The removal of striping noise encountered in the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images can be generally done by using frequency filtering techniques. Frequency domain filtering has, however, several problems, such as storage limitation of data required for fast Fourier transforms, ringing artifacts appearing at high-intensity discontinuities, and edge effects between adjacent filtered data sets. One way for circumventing the above difficulties is to design a spatial filter to convolve with the images. Because it is known that the striping always appears at frequencies of 1/6, 1/3, and 1/2 cycles per line, it is possible to design a simple one-dimensional spatial filter to take advantage of this a priori knowledge to cope with the above problems. The desired filter is the type of finite impulse response which can be designed by a linear programming and Remez's exchange algorithm coupled with an adaptive technique. In addition, a four-step spatial filtering technique with an appropriate adaptive approach is also presented which may be particularly useful for geometrically rectified MSS images.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Pan, J., and Chang, C., 1992, Destriping of Landsat MSS images by filtering techniques: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 58, no. 10, p. 1417-1423.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1417","endPage":"1423","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342294,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593ad70fe4b0764e6c602184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pan, Jeng-Jong","contributorId":35877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Jeng-Jong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, Chein-I","contributorId":192740,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chang","given":"Chein-I","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187579,"text":"70187579 - 1992 - A technique for the reduction of banding in Landsat Thematic Mapper Images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T13:43:57","indexId":"70187579","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A technique for the reduction of banding in Landsat Thematic Mapper Images","docAbstract":"The radiometric difference between forward and reverse scans in Landsat thematic mapper (TM) images, referred to as \"banding,\" can create problems when enhancing the image for interpretation or when performing quantitative studies. Recent research has led to the development of a method that reduces the banding in Landsat TM data sets. It involves passing a one-dimensional spatial kernel over the data set. This kernel is developed from the statistics of the banding pattern and is based on the Wiener filter. It has been implemented on both a DOS-based microcomputer and several UNIX-based computer systems. The algorithm has successfully reduced the banding in several test data sets.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Helder, D.L., Quirk, B.K., and Hood, J.J., 1992, A technique for the reduction of banding in Landsat Thematic Mapper Images: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 58, no. 10, p. 1425-1431.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1425","endPage":"1431","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5912d53ee4b0e541a03d4557","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helder, Dennis L.","contributorId":105613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quirk, Bruce K. quirk@usgs.gov","contributorId":4285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quirk","given":"Bruce","email":"quirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":694627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hood, Joy J. jhood@usgs.gov","contributorId":5510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hood","given":"Joy","email":"jhood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":694628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180713,"text":"70180713 - 1992 - The use of freshwater and saltwater animals to distinguish between the toxic effects of salinity and contaminants in irrigation drain water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T15:06:56","indexId":"70180713","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of freshwater and saltwater animals to distinguish between the toxic effects of salinity and contaminants in irrigation drain water","docAbstract":"Irrigation drain waters entering Stillwater Wildlife Management Area (SWMA) in south-western Nevada contain elevated levels of salinity and several inorganic contaminants (As, B, Cu, Li, Mo, and Sr). Mortalities of fish and waterfowl at the management area are believed to be associated with the poor water quality of the drains. The objective of the present study was to use fresh-water and saltwater animals to distinguish between the toxic effects of salinity and contaminants in effluent samples collected from irrigation drain waters. Static acute effluent tests were conducted with water collected from four sites at SWMA. Animals acclimated or cultured in fresh water (fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas; amphipods, Hyalella azteca; cladocerans, Daphnia magna) and salt water (striped bass, Morone saxatilis; amphipods, Hyalella azteca; and cladocerans, Daphnia magna) were used to separate toxic effects of salinity from the effects of inorganic contaminants in the drain water. One drain water (TJ drain, salinity 19 parts per thousand (grams per liter), osmolality 503 mmol/kg, hardness 3,780 mg/L as CaCO3) was toxic only to freshwater animals and saltwater cultured daphnids; water from a receiving pond (Pintail Bay, salinity 23 g/L, osmolality 542 mmol/kg, hardness 830 mg/L as CaCO3) was toxic to both freshwater and saltwater animals. Acute tests conducted with reconstituted waters representative of the Pintail Bay sample indicated that atypical ion ratios were toxic to striped bass and amphipods, even without the addition of inorganic contaminants. However, the addition of inorganic contaminants representative of the Pintail Bay sample increased the toxicity of this reconstituted water. These findings indicate that the toxicity of the TJ drain sample was related mainly to elevated salinity and that the toxicity of the Pintail Bay sample was a function of inorganic contamination and atypical ion ratios in combination with elevated salinity.
","language":"English","publisher":"SETAC","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620110408","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C.G., Dwyer, F., Burch, S., Nelson, M., Buckler, D., and Hunn, J.B., 1992, The use of freshwater and saltwater animals to distinguish between the toxic effects of salinity and contaminants in irrigation drain water: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 11, no. 4, p. 503-511, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620110408.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334508,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1992-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0bce4b072a7ac129974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, F.J.","contributorId":107818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burch, S.A.","contributorId":177775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burch","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, M.K.","contributorId":80583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buckler, D.R.","contributorId":54699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckler","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hunn, J. B.","contributorId":15133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunn","given":"J.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70199944,"text":"70199944 - 1991 - Alternative natural gas contract and pricing structures and incentives of the LNG industry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T10:25:37","indexId":"70199944","displayToPublicDate":"2018-10-04T12:53:02","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2829,"text":"Natural Resources Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Alternative natural gas contract and pricing structures and incentives of the LNG industry","title":"Alternative natural gas contract and pricing structures and incentives of the LNG industry","docAbstract":"Gas conversion to liquefied gas (LNG) and transport by LNG tankers is one option for meeting expanding gas consumption and for gas traded internationally. This paper examines the impact of the traditional gas contract provisions of indefinite pricing, market out price ceilings, and take‐or‐pay requirements on the profitability of LNG projects in the context of markets characterized by price and quantity uncertainty. Simulation experiments are used to examine and calibrate the effects of those provisions. The results provide guidance to operators, host countries and purchasers in structuring such contracts. The paper also assesses prospects of future expansion of world LNG capacity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1477-8947.1991.tb00133.x","issn":"0165-0203","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., 1991, Alternative natural gas contract and pricing structures and incentives of the LNG industry: Natural Resources Forum, v. 15, no. 3, p. 190-201, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1991.tb00133.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"201","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358141,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112154e4b034bf6a81c2ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180936,"text":"70180936 - 1991 - Change-in-ratio estimators for populations with more than two subclasses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-08T15:18:55","indexId":"70180936","displayToPublicDate":"2017-02-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Change-in-ratio estimators for populations with more than two subclasses","docAbstract":"Change-in-ratio methods have been developed to estimate the size of populations with two or three population subclasses. Most of these methods require the often unreasonable assumption of equal sampling probabilities for individuals in all subclasses. This paper presents new models based on the weaker assumption that ratios of sampling probabilities are constant over time for populations with three or more subclasses. Estimation under these models requires that a value be assumed for one of these ratios when there are two samples. Explicit expressions are given for the maximum likelihood estimators under models for two samples with three or more subclasses and for three samples with two subclasses. A numerical method using readily available statistical software is described for obtaining the estimators and their standard errors under all of the models. Likelihood ratio tests that can be used in model selection are discussed. Emphasis is on the two-sample, three-subclass models for which Monte-Carlo simulation results and an illustrative example are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2532404","usgsCitation":"Udevitz, M.S., and Pollock, K.H., 1991, Change-in-ratio estimators for populations with more than two subclasses: Biometrics, v. 47, no. 4, p. 1531-1546, https://doi.org/10.2307/2532404.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1531","endPage":"1546","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c50e4b0efcedb74111b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016540,"text":"70016540 - 1991 - Geophysical studies of the West Antarctic rift system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-09T15:42:36.639064","indexId":"70016540","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical studies of the West Antarctic rift system","docAbstract":"The West Antarctic rift system extends over a 3000 × 750 km, largely ice covered area from the Ross Sea to the base of the Antarctic Peninsula, comparable in area to the Basin and Range and the East African rift system. A spectacular rift shoulder scarp along which peaks reach 4–5 km maximum elevation marks one flank and extends from northern Victoria Land-Queen Maud Mountains to the Ellsworth-Whitmore-Horlick Mountains. The rift shoulder has maximum present physiographic relief of 5 km in the Ross Embayment and 7 km in the Ellsworth Mountains-Byrd Subglacial Basin area. The Transantarctic Mountains part of the rift shoulder (and probably the entire shoulder) has been interpreted as rising since about 60 Ma, at episodic rates of ∼1 km/m.y., most recently since mid-Pliocene time, rather than continuously at the mean rate of 100 m/m.y. The rift system is characterized by bimodal alkaline volcanic rocks ranging from at least Oligocene to the present. These are exposed asymmetrically along the rift flanks and at the south end of the Antarctic Peninsula. The trend of the Jurassic tholeiites (Ferrar dolerites, Kirkpatric basalts) marking the Jurassic Transantarctic rift is coincident with exposures of the late Cenozoic volcanic rocks along the section of the Transantarctic Mountains from northern Victoria Land to the Horlick Mountains. The Cenozoic rift shoulder diverges here from the Jurassic tholeiite trend, and the tholeiites are exposed continuously (including the Dufek intrusion) along the lower- elevation (1–2 km) section of Transantarctic Mountains to the Weddell Sea. Widely spaced aeromagnetic profiles in West Antarctica indicate the absence of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the ice covered part of the Whitmore-Ellsworth-Mountain block and suggest their widespread occurrence beneath the western part of the ice sheet overlying the Byrd Subglacial Basin. A German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)-U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) aeromagnetic survey over the Ross Sea continental shelf indicates rift fabric and suggests numerous submarine volcanoes along discrete NNW trending zones. A Bouguer anomaly range of approximately 200 (+50 to −150) mGal having 4–7 mGal/km gradients where measured in places marks the rift shoulder from northern Victoria Land possibly to the Ellsworth Mountains (where data are too sparse to determine maximum amplitude and gradient). The steepest gravity gradients across the rift shoulder require high density (mafic or ultramafic?) rock within the crust as well as at least 12 km of thinner crust beneath the West Antarctic rift system in contrast to East Antarctica. Sparse land seismic data reported along the rift shoulder, where velocities are greater than 7 km/s, and marine data indicating velocities above 7 km/s beneath the Ross Sea continental shelf support this interpretation. The maximum Bouguer gravity range in the Pensacola Mountains area of the Transantarctic Mountains is only about 130 mGal with a maximum 2 mGal/km gradient, which can be explained solely by 8 km of crustal thickening. Large offset seismic profiles over the Ross Sea shelf collected by the German Antarctic North Victoria Land Expedition V (GANOVEX V) combined with earlier USGS and other results indicate 17–21 km thickness for the crust beneath the Ross Sea shelf which we interpret as evidence of extended rifted continental crust. A regional positive Bouguer anomaly (0 to +50 mGal), the width of the rift, extends from the Ross Sea continental shelf throughout the Ross Embayment and Byrd Subglacial Basin area of the West Antarctic rift system and indicates that the Moho is approximately 20 km deep tied to the seismic results (probably coincident with the top of the asthenosphere) rather than the 30 km reported in earlier interpretations. The interpretation of horst and graben structures in the Ross Sea, made from marine seismic reflection data, probably can be extended throughout the rift (i.e., the Ross Ice shelf and the Byrd Subglacial Basin areas). The near absence of earthquakes in the West Antarctic rift system probably results from a combination of primarily sparse seismograph coverage and, secondarily, suppression of earthquakes by the ice sheet (e.g., Johnston, 1987) and very high seismicity shortly after deglaciation in the Ross Embayment followed by abnormally low seismicity at present (e.g., Muir Wood, 1989). The evidence of high temperatures at shallow depth beneath the Ross Sea continental shelf and adjacent Transantarctic Mountains is supportive of thermal uplift of the mountains associated with lateral heat conduction from the rift and can possibly also explain the volcanism, rifting, and high elevation of the entire rift shoulder to the Ellsworth-Horlick-Whitmore Mountains. We infer that the Gondwana breakup and the West Antarctic rift are part of a continuously propagating rift that started in the Jurassic when Africa separated from East Antarctica (including the failed Jurassic Transantarctic rift). Rifting proceeded clockwise around East Antarctica to the separation of New Zealand and the Campbell Plateau about 85–95 Ma and has continued (with a spreading center jump) to its present location in the Ross Embayment and West Antarctica. The Cenozoic activity of the West Antarctic rift system appears to be continuous in time with rifting in the same area that began only in the late Mesozoic. Although the mechanism for rifting is not completely explained, we suggest a combination of the flexural rigidity model (Stem and ten Brink, 1989) proposed for the Ross Embayment and the thermal plume or hot spot concepts. The propagating rift may have been “captured” by the thermal plume.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91TC00868","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., LeMasurier, W., Cooper, A.K., Tessensohn, F., Trehu, A., and Damaske, D., 1991, Geophysical studies of the West Antarctic rift system: Tectonics, v. 10, no. 6, p. 1257-1273, https://doi.org/10.1029/91TC00868.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1257","endPage":"1273","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222853,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ross Sea, Victoria Land","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.15625,\n -87.90272143026618\n ],\n [\n 180,\n -87.90272143026618\n ],\n [\n 180,\n -60.93043220292333\n ],\n [\n -170.15625,\n -60.93043220292333\n ],\n [\n -170.15625,\n -87.90272143026618\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a286ee4b0c8380cd5a0f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":373844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeMasurier, W.E.","contributorId":7006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeMasurier","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, A. K.","contributorId":50149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tessensohn, Franz","contributorId":27196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tessensohn","given":"Franz","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trehu, A.","contributorId":28372,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Damaske, D.","contributorId":66771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damaske","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5222875,"text":"5222875 - 1991 - Flight performance, energetics and water turnover of tippler pigeons with a harness and dorsal load","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T22:16:14.204477","indexId":"5222875","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:13","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flight performance, energetics and water turnover of tippler pigeons with a harness and dorsal load","docAbstract":"We measured carbon dioxide production and water efflux of 12 tippler pigeons (Columba spp.) during seven experimental flights using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. Prior to the experiment birds were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group flew as controls (no load or harness) on all seven flights. The other group wore a harness on two flights, a dorsal load/harness package (weighing about 5% of a bird's mass) on two flights, and they were without a load in three flights. Flight duration of pigeons with only a harness and with a dorsal load/harness package was 21 and 26% less, respectively, than the controls. Pigeons wearing a harness, or wearing a dorsal load/harness package lost water 50-90%, and 57-100% faster, respectively, than control pigeons. The mean CO2 production of pigeons wearing a harness or a load/harness package was not significantly different than pigeons without a harness or load. The small sample sizes and large variability in DLW measuremets precluded a good test of the energetic cost of flying with a harness and dorsal load.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368186","usgsCitation":"Gessaman, J., Workman, G., and Fuller, M., 1991, Flight performance, energetics and water turnover of tippler pigeons with a harness and dorsal load: Condor, v. 93, no. 3, p. 546-554, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368186.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"546","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696ea7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gessaman, J.A.","contributorId":14910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gessaman","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Workman, G.W.","contributorId":29529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Workman","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222569,"text":"5222569 - 1991 - Multifragment alleles in DNA fingerprints of the parrot, Amazona ventralis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T13:52:52.566266","indexId":"5222569","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2333,"text":"Journal of Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multifragment alleles in DNA fingerprints of the parrot, Amazona ventralis","docAbstract":"Human DNA probes that identify variable numbers of tandem repeat loci are being used to generate DNA fingerprints in many animal and plant species. In most species the majority of the sc rable autoradiographic bands of the DNA fingerprint represent alleles from numerous unlinked loci. This study was initiated to use DNA fingerprints to determine the amount of band-sharing among captive Hispaniolan parrots (Amazona ventralis) with known genetic relationships. This would form the data base to examine DNA fingerprints of the closely related and endangered Puerto Rican parrot (A. vittata) and to estimate the degree of inbreeding in the relic population. We found by segregation analysis of the bands scored in the DNA fingerprints of the Hispaniolan parrots that there may be as few as two to five loci identified by the human 33.15 probe. Furthermore, at one locus we identified seven alleles, one of which is represented by as many as 19 cosegregating bands. It is unknown how common multiband alleles might be in natural populations, and their existence will cause problems in the assessment of relatedness by band-sharing analysis. We believe, therefore, that a pedigree analysis should be included in all DNA fingerprinting studies, where possible, in order to estimate the number of loci identified by a minisatellite DNA probe and to examine the nature of their alleles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111067","usgsCitation":"Brock, M., and White, B., 1991, Multifragment alleles in DNA fingerprints of the parrot, Amazona ventralis: Journal of Heredity, v. 82, no. 3, p. 209-212, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111067.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194192,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brock, M.K.","contributorId":51400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, B.N.","contributorId":68419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"B.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222570,"text":"5222570 - 1991 - Approaches to the conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T15:44:35","indexId":"5222570","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Approaches to the conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere","docAbstract":"Coastal wetlands rank among the most productive and ecologically valuable natural ecosystems on Earth. Unfortunately, they are also some of the most disturbed. Because they are productive and can serve as transportation arteries, coastal wetlands have long attracted human settlement. More than half of the U.S. population currently lives within 80 km of its coasts, and one estimate places 70% of all humanity in the coastal zone. Human impacts to coastal wetlands include physical alteration of hydrological processes; the introduction of toxic materials, nutrients, heat, and exotic species; and the unsustainable harvest of native species. Between 1950 and 1970, coastal wetland losses in the U.S. averaged 8 100 ha/year. In Central and South America, development pressures along the coastal zone rank among the most serious natural resource problems in the region..... Here, we (1) briefly describe coastal wetland avifauna, (2) discuss the threat of global warming on coastal wetlands, (3) use several Western Hemisphere wetlands as site-specific examples of development pressures facing these habitats, and (4) provide synopses of nongovernmental and governmental approaches to wetland conservation. Overall, we provide a socio-economic context for conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere. We suggest that efforts aimed at conserving sites of particular importance for their biological diversity should be pursued within a framework of wise use that addresses the broader issues of human population growth and economic development.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Bildstein, K., Bancroft, G., Dugan, P., Gordon, D., Erwin, R., Nol, E., Payne, L., and Senner, S.E., 1991, Approaches to the conservation of coastal wetlands in the Western Hemisphere: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 103, no. 2, p. 218-254.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"254","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16510,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wilsonsociety.org/pubs/","text":"Journal Website","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"103","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a2b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bildstein, K.L.","contributorId":90836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bildstein","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bancroft, G.T.","contributorId":41096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bancroft","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dugan, P.J.","contributorId":92365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gordon, D.H.","contributorId":98826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nol, E.","contributorId":45791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nol","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Payne, L.X.","contributorId":66365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"L.X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Senner, Stanley E.","contributorId":184110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senner","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70016680,"text":"70016680 - 1991 - Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:26:21.714894","indexId":"70016680","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust","docAbstract":"At ocean margins where two plates converge, the oceanic plate sinks or is subducted beneath an upper one topped by a layer of terrestrial crust. This crust is constructed of continental or island arc material. The subduction process either builds juvenile masses of terrestrial crust through arc volcanism or new areas of crust through the piling up of accretionary masses (prisms) of sedimentary deposits and fragments of thicker crustal bodies scraped off the subducting lower plate. At convergent margins, terrestrial material can also bypass the accretionary prism as a result of sediment subduction, and terrestrial matter can be removed from the upper plate by processes of subduction erosion. Sediment subduction occurs where sediment remains attached to the subducting oceanic plate and underthrusts the seaward position of the upper plate's resistive buttress (backstop) of consolidated sediment and rock. Sediment subduction occurs at two types of convergent margins: type 1 margins where accretionary prisms form and type 2 margins where little net accretion takes place. At type 2 margins (∼19,000 km in global length), effectively all incoming sediment is subducted beneath the massif of basement or framework rocks forming the landward trench slope. At accreting or type 1 margins, sediment subduction begins at the seaward position of an active buttress of consolidated accretionary material that accumulated in front of a starting or core buttress of framework rocks. Where small-to-medium-sized prisms have formed (∼16,300 km), approximately 20% of the incoming sediment is skimmed off a detachment surface or decollement and frontally accreted to the active buttress. The remaining 80% subducts beneath the buttress and may either underplate older parts of the frontal body or bypass the prism entirely and underthrust the leading edge of the margin's rock framework. At margins bordered by large prisms (∼8,200 km), roughly 70% of the incoming trench floor section is subducted beneath the frontal accretionary body and its active buttress. In rounded figures the contemporary rate of solid-volume sediment subduction at convergent ocean margins (∼43,500 km) is calculated to be 1.5 km³/yr. Correcting type 1 margins for high rates of terrigenous seafloor sedimentation during the past 30 m.y. or so sets the long-term rate of sediment subduction at 1.0 km³/yr. The bulk of the subducted material is derived directly or indirectly from continental denudation. Interstitial water currently expulsed from accreted and deeply subducted sediment and recycled to the ocean basins is estimated at 0.9 km³/yr. The thinning and truncation caused by subduction erosion of the margin's framework rock and overlying sedimentary deposits have been demonstrated at many convergent margins but only off northern Japan, central Peru, and northern Chile has sufficient information been collected to determine average or long-term rates, which range from 25 to 50 km³/m.y. per kilometer of margin. A conservative long-term rate applicable to many sectors of convergent margins is 30 km³/km/m.y. If applied to the length of type 2 margins, subduction erosion removes and transports approximately 0.6 km³/yr of upper plate material to greater depths. At various places, subduction erosion also affects sectors of type 1 margins bordered by small- to medium-sized accretionary prisms (for example, Japan and Peru), thus increasing the global rate by possibly 0.5 km³/yr to a total of 1.1 km³/yr. Little information is available to assess subduction erosion at margins bordered by large accretionary prisms. Mass balance calculations allow assessments to be made of the amount of subducted sediment that bypasses the prism and underthrusts the margin's rock framework. This subcrustally subducted sediment is estimated at 0.7 km³/yr. Combined with the range of terrestrial matter removed from the margin's rock framework by subduction erosion, the global volume of subcrustally subducted material is estimated to range from 1.3 to 1.8 km³/yr. Subcrustally subducted material is either returned to the terrestrial crust by arc-related igneous processes or crustal underplating or is lost from the crust by mantle absorption. Geochemical and isotopic data support the notion that upper mantle melting returns only a small percent of the subducted material to the terrestrial crust as arc igneous rocks. Limited areal exposures of terrestrial rocks metamorphosed at deep (>20–30 km) subcrustal pressures and temperatures imply that only a small fraction of subducted material is reattached via deep crustal underplating. Possibly, therefore much of the subducted terrestrial material is recycled to the mantle at a rate near 1.6 km³/yr, which is effectively equivalent to the commonly estimated rate at which the mantle adds juvenile igneous material to the Earth's layer of terrestrial rock.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91RG00969","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"von Huene, R.E., and Scholl, D., 1991, Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 29, no. 3, p. 279-316, https://doi.org/10.1029/91RG00969.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225073,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island, Shumagin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.0551905132251,\n 55.6277837301117\n ],\n [\n -161.5116239712764,\n 54.13525573677265\n ],\n [\n -153.57834311210746,\n 55.40375253480332\n ],\n [\n -151.29611269478102,\n 57.13479856490234\n ],\n [\n -151.64404848361454,\n 58.94375713478402\n ],\n [\n -162.0551905132251,\n 55.6277837301117\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a70e4b0c8380cd7417d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016802,"text":"70016802 - 1991 - Dating lacustrine episodes in the eastern Sahara by the epimerization of isoleucine in ostrich eggshells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T16:26:35.645983","indexId":"70016802","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dating lacustrine episodes in the eastern Sahara by the epimerization of isoleucine in ostrich eggshells","docAbstract":"The eggshell of the African ostrich, Struthio camelus, closely approximates a closed system for the retention of indigenous proteinaceous residues. Epimerization of the protein amino acid isoleucine follows linear first-order kinetics in laboratory simulations nearly to racemic equilibrium, and the variation in D/L ratio within a single fragment, or between fragments of the same age, is significantly less than in other carbonate systems. These observations suggest that the extent of isoleucine epimerization (aIle/Ile ratio) in ostrich eggshell offers the potential for high-resolution geochronology of Quaternary deposits. From the simulation experiments, and dated early Holocene samples for which we have in situ mean annual sediment temperature measurements, Arrhenius parameters have been calculated; the activation energy is 30.33 kcal mol−1, similar to that of other carbonate systems.
We have measured the aIle/Ile ratio in ostrich eggshell associated with lacustrine episodes at Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East, two depressions in what is currently the hyperarid eastern Sahara. The ratios can be used directly to indicate qualitatively the time represented by each series of lake sediment, and to correlate disjunct lacustrine deposits within and between the basins. Uranium-series disequilibrium dating of algal mats contained within some of the lake beds indicate that a major wet interval occurred about 130 ka ago. Using the U-series date for calibration, the amino acid ratios are used to date the most recent lacustrine interval to about 100 ka B.P., and two older intervals, one about 200 ± 25 ka B.P., and an older interval that occurred prior to 250 ka ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(91)90043-Q","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Miller, G.H., Wendorf, F., Ernst, R., Schild, R., Close, A., Friedman, I., and Schwarcz, H., 1991, Dating lacustrine episodes in the eastern Sahara by the epimerization of isoleucine in ostrich eggshells: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 84, no. 1-4, p. 175-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90043-Q.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224608,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bir Sahara East, Bir Tarfawi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 21.86988861295208,\n 36.14380221724686\n ],\n [\n 21.86988861295208,\n 24.429848079456605\n ],\n [\n 37.00541334566299,\n 24.429848079456605\n ],\n [\n 37.00541334566299,\n 36.14380221724686\n ],\n [\n 21.86988861295208,\n 36.14380221724686\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fde0e4b0c8380cd4e9ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, G. H.","contributorId":54732,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wendorf, F.","contributorId":103801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wendorf","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ernst, R.","contributorId":40738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ernst","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schild, R.","contributorId":88885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schild","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Close, A.E.","contributorId":10936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Close","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwarcz, H.P.","contributorId":58783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarcz","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70016413,"text":"70016413 - 1991 - Age and petrology of the Tertiary As Sarat volcanic field, southwestern Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T16:03:09.567663","indexId":"70016413","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and petrology of the Tertiary As Sarat volcanic field, southwestern Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"Harrat As Sarat forms the second smallest and southernmost of the basalt fields of western Saudi Arabia and is part of a voluminous Red Sea rift-related continental alkali basalt province. The rocks of the As Sarat were emplaced during the first stage of Red Sea rifting and represent the northernmost extension of the Tertiary Trap Series volcanics that occur mainly in the Yemen Arab Republic and Ethiopia. The field consists of up to 580 m of basalt flows, that are intruded by basaltic plugs, necks, minor dikes, and highly evolved peralkaline trachyte intrusions. K-Ar ages indicate that the As Sarat field formed between 31 and 22 Ma and contains an eruption hiatus of one million years that began about 25 Ma ago. Pre-hiatus flows are primarily hypersthene normative intersertal subalkaline basalt, whereas the majority of post-hiatus flows are nepheline normative alkali basalt and hawaiite with trachytic textures. Normative compositions of the basalts are consistent with their genesis by partial melting at varying depths. Trace element abundances in the basalt indicate that varying degrees of partial melting and fractional crystallization (or crystal accumulation) had major and minor roles, respectively, in development of compositional variation in these rocks. Modeling indicates that the pre-hiatus subalkaline basalts represent 8–10 percent mantle melting at depths of about 70 km and the post-hiatus alkali basalts represent 4–9 percent mantle melting at depths greater than 70 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(91)90149-M","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"du Bray, E.A., Stoeser, D.B., and McKee, E.D., 1991, Age and petrology of the Tertiary As Sarat volcanic field, southwestern Saudi Arabia: Tectonophysics, v. 198, no. 2-4, p. 155-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90149-M.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223321,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"southwestern Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 41.0158436987893,\n 19.081977061614097\n ],\n [\n 41.0158436987893,\n 16.580940353147597\n ],\n [\n 43.408785827154475,\n 16.580940353147597\n ],\n [\n 43.408785827154475,\n 19.081977061614097\n ],\n [\n 41.0158436987893,\n 19.081977061614097\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"198","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e1e4b0c8380cd47f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"du Bray, Edward A. 0000-0002-4383-8394 edubray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-8394","contributorId":755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"du Bray","given":"Edward","email":"edubray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoeser, Douglas B. dstoeser@usgs.gov","contributorId":1821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeser","given":"Douglas","email":"dstoeser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKee, Edwin D.","contributorId":60207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015047,"text":"70015047 - 1991 - Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:47:36.553583","indexId":"70015047","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2","docAbstract":"Two contrasting hypotheses have recently been proposed for the past long-term relation between atmospheric CO2 and the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle. One approach (Berner, 1990) suggests that CO2 levels have varied in a manner that has maintained chemical weathering and carbonate sedimentation at a steady state with respect to tectonically controlled decarbonation reactions. A second approach (Raymo et al., 1988), applied specificlly to the late Cenozoic, suggests a decrease in CO2 caused by an uplift-induced increase in chemical weathering, without regard to the rate of decarbonation. According to the steady-state (first) hypothesis, increased weathering and carbonate sedimentation are generally associated with increasing atmospheric CO2, whereas the uplift (second) hypothesis implies decreasing CO2 under the same conditions.
An ocean-atmosphere-sediment model has been used to assess the response of atmospheric CO2 and carbonate sedimentation to global perturbations in chemical weathering and decarbonation reactions. Although this assessment is theoretical and cannot yet be related to the geologic record, the model simulations compare steady-state and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate cycle response. The e-fold response time of the ‘CO2-weathering’ feedback mechanism is between 300 and 400 ka. The response of carbonate sedimentation is much more rapid. These response times provide a measure of the strength of steady-state assumptions, and imply that certain systematic relations are sustained throughout steady-state and non-steady-state scenarios for the carbonate-silicate cycle. The simulations suggest that feedbacks can maintain the system near a steady state, but that non-steady-state effects may contribute to long-term trends. The steady-state and uplift hypotheses are not necessarily incompatible over time scales of a few million years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90026-Q","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Sundquist, E., 1991, Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 283-296, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90026-Q.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"296","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b981ce4b08c986b31be2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sundquist, E.T.","contributorId":13990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70195959,"text":"70195959 - 1991 - Impact of exploratory wells, offshore Florida: A biological assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-09T13:41:49","indexId":"70195959","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1106,"text":"Bulletin of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of exploratory wells, offshore Florida: A biological assessment","docAbstract":"Seven offshore exploratory oil well sites were examined in an effort to determine the ecological impact of exploratory drilling on the subtropical marine ecosystems of southern Florida, including seagrass beds and coral reefs. The time since drilling ranged from 2 to 29 years; water depths varied between 5 and 70 m. The major long-term ecological impact observed at these sites ranged from the creation of \"artificial-reef\" conditions to the physical destruction of hardbottom habitat that had not recovered in 29 years. Long-term ecological perturbation appeared to be limited to physical destruction and the deposition of drilling debris, which provided substratum for settling organisms. Significant deposits of drill muds or cuttings were not encountered at any of the sites, and there was no evidence of ecological damage from cuttings or drill muds. The results of this study pertain only to exploratory drilling that, unlike production wells that remain in place for tens of years, is a one-time perturbation to the habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science","usgsCitation":"Dustan, P.A., Lidz, B.H., and Shinn, E., 1991, Impact of exploratory wells, offshore Florida: A biological assessment: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 48, no. 1, p. 94-124.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"124","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 25.661333498952683\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 25.661333498952683\n ],\n [\n -81.45263671875,\n 27.039556602163195\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 27.039556602163195\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 25.661333498952683\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.1220703125,\n 23.926013033021192\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 23.926013033021192\n ],\n [\n -80.13427734374999,\n 25.58208527870072\n ],\n [\n -85.1220703125,\n 25.58208527870072\n ],\n [\n -85.1220703125,\n 23.926013033021192\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a4ae4b0da30c1bfd7cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dustan, Phillip A.","contributorId":138646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dustan","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H. blidz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara","email":"blidz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":730699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shinn, Eugene A.","contributorId":86708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"Eugene A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70194854,"text":"70194854 - 1991 - Transient eddy formation around headlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T16:10:04","indexId":"70194854","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Transient eddy formation around headlands","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional, one by two-kilometer section through the seafloor was simulated with a numerical model to investigate coupled fluid and heat flow resulting from basalt intrusions in a buried spreading center. Boundary and initial conditions and physical properties of both sediments and basalt were constrained by field surveys and drilling in the Guaymas Basin, central Gulf of California. Parametric variations in these studies included sediment and basalt permeability, anisotropy in sediment permeability, and the size of heat sources. Faults were introduced through new intrusions both before and after cooling.
Background heat input caused fluid convection at velocities ≤ 3 cm a−1 through shallow sediments. Eighty to ninety percent of the heat introduced at the base of the simulations exited through the upper, horizontal surface, even when the vertical boundaries were made permeable to fluid flow. The simulated injection of a 25–50 m thick basalt intrusion at a depth of 250 m resulted in about 10 yr of pore-fluid expulsion through the sea-floor in all cases, leaving the sediments above the intrusions strongly underpressured. A longer period of fluid recharge followed, sometimes accompanied by reductions in total seafloor heat output of 10% in comparison to pre-intrusion values. Additional discharge-recharge events were dispersed chaotically through the duration of the cooling period. These cycles in heat and fluid flow resulted from the response of the simulated system to a thermodynamic shock, the sudden emplacement of a large heat source, and not from mechanical displacement of sediments and pore fluids, which was not simulated.
Water/rock mass ratios calculated from numerical simulations are in good agreement with geochemical estimates from materials recovered from the Guaymas Basin, assuming a bulk basalt permeability value of at least 10−17 m2/(10−2 mD). The addition of faults through intrusions and sediments in these simulations did not facilitate continuous, rapid venting. Increased heat input at the base of the faults resulted in temporarily greater fluid discharge, but the flow could not be sustained because the modeled system could not recharge cold fluid quickly enough to remove sufficient heat through the vents.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(91)90153-9","usgsCitation":"Fisher, A., and Narasimhan, T., 1991, Numerical simulations of hydrothermal circulation resulting from basalt intrusions in a buried spreading center: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 103, no. 1-4, p. 100-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90153-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"115","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351732,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a4ae4b0da30c1bfd7d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, A.T.","contributorId":51528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Narasimhan, T.N.","contributorId":202548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Narasimhan","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206856,"text":"70206856 - 1991 - Late Devonian history of Michigan basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T14:05:22.926821","indexId":"70206856","displayToPublicDate":"1991-11-26T12:43:20","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Devonian history of Michigan basin","docAbstract":"The Upper Devonian sequence in the Michigan Basin is a westward extension of coeval cyclical facies of the Catskill deltaic complex in the Appalachian basin. Both basins and the intervening Findlay arch express the tectonic and sedimentational effects of foreland compression and isostatic compensation produced by the Acadian orogeny. The Late Devonian Michigan Basin formed as one of several local deeps within the long Eastern Interior seaway that separated the North American craton, backboned by the Transcontinental arch, on the west from the Old Red continent, Avalon terrane (microplate), and possibly northwest Africa on the east. Basin development began in the late Middle Devonian (late Givetian varcus Zone) with subsidence of a shallow-water carbonate platform formed by rocks of the Traverse Group. Subsidence was contemporaneous with Taghanic onlap of the North American craton. During subsidence, a thin transitional sequence of increasingly deeper water limestones separated by hardgrounds was deposited in the incipient Michigan Basin during the latest Givetian to earliest Frasnian disparilis to falsiovalis Zones. Deposition of this sequence culminated during the early Frasnian transitans Zone with a calcareous mudstone bed at the top of the Squaw Bay Limestone. Subsidence was followed by a 12-m.y.-long Late Devonian episode of slow, hemipelagic, basinal sedimentation of organic black muds that formed the Antrim Shale, interrupted basinwide only by deposition of its prodeltaic Paxton Member. Westward, the basinal Antrim black muds intertongued with greenish gray, deltaic and prodeltaic muds of an eastward-prograding delta platform formed by the Ellsworth Shale. Basinal black shale deposition ceased in latest Devonian (late Famennian Lower praesulcata Zone) time, when the Bedford deltaic complex prograded westward, completely filling the Antrim Basin and even covering part of the older Ellsworth deltaic complex on the west. As sea level was lowered eustatically near the end of the Devonian, the regressive Berea Sandstone terminated deltaic deposition. After an Early Mississippian erosional episode, widespread deposition of the unconformably overlying Lower Mississippian Sunbury Shale began during the next transgression, associated with a major eustatic rise in the Lower crenulata Zone.
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\"}}]}","volume":"256","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutschick, R.C.","contributorId":23277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutschick","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206857,"text":"70206857 - 1991 - Upper Devonian biostratigraphy of Michigan Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T14:11:07.770786","indexId":"70206857","displayToPublicDate":"1991-11-25T12:48:30","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper Devonian biostratigraphy of Michigan Basin","docAbstract":"The Late Devonian Michigan Basin was floored by the Middle and Upper Devonian Squaw Bay Limestone, which was deposited during the downwarping that produced the basin within a former Middle Devonian carbonate platform. The Squaw Bay comprises three beds, each having a different conodont fauna. The two upper beds, deposited during the transitans Zone, have different conodont biofacies that reflect this deepening. The basin was largely filled by the deep-water, anaerobic to dysaerobic, organic-rich, black Antrim Shale, which has a facies relationship with the prodeltaic, greenish gray Ellsworth Shale that prograded into the basin from the west. The Upper Devonian (Frasnian to Famennian) Antrim Shale is divided into four members, from base to top: the Norwood, Paxton, Lachine, and upper members. These members are more or less precisely dated by conodonts. The Norwood was deposited during the transitans Zone to Ancyrognathus triangularis Zone, and the Paxton was deposited from that zone probably through the linguiformis Zone at the end of the Frasnian. The overlying Lachine was deposited during the early Famennian and has yielded faunas of the Upper crepida and Lower rhomboidea Zones. Only the lower part of the upper member is exposed, and near Norwood, Michigan, it yielded conodonts of the Lower marginifera Zone. The widespread Famennian floating plant Protosalvinia (Foerstia) has not yet been found in outcrops of the Antrim, and should not be expected to occur except in the upper member or highest part of the Lachine Member. Its range in terms of conodont zones is from the Upper trachytera Zone through the Lower expansa Zone and possibly into the Middle expansa Zone. One known subsurface occurrence might be datable as rhomboidea or Lower marginifera Zone, depending on gamma ray correlations to outcrops. Black shale deposition ended when the Late Devonian mud delta of the Bedford Shale prograded across the Michigan Basin from the east and then retreated as the regressive Berea Sandstone was being deposited during the major eustatic sea-level fall that ended the Devonian. The Bedford was deposited during the Upper expansa to Lower praesulcata Zones, and the Berea was deposited during the Middle to Upper praesulcata Zones. Both formations contain the spore Retispora lepidophyta, which is a global indicator of latest Devonian age.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE256-p155","usgsCitation":"Gutschick, R., and Sandberg, C., 1991, Upper Devonian biostratigraphy of Michigan Basin: GSA Special Papers, v. 256, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE256-p155.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"179","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369553,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Michigan 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\"}}]}","volume":"256","edition":"155","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutschick, R.C.","contributorId":23277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutschick","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandberg, Charles sandberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":199124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandberg","given":"Charles","email":"sandberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015031,"text":"70015031 - 1991 - Historic creep rate and potential for seismic slip along the Hayward Fault, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T17:34:25","indexId":"70015031","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historic creep rate and potential for seismic slip along the Hayward Fault, California","docAbstract":"The Hayward fault is considered the most likely source of one or more major earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay area in the next few decades. Historically, at least one, and probably two, major earthquakes (about M 6.8) occurred along the Hayward fault, one in 1836 and another in 1868. Little is known about the 1836 event, but the 1868 earthquake was accompanied by a surface rupture that extended as much as 41 km along the southern part of the fault. Although the amount of surface slip in 1868 is uncertain, right slip (including afterslip) reached at least several centimeters, and possibly several decimeters in places. This paper documents the spatial variation of creep rate along the Hayward fault since the 1868 earthquake. Creep (aseismic fault slip) occurs over at least 66 km and may extend over the fault's entire 82-km length, of which about 13 km lies underwater. Creep rate seems nearly constant over decades, but short-term variations occur. We derive creep rate mainly from our own systematic surveying of offset cultural features (curbs, fences, and buildings). On each feature we solve directly for accumulated creep by using multiple linear regression. Creep rate mostly falls in the range of 3.5–6.5 mm/yr; but systematic variation occurs along strike. Fault segments with distinctly higher and lower rates generally correspond to parts of the fault most salient from the overall average alinement of the fault. Most distinctive is a 4-km-long section near the south end of the fault that creeps at about 9 mm/yr. Such a high rate has occurred there at least since the 1920s and probably since the 1868 earthquake, as indicated by an offset railroad track built in 1869. We suggest that this 9 mm/yr slip rate may approach the long-term or deep slip rate that controls average recurrence interval between major earthquakes. If so, assuming an elastic rebound model, the potential for slip in large earthquakes below the surficial creeping zone is now ∼1.1 m in the southern (1868) segment of the fault and ≥ 1.4 m in the northern (1836?) segment. Subtracting surface creep rates from a long-term slip rate of 9 mm/yr gives present potential for surface slip in large earthquakes of up to 0.8 m, with an average of 0.6 m in the northern segment and 0.4 m in the southern segment. We present a simple hypothesis for rupture potential that is compatible with historic creep rate, microseismicity distribution, and geodetic data. If seismic rupture occurs on segments 41 km long by 10 km deep (7 km fully locked, 3 km creeping), today's potential for seismic moment release is 1.4 × 1019 and 1.1 × 1019 N m for both 1836? and 1868 segments, respectively, and 2.5 × 1019 N m for both segments jointly. Converting moment to magnitude gives ML 6.8 in the northern segment, ML 6.7 in the southern segment, and ML 7.0 for simultaneous rupture of both.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01589","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., Borchardt, G., and Lisowski, M., 1991, Historic creep rate and potential for seismic slip along the Hayward Fault, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B11, p. 18261-18283, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01589.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"18261","endPage":"18283","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 38.134556577054134\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 38.08268954483802\n ],\n [\n -122.1844482421875,\n 37.98750437106374\n ],\n [\n -121.9976806640625,\n 37.77071473849609\n ],\n [\n -121.9207763671875,\n 37.72510788462094\n ],\n [\n -121.871337890625,\n 37.67512527892127\n ],\n [\n -121.76971435546874,\n 37.59900015064849\n ],\n [\n -121.63787841796875,\n 37.4530574713902\n ],\n [\n -121.60491943359375,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -121.59393310546875,\n 37.376705278818356\n ],\n [\n -121.65710449218749,\n 37.36797435878155\n ],\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -121.85760498046875,\n 37.470498470798724\n ],\n [\n -121.96197509765625,\n 37.56417412088097\n ],\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 37.67947293019486\n ],\n [\n -122.19818115234375,\n 37.790251927933284\n ],\n [\n -122.33001708984374,\n 37.94203148678865\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 38.028622234587964\n ],\n [\n -122.4591064453125,\n 38.10430528370985\n ],\n [\n -122.45635986328124,\n 38.14535757293734\n ],\n [\n -122.43438720703125,\n 38.153997218446115\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 38.134556577054134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a315fe4b0c8380cd5de8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borchardt, G.","contributorId":18909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014551,"text":"1014551 - 1991 - Low-cost field estimation of yellow perch daily ration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-06T16:51:22.939142","indexId":"1014551","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Low-cost field estimation of yellow perch daily ration","docAbstract":"We used 2 yearsˈ diel food weight data from stomachs of Lake Erie yellow perch Perca flavescens to make Elliott‐Persson (E–P) estimates of daily ration and to construct consumption response surface (CRS) regression models. The CRS models provided relatively accurate, low‐cost estimates of daily ration from only one to four fish collections – compared with nine for the E–P procedure. Besides reducing daily sampling effort, CRS models allowed flexibility in fish collection times, thus alleviating the need for 24‐h associations with sampling sites. Independent variables for CRS models included the food weight in fish stomachs from a particular collection (adjusted for water temperature) and the time of day when a fish collection was made. Accuracy of CRS model estimates of yellow perch daily ration relative to E–P estimates was evaluated with a jackknife‐like procedure. Effectiveness of CRS models arose from significant relationships that existed between food weights in yellow perch stomachs throughout certain periods of the day and average food weight in stomachs over 24 h. Similar relationships, and hence low‐cost estimation potential, are expected for other fish species with regular diel feeding activity. Because CRS models reduce time requirements in the field, they should allow more detailed coverage of important spatial and temporal variability in multiday food consumption studies for fishes. The CRS models also showed spatial robustness and a desirable capacity to estimate daily rations in years beyond those for which the models were developed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0589:LFEOYP>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hayward, R., Margraf, F.J., Parrish, D., and Vondracek, B., 1991, Low-cost field estimation of yellow perch daily ration: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 120, no. 5, p. 589-604, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0589:LFEOYP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"604","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644a0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayward, R.S.","contributorId":48913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayward","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Margraf, F. Joseph jmargraf@usgs.gov","contributorId":257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margraf","given":"F.","email":"jmargraf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parrish, D.L.","contributorId":15144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vondracek, B.","contributorId":69930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vondracek","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243103,"text":"70243103 - 1991 - Seismic evidence for magma in the vicinity of Mt. Katmai, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T15:20:31.040671","indexId":"70243103","displayToPublicDate":"1991-08-01T10:12:27","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence for magma in the vicinity of Mt. Katmai, Alaska","docAbstract":"P-wave traveltime delays of as much as 0.9 sec are consistently observed at one seismic station from local and regional earthquakes 70 to 150 km deep. This station is on the southwest flank of Mt. Trident, the most recently active volcano within Katmai National Park, Alaska. Delays from local shallow earthquakes are typically less than 0.3 sec, suggesting that most of the major delay results from anomalous material at depths of more than a few kilometers. This station is located near the center of a bowlshaped low in the Bouguer gravity field that is approximately 15 km in diameter and more than 25 mgals deep. These anomalies suggest, but do not prove, the presence of considerable amounts of magma in the shallow part of the crust that could have been the source for all magma erupted in the vicinity of Mt. Katmai and Mt. Trident this century.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91GL01906","usgsCitation":"Ward, P.L., Pitt, A., and Endo, E., 1991, Seismic evidence for magma in the vicinity of Mt. Katmai, Alaska: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 18, no. 8, p. 1537-1540, https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL01906.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1537","endPage":"1540","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416501,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Katmai","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.06013087857218,\n 58.24721448084915\n ],\n [\n -155.05858009361864,\n 58.23231736803646\n ],\n [\n -155.0388075854627,\n 58.22803073832773\n ],\n [\n -154.96708378136728,\n 58.20025716905684\n ],\n [\n -154.906603168184,\n 58.22517269748195\n ],\n [\n -154.86899663306374,\n 58.270465952912616\n ],\n [\n -154.88527987507456,\n 58.303277582255845\n ],\n [\n -154.92094792900306,\n 58.310202857850925\n ],\n [\n -154.96785917384395,\n 58.30592564182402\n ],\n [\n -155.0147704186848,\n 58.301036761660185\n ],\n [\n -155.05741700490373,\n 58.269854267476376\n ],\n [\n -155.06013087857218,\n 58.24721448084915\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Peter L.","contributorId":86324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitt, Andrew M. pitt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"Andrew M.","email":"pitt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Endo, Eliot","contributorId":6958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Endo","given":"Eliot","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70138463,"text":"70138463 - 1991 - A method for the concentration of fine-grained rutile (TiO2) from sediment and sedimentary rocks by chemical leaching","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T17:34:38","indexId":"70138463","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T10:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for the concentration of fine-grained rutile (TiO2) from sediment and sedimentary rocks by chemical leaching","docAbstract":"Quaternary marine sediment in the Gulf of Maine basins contains 0.7 to 1.0 wt percent TiO2 (determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry). Most of this TiO2 exists in the form of silt-size rutile crystals that are visible by using the petrographic microscope with transmitted light (Valentine and Commeau, 1990). The identification of rutile was confirmed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) system. To quantify the amount of TiO2 in the sediment contributed by rutile and its polymorphs, anatase and brookite, it was necessary to eliminate as many of the other minerals as possible, especially titanium-bearing minerals such as ilmenite, ilmenomagnetite, biotite, hornblende, oyroxene, and sphene. We accomplished this by developing a method of chemical dissolution that removed the bulk of the raw material and left the TiO2 minerals intact.
\nMany methods using acids and bases have been developed over the years to dissolve rocks, minerals, and sediments for chemical analysis or to concentrate specific minerals (Dolcater et al., 1970; Church, 1971; Campbell, 1973, and the references cited therein). The method developed by Raman and Jackson (1965) to concentrate rutile and anatase in soils and sediments requires digesting the sample in concentrated hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 24 hours. However, Campbell (1973) found that digestion in HF for more than 2 hours results in a loss of anatase. The method of Dolcater et al. (1970) for concentrating titanium as a free oxide requires the use of hydrofluotitanic acid (H2TiF6), which is difficult to find on the commercial market. The acid can be prepared by the reaction of concentrated HF (48%) with an excess of TiO2, but the procedure requires 36 hours to complete and should be attempted with caution because it is highly exothermic. Jackson (1979) provides a detailed method for digesting soils, but many of the recommended pretreatment steps employ sodium compounds such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7-2H2O), and sodium dithionate (Na2S2O4), which are used for the removal of calcium carbonate, iron oxides, and phosphates. In combining the methods of Dolcater and Jackson, sodium compounds must be thoroughly washed from the sample because they form sodium fluotitanate (Na2TiF6) in the presence of hydrofluotitanic acid (Fig. 1K). French and Adams (1973) described an inexpensive method for decomposing silicates by HF digestion in polypropylene containers. Their technique was effective for a wide variety of rock types. However, it did not address the problem caused by the precipitation of insoluble fluorides, nor did it outline a procedure to concentrate any residue that remained.
\nAs no one method gave the results we required, we modified procedures described in the literature and developed a process that removes 96 to 98 wt percent of the raw sample material. The residue is composed of rutile and minor amounts of micro- and cryptocrystalline TiO2 (Fig. 1A-J), barite (Fig. 1L), elemental carbon (coal), and insoluble fluorides (Fig. 1J). The fluorides precipitate during the decomposition of siliceous material in hydrofluoric acid (e.g., MgF2 and MgAlF5-2.7H2O; Lanmyhr and Kringstad, 1966).
\nMost of the sample analyzed by the method described were marine muds collected from the Gulf of Maine (Valentine and Commeau, 1990). The silt and clay fraction (up to 99 wt% of the sediment) is composed of clay minerals (chiefly illite-mica and chlorite), silt-size quartz and feldspar, and small crystals (2-12 um) of rutile and hematite. The bulk sediment samples contained an average of 2 to 3 wt percent CaCO3. Tiher samples analyzed include red and gray Carboniferous and Triassic sandstones and siltstones exposed around the Bay of Fundy region and Paleozoic sandstones, siltstones, and shales from northern Maine and New Brunswick. These rocks are probable sources for the fine-grained rutile found in the Gulf of Maine.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.86.4.878","usgsCitation":"Commeau, J.A., and Valentine, P.C., 1991, A method for the concentration of fine-grained rutile (TiO2) from sediment and sedimentary rocks by chemical leaching: Economic Geology, v. 86, no. 4, p. 878-882, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.86.4.878.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"878","endPage":"882","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297325,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://economicgeology.org/content/86/4/878.full.pdf"}],"volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b1ce4b08de9379b324b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Commeau, Judith A.","contributorId":32137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Commeau","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185807,"text":"70185807 - 1991 - Evaluation of hydraulic conductivities calculated from multi-port permeameter measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T11:07:39","indexId":"70185807","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of hydraulic conductivities calculated from multi-port permeameter measurements","docAbstract":"A multiport permeameter was developed for use in estimating hydraulic conductivity over intact sections of aquifer core using the core liner as the permeameter body. Six cores obtained from one borehole through the upper 9 m of a stratified glacial-outwash aquifer were used to evaluate the reliability of the permeameter. Radiographs of the cores were used to assess core integrity and to locate 5- to 10-cm sections of similar grain size for estimation of hydraulic conductivity. After extensive testing of the permeameter, hydraulic conductivities were determined for 83 sections of the six cores. Other measurement techniques included permeameter measurements on repacked sections of core, estimates based on grain-size analyses, and estimates based on borehole flowmeter measurements. Permeameter measurements of 33 sections of core that had been extruded, homogenized, and repacked did not differ significantly from the original measurements. Hydraulic conductivities estimated from grain-size distributions were slightly higher than those calculated from permeameter measurements; the significance of the difference depended on the estimating equation used. Hydraulic conductivities calculated from field measurements, using a borehole flowmeter in the borehole from which the cores were extracted, were significantly higher than those calculated from laboratory measurements and more closely agreed with independent estimates of hydraulic conductivity based on tracer movement near the borehole. This indicates that hydraulic conductivities based on laboratory measurements of core samples may underestimate actual field hydraulic conductivities in this type of stratified glacial-outwash aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00543.x","usgsCitation":"Wolf, S.H., Celia, M.A., and Hess, K.M., 1991, Evaluation of hydraulic conductivities calculated from multi-port permeameter measurements: Groundwater, v. 29, no. 4, p. 516-525, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00543.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"516","endPage":"525","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338567,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc81fe4b02ff32c68572c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, Steven H.","contributorId":189682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolf","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Celia, Michael A.","contributorId":189683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Celia","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70242958,"text":"70242958 - 1991 - Torsional response of unique building","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T22:11:48.430426","indexId":"70242958","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T16:58:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2467,"text":"Journal of Structural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Torsional response of unique building","docAbstract":"Acceleration response records obtained during the October 1, 1987 Whittier‐Narrows earthquake
Tests of a one-dimensional sampling design methodology on measurements of bromide concentration collected during the natural gradient tracer test conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, demonstrate its efficacy for field studies of solute transport in groundwater and the utility of one-dimensional analysis. The methodology was applied to design of sparse two-dimensional networks of fully screened wells typical of those often used in engineering practice. In one-dimensional analysis, designs consist of the downstream distances to rows of wells oriented perpendicular to the groundwater flow direction and the timing of sampling to be carried out on each row. The power of a sampling design is measured by its effectiveness in simultaneously meeting objectives of model discrimination, parameter estimation, and cost minimization. One-dimensional models of solute transport, differing in processes affecting the solute and assumptions about the structure of the flow field, were considered for description of tracer cloud migration. When fitting each model using nonlinear regression, additive and multiplicative error forms were allowed for the residuals which consist of both random and model errors. The one-dimensional single-layer model of a nonreactive solute with multiplicative error was judged to be the best of those tested. Results show the efficacy of the methodology in designing sparse but powerful sampling networks. Designs that sample five rows of wells at five or fewer times in any given row performed as well for model discrimination as the full set of samples taken up to eight times in a given row from as many as 89 rows. Also, designs for parameter estimation judged to be good by the methodology were as effective in reducing the variance of parameter estimates as arbitrary designs with many more samples. Results further showed that estimates of velocity and longitudinal dispersivity in one-dimensional models based on data from only five rows of fully screened wells each sampled five or fewer times were practically equivalent to values determined from moments analysis of the complete three-dimensional set of 29,285 samples taken during 16 sampling times.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90WR02657","usgsCitation":"Knopman, D.S., Voss, C.I., and Garabedian, S.P., 1991, Sampling design for groundwater solute transport: Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 925-949, https://doi.org/10.1029/90WR02657.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"925","endPage":"949","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopman, Debra S.","contributorId":51472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopman","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}