The thymus is believed to be a central component of haematopoiesis and immune function in teleosts. Hence, chemically-elicited adverse effects to the thymus may result in immunomodulation and organ dysfunction. The objective of this research was to assess the levels of active (apoptotic) and passive (necrotic) cell death in untreated and organochlorine treated fish thymocytes. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) thymocytes were challenged with Aroclor 1254 (concentration range 1·5–10·5 μg ml−1) and alpha, beta, gamma, delta isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (concentration range 10–100 μM). The resulting maintenance or loss of viability was assessed by cytofluorometry (expression of phosphatidylserine and exclusion of propidium iodide) and confirmed with fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that 20–60% of thymocytes in healthy fish undergo apoptosis, whereas thymocytes treated for 6–24 h with organochlorines exhibit increased levels of apoptotic cell death. This study demonstrates that given sufficient concentration, contact time and cellular receptors, organochlorines such as Aroclor 1254 and hexachloro-cyclohexanes may induce direct or indirect toxicity, altered functionality, or cell death to an organ important for fish immunocompetence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/fsim.1997.0126","usgsCitation":"Sweet, L.I., Passino-Reader, D.R., Meier, P.G., and Omann, G.M., 1998, Fish thymocyte viability, apoptosis and necrosis: In-vitro effects of organochlorine contaminants: Fish and Shellfish Immunology, v. 8, no. 2, p. 77-90, https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.1997.0126.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"90","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231272,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10a8e4b0c8380cd53d65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweet, Leonard I.","contributorId":107227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweet","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Passino-Reader, Dora R.","contributorId":50839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino-Reader","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meier, Peter G.","contributorId":90257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Omann, Geneva M.","contributorId":64595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omann","given":"Geneva","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020726,"text":"70020726 - 1998 - Gas hydrates in the Messoyakha gas field of the West Siberian Basin - A re-examination of the geologic evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70020726","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2060,"text":"International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas hydrates in the Messoyakha gas field of the West Siberian Basin - A re-examination of the geologic evidence","docAbstract":"The amount of natural gas within the gas hydrate accumulations of the world is believed to greatly exceed the volume of known conventional natural gas reserves. The hydrocarbon production history of the Russian Messoyakha field, located in the West Siberian Basin, has been used as evidence that gas hydrates are an immediate source of natural gas that can be produced by conventional means. Re-examination of available geologic, geochemical and hydrocarbon production data suggests, however, that gas hydrates may not have contributed to gas production in the Messoyakha field. More field and laboratory studies are needed to assess the historical contribution of gas hydrate production in the Messoyakha field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10535381","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., and Ginsburg, G., 1998, Gas hydrates in the Messoyakha gas field of the West Siberian Basin - A re-examination of the geologic evidence: International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, v. 8, no. 1, p. 22-29.","startPage":"22","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14d3e4b0c8380cd54bb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, T. S. 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":86342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginsburg, G.D.","contributorId":34276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsburg","given":"G.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020839,"text":"70020839 - 1998 - The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 82, 1998 July","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70020839","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 82, 1998 July","docAbstract":"Meteoritical Bulletin No. 82 lists information for 974 new meteorites, including 521 finds from Antarctica, 401 finds from the Sahara, 21 finds from the Nullarbor region of Australia, and 7 falls (Ban Rong Du, Burnwell, Fermo, Jalanash, Juancheng, Monahans (1998), and Silao). Many rare types of meteorites are reported: counting pairing groups as one, these include one CR chondrite, two CK chondrites, two CO chondrites, four CV chondrites, one CH chondrite or Bencubbin-like, six C2 (unclassified) chondrites, two EH chondrites, two EL chondrites, three R chondrites, thirty unequilibrated ordinary chondrites, one ungrouped chondrite, three eucrites, six howardites, one diogenite, eleven ureilites, nine iron meteorites, one mesosiderite, two brachinites, one lodranite, one winonaite, and two lunar meteorites (Dar al Gani 400 and EET 96008). All italicized abbreviations refer to addresses tabulated at the end of this document. ?? Meteoritical Society, 1998.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10869379","usgsCitation":"Grossman, J.N., 1998, The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 82, 1998 July: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 33, no. 4 SUPPL.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4 SUPPL.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7e6e4b08c986b321894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020629,"text":"70020629 - 1998 - Coalbed methane: from hazard to resource","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70020629","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coalbed methane: from hazard to resource","docAbstract":"Coalbed gas, which mainly consists of methane, has remained a major hazard affecting safety and productivity in underground coal mines for more than 100 yr. Coalbed gas emissions have resulted in outbursts and explosions where ignited by open lights, smoking or improper use of black blasting powder, and machinery operations. Investigations of coal gas outbursts and explosions during the past century were aimed at predicting and preventing this mine hazard. During this time, gas emissions were diluted with ventilation by airways (eg, tunnels, vertical and horizontal drillholes, shsfts) and by drainage boreholes. The 1970s 'energy crisis' led to studies of the feasibility of producing the gas for commercial use. Subsequent research on the origin, accumulation, distribution, availability, and recoverability has been pursued vigorously during the past two decades. Since the 1970s research investigations on the causes and effects of coal mine outbursts and gas emissions have led to major advances towards the recovery and development of coalbed methane for commercial use. Thus, coalbed methane as a mining hazard was harnessed as a conventional gas resource.Coalbed gas, which mainly consists of methane, has remained a major hazard affecting safety and productivity in underground coal mines for more than 100 years. Coalbed gas emissions have resulted in outbursts and explosions where ignited by open lights, smoking or improper use of black blasting powder, and machinery operations. Investigations of coal gas outbursts and explosions during the past century were aimed at predicting and preventing this mine hazard. During this time, gas emissions were diluted with ventilation by airways (e.g., tunnels, vertical and horizontal drillholes, shafts) and by drainage boreholes. The 1970's `energy crisis' led to studies of the feasibility of producing the gas for commercial use. Subsequent research on the origin, accumulation, distribution, availability, and recoverability has been pursued vigorously during the past two decades. Since the 1970's research investigations on the causes and effects of coal mine outbursts and gas emissions have led to major advances towards the recovery and development of coalbed methane for commercial use. Thus, coalbed methane as a mining hazard was harnessed as a conventional gas resource.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00043-8","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Flores, R.M., 1998, Coalbed methane: from hazard to resource: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 35, no. 1-4, p. 3-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00043-8.","startPage":"3","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206943,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00043-8"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f770e4b0c8380cd4cb06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020725,"text":"70020725 - 1998 - Abundance of diurnal raptors on open space grasslands in an urbanized landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T21:35:15.938864","indexId":"70020725","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abundance of diurnal raptors on open space grasslands in an urbanized landscape","docAbstract":"We conducted point counts of diurnal raptors on Boulder, Colorado, grasslands for three winters and summers, and compared results to landscape features of the count areas. Four wintering species were scarce on plots that included significant amounts of urban habitat, with a critical landscape threshold at about 5-7% urbanization: Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), Rough-legged Hawk (B. lagopus), and Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus). Counts of the first three species also were positively correlated with proximity of the count plots to the nearest colony of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Two breeding species, the Red-tailed Hawk (B. jamaicensis) and Swainson's Hawk (B. swainsoni), were more abundant on plots dominated by lowland hayfields and tallgrass prairies, as opposed to upland mixed and shortgrass prairies. They, along with the ubiquitous American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), were not sensitive to the amounts of urbanization (up to 30%) that occurred in the landscapes sampled. Results of this study suggest that urban open space grasslands can support sizable populations of most diurnal raptors, as long as prey populations persist, but that some species are highly sensitive to landscape urbanization.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1369742","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Berry, M.E., Bock, C., and Haire, S., 1998, Abundance of diurnal raptors on open space grasslands in an urbanized landscape: Condor, v. 100, no. 4, p. 601-608, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369742.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"608","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479741,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1369742","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e65ee4b0c8380cd47387","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berry, M. E.","contributorId":78817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bock, C.E.","contributorId":75485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haire, S.L.","contributorId":23503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haire","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020901,"text":"70020901 - 1998 - History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: A comparision of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T13:21:55.925764","indexId":"70020901","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3207,"text":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: A comparision of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values","docAbstract":"International commissions and national committees for atomic weights (mean relative atomic masses) have recommended regularly updated, best values for these atomic weights as applicable to terrestrial sources of the chemical elements. Presented here is a historically complete listing starting with the values in F. W. Clarke's 1882 recalculation, followed by the recommended values in the annual reports of the American Chemical Society's Atomic Weights Commission. From 1903, an International Commission published such reports and its values (scaled to an atomic weight of 16 for oxygen) are here used in preference to those of national committees of Britain, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, and the U.S.A. We have, however, made scaling adjustments from Ar(16O) to Ar(12C) where not negligible. From 1920, this International Commission constituted itself under the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Since then, IUPAC has published reports (mostly biennially) listing the recommended atomic weights, which are reproduced here. Since 1979, these values have been called the \"standard atomic weights\" and, since 1969, all values have been published, with their estimated uncertainties. Few of the earlier values were published with uncertainties. Nevertheless, we assessed such uncertainties on the basis of our understanding of the likely contemporary judgement of the values' reliability. While neglecting remaining uncertainties of 1997 values, we derive \"differences\" and a retrospective index of reliability of atomic-weight values in relation to assessments of uncertainties at the time of their publication. A striking improvement in reliability appears to have been achieved since the commissions have imposed upon themselves the rule of recording estimated uncertainties from all recognized sources of error.","language":"English","publisher":"De Gruyter Brill","doi":"10.1351/pac199870010237","issn":"00334545","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T., and Peiser, H., 1998, History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: A comparision of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values: Pure and Applied Chemistry, v. 70, no. 1, p. 237-257, https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010237.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492504,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870010237","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230158,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31cae4b0c8380cd5e22d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peiser, H.S.","contributorId":64303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peiser","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020724,"text":"70020724 - 1998 - Contribution of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to the total atrazine load in midwestern streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:12:13","indexId":"70020724","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to the total atrazine load in midwestern streams","docAbstract":"The contribution of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products (HADPs) to the total atrazine load (i.e., atrazine plus stable metabolites) in streams needs to be determined in order to fully assess the impact of atrazine contamination on stream ecosystems and human health. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the contribution of HADPs to the total atrazine load in streams of nine midwestern states and (2) to discuss the mechanisms controlling the concentrations of HADPs in streams. Stream samples were collected from 95 streams in northern Missouri at preplant and postplant of 1994 and 1995, and an additional 46 streams were sampled in eight midwestern states at postplant of 1995. Samples were analyzed for atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and three HADPs. Overall, HADP prevalence (i.e., frequency of detection) ranged from 87 to 100% for hydroxyatrazine (HA), 0 to 58% for deethylhydroxyatrazine (DEHA), and 0% for deisopropylhydroxyatrazine (DIHA) with method detection limits of 0.04−0.10 μg L-1. Atrazine metabolites accounted for nearly 60% of the atrazine load in northern Missouri streams at preplant, with HA the predominant metabolite present. Data presented in this study and a continuous monitoring study are used to support the hypothesis that a combination of desorption from stream sediments and dissolved-phase transport control HADP concentrations in streams.
A p finite element scheme and parallel iterative solver are introduced for a modified form of the shallow water equations. The governing equations are the three-dimensional shallow water equations. After a harmonic decomposition in time and rearrangement, the resulting equations are a complex Helmholz problem for surface elevation, and a complex momentum equation for the horizontal velocity. Both equations are nonlinear and the resulting system is solved using the Picard iteration combined with a preconditioned biconjugate gradient (PBCG) method for the linearized subproblems. A subdomain-based parallel preconditioner is developed which uses incomplete LU factorization with thresholding (ILUT) methods within subdomains, overlapping ILUT factorizations for subdomain boundaries and under-relaxed iteration for the resulting block system. The method builds on techniques successfully applied to linear elements by introducing ordering and condensation techniques to handle uniform p refinement. The combined methods show good performance for a range of p (element order), h (element size), and N (number of processors). Performance and scalability results are presented for a field scale problem where up to 512 processors are used.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(97)00006-7","usgsCitation":"Barragy, E.J., and Walters, R.A., 1998, Parallel iterative solution for h and p approximations of the shallow water equations: Advances in Water Resources, v. 21, no. 5, p. 327-337, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(97)00006-7.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"337","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74c9e4b0c8380cd77820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barragy, E. J.","contributorId":27631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barragy","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020636,"text":"70020636 - 1998 - Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin, Alaska, USA and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70020636","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin, Alaska, USA and Canada","docAbstract":"The Rocky Mountain basins of western North America contain vast deposits of coal of Cretaceous through early Tertiary age. Coalbed methane is produced in Rocky Mountain basins at depths ranging from 45 m (150 ft) to 1981 m (6500 ft) from coal of lignite to low-volatile bituminous rank. Although some production has been established in almost all Rocky Mountain basins, commercial production occurs in only a few. despite more than two decades of exploration for coalbed methane in the Rocky Mountain region, it is still difficult to predict production characteristics of coalbed methane wells prior to drilling. Commonly cited problems include low permeabilities, high water production, and coals that are significantly undersaturated with respect to methane. Sources of coalbed gases can be early biogenic, formed during the early stages of coalification, thermogenic, formed during the main stages of coalification, or late stage biogenic, formed as a result of the reintroduction of methane-gnerating bacteria by groundwater after uplift and erosion. Examples of all three types of coalbed gases, and combinations of more than one type, can be found in the Rocky Mountain region. Coals in the Rocky Mountain region achieved their present ranks largely as a result of burial beneath sediments that accumulated during the Laramide orogeny (Late Cretaceous through the end of the eocene) or shortly after. Thermal events since the end of the orogeny have also locally elevated coal ranks. Coal beds in the upper part of high-volatile A bituminous rank or greater commonly occur within much more extensive basin-centered gas deposits which cover large areas of the deeper parts of most Rocky Mountain basins. Within these basin-centered deposits all lithologies, including coals, sandstones, and shales, are gas saturated, and very little water is produced. The interbedded coals and carbonaceous shales are probably the source of much of this gas. Basin-centered gas deposits become overpressured from hydrocarbon generation as they form, and this overpressuring is probably responsible for driving out most of the water. Sandstone permeabilities are low, in part because of diagenesis caused by highly reactive water given off during the early stages of coalification. Coals within these basin-centered deposits commonly have high gas contents and produce little water, but they generally occur at depths greater than 5000 ft and have low permeabilities. Significant uplift and removal of overburden has occurred throughout the Rocky Mountain region since the end of the Eocene, and much of this erosion occurred after regional uplift began about 10 Ma. The removal of overburden generally causes methane saturation levels in coals to decrease, and thus a significant drop in pressure is required to initiate methane production. The most successful coalbed methane production in the Rocky Mountain region occurs in areas where gas contents were increased by post-Eocene thermal events and/or the generation of late-stage biogenic gas. Methane-generating bacteria were apparently reintroduced into the coals in some areas after uplift and erosion, and subsequent changes in pressure and temperature, allowed surface waters to rewater the coals. Groundwater may also help open up cleat systems making coals more permeable to methane. If water production is excessive, however, the economics of producing methane are impacted by the cost of water disposal.The Rocky Mountain basins of western North America contain vast deposits of coal of Cretaceous through early Tertiary age. Coalbed methane is produced in Rocky Mountain basins at depths ranging from 45 to 1981 m from coal of lignite to low volatile bituminous rank. Despite more than two decades of exploration for coalbed methane in Rocky Mountain region, it is still difficult to predict production characteristics of coalbed methane wells prior to drilling. Sources of coalbed gases can be early biogenic, formed during the main stages of coa","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00016-5","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.C., and Flores, R.M., 1998, Developmental geology of coalbed methane from shallow to deep in Rocky Mountain basins and in Cook Inlet-Matanuska Basin, Alaska, USA and Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 35, no. 1-4, p. 241-282, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00016-5.","startPage":"241","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206971,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(97)00016-5"},{"id":231420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0083e4b0c8380cd4f794","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R. C. 0000-0002-6197-5165","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-5165","contributorId":101621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":386962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flores, R. M.","contributorId":106899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020637,"text":"70020637 - 1998 - Microsatellites identify depredated waterfowl remains from glaucous gull stomachs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70020637","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microsatellites identify depredated waterfowl remains from glaucous gull stomachs","docAbstract":"Prey remains can provide valuable sources of information regarding causes of predation and the species composition of a predator's diet. Unfortunately, the highly degraded state of many prey samples from gastrointestinal tracts often precludes unambiguous identification. We describe a procedure by which PCR amplification of taxonomically informative microsatellite loci were used to identify species of waterfowl predated by glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus). We found that one microsatellite locus unambiguously distinguished between species of the subfamily Anserinae (whistling ducks, geese and swans) and those of the subfamily Anatidae (all other ducks). An additional locus distinguished the remains of all geese and swan species known to nest on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta in western Alaska. The study focused on two waterfowl species which have experienced precipitous declines in population numbers: emperor geese (Chen canagica) and spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri). No evidence of predation on spectacled eiders was observed. Twenty-six percent of all glaucous gull stomachs examined contained the remains of juvenile emperor geese.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00434.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Scribner, K., and Bowman, T.D., 1998, Microsatellites identify depredated waterfowl remains from glaucous gull stomachs: Molecular Ecology, v. 7, no. 10, p. 1401-1405, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00434.x.","startPage":"1401","endPage":"1405","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206978,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00434.x"},{"id":231460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56a3e4b0c8380cd6d70d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowman, Timothy D.","contributorId":80779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021007,"text":"70021007 - 1998 - Geological factors affecting the distribution of trace metals in glacial sediments of central Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70021007","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological factors affecting the distribution of trace metals in glacial sediments of central Newfoundland","docAbstract":"In central Newfoundland (NTS 12A/10, 15, 16, 2H/1), As, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the clay-sized (< 0.002 mm) and silt and clay-sized (< 0.063 mm) fractions of till reflect compositional differences among and within rock terranes at scales of kilometers to tens of kilometers. In those fractions, till derived from volcanic bedrock of Victoria Lake Group (Tulks Hill) is notably enriched in As (50- > 1000 ppm), exceeding levels commonly set for purposes of environmental protection. Near Pb-Zn mines at Buchans, geochemical variation with depth reflects the dispersal of detritus from mineralized bedrock, and differences in sediment type and provenance. There, surface sediments are rich in granitic debris derived from the Topsails igneous terrane 5 km north of Buchans and contain low concentrations of trace metals. These sediments are compositionally unrelated to either Buchans Group volcanic rock or an underlying, older till enriched in sulphide minerals and trace metals. Metal-rich till extending up to 10 km southwest of Buchans results from combined glacial and debris flow transport related to two distinct geological events. Trace metals are enriched (two- to fourfold) in the clay-sized fraction of till compared to the silt and clay-sized, and are associated with Al- and Mg-bearing minerals that preferentially concentrate in the clay fraction. The geochemistry of the silt and clay-sized fraction can approximate that of the < 2-mm fraction. Background variations in till illustrate the important role of a geological framework to the interpretation of geochemical surveys and the origins of trace metals in the environment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002540050235","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Klassen, R., 1998, Geological factors affecting the distribution of trace metals in glacial sediments of central Newfoundland: Environmental Geology, v. 33, no. 2-3, p. 154-164, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050235.","startPage":"154","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206452,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050235"},{"id":229805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2261e4b0c8380cd56fc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klassen, R.A.","contributorId":60803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klassen","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020840,"text":"70020840 - 1998 - Impact of the 1993 flood on the distribution of organic contaminants in bed sediments of the Upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T08:01:23","indexId":"70020840","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of the 1993 flood on the distribution of organic contaminants in bed sediments of the Upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"The 1500 km Upper Mississippi River (UMR) consists of 29 navigation pools and can be divided into the upper reach (pools 1-4), the middle reach (pools 5-13), and the lower reach (pools 14-26). Comparison of composite bed sediment samples collected from the downstream third of 24 pools before and after the 1993 UMR flood provides fieldscale data on the effect of the flood on sediment organic compound distributions. The sediments were analyzed for organic carbon, coprostanol, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons including pyrene, linear alkylbenzene-sulfonates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides. Most of the target compounds were detected in all of the sediment samples, although concentrations were generally <1 mg/kg. The highest concentrations typically occurred in the upper reach, an urbanized area on a relatively small river. Pool 4 (Lake Pepin) is an efficient sediment trap, and concentrations of the compounds below pool 4 were substantially lower than those in pools 2-4. Differences in concentrations before and after the 1993 flood also were greatest in the upper reach. In pools 1-4, concentrations of pyrene and PCBs decreased after the flood whereas coprostanol increased. These results suggest that bed sediments stored in the pools were diluted or buried by sediments with different organic compound compositions washed in from urban and agricultural portions of the watershed.The 1500 km Upper Mississippi River (UMR) consists of 29 navigation pools and can be divided into the upper reach (pools 1-4), the middle reach (pools 5-13), and the lower reach (pools 14-26). Comparison of composite bed sediment samples collected from the downstream third of 24 pools before and after the 1993 UMR flood provides field-scale data on the effect of the flood on sediment organic compound distributions. The sediments were analyzed for organic carbon, coprostanol, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons including pyrene, linear alkylbenzene-sulfonates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides. Most of the target compounds were detected in all of the sediment samples, although concentrations were generally <1 mg/kg. The highest concentrations typically occurred in the upper reach, an urbanized area on a relatively small river. Pool 4 (Lake Pepin) is an efficient sediment trap, and concentrations of the compounds below pool 4 were substantially lower than those in pools 2-4. Differences in concentrations before and after the 1993 flood also were greatest in the upper reach. In pools 1-4, concentrations of pyrene and PCBs decreased after the flood whereas coprostanol increased. These results suggest that bed sediments stored in the pools were diluted or buried by sediments with different organic compound compositions washed in from urban and agricultural portions of the watershed.","largerWorkTitle":"Science and Technology","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es970795i","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Barber, L.B., and Writer, J., 1998, Impact of the 1993 flood on the distribution of organic contaminants in bed sediments of the Upper Mississippi River: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 32, no. 14, p. 2077-2083, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970795i.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2077","endPage":"2083","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206468,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es970795i"}],"volume":"32","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1998-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38cce4b0c8380cd616cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Writer, J.H.","contributorId":9780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Writer","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020884,"text":"70020884 - 1998 - Measurements of coastal storm surge by the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70020884","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Measurements of coastal storm surge by the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"In the wake of a storm, local, state, and federal emergency planners needed storm surge elevation data as quickly as possible. These data are used by officials to decide what areas are in the greatest need of assistance and what areas qualify for special designations. To accelerate the pace at which storm surge data can be gathered and released, the US geological survey (USGC) has established a network of coastal water elevation gages that are linked to satellite networks. These data are made available in real-time on the World Wide Web. While Internet access is usually fast and reliable, this process can be augmented by cellular phone, two-way radio, and other data communication techniques.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1997 3rd International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis, WAVES","conferenceDate":"3 November 1997 through 7 November 1997","conferenceLocation":"Virginia Beach, VA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","usgsCitation":"DelCharco, M.J., 1998, Measurements of coastal storm surge by the U.S. Geological Survey, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis, v. 2, Virginia Beach, VA, USA, 3 November 1997 through 7 November 1997, p. 1478-1479.","startPage":"1478","endPage":"1479","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5329e4b0c8380cd6c8f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DelCharco, Michael J.","contributorId":61517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DelCharco","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020841,"text":"70020841 - 1998 - Richness, diversity and evenness of vegetation upon rehabilitation of gypsum mine spoiled lands in the Indian arid zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70020841","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":788,"text":"Annals of Arid Zone","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Richness, diversity and evenness of vegetation upon rehabilitation of gypsum mine spoiled lands in the Indian arid zone","docAbstract":"Richness, diversity and evenness of vegetation, after rehabilitation of gypsum mine spoils at Barmer were investigated in plots protected and planted one year and four years ago. There were four water harvesting treatments, viz., half-moon terraces, micro-catchments with 5% slope, ridge and furrow and control, wherein, indigenous and exotic trees and shrubs were planted at 5 ?? 5 m spacing. Sampling of the planted and natural vegetation, using quadrats and transacts, revealed much less species richness in unplanted control as compared to all treatments and in all the years. The species richness that increased initially (within one year) gradually declined over time (during four year), though the extent varied in different treatments. The water harvesting treatment showing maximum initial increase in richness also showed maximum decline over time, though decline was more in annual species. Two perennial species increased in richness with time. This was further proved from the trends in diversity and evenness indices. It was concluded that natural successional process was accelerated by rehabilitation providing stability to the habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annals of Arid Zone","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"05701791","usgsCitation":"Kumar, S., Sharma, K., Sharma, U., and Gough, L.P., 1998, Richness, diversity and evenness of vegetation upon rehabilitation of gypsum mine spoiled lands in the Indian arid zone: Annals of Arid Zone, v. 37, no. 2, p. 139-145.","startPage":"139","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad58e4b0c8380cd86eb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kumar, S.","contributorId":89843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharma, K.D.","contributorId":53545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharma, U.K.","contributorId":67238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"U.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020722,"text":"70020722 - 1998 - Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70020722","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa","docAbstract":"Images obtained by the Voyager spacecraft revealed dark, wedge-shaped bands on Europa that were interpreted as evidence that surface plates, 50- 100 km across, moved and rotated relative to each other. This implied that they may be mechanically decoupled from the interior by a layer of warm ice or liquid water. Here we report similar features seen in higher resolution images (420 metres per pixel) obtained by the Galileo spacecraft that reveal new details of wedge-band formation. In particular, the interior of one dark band shows bilateral symmetry of parallel lineaments and pit complexes which indicates that plate separation occurred in discrete episodes from a central axis. The images also show that this style of tectonic activity involved plates < 10 km across. Although this tectonic style superficially resembles aspects of similar activity on Earth, such as sea-floor spreading and the formation of ice leads in polar seas, there are significant differences in the underlying physical mechanisms: the wedge-shaped bands on Europa most probably formed when lower material (ice or water) rose to fill the fractures that widened in response to regional surface stresses.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/34874","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, R., Greeley, R., Homan, K., Klemaszewski, J., Belton, M.J., Carr, M.H., Chapman, C.R., Tufts, R., Head, J.W., Pappalardo, R., Moore, J., and Thomas, P., 1998, Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa: Nature, v. 391, no. 6665, p. 371-373, https://doi.org/10.1038/34874.","startPage":"371","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206879,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/34874"},{"id":231079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"391","issue":"6665","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a13e4b0c8380cd521b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, R.","contributorId":63134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Homan, K.","contributorId":83700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Homan","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klemaszewski, J.","contributorId":53556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemaszewski","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chapman, C. R.","contributorId":12984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tufts, R.","contributorId":34681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tufts","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Head, J. W. III","contributorId":106267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pappalardo, R.","contributorId":84924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pappalardo","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Moore, Jeff","contributorId":49059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Thomas, P.","contributorId":59185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70020842,"text":"70020842 - 1998 - Evidence of deep circulation in two perennially ice-covered Antarctic lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70020842","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of deep circulation in two perennially ice-covered Antarctic lakes","docAbstract":"The perennial ice covers found on many of the lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valley region of the Antarctic have been postulated to severely limit mixing and convective turnover of these unique lakes. In this work, we utilize chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentration profiles from Lakes Hoare and Fryxell in the McMurdo Dry Valley to determine the extent of deep vertical mixing occurring over the last 50 years. Near the ice-water interface, CFC concentrations in both lakes were well above saturation, in accordance with atmospheric gas supersaturations resulting from freezing under the perennial ice covers. Evidence of mixing throughout the water column at Lake Hoare was confirmed by the presence of CFCs throughout the water column and suggests vertical mixing times of 20-30 years. In Lake Fryxell, CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113 were found in the upper water column; however, degradation of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the anoxic bottom waters appears to be occurring with CFC-113 only present in these bottom waters. The presence of CFC-113 in the bottom waters, in conjunction with previous work detecting tritium in these waters, strongly argues for the presence of convective mixing in Lake Fryxell. The evidence for deep mixing in these lakes may be an important, yet overlooked, phenomenon in the limnology of perennially ice-covered lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Tyler, S., Cook, P., Butt, A., Thomas, J.M., Doran, P., and Lyons, W., 1998, Evidence of deep circulation in two perennially ice-covered Antarctic lakes: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 43, no. 4, p. 625-635.","startPage":"625","endPage":"635","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d61e4b0c8380cd52fa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tyler, S.W.","contributorId":85740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyler","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, P.G.","contributorId":103807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butt, A.Z.","contributorId":72960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butt","given":"A.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doran, P.T.","contributorId":52347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lyons, W.B.","contributorId":71319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70020721,"text":"70020721 - 1998 - Trace element concentrations in two subpopulations of lesser snow geese from Wrangel Island, Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-30T12:10:53","indexId":"70020721","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace element concentrations in two subpopulations of lesser snow geese from Wrangel Island, Russia","docAbstract":"Lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens) from the Wrangel Island, Russia breeding colony spend the winter in two widely separated areas: the northern subpopulation in southern British Columbia and northern Washington and the southern subpopulation in the Central Valley of California. We examined 19 trace elements in the eggs and livers of geese from these two subpopulations to examine whether geese from the different wintering areas have similar trace element burdens. Eggs collected at the breeding colony from geese of the southern subpopulation had slightly higher levels of manganese, an element that can cause neurological damage and behavioral changes in chicks, than geese of the northern subpopulation. Livers from adult geese collected on the two wintering areas showed significant differences in trace elements including copper, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, and zinc. Copper concentrations in the livers of geese from the southern subpopulation were much higher than those from the northern subpopulation (x¯ = 116 vs. 46 ppm; dry weight). Elevated levels of copper may induce anemia in birds. The differences in trace element concentrations of these two subpopulations may be related to farming practices in their wintering areas. Geese from the northern subpopulation feed in pastures and coastal marshes and migrate along the coast, but geese from the southern subpopulation feed predominantly in rice fields and migrate over farm land. Copper and manganese are major components of fertilizers and fungicides commonly applied during rice cultivation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449900304","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Hui, A., Takekawa, J.Y., Baranyuk, V.V., and Litvin, K., 1998, Trace element concentrations in two subpopulations of lesser snow geese from Wrangel Island, Russia: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 34, no. 2, p. 197-203, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900304.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"203","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb638e4b08c986b326b33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hui, A.","contributorId":72158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hui","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":387259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baranyuk, Vasily V.","contributorId":75482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baranyuk","given":"Vasily","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Litvin, K.V.","contributorId":67455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litvin","given":"K.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70020844,"text":"70020844 - 1998 - Beaver lodge distributions and damage assessments in a forested wetland ecosystem in the southern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70020844","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beaver lodge distributions and damage assessments in a forested wetland ecosystem in the southern United States","docAbstract":"Caddo Lake, USA, a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, is a lacustrine wetland complex consisting of stands of flooded baldcypress intermixed with open water and emergent wetland habitats. Recently, concern has been expressed over a perceived increase in the beaver population and the impact of beaver on the long-term sustainability of the baldcypress ecosystem. We used intensive beaver lodge surveys to determine the distribution and relative abundance of beaver and the amount, type, and distribution of beaver damage to mature trees and seedlings at Caddo Lake. A total of 229 lodges were located with a combination of aerial and boat/ground surveys. Most lodges were located in open water and edge habitats. About 95% of the lodges were occupied by beaver or nutria. Some form of damage was exhibited by one or more trees near 85% of the lodges. Intensive damage assessments around 35 lodges indicated that most damage to trees, baldcypress in particular, was restricted to peeling or stripping of bark which is believed to have minimal effect on tree survival. Surveys of regeneration indicated that baldcypress seedlings were very abundant; however, over 99.9% were less than 30 cm tall. The lack of recruitment into the larger size classes appears to be a result of high stand densities and water management practices. At this time, the young age and density of the baldcypress forests suggest that recruitment is not a major concern and herbivore damage appears to be having a minimal effect on the forest.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00224-7","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"King, S., Keeland, B.D., and Moore, J., 1998, Beaver lodge distributions and damage assessments in a forested wetland ecosystem in the southern United States: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 108, no. 1-2, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00224-7.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206484,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00224-7"},{"id":229958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f03ae4b0c8380cd4a66c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, S.L.","contributorId":105663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeland, B. D.","contributorId":45275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, J.L.","contributorId":29100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021089,"text":"70021089 - 1998 - Sediment resuspension characteristics in Baltimore Harbor, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70021089","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment resuspension characteristics in Baltimore Harbor, Maryland","docAbstract":"Critical bed shear stress for sediment resuspension and sediment erosion rate were measured in-situ at sites from inner to outer Baltimore Harbor using the VIMS Sea Carousel. Clay mineral contents and biological conditions were almost the same at the four study sites. The experimental results indicated that the erosion rate increased from the outer harbor toward the inner harbor with a maximum difference of about 10 times at an excess bed shear stress of 0.1 Pa. The measured critical bed shear stress strongly depended on the existence of a fluff layer. It was approximately 0.05 Pa if a fluff layer existed, and increases to about 0.1 Pa in the absence of a fluff layer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00120-5","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Maa, J., Sanford, L., and Halka, J., 1998, Sediment resuspension characteristics in Baltimore Harbor, Maryland: Marine Geology, v. 146, no. 1-4, p. 137-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00120-5.","startPage":"137","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206471,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00120-5"},{"id":229890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"146","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89bae4b08c986b316e78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maa, J.P.-Y.","contributorId":92453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maa","given":"J.P.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanford, L.","contributorId":30780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halka, J.P.","contributorId":27551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halka","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020638,"text":"70020638 - 1998 - Black shale source rocks and oil generation in the Cambrian and Ordovician of the central Appalachian Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T16:34:04.281277","indexId":"70020638","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Black shale source rocks and oil generation in the Cambrian and Ordovician of the central Appalachian Basin, USA","docAbstract":"Nearly 600 million bbl of oil (MMBO) and 1 to 1.5 trillion ft3 (tcf) of gas have been produced from Cambrian and Ordovician reservoirs (carbonate and sandstone) in the Ohio part of the Appalachian basin and on adjoining arches in Ohio, Indiana, and Ontario, Canada. Most of the oil and gas is concentrated in the giant Lima-Indiana field on the Findlay and Kankakee arches and in small fields distributed along the Knox unconformity. Based on new geochemical analyses of oils, potential source rocks, bitumen extracts, and previously published geochemical data, we conclude that the oils in both groups of fields originated from Middle and Upper Ordovician black shale (Utica and Antes shales) in the Appalachian basin. Moreover, we suggest that approximately 300 MMBO and many trillions of cubic feet of gas in the Lower Silurian Clinton sands of eastern Ohio originated in these same source rocks.
Oils from the Cambrian and Ordovician reservoirs have similar saturated hydrocarbon compositions, biomarker distributions, and carbon isotope signatures. Regional variations in the oils are attributed to differences in thermal maturation rather than to differences in source. Total organic carbon content, genetic potential, regional extent, and bitumen extract geochemistry identify the black shale of the Utica and Antes shales as the most plausible source of the oils. Other Cambrian and Ordovician shale and carbonate units, such as the Wells Creek formation, which rests on the Knox unconformity, and the Rome Formation and Conasauga Group in the Rome trough, are considered to be only local petroleum sources. Tmax, CAI, and pyrolysis yields from drill-hole cuttings and core indicate that the Utica Shale in eastern and central Ohio is mature with respect to oil generation. Burial, thermal, and hydrocarbon-generation history models suggest that much of the oil was generated from the Utica-Antes source in the late Paleozoic during the Alleghanian orogeny. A pervasive fracture network controlled by basement tectonics aided in the distribution of oil from the source to the trap. This fracture network permitted oil to move laterally and stratigraphically downsection through eastward-dipping, impermeable carbonate sequences to carrier zones such as the Middle Ordovician Knox unconformity, and to reservoirs such as porous dolomite in the Middle Ordovician Trenton Limestone in the Lima-Indiana field. Some of the oil and gas from the Utica-Antes source escaped vertically through a partially fractured, leaky Upper Ordovician shale seal into widespread Lower Silurian sandstone reservoirs.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK, United States","doi":"10.1306/1D9BC42B-172D-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Ryder, R.T., Burruss, R.C., and Hatch, J.R., 1998, Black shale source rocks and oil generation in the Cambrian and Ordovician of the central Appalachian Basin, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, no. 3, p. 412-441, https://doi.org/10.1306/1D9BC42B-172D-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"412","endPage":"441","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Ohio, Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.70367437441058,\n 39.161847676110966\n ],\n [\n -83.88005376673874,\n 38.74252200514232\n ],\n [\n -83.1599561441444,\n 38.64227211891057\n ],\n [\n -82.38865974012911,\n 38.849325957871486\n ],\n [\n -81.41038430121363,\n 39.297406099259746\n ],\n [\n -80.6644029448496,\n 40.032353876452305\n ],\n [\n -80.49540711272323,\n 40.80604811875986\n ],\n [\n -79.47344729293087,\n 43.772588723474485\n ],\n [\n -81.04208676537056,\n 43.337577130469754\n ],\n [\n -82.47590595449462,\n 42.754178182808545\n ],\n [\n -83.11565831279626,\n 42.2408992907873\n ],\n [\n -83.53546282050165,\n 41.65261558342917\n ],\n [\n -84.83900205079425,\n 41.678467485609616\n ],\n [\n -84.70367437441058,\n 39.161847676110966\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1dbe4b0c8380cd4ae72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Robert T. rryder@usgs.gov","contributorId":119319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Robert","email":"rryder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":596,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":386967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burruss, Robert C 0000-0001-6827-804X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":119735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hatch, Joseph R. 0000-0001-9257-0278 jrhatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-0278","contributorId":722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Joseph","email":"jrhatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":386966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020641,"text":"70020641 - 1998 - Hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation between brucite and aqueous NaCl solutions from 250 to 450°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-18T11:11:03","indexId":"70020641","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation between brucite and aqueous NaCl solutions from 250 to 450°C","docAbstract":"Hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation factors between brucite and aqueous NaCl solutions (1000lnαbr-sw) have been calibrated by experiment from 250 to 450°C at 0.5 Kb. For D/H fractionation, 1000lnα br-sw values are as follows: −32 ± 6‰ (250°C, 3.2 wt% NaCl), −21 ± 2‰ (350°C, 10.0 wt% NaCl), and −22 ± 2‰ (450°C, 3.2 wt% NaCl), indicating that brucite is depleted in D relative to coexisting aqueous NaCl solutions. These results are in good agreement with previous D/H fractionation factors determined in the brucite-water system, indicating that any effects of dissolved salt on D/H fractionation are relatively small, particularly in solutions with near seawater salinity. The maximum salt effect (+4‰) was observed in 10.0 wt% NaCl solutions at 350°C, suggesting that the addition of dissolved NaCl increases the amount of deuterium fractionated into mineral structures. For 18O/16O fractionation, 1000lnαbr-sw values in 3.0 wt% NaCl solutions are −6.0 ± 1.3‰, −5.6 ± 0.7‰ and −4.1 ± 0.2‰, at 250, 350, and 450°C, respectively, and −5.8 ± 0.6‰ in 10.0 wt % NaCl at 350°C. These data indicate that brucite is depleted in 18O relative to coexisting aqueous NaCl solutions and that the degree of depletion decreases slightly with increasing temperature and is not strongly dependent on salinity. We calculated 18O/16O brucite-water fractionation factors from available calibrations of the salt-effect on 18O/16O fractionation between coexisting phases. The resulting values were fit to the following equation that is valid from 250 to 450°C 1000ln αbr-w = 9.54 × 106T−2 − 3.53 × 104T−1 + 26.58 where T is temperature in Kelvins. These new data have been used to improve the prediction of 18O/16O fractionation factors in the talc-water and serpentine-water systems by modifying existing empirical bond-water models. The results of this analysis indicate that the δ18O composition of talc-brucite and serpentine-brucite pairs could be used as a geothermometer and that these coexisting phases should display the following order of 18O enrichment: talc > serpentine > brucite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00346-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Saccocia, P.J., Seewald, J.S., and Shanks, W.C., 1998, Hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation between brucite and aqueous NaCl solutions from 250 to 450°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 62, no. 3, p. 485-492, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00346-3.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"492","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3346e4b0c8380cd5ee93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saccocia, Peter J.","contributorId":75297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saccocia","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seewald, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":16596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seewald","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020883,"text":"70020883 - 1998 - Hydrologic functions of prairie wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T11:31:11","indexId":"70020883","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1859,"text":"Great Plains Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic functions of prairie wetlands","docAbstract":"Wetlands in the prairie known as potholes or sloughs represent an ever-changing mosaic of surface waters interacting with the atmosphere, groundwater, and each other in a variety of ways. Studies of groups of adjacent wetlands in different parts of the glaciated North American prairie have enabled some connections to be made between hydrologic processes, biological communities, and use of these wetlands by wetland-dependent wildlife. Understanding controls on variability in water levels, water volume, and salinity in these wetlands sets the stage for understanding controls on biological communities utilizing these wetlands. The role that natural variability in water and salinity plays in making these wetlands an important resource for waterfowl will provide an important context for those who are responsible for artificially altering the variability of water and salinity in prairie wetlands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Plains Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10525165","usgsCitation":"LaBaugh, J.W., Winter, T.C., and Rosenberry, D., 1998, Hydrologic functions of prairie wetlands: Great Plains Research, v. 8, no. 1, p. 17-37.","startPage":"17","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268117,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsresearch/361/"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3633e4b0c8380cd604fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaBaugh, J. W.","contributorId":23484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":387868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020719,"text":"70020719 - 1998 - Isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis of jurassic plutons, Southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-15T11:18:01.235686","indexId":"70020719","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis of jurassic plutons, Southeastern California","docAbstract":"The 165 Ma Eagle Mountain intrusion is a heterogeneous, enclave-bearing, metaluminous remnant of the Cordilleran Jurassic arc that cuts regionally metamorphosed pre-Mesozoic rocks in the southeastern Mojave Desert of California. The main phase of the intrusion consists of granodiorite to tonalite host facies, diorite mixed facies, and homogeneous monzogranite facies. The host facies contains microdiorite enclaves interpreted as intermingled masses of mafic magma. Late-phase leucogranite stocks cut the main phase. Mineral equilibria indicate emplacement at ∼6.5 km depth, with solidus temperatures ranging from 760°C for diorite to 700°C for felsic granodiorite.
Although uniform radiogenic-isotope compositions (Sri = 0.7085, εNdi = −9.4) suggest derivation from a single source, no known source has the composition required. A hybrid source is proposed, consisting of various proportions of juvenile mantle and recycled lower crust. Calculations indicate that the source of the Eagle Mountain intrusion comprised >60% juvenile mantle and <40% recycled crust. On the basis of their isotopic compositions, other mafic Jurassic plutons in the region were derived from sources containing different proportions of mantle and crustal components.