We have implemented a long-term snow-fence experiment at the Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research (NWT) site in the Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., to assess the effects of climate change on alpine ecology and biogeochemical cycles. The responses of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in high-elevation mountains to changes in climate are investigated by manipulating the length and duration of snow cover with the 2.6 × 60 m snow fence, providing a proxy for climate change. Results from the first year of operation in 1994 showed that the period of continuous snow cover was increased by 90 d. The deeper and earlier snowpack behind the fence insulated soils from winter air temperatures, resulting in a 9°C increase in annual minimum temperature at the soil surface. The extended period of snow cover resulted in subnivial microbial activity playing a major role in annual C and N cycling. The amount of C mineralized under the snow as measured by CO2 production was 22 g m-2 in 1993 and 35 g m-2 in 1994, accounting for 20% of annual net primary above-ground production before construction of the snow fence in 1993 and 31% after to snow fence was constructed in 1994. In a similar fashion, maximum subnivial N2O flux increased 3-fold behind the snow fence, from 75 μg N m-2 d-1 in 1993 to 250 μg N m-2 d-1 in 1994. The amount of N lost from denitrification was greater than the annual atmospheric input of N in snowfall. Surface litter decomposition studies show that there was a significant increase in the litter mass loss under deep and early snow, with no significant change under medium and little snow conditions. Changes in climate that result in differences in snow duration, depth, and extent may therefore produce large changes in the C and N soil dynamics of alpine ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2307/1551742","usgsCitation":"Williams, M.W., Brooks, P.D., and Seastedt, T., 1998, Nitrogen and carbon soil dynamics in response to climate change in a high-elevation ecosystem in the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 30, no. 1, p. 26-30, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551742.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Niwot Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.59733242778591,\n 40.06260050779872\n ],\n [\n -105.59733242778591,\n 40.0358922567398\n ],\n [\n -105.56220148215475,\n 40.0358922567398\n ],\n [\n -105.56220148215475,\n 40.06260050779872\n ],\n [\n -105.59733242778591,\n 40.06260050779872\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66c0e4b0c8380cd72f7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Mark W.","contributorId":43046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brooks, P. D.","contributorId":46060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seastedt, T.","contributorId":90068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seastedt","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020551,"text":"70020551 - 1998 - Numerical analysis of seawater circulation in carbonate platforms: I. Geothermal convection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-07T16:46:09.056528","indexId":"70020551","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical analysis of seawater circulation in carbonate platforms: I. Geothermal convection","docAbstract":"Differences in fluid density between cold ocean water and warm ground water can drive the circulation of seawater through carbonate platforms. The circulating water can be the major source of dissolved constituents for diagenetic reactions such as dolomitization. This study was undertaken to investigate the conditions under which such circulation can occur and to determine which factors control both the flux and the patterns of fluid circulation and temperature distribution, given the expected ranges of those factors in nature. Results indicate that the magnitude and distribution of permeability within a carbonate platform are the most important parameters. Depending on the values of horizontal and vertical permeability, heat transport within a platform can occur by one of three mechanisms: conduction, forced convection, or free convection. Depth-dependent relations for porosity and permeability in carbonate platforms suggest circulation may decrease rapidly with depth. The fluid properties of density and viscosity are controlled primarily by their dependency on temperature. The bulk thermal conductivity of the rocks within the platform affects the conductive regime to some extent, especially if evaporite minerals are present within the section. Platform geometry has only a second-order effect on circulation. The relative position of sealevel can create surface conditions that range from exposed (with a fresh-water lens present) to shallow water (with hypersaline conditions created by evaporation in constricted flow conditions) to submerged or drowned (with free surface water circulation), but these boundary conditions and associated ocean temperature profiles have only a second-order effect on fluid circulation. Deep, convective circulation can be caused by horizon tal temperature gradients and can occur even at depths below the ocean bottom. Temperature data from deep holes in the Florida and Bahama platforms suggest that geothermal circulation is actively occurring today to depths as great as several kilometers.","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.298.10.801","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W.E., Whitaker, F.F., Smart, P.L., and Jones, G., 1998, Numerical analysis of seawater circulation in carbonate platforms: I. Geothermal convection: American Journal of Science, v. 298, no. 10, p. 801-828, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.298.10.801.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"801","endPage":"828","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479767,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.298.10.801","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231265,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"298","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68e6e4b0c8380cd73a69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitaker, F. F.","contributorId":56411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitaker","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smart, P. L.","contributorId":59983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smart","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, G.","contributorId":39722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020549,"text":"70020549 - 1998 - Two-way coupling between Vesuvius eruptions and southern Apennine earthquakes, Italy, by elastic stress transfer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T14:11:03.949874","indexId":"70020549","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two-way coupling between Vesuvius eruptions and southern Apennine earthquakes, Italy, by elastic stress transfer","docAbstract":"During the past 1000 years, eruptions of Vesuvius have often been accompanied by large earthquakes in the Apennines 50–60 km to the northeast. Statistical investigations had shown that earthquakes often preceded eruptions, typically by less than a decade, but did not provide a physical explanation for the correlation. Here, we explore elastic stress interaction between earthquakes and eruptions under the hypothesis that small stress changes can promote events when the Apennine normal faults and the Vesuvius magma body are close to failure. We show that earthquakes can promote eruptions by compressing the magma body at depth and opening suitably oriented near-surface conduits. Voiding the magma body in turns brings these same normal faults closer to Coulomb failure, promoting earthquakes. Such a coupling is strongest if the magma reservoir is a dike oriented normal to the regional extension axis, parallel to the Apennines, and the near-surface conduits and fissures are oriented normal to the Apennines. This preferred orientation suggests that the eruptions issuing from such fissures should be most closely linked in time to Apennine earthquakes. Large Apennine earthquakes since 1400 are calculated to have transferred more stress to Vesuvius than all but the largest eruptions have transferred to Apennine faults, which may explain why earthquakes more commonly lead than follow eruptions. A two-way coupling may thus link earthquakes and Vesuvius eruptions along a 100-km-long set of faults. We test the statistical significance of the earthquake-eruption correlation in the two-way coupling zone, and find a correlation significant at the 95% confidence level.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JB00902","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Nostro, C., Stein, R., Cocco, M., Belardinelli, M., and Marzocchi, W., 1998, Two-way coupling between Vesuvius eruptions and southern Apennine earthquakes, Italy, by elastic stress transfer: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. 10, p. 24487-24504, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00902.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"24487","endPage":"24504","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231225,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9a4e4b08c986b327cf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nostro, C.","contributorId":80451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nostro","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cocco, M.","contributorId":70128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocco","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belardinelli, M.E.","contributorId":107464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belardinelli","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marzocchi, W.","contributorId":29156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marzocchi","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020714,"text":"70020714 - 1998 - Variations in tidal level in the Gulf of Mexico and implications for tidal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70020714","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in tidal level in the Gulf of Mexico and implications for tidal wetlands","docAbstract":"Tidal wetland environments have an ecological zonation that corresponds with tide levels, in particular with mean high water. However, mean sea level (MSL), which has shown a persistent rise in the Gulf of Mexico during this century, is the most common reference for water level change. We examine here the relationship between mean sea level and mean high water in describing water level changes in the Gulf of Mexico. The records of monthly mean water level for four stations, Galveston, Pensacola, Cedar Key and Key West, are partitioned into the annual cycle, the long-term trend, and a low-frequency (> 10 year period) fluctuation. The trend is the same for MSL and mean higher high water (MHHW) for all stations investigated except Cedar Key, Florida, where MHHW has increased more rapidly than MSL. The low-frequency fluctuations are similar between the stations and the tidal datums. MSL can predict MHHW with discrepancies of up to 5 cm owing to the lunar nodal cycle and an annual tidal signal. Low-frequency climatic fluctuations produce greater variations than the nodal cycle, but the difference in frequency can lead to interference between the two in MHHW. The combination of the two can produce sea-level rises in excess of 1 cm year-1 over several year periods, even in areas having long-term trends of 0.2 cm year-1 or less.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1997.0276","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Stumpf, R.P., and Haines, J.W., 1998, Variations in tidal level in the Gulf of Mexico and implications for tidal wetlands: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 46, no. 2, p. 165-173, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1997.0276.","startPage":"165","endPage":"173","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206842,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1997.0276"},{"id":230920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc191e4b08c986b32a653","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stumpf, R. P.","contributorId":30649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haines, J. W.","contributorId":26319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020452,"text":"70020452 - 1998 - Observations on basaltic lava streams in tubes from Kilauea Volcano, island of Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T16:16:06.768999","indexId":"70020452","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on basaltic lava streams in tubes from Kilauea Volcano, island of Hawai'i","docAbstract":"From 1986 to 1997, the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea produced a vast pahoehoe flow field fed by lava tubes that extended 10–12 km from vents on the volcano's east rift zone to the ocean. Within a kilometer of the vent, tubes were as much as 20 m high and 10–25 m wide. On steep slopes (4–10°) a little farther away from the vent, some tubes formed by roofing over of lava channels. Lava streams were typically 1–2 m deep flowing within a tube that here was typically 5 m high and 3 m wide. On the coastal plain (<1°), tubes within inflated sheet flows were completely filled, typically 1–2 m high, and several tens of meters wide. Tubes develop as a flow's crust grows on the top, bottom, and sides of the tubes, restricting the size of the fluid core. The tubes start out with nearly elliptical cross-sectional shapes, many times wider than high. Broad, flat sheet flows evolve into elongate tumuli with an axial crack as the flanks of the original flow were progressively buried by breakouts. Temperature measurements and the presence of stalactites in active tubes confirmed that the tube walls were above the solidus and subject to melting. Sometimes, the tubes began downcutting. Progressive downcutting was frequently observed through skylights; a rate of 10 cm/d was measured at one skylight for nearly 2 months.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB03576","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., Cashman, K.V., Mattox, T.N., Heliker, C.C., Hon, K., Mangan, M.T., and Thornber, C., 1998, Observations on basaltic lava streams in tubes from Kilauea Volcano, island of Hawai'i: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 103, no. B11, p. 27303-27323, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB03576.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"27303","endPage":"27323","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479744,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb03576","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230944,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6acbe4b0c8380cd74373","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, K. V.","contributorId":16831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattox, T. N.","contributorId":55450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heliker, C. Christina","contributorId":14694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heliker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Christina","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hon, K.A.","contributorId":57148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mangan, M. T.","contributorId":10438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thornber, C.R.","contributorId":69302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020454,"text":"70020454 - 1998 - Asymmetric radiation of seismic waves from an atoll: nuclear tests in French Polynesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T14:46:08","indexId":"70020454","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Asymmetric radiation of seismic waves from an atoll: nuclear tests in French Polynesia","docAbstract":"Seismic records of nuclear tests detonated in the Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia show large unpredicted arrivals 2.2 and 4.5 seconds (X1 and X2) after the P-wave at the Australian Warramunga Array. These arrivals are not observed at the Canadian Yellowknife Array. X1 and X2 are also absent on Warramunga Array recordings of tests carried out at the Fangataufa Atoll situated 40 km SSE of Mururoa. Array analysis shows that X1 and X2 are produced within the source area. The layered crustal structure of the atoll, significant local inhomogeneities, and focusing effects due to the elongated shape and the steep flanks of the Mururoa Atoll are most likely responsible for X1 and X2. The form of Mururoa (28 × 10 km) and its East-West orientation is due to its location on the Austral Fracture Zone (AFZ). The Fangataufa Atoll on the other hand is almost circular (10 km diameter) and is unaffected by the dynamics along the AFZ. Our observations demonstrate that complicated structures in the source area can significantly alter the wave field at teleseismic distances and produce a large magnitude (mb) bias. A better understanding of the exact cause of these unusual seismic observations will only become possible, if the coordinates of the tests and information on the detailed 3-D structure of the atolls are released.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98GL51306","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Weber, M.J., Wicks, C., Kruger, F., Jahnke, G., and Schlittenhardt, J., 1998, Asymmetric radiation of seismic waves from an atoll: nuclear tests in French Polynesia: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 25, no. 10, p. 1967-1970, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL51306.","startPage":"1967","endPage":"1970","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278562,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL51306"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee98e4b0c8380cd49e52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, Michael J.","contributorId":83799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wicks, Charles W. Jr.","contributorId":68169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Charles W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kruger, Frank","contributorId":42485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruger","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jahnke, Gunnar","contributorId":63680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jahnke","given":"Gunnar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schlittenhardt, Jorg","contributorId":97769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlittenhardt","given":"Jorg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020728,"text":"70020728 - 1998 - Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Boston Harbor: Changes with time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:13:43","indexId":"70020728","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2664,"text":"Marine Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Boston Harbor: Changes with time","docAbstract":"The concentrations of metals in surface sediments of Boston Harbor have decreased during the period 1977–1993. This conclusion is supported by analysis of: (1) surface sediments collected at monitoring stations in the outer harbor between 1977 and 1993; (2) metal concentration profiles in sediment cores from depositional areas of the harbor; and (3) historical data from a contaminated-sediment database, which includes information on metal and organic contaminants and sediment texture. The background and matrix-corrected concentrations of lead (Pb) measured in the surficial layer (0–2 cm) of cores decreased by an average of 46%±12% among four locations in the outer harbor during the 16 y period. Chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn) exhibited similar trends. Results from our sediment sampling are supported by historical data that were compiled from diverse sources into a regional sediment database. This sediment database contains approximately 3000 samples; of these, about 460 samples were collected and analyzed for Cu, Hg, or Zn and many other sediment parameters in Boston Harbor surface sediments between 1971–1993. The database indicates that the concentrations of these three metals also decreased with time in Boston’s Inner Harbor. The decreases in metal concentrations that are observed in more recent years parallel a general decrease in the flux of metals to the harbor, implemented by: (1) ending the sewage sludge discharge to the Harbor in December, 1991; (2) greater source reduction (e.g. recovery of silver from photographic processing) and closing or moving of industries; (3) improvements in wastewater handling and sewage treatment; and (4) diminishing use of lead in gasoline beginning about 1973. Despite the general decrease in metal concentrations in Boston Harbor surface sediments, the concentrations of Ag and Hg measured at some outer harbor stations in 1993 were still at, or above, the level associated with frequent adverse effects to marine organisms (guidelines are: Ag 3.7 μg g−1, Hg 1.17 μg g−1, from Long et al., 1995). Concentrations of the other metals listed were in the range considered to occasionally induce adverse biological effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00027-5","issn":"01411136","usgsCitation":"Bothner, M., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., and Manheim, F., 1998, Metal concentrations in surface sediments of Boston Harbor: Changes with time: Marine Environmental Research, v. 45, no. 2, p. 127-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00027-5.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"155","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -69.884033203125,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -69.884033203125,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 42.742978093466434\n ],\n [\n -70.927734375,\n 41.69752591075902\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5474e4b0c8380cd6cfa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020729,"text":"70020729 - 1998 - Methodology and implications of maximum paleodischarge estimates for mountain channels, upper Animas River basin, Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T16:24:24.981687","indexId":"70020729","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methodology and implications of maximum paleodischarge estimates for mountain channels, upper Animas River basin, Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Historical and geologic records may be used to enhance magnitude estimates for extreme floods along mountain channels, as demonstrated in this study from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. Historical photographs and local newspaper accounts from the October 1911 flood indicate the likely extent of flooding and damage. A checklist designed to organize and numerically score evidence of flooding was used in 15 field reconnaissance surveys in the upper Animas River valley of southwestern Colorado. Step-backwater flow modeling estimated the discharges necessary to create longitudinal flood bars observed at 6 additional field sites. According to these analyses, maximum unit discharge peaks at approximately 1.3 m3 s-1 km-2 around 2200 m elevation, with decreased unit discharges at both higher and lower elevations. These results (1) are consistent with Jarrett's (1987, 1990, 1993) maximum 2300-m elevation limit for flash-flooding in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, and (2) suggest that current Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) estimates based on a 24-h rainfall of 30 cm at elevations above 2700 m are unrealistically large. The methodology used for this study should be readily applicable to other mountain regions where systematic streamflow records are of short duration or nonexistent.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2307/1551744","usgsCitation":"Pruess, J., Wohl, E.E., and Jarrett, R.D., 1998, Methodology and implications of maximum paleodischarge estimates for mountain channels, upper Animas River basin, Colorado, U.S.A.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 30, no. 1, p. 40-50, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551744.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231197,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.06948821876755,\n 37.1\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 37.1\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -108.06948821876755,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -108.06948821876755,\n 37.1\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a556ce4b0c8380cd6d1e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pruess, J.","contributorId":44308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pruess","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wohl, Ellen E.","contributorId":16969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohl","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarrett, Robert D. rjarrett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"Robert","email":"rjarrett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":387291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020475,"text":"70020475 - 1998 - Generation of coastal marsh topography with radar and ground-based measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-30T11:57:14","indexId":"70020475","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation of coastal marsh topography with radar and ground-based measurements","docAbstract":"A topographic surface of a low lying coastal marsh was created by using three flood extent vectors digitized from ERS-1 SAR images and two elevation contours from U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangles. Point measurement of water depth at the times of the SAR collections allowed conversion of the radar measured flood extent vectors to topographic contours. Generation of the topographic surface was accomplished with a surface gridding algorithm, SAR and on-site measures. Errors in the generated topography were mainly associated with the lack of input contours covering narrow to broad plateaus and topographic highs and lows. The misplacement of SAR derived flood extent vectors also caused errors in sparsely vegetated high marsh, at convoluted marsh-forest boundaries, and at topographic depressions. Overall, the standard deviation of differences between measured and predicted elevations at 747 points was 19 cm. Excluding the above mentioned abrupt boundaries and topographic highs and lows outside the range of available contours, standard deviation differences averaged about 14 cm, but most often averaged about 8 cm. This suggested a 5 to 9 factor improvement over the 150 cm topographic resolution currently available for this area.","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., Nelson, G., Laine, S., Kirkman, R., and Topham, W., 1998, Generation of coastal marsh topography with radar and ground-based measurements: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 14, no. 3, p. 1158-1164.","startPage":"1158","endPage":"1164","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":367817,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4298866"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1552e4b0c8380cd54d63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":386350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, G.A.","contributorId":17687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laine, S.C.","contributorId":91651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laine","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirkman, R.G.","contributorId":107876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkman","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Topham, W.","contributorId":98495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topham","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020732,"text":"70020732 - 1998 - Tsivat Basin conduit system persists through two surges, Bering Piedmont Glacier, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T13:25:59.0231","indexId":"70020732","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tsivat Basin conduit system persists through two surges, Bering Piedmont Glacier, Alaska","docAbstract":"The 1993–1995 surge of Bering Glacier, Alaska, occurred in two distinct phases. Phase 1 of the surge began on the eastern sector in July, 1993 and ended in July, 1994 after a powerful outburst of subglacial meltwater into Tsivat Lake basin on the north side of Weeping Peat Island. Within days, jökulhlaup discharge built a 1.5 km2 delta of ice blocks (25–30 m) buried in outwash. By late October 1994, discharge temporarily shifted to a vent on Weeping Peat Island, where a second smaller outburst dissected the island and built two new sandar. During phase 2, which began in spring 1995 and ended within five months, continuous discharge issued from several vents along the ice front on Weeping Peat Island before returning to the Tsivat Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0877:TBCSPT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Fleisher, P., Cadwell, D., and Muller, E., 1998, Tsivat Basin conduit system persists through two surges, Bering Piedmont Glacier, Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, no. 7, p. 877-887, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0877:TBCSPT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"887","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231237,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Piedmont Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.39247492816136,\n 63.2991286669656\n ],\n [\n -147.39247492816136,\n 59.807561616451096\n ],\n [\n -140.1854436781614,\n 59.807561616451096\n ],\n [\n -140.1854436781614,\n 63.2991286669656\n ],\n [\n -147.39247492816136,\n 63.2991286669656\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8a3e4b08c986b32799e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleisher, P.J.","contributorId":70664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleisher","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cadwell, D.H.","contributorId":97552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cadwell","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller, E.H.","contributorId":35350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000628,"text":"1000628 - 1998 - Zebra mussels invade Lake Erie muds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T13:28:43","indexId":"1000628","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zebra mussels invade Lake Erie muds","docAbstract":"Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) originated in western Russia but have now become widespread in Europe and North America. They are widely known for their conspicuous invasion of rocks and other hard substrates in North American and European watersheds. We have found beds of zebra mussels directly colonizing sand and mud sediments each year across hundreds of square kilometres of North America's Lake Erie. This transformation of sedimentary habitats into mussel beds represents an unforeseen change in the invasive capacity of this species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/29902","usgsCitation":"Berkman, P.A., Haltuch, M.A., Tichich, E., Garton, D.W., Kennedy, G.W., Gannon, J., Mackey, S.D., Fuller, J.A., and Liebenthal, D.L., 1998, Zebra mussels invade Lake Erie muds: Nature, v. 393, no. 6680, p. 27-28, https://doi.org/10.1038/29902.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"393","issue":"6680","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de12f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berkman, Paul Arthur","contributorId":24719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkman","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haltuch, Melissa A.","contributorId":38928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haltuch","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tichich, Emily","contributorId":7227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tichich","given":"Emily","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garton, David W.","contributorId":36497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garton","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kennedy, Gregory W. 0000-0003-1686-6960 gkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-6960","contributorId":3700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Gregory","email":"gkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gannon, John E.","contributorId":74706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannon","given":"John E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mackey, Scudder D.","contributorId":59748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackey","given":"Scudder","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fuller, Jonathan A.","contributorId":55769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Liebenthal, Dale L.","contributorId":36498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebenthal","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70020477,"text":"70020477 - 1998 - Geochemical evidence for a comet shower in the late Eocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-02T16:03:17.124233","indexId":"70020477","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for a comet shower in the late Eocene","docAbstract":"Analyses of pelagic limestones indicate that the flux of extraterrestrial helium-3 to Earth was increased for a 2.5-million year (My) period in the late Eocene. The enhancement began ~1 My before and ended ~1.5 My after the major impact events that produced the large Popigai and Chesapeake Bay craters ~36 million years ago. The correlation between increased concentrations of helium-3, a tracer of fine-grained interplanetary dust, and large impacts indicates that the abundance of Earth-crossing objects and dustiness in the inner solar system were simultaneously but only briefly enhanced. These observations provide evidence for a comet shower triggered by an impulsive perturbation of the Oort cloud.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.280.5367.1250","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Farley, K., Montanari, A., Shoemaker, E., and Shoemaker, C., 1998, Geochemical evidence for a comet shower in the late Eocene: Science, v. 280, no. 5367, p. 1250-1253, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5367.1250.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1250","endPage":"1253","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"280","issue":"5367","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a162ce4b0c8380cd5508f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farley, K.A.","contributorId":101414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farley","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montanari, A.","contributorId":14599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montanari","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shoemaker, E.M.","contributorId":81499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shoemaker, C.S.","contributorId":32318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162653,"text":"70162653 - 1998 - Imperilled wetlands - Book review: Mangroves and saltmarshes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-20T11:54:26","indexId":"70162653","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imperilled wetlands - Book review: Mangroves and saltmarshes","docAbstract":"Review info: Mangroves and saltmarshes. Edited by Eric Wolanski and Charles S. Hopkinson Jr., 1996.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/25898","usgsCitation":"Smith, T.J., 1998, Imperilled wetlands - Book review: Mangroves and saltmarshes: Nature, v. 395, p. 131-132, https://doi.org/10.1038/25898.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"132","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"395","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ab49c8e4b07ca61bfea567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Thomas J. III tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Thomas","suffix":"III","email":"tom_j_smith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":590059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020734,"text":"70020734 - 1998 - Cotton herbicides in the surface waters of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (the Delta)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70020734","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Cotton herbicides in the surface waters of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (the Delta)","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting two studies to assess the environmental fate of herbicides used in cotton producing areas of the southeastern United States. The first study is evaluating surface-water quality on a regional basis and relating water quality to land use. The second study is examining the use of Best Management Practices to reduce off-site movement of agricultural chemicals in surface-water runoff. Maximum concentrations of the herbicides fluometuron and norflurazon in samples from surface water in edge-of-field studies were 23 and 7 micrograms per liter, respectively. Also, they were detected in the runoff of nearly every sampled storm for the 1997 water year at concentrations higher than 1.0 microgram per liter. Fluometuron and norflurazon were measured frequently in samples from rivers and streams in cotton producing areas, but the frequency of occurrence and the maximum concentrations were less than those in the edge-of-field studies.","largerWorkTitle":"International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1998 International Water Resources Engineering Conference. Part 2 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"3 August 1998 through 7 August 1998","conferenceLocation":"Memphis, TN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","usgsCitation":"Coupe, R., and Rebich, R., 1998, Cotton herbicides in the surface waters of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (the Delta), in International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings, v. 2, Memphis, TN, USA, 3 August 1998 through 7 August 1998, p. 1212-1217.","startPage":"1212","endPage":"1217","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc7fe4b0c8380cd4e2ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coupe, R.H.","contributorId":84778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coupe","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rebich, R.A.","contributorId":20788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebich","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020479,"text":"70020479 - 1998 - Postimpact deformation associated with the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure in southeastern Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T14:58:34.460751","indexId":"70020479","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postimpact deformation associated with the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure in southeastern Virginia","docAbstract":"Upper Cenozoic strata covering the Chesapeake Bay impact structure in southeastern Virginia record intermittent differential movement around its buried rim. Miocene strata in a graben detected by seismic surveys on the York River exhibit variable thickness and are deformed above the crater rim. Fan-like interformational and intraformational angular unconformities within Pliocene–Pleistocene strata, which strike parallel to the crater rim and dip 2°–3° away from the crater center, indicate that deformation and deposition were synchronous. Concentric, large-scale crossbedded, bioclastic sand bodies of Pliocene age within ∼20 km of the buried crater rim formed on offshore shoals, presumably as subsiding listric slump blocks rotated near the crater rim.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club","issn":"00083550","usgsCitation":"Gipson, P.S., and Ballard, W., 1998, Accounts of famous North American Wolves, Canis lupus: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 112, no. 4, p. 724-739.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"724","endPage":"739","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422529,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/358512"},{"id":231262,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e66fe4b0c8380cd47413","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gipson, P. S.","contributorId":70136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gipson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballard, W.B.","contributorId":101235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballard","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020547,"text":"70020547 - 1998 - The Soufriere Hills eruption, Montserrat, British West Indies: Introduction to special section, part 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T12:27:57.135836","indexId":"70020547","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Soufriere Hills eruption, Montserrat, British West Indies: Introduction to special section, part 1","docAbstract":"The special section on the eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano is a collection of 24 papers that summarises the early scientific work of the Montserrat Volcano Observatory. Part 1 of the special section, published in a previous issue of GRL, provided a sampling of the multidisciplinary investigations undertaken at Montserrat. The papers published in Part 1 included an overview of the eruption, investigations on seismicity, ground deformation studies, and petrology.
The papers of this issue comprise Part 2 of the special section. These papers also cover a broad spectrum of topics, including various topics in seismology, petrology, pyroclastic flow models, gas chemistry, hydrothermal systems, and tsunami models. In general, papers in Part 1 may be said to be more observational- or data-orientated, and those of Part 2 more model-orientated, but indeed there is much overlap of descriptive material, data, and modelling within the individual contributions. Considered in total the collection presents a representative summary of the scientific effort carried out in Montserrat through much of 1997.
Reanalysis of rock population data at the Mars Viking Lander sites has yielded updated values of rock fractional surface coverage (about 0.16 at both sites, including outcrops) and new estimates of rock burial depths and axial ratios. These data are combined with a finite difference time domain (FDTD) numerical scattering model to estimate diffuse backscatter due to rocks at both the Lander 1 (VL1) and Lander 2 (VL2) sites. We consider single scattering from both surface and subsurface objects of various shapes, ranging from an ideal sphere to an accurate digitized model of a terrestrial rock. The FDTD cross-section calculations explicitly account for the size, shape, composition, orientation, and burial state of the scattering object, the incident wave angle and polarization, and the composition of the surface. We calculate depolarized specific cross sections at 12.6 cm wavelength due to lossless rock-like scatterers of about 0.014 at VL1 and 0.023 at VL2, which are comparable to the measured ranges of 0.019–0.032 and 0.012–0.018, respectively. We also discuss the variation of the diffuse cross section as the local angle of incidence, θi, changes. Numerical calculations for a limited set of rock shapes indicate a marked difference between the angular backscattering behavior of wavelength-scale surface and subsurface rocks: while subsurface rocks scatter approximately as a cosine power law, surface rocks display a complex variation, often with peak backscattering at high incidence angles (θi = 70°–75°).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JE02221","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Simpson, R., Tyler, G., Moore, H., and Harmon, J., 1998, Estimation of Mars radar backscatter from measured surface rock populations: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 103, no. E10, p. 22695-22712, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02221.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"22695","endPage":"22712","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b77e4b0c8380cd5272a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, J.E.","contributorId":89689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.A.","contributorId":35091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tyler, G.L.","contributorId":26297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyler","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harmon, J.K.","contributorId":20502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70020542,"text":"70020542 - 1998 - Carbon isotopic comparisons of oil products used in the developmental history of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70020542","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon isotopic comparisons of oil products used in the developmental history of Alaska","docAbstract":"Studies of the fate of oil released into Prince William Sound, AK, as a result of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, have led to an unexpected discovery. In addition to oil-like residues attributed to the spill, the ubiquitous presence of flattened tar balls, the carbon isotopic compositions of which fall within a surprisingly narrow range [??13C(PDB) = -23.7 ?? 0.3??? (n = 65)], were observed on the shorelines of the northern and western parts of the sound. These compositions are similar to those of some oil products [-23.7 ?? 0.7??? (n = 35)] that were shipped from California and used in Alaska for fuel, lubrication, construction, and paving before ~ 1970. These products include fuel oil, asphalt, and lubricants [-23.8 ?? 0.5??? (n = 11)], caulking, sealants, and roofing tar [-23.7 ?? 0.7??? (n = 16)], and road pavements and airport runways [-23.5 ?? 0.9??? (n = 8)]. Fuel oil and asphalt [-23.5 ?? 0.1??? (n = 3)], stored at the old Valdez town site and spilled during the 1964 Alaskan earthquake, appear to be the source of most of the beached tar balls. Oil products with lighter carbon isotopic compositions, between -25 and -30??? (n = 18), appear to have been used more recently in Alaska, that is, after ~ 1970. The source of some of the products used for modern pavement and runways [-29.3 ?? 0.2??? (n = 6)] is likely Alaskan North Slope crude oil, an example of which was spilled in the 1989 oil spill [-29.2??? (n = 1)].","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00097-7","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., Carlson, P., Warden, A., and Threlkeld, C.N., 1998, Carbon isotopic comparisons of oil products used in the developmental history of Alaska: Chemical Geology, v. 152, no. 1-2, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00097-7.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206874,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00097-7"},{"id":231066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f367e4b0c8380cd4b7b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warden, A.","contributorId":41946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Threlkeld, C. N.","contributorId":80271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Threlkeld","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020539,"text":"70020539 - 1998 - Biomarker generation from Type II-S kerogens in claystone and limestone during hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70020539","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Biomarker generation from Type II-S kerogens in claystone and limestone during hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis","docAbstract":"A claystone and a limestone containing immature Type II-S kerogen were thermally matured in the presence and absence of water, to study the influence of water and clay minerals on the generation of biomarkers. In contrast to hydrous pyrolysis, anhydrous pyrolysis of the claystone did not generate biomarkers, which resulted in the loss of important information. Desulfurization of the polar fraction of the claystone showed that anhydrous pyrolysis is not capable of converting S-bound biomarkers to free biomarkers. For the limestone, the differences between hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis are less dramatic. Adsorption of the polar fraction of the claystone to smectite interlayers probably leads to cross-linking reactions, preventing the generation of free biomarkers. During hydrous pyrolysis, the smectite interlayers are occupied by water so that generation of biomarkers can take place. In addition, cross-linking reactions during anhydrous pyrolysis of the claystone may be enhanced because of the presence of S-S bonds in the organic matter of the claystone. These results show that water is important in closed system laboratory experiments designed to simulate natural maturation of sedimentary organic matter.A claystone and a limestone containing immature Type II-S kerogen were thermally matured in the presence and absence of water, to study the influence of water and clay minerals on the generation of biomarkers. In contrast to hydrous pyrolysis, anhydrous pyrolysis of the claystone did not generate biomarkers, which resulted in the loss of important information. Desulfurization of the polar fraction of the claystone showed that anhydrous pyrolysis is not capable of converting S-bound biomarkers to free biomarkers. For the limestone, the differences between hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis are less dramatic. Adsorption of the polar fraction of the claystone to smectite interlayers probably leads to cross-linking reactions, preventing the generation of free biomarkers. During hydrous pyrolysis, the smectite interlayers are occupied by water so that generation of biomarkers can take place. In addition, crosslinking reactions during anhydrous pyrolysis of the claystone may be enhanced because of the presence of S-S bonds in the organic matter of the claystone. These results show that water is important in closed system laboratory experiments designed to simulate natural maturation of sedimentary organic matter.","largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 18th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry. Part 2 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"22 September 1997 through 26 September 1997","conferenceLocation":"Maastricht, Neth","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00187-9","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Koopmans, M., Carson, F., Sinninghe, D.J., and Lewan, M.D., 1998, Biomarker generation from Type II-S kerogens in claystone and limestone during hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis, in Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, no. 5-7 -7 pt 2, Maastricht, Neth, 22 September 1997 through 26 September 1997, p. 1395-1402, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00187-9.","startPage":"1395","endPage":"1402","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206869,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00187-9"},{"id":231028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5-7 -7 pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f188e4b0c8380cd4aca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koopmans, M.P.","contributorId":38298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koopmans","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carson, F.C.","contributorId":96446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carson","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sinninghe, Damste J.S.","contributorId":35484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinninghe","given":"Damste","email":"","middleInitial":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020484,"text":"70020484 - 1998 - ASTER preflight and inflight calibration and the validation of level 2 products","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T17:20:09.627682","indexId":"70020484","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"ASTER preflight and inflight calibration and the validation of level 2 products","docAbstract":"Describes the preflight and inflight calibration approaches used for the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). The system is a multispectral, high-spatial resolution sensor on the Earth Observing System's EOS-AM1 platform. Preflight calibration of ASTER uses well-characterized sources to provide calibration and preflight round-robin exercises to understand biases between the calibration sources of ASTER and other EOS sensors. These round-robins rely on well-characterized, ultra-stable radiometers. An experiment field in Yokohama, Japan, showed that the output from the source used for the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) subsystem of ASTER may be underestimated by 1.5%, but this is still within the 4% specification for the absolute, radiometric calibration of these bands. Inflight calibration will rely on vicarious techniques and onboard blackbodies and lamps. Vicarious techniques include ground-reference methods using desert and water sites. A recent joint field campaign gives confidence that these methods currently provide absolute calibration to better than 5%, and indications are that uncertainties less than the required 4% should be achievable at launch. The EOS-AM1 platform will also provide a spacecraft maneuver that will allow ASTER to see the Moon, allowing further characterization of the sensor. A method for combining the results of these independent calibration results is presented. The paper also describes the plans for validating the Level 2 data products from ASTER. These plans rely heavily upon field campaigns using methods similar to those used for the ground-reference, vicarious calibration methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/36.701023","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Thome, K., Aral, K., Hook, S., Kieffer, H., Lang, H., Matsunaga, T., Ono, A., Palluconi, F., Sakuma, H., Slater, P., Takashima, T., Tonooka, H., Tsuchida, S., Welch, R., and Zalewski, E., 1998, ASTER preflight and inflight calibration and the validation of level 2 products: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 36, no. 4, p. 1161-1172, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.701023.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1161","endPage":"1172","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e638e4b0c8380cd47271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thome, K.","contributorId":45078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aral, K.","contributorId":39157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aral","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hook, S.","contributorId":52360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hook","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kieffer, H.","contributorId":60405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lang, H.","contributorId":14601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Matsunaga, T.","contributorId":29157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsunaga","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ono, A.","contributorId":21710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ono","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Palluconi, F. D.","contributorId":80854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palluconi","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sakuma, H.","contributorId":80855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sakuma","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Slater, P.","contributorId":86521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Takashima, T.","contributorId":43527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takashima","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Tonooka, H.","contributorId":33486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonooka","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Tsuchida, S.","contributorId":63564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsuchida","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Welch, R.M.","contributorId":73776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Zalewski, E.","contributorId":84946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zalewski","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70020485,"text":"70020485 - 1998 - Singularity and Nonnormality in the Classification of Compositional Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T15:16:31","indexId":"70020485","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Singularity and Nonnormality in the Classification of Compositional Data","docAbstract":"Geologists may want to classify compositional data and express the classification as a map. Regionalized classification is a tool that can be used for this purpose, but it incorporates discriminant analysis, which requires the computation and inversion of a covariance matrix. Covariance matrices of compositional data always will be singular (noninvertible) because of the unit-sum constraint. Fortunately, discriminant analyses can be calculated using a pseudo-inverse of the singular covariance matrix; this is done automatically by some statistical packages such as SAS. Granulometric data from the Darss Sill region of the Baltic Sea is used to explore how the pseudo-inversion procedure influences discriminant analysis results, comparing the algorithm used by SAS to the more conventional Moore-Penrose algorithm. Logratio transforms have been recommended to overcome problems associated with analysis of compositional data, including singularity. A regionalized classification of the Darss Sill data after logratio transformation is different only slightly from one based on raw granulometric data, suggesting that closure problems do not influence severely regionalized classification of compositional data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1021705120065","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Bohling, G.C., Davis, J., Olea, R., and Harff, J., 1998, Singularity and Nonnormality in the Classification of Compositional Data: Mathematical Geology, v. 30, no. 1, p. 5-20, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021705120065.","startPage":"5","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268639,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021705120065"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90e4e4b08c986b3196c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohling, Geoffrey C.","contributorId":43109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohling","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":386401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harff, Jan","contributorId":63957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harff","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000627,"text":"1000627 - 1998 - Net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan coho salmon from their prey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T13:01:22","indexId":"1000627","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan coho salmon from their prey","docAbstract":"Most of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) body burden accumulated by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from the Laurentian Great Lakes is from their food. We used diet information, PCB determinations in both coho salmon and their prey, and bioenergetics modeling to estimate the efficiency with which Lake Michigan coho salmon retain PCBs from their food. Our estimate was the most reliable estimate to date because (a) the coho salmon and prey fish sampled during our study were sampled in spring, summer, and fall from various locations throughout the lake, (b) detailed measurements were made on the PCB concentrations of both coho salmon and prey fish over wide ranges in fish size, and (c) coho salmon diet was analyzed in detail from April through November over a wide range of salmon size from numerous locations throughout the lake. We estimated that coho salmon from Lake Michigan retain 50% of the PCBs that are contained within their food.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es980277n","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Elliott, R., Schmidt, L., Desorcie, T.J., Hesselberg, R.J., Quintal, R.T., Begnoche, L.J., Bouchard, P.M., and Holey, M.E., 1998, Net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan coho salmon from their prey: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 32, no. 20, p. 3063-3067, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980277n.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"3063","endPage":"3067","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Robert F.","contributorId":71917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Robert F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, Larry J.","contributorId":51238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Larry J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Desorcie, Timothy J. 0000-0002-9965-1668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-1668","contributorId":23480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desorcie","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hesselberg, Robert J.","contributorId":36074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesselberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Quintal, Richard T. rquintal@usgs.gov","contributorId":4237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quintal","given":"Richard","email":"rquintal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":308941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Begnoche, Linda J. lbegnoche@usgs.gov","contributorId":4236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Begnoche","given":"Linda","email":"lbegnoche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":308940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bouchard, Patrick M.","contributorId":18305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouchard","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Holey, Mark E.","contributorId":13174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holey","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ]}