 through 26 September 1997, p. 1395-1402, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00187-9.","startPage":"1395","endPage":"1402","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206869,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00187-9"},{"id":231028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5-7 -7 pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f188e4b0c8380cd4aca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koopmans, M.P.","contributorId":38298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koopmans","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carson, F.C.","contributorId":96446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carson","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sinninghe, Damste J.S.","contributorId":35484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinninghe","given":"Damste","email":"","middleInitial":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020762,"text":"70020762 - 1998 - Detecting influential observations in nonlinear regression modeling of groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T10:21:23","indexId":"70020762","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detecting influential observations in nonlinear regression modeling of groundwater flow","docAbstract":"Nonlinear regression is used to estimate optimal parameter values in models of groundwater flow to ensure that differences between predicted and observed heads and flows do not result from nonoptimal parameter values. Parameter estimates can be affected, however, by observations that disproportionately influence the regression, such as outliers that exert undue leverage on the objective function. Certain statistics developed for linear regression can be used to detect influential observations in nonlinear regression if the models are approximately linear. This paper discusses the application of Cook's D, which measures the effect of omitting a single observation on a set of estimated parameter values, and the statistical parameter DFBETAS, which quantifies the influence of an observation on each parameter. The influence statistics were used to (1) identify the influential observations in the calibration of a three-dimensional, groundwater flow model of a fractured-rock aquifer through nonlinear regression, and (2) quantify the effect of omitting influential observations on the set of estimated parameter values. Comparison of the spatial distribution of Cook's D with plots of model sensitivity shows that influential observations correspond to areas where the model heads are most sensitive to certain parameters, and where predicted groundwater flow rates are largest. Five of the six discharge observations were identified as influential, indicating that reliable measurements of groundwater flow rates are valuable data in model calibration. DFBETAS are computed and examined for an alternative model of the aquifer system to identify a parameterization error in the model design that resulted in overestimation of the effect of anisotropy on horizontal hydraulic conductivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98WR01010","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., 1998, Detecting influential observations in nonlinear regression modeling of groundwater flow: Water Resources Research, v. 34, no. 7, p. 1623-1633, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR01010.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1623","endPage":"1633","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff61e4b0c8380cd4f160","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Richard M. 0000-0001-7725-1148 ryager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-1148","contributorId":950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Richard","email":"ryager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020542,"text":"70020542 - 1998 - Carbon isotopic comparisons of oil products used in the developmental history of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70020542","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon isotopic comparisons of oil products used in the developmental history of Alaska","docAbstract":"Studies of the fate of oil released into Prince William Sound, AK, as a result of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, have led to an unexpected discovery. In addition to oil-like residues attributed to the spill, the ubiquitous presence of flattened tar balls, the carbon isotopic compositions of which fall within a surprisingly narrow range [??13C(PDB) = -23.7 ?? 0.3??? (n = 65)], were observed on the shorelines of the northern and western parts of the sound. These compositions are similar to those of some oil products [-23.7 ?? 0.7??? (n = 35)] that were shipped from California and used in Alaska for fuel, lubrication, construction, and paving before ~ 1970. These products include fuel oil, asphalt, and lubricants [-23.8 ?? 0.5??? (n = 11)], caulking, sealants, and roofing tar [-23.7 ?? 0.7??? (n = 16)], and road pavements and airport runways [-23.5 ?? 0.9??? (n = 8)]. Fuel oil and asphalt [-23.5 ?? 0.1??? (n = 3)], stored at the old Valdez town site and spilled during the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, appear to be the source of most of the beached tar balls. Oil products with lighter carbon isotopic compositions, between -25 and -30??? (n = 18), appear to have been used more recently in Alaska, that is, after ~ 1970. The source of some of the products used for modern pavement and runways [-29.3 ?? 0.2??? (n = 6)] is likely Alaskan North Slope crude oil, an example of which was spilled in the 1989 oil spill [-29.2??? (n = 1)].","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00097-7","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., Carlson, P., Warden, A., and Threlkeld, C.N., 1998, Carbon isotopic comparisons of oil products used in the developmental history of Alaska: Chemical Geology, v. 152, no. 1-2, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00097-7.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206874,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00097-7"},{"id":231066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f367e4b0c8380cd4b7b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warden, A.","contributorId":41946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Threlkeld, C. N.","contributorId":80271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Threlkeld","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020543,"text":"70020543 - 1998 - Estimation of Mars radar backscatter from measured surface rock populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T15:37:48.501802","indexId":"70020543","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of Mars radar backscatter from measured surface rock populations","docAbstract":"Reanalysis of rock population data at the Mars Viking Lander sites has yielded updated values of rock fractional surface coverage (about 0.16 at both sites, including outcrops) and new estimates of rock burial depths and axial ratios. These data are combined with a finite difference time domain (FDTD) numerical scattering model to estimate diffuse backscatter due to rocks at both the Lander 1 (VL1) and Lander 2 (VL2) sites. We consider single scattering from both surface and subsurface objects of various shapes, ranging from an ideal sphere to an accurate digitized model of a terrestrial rock. The FDTD cross-section calculations explicitly account for the size, shape, composition, orientation, and burial state of the scattering object, the incident wave angle and polarization, and the composition of the surface. We calculate depolarized specific cross sections at 12.6 cm wavelength due to lossless rock-like scatterers of about 0.014 at VL1 and 0.023 at VL2, which are comparable to the measured ranges of 0.019–0.032 and 0.012–0.018, respectively. We also discuss the variation of the diffuse cross section as the local angle of incidence, θi, changes. Numerical calculations for a limited set of rock shapes indicate a marked difference between the angular backscattering behavior of wavelength-scale surface and subsurface rocks: while subsurface rocks scatter approximately as a cosine power law, surface rocks display a complex variation, often with peak backscattering at high incidence angles (θi = 70°–75°).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JE02221","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Simpson, R., Tyler, G., Moore, H., and Harmon, J., 1998, Estimation of Mars radar backscatter from measured surface rock populations: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 103, no. E10, p. 22695-22712, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02221.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"22695","endPage":"22712","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b77e4b0c8380cd5272a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, J.E.","contributorId":89689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.A.","contributorId":35091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tyler, G.L.","contributorId":26297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyler","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harmon, J.K.","contributorId":20502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":93865,"text":"93865 - 1998 - Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Sedge Wren","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-05T10:26:21","indexId":"93865","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Sedge Wren","docAbstract":"Information on the habitat requirements and effects of habitat management on grassland birds were summarized from information in more than 5,500 published and unpublished papers. A range map is provided to indicate the relative densities of the species in North America, based on Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data. Although birds frequently are observed outside the breeding range indicated, the maps are intended to show areas where managers might concentrate their attention. It may be ineffectual to manage habitat at a site for a species that rarely occurs in an area. The species account begins with a brief capsule statement, which provides the fundamental components or keys to management for the species. A section on breeding range outlines the current breeding distribution of the species in North America, including areas that could not be mapped using BBS data. The suitable habitat section describes the breeding habitat and occasionally microhabitat characteristics of the species, especially those habitats that occur in the Great Plains. Details on habitat and microhabitat requirements often provide clues to how a species will respond to a particular management practice. A table near the end of the account complements the section on suitable habitat, and lists the specific habitat characteristics for the species by individual studies. A special section on prey habitat is included for those predatory species that have more specific prey requirements. The area requirements section provides details on territory and home range sizes, minimum area requirements, and the effects of patch size, edges, and other landscape and habitat features on abundance and productivity. It may be futile to manage a small block of suitable habitat for a species that has minimum area requirements that are larger than the area being managed. The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is an obligate brood parasite of many grassland birds. The section on cowbird brood parasitism summarizes rates of cowbird parasitism, host responses to parasitism, and factors that influence parasitism, such as nest concealment and host density. The impact of management depends, in part, upon a species' nesting phenology and biology. The section on breeding-season phenology and site fidelity includes details on spring arrival and fall departure for migratory populations in the Great Plains, peak breeding periods, the tendency to renest after nest failure or success, and the propensity to return to a previous breeding site. The duration and timing of breeding varies among regions and years. Species' response to management summarizes the current knowledge and major findings in the literature on the effects of different management practices on the species. The section on management recommendations complements the previous section and summarizes specific recommendations for habitat management provided in the literature. If management recommendations differ in different portions of the species' breeding range, recommendations are given separately by region. The literature cited contains references to published and unpublished literature on the management effects and habitat requirements of the species. This section is not meant to be a complete bibliography; for a searchable, annotated bibliography of published and unpublished papers dealing with habitat needs of grassland birds and their responses to habitat management, use the Grassland and Wetland Birds Bibliography on the home page of this resource.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of management practices on grassland birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","doi":"10.3133/93865","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., Sondreal, M.L., Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Goldade, C., Parkin, B., and Euliss, B., 1998, Effects of management practices on grassland birds: Sedge Wren (Originally posted 1998, revised 2002), 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/93865.","productDescription":"16 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/93865.PNG"},{"id":311617,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/93865/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Originally posted 1998, revised 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":298122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sondreal, Marriah L.","contributorId":73532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sondreal","given":"Marriah","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Igl, Lawrence D. 0000-0003-0530-7266 ligl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-7266","contributorId":2381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Igl","given":"Lawrence","email":"ligl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":298117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldade, Christopher M.","contributorId":90668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"Christopher M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parkin, Barry D.","contributorId":98249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkin","given":"Barry D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Euliss, Betty R.","contributorId":58218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Betty R.","affiliations":[{"id":39297,"text":"former U.S. Geological Survey employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":298118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020760,"text":"70020760 - 1998 - Benthic sulfate reduction along the Chesapeake Bay central channel. I. Spatial trends and controls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T09:28:04","indexId":"70020760","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Benthic sulfate reduction along the Chesapeake Bay central channel. I. Spatial trends and controls","docAbstract":"Factors controlling the spatial distribution of benthic sulfate reduction (SR) were investigated at 3 stations [upper (UB), mid (MB) and lower bay (LB)] along the Chesapeake Bay (eastern USA) central channel from early spring through late fall, 1989 to 1994. Annual rates of 0 to 12 cm depth-integrated SR were 0.96, 9.62 and 6.33 mol S m-2 yr-1 for UB, MB and LB, respectively, as calculated from 35SO42- incubations. SR was carbon limited at UB, LB, and at the sediment surface at MB, and SO42- limited at depth at MB. Temperature explained 33 to 68% of the variability in annual rates, with an apparent influence on SR which increased in the seaward direction in surface sediments. We speculate that the enhanced response of SR to temperature in LB surface sediments was linked to seasonal variations in macrofaunal activity associated with temperature. Estimates of reduced-S burial indicated that only 4 to 8% of sulfur reduced annually was buried as Fe-S minerals at MB and LB, with the remainder presumably being reoxidized. In contrast, >50% of the sulfur reduced annually was buried at UB, due to comparatively low SR rates and the high concentration of reactive iron in the oligohaline region. SR mineralized 18 to 32% of the annual primary production. Our results indicate that organic quality may be more important than the absolute quantity of organic loading in dictating the magnitude of benthic SR rates along an estuarine gradient. Spatial trends in SR reflected the combined influence of deposited organic matter quality and quantity, SO42- availability, the presence or absence of benthic macrofauna, overlying water dissolved O2 conditions, reduced-S reoxidation dynamics, and iron-sulfide mineral formation.","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps168213","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Marvin-DiPasquale, M., and Capone, D., 1998, Benthic sulfate reduction along the Chesapeake Bay central channel. I. Spatial trends and controls: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 168, p. 213-228, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps168213.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479853,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps168213","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266005,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps168213"}],"volume":"168","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0c2e4b0c8380cd4a8d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, M. C.","contributorId":6605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"M. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capone, D.G.","contributorId":105876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capone","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020759,"text":"70020759 - 1998 - Paleomagnetism of the Middle Proterozoic Electra Lake Gabbro, Needle Mountains, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T16:52:49.9272","indexId":"70020759","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleomagnetism of the Middle Proterozoic Electra Lake Gabbro, Needle Mountains, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"The Electra Lake Gabbro is a small 1.435 Ga pluton that intrudes 1.7 to 1.6 Ga gneisses and schists of the Needle Mountains in southwestern Colorado. Paleomagnetic samples were collected from the main phases of the gabbro, diabase dikes, granite, and alaskite dikes that cut the gabbro and from a partially melted zone in gneiss along the southern margin of the pluton. Gabbro, diabase, and some melt zone samples have a single-polarity characteristic magnetization of northeast declination (D) and moderate negative inclination (I). Demagnetization behavior and rock magnetic characteristics indicate that the remanence is carried by nearly pure magnetite. After correction for the minor west dip of overlying Paleozoic strata, we obtain a mean direction of D = 32.1°, I = −41.9° ( k: = 94, α95 = 3.3°, N = 21 sites) and a paleomagnetic pole at 21.1°S, 221.1°E, (K = 89, A95 = 3.4°). This pole is similar to poles from the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup but is located at a higher southerly latitude than poles from other 1.47–1.44 Ga plutons from North America, most of which plot at equatorial latitudes. The reason for this discrepancy is not clear but may result from a combination of factors, including unrecognized tilting of the gabbro, the failure of this relatively small pluton to fully average paleosecular variation, and uncertainties in the overall reliability of other 1.5–1.4 Ga poles of the North American apparent polar wander path.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB01350","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Harlan, S.S., and Geissman, J.W., 1998, Paleomagnetism of the Middle Proterozoic Electra Lake Gabbro, Needle Mountains, southwestern Colorado: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 7, p. 15497-15507, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01350.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"15497","endPage":"15507","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479827,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb01350","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231041,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7428e4b0c8380cd77496","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harlan, S. S.","contributorId":11651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geissman, J. W.","contributorId":105760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020757,"text":"70020757 - 1998 - Geology of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T10:44:34","indexId":"70020757","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2201,"text":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Isla de Mona is a carbonate island located in the Mona Passage 68 km west of Puerto Rico. The tectonically uplifted island is 12 km by 5 km, with an area of 55 km2, and forms a raised flat-topped platform or meseta. The meseta tilts gently to the south and is bounded by near vertical cliffs on all sides. These cliffs rise from 80 m above sea level on the north to 20 m above the sea on the southern coast. Along the southwestern and western side of the island a three- to six-meter-high Pleistocene fossil reef abuts the base of the cliff to form a narrow coastal plain. The meseta itself consists of two Mio-Pliocene carbonate units, the lower Isla de Mona Dolomite and the upper Lirio Limestone. Numerous karst features, including a series of flank margin caves primarily developed at the Lirio Limestone/Isla de Mona Dolomite contact, literally ring the periphery of the island.","language":"English","publisher":"National Speleological Society","issn":"10906924","usgsCitation":"Frank, E., Wicks, C.M., Mylroie, J., Troester, J., Alexander, E., and Carew, J., 1998, Geology of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico: Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 60, no. 2, p. 69-72.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"72","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339934,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/V60/V60N2-Frank-Geology.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rick","otherGeospatial":"Isla de Mona","volume":"60","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2493e4b0c8380cd581e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, E.F.","contributorId":72959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wicks, Carol M.","contributorId":118727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mylroie, J.","contributorId":41615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mylroie","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Troester, J.","contributorId":9025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troester","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alexander, E.C. Jr.","contributorId":94062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"E.C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carew, J.L.","contributorId":6214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carew","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70020547,"text":"70020547 - 1998 - The Soufriere Hills eruption, Montserrat, British West Indies: Introduction to special section, part 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T12:27:57.135836","indexId":"70020547","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Soufriere Hills eruption, Montserrat, British West Indies: Introduction to special section, part 1","docAbstract":"The special section on the eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano is a collection of 24 papers that summarises the early scientific work of the Montserrat Volcano Observatory. Part 1 of the special section, published in a previous issue of GRL, provided a sampling of the multidisciplinary investigations undertaken at Montserrat. The papers published in Part 1 included an overview of the eruption, investigations on seismicity, ground deformation studies, and petrology.
The papers of this issue comprise Part 2 of the special section. These papers also cover a broad spectrum of topics, including various topics in seismology, petrology, pyroclastic flow models, gas chemistry, hydrothermal systems, and tsunami models. In general, papers in Part 1 may be said to be more observational- or data-orientated, and those of Part 2 more model-orientated, but indeed there is much overlap of descriptive material, data, and modelling within the individual contributions. Considered in total the collection presents a representative summary of the scientific effort carried out in Montserrat through much of 1997.