The U.S. Geological Survey conducted an extensive seismic refraction survey in the Imperial Valley region of California in 1979. The Imperial Valley is located in the Salton Trough, an active rift between the Pacific and North American plates. Forty shots fired at seven shot points were recorded by 100 portable seismic instruments at typical spacing of 0.5–1 km. More than 1300 recording locations were occupied, and more than 3000 usable seismograms were obtained. We analyzed five profiles using a standard ray‐tracing program, constructed a contour map of reduced travel times from our most widely recorded shot point, and modeled an existing gravity profile across the Salton Trough. Results are itemized: (1) All models have in common a sedimentary layer (Vp = 1.8–5.0 km/s), a “transition zone” (Vp = 5.0–5.65 km/s), a basement (Vp = 5.65 km/s in the Imperial Valley, 5.9 km/s on the bordering mesas), and subbasement (Vp = 7.2 km/s). (2) The sedimentary layer ranges in thickness along the axis of the Salton Trough from 3.7 km (Salton Sea) to 4.8 km (U.S.‐Mexican border). On the bordering mesas it is quite variable in thickness. (3) The “transition” zone is about 1 km thick in most places. In the Imperial Valley there are no marked velocity discontinuities in this zone between the sedimentary layer and basement. On the bordering mesas, however, there is a discontinuity at the top of this zone. (4) There are apparently two types of basement. On the bordering mesas, basement is crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks. In the Imperial Valley, basement is mostly lower‐greenshist‐facies sedimentary rocks, based primarily on the smooth transition in character from sediment to basement arrivals, the low value of basement velocity, and the fact that deep (4 km) wells in the valley penetrate only the upper part of the known Cenozoic stratigraphic column for the Salton Trough. (5) The subbasement, or intermediate crustal layer, ranges in depth along the axis of the Salton Trough from 16 km (Salton Sea) to 10 km (U.S.‐Mexican border). Gravity modeling requires that this layer deepen and/or pinch out beneath the bordering mesas and mountain ranges. Based on its high velocity and the presence of intrusive basaltic rocks in the sedimentary section in the Imperial Valley, the subbasement is thought to be a mafic intrusive complex similar to oceanic middle crust. (6) Several structures are seen that affect basement, transition zone, and deeper parts of the sedimentary layer. They include a scarp along the Imperial fault, as much as 1 km down to the northeast, and a scarp passing roughly along the topographic boundary between the Imperial Valley and the bordering mesa to the west, as much as 3½ km down to the east. We interpret the latter scarp to be the suture, or rift boundary, between the older crystalline basement on the mesa and the younger metasedimentary basement in the Imperial Valley. (7) On a contour map of reduced travel time from our most widely recorded shot point, subtle patches of early arrivals among otherwise late arrivals in the central Imperial Valley correlate well with known geothermal resource areas having reservoir temperatures of more than 150°C. Apparently the Salton Trough is a location where new crust is being generated. As the rift opens, mafic intrusive rocks fill it from below as sedimentary rocks fill it from above. Rifting and intrusion produce high heat flow that metamorphoses the sedimentary rocks to shallow depth (metasedimentary basement in the Imperial Valley) and thus consolidates the new crust.
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) predation on nesting ducks was assessed by examining 1,857 adult duck remains found at 1,432 fox rearing dens from 1968 to 1973. Dabbling ducks were much more vulnerable to foxes than diving ducks. Dabbling ducks (1,798) found at dens consisted of 27% blue-winged teals (Anas discors), 23% mallards (A. platyrhynchos), 20% northern pintails (A. acuta), 9% northern shovelers (Spatula clypeata), 8% gadwalls (A. strepera), 3% green-winged teals (A. crecca), 2% American wigeons (A. americana), and 10% unidentified. Relative abundance of individual species and nesting chronology were the most important factors affecting composition of ducks taken by foxes. Seventy-six percent of 1,376 adult dabbling ducks and 40% of 30 adult diving ducks for which sex was determined were hens. In western North Dakota and western South Dakota, 65% of mallard and northern pintail remains found at dens were hens compared with 76% in eastern North Dakota and eastern South Dakota (P < 0.05). Percentage hens varied among the 5 most common dabbling ducks found at dens. In eastern North Dakota and eastern South Dakota, where predation on ducks was greatest, an average of 64% of gadwall, 73% of northern pintail, 81% of blue-winged teal, 81% of mallard, and 90% of northern shoveler remains found at dens were hens. Percentage hens among duck remains found at dens increased as the duck nesting season progressed.
\nNumbers of adult ducks found at individual dens ranged from 0 to 67. The average number of ducks found in and around den entrances was used as an index of fox predation rates on ducks. Predation rate indices ranged from 0.01 duck/den in Iowa to 1.80 ducks/den in eastern North Dakota. Average annual predation rate indices for dabbling ducks in a 3-county intensive study area in eastern North Dakota were closely correlated with May pond numbers (r = 0.874, P < 0.10) and duck population size (r = 0.930, P < 0.05), but all species were not affected in the same manner or to the same degree. Drought had least effect on populations and predation rate indices of mallards and gadwalls and had greatest effect on those of northern pintails and northern shovelers. Hens of early nesting species were more vulnerable to foxes than hens of late nesting species. Predation rate indices were expanded to estimate total numbers of ducks taken by fox families during the denning season. Estimated numbers of dabbling ducks taken annually by individual fox families in 2 physiographic regions comprising the intensive study area ranged from 16.1 to 65.9. Predation was highest during wet years and lowest during dry years and averaged lower, but was more variable, in the region where tillage was greatest and wetland water levels were least stable. Predation in the intensive study area averaged 2.97 adult dabbling ducks/ km2/year and represented an estimated average annual loss of 13.5% of hen and 4.5% of drake populations in that area. Of 5,402 individual food items found at dens in the intensive study area, 24% were adult ducks. Ducks made up an estimated maximum average of 16% of the prey biomass required by fox families during the denning season.
\nThe average annual take of adult ducks by foxes in the midcontinent area was estimated to be about 900,000. This estimate included both scavenged and fox-killed ducks, as well as ducks taken after the denning season. Fox impact on midcontinent ducks was greatest in eastern North Dakota where both fox and duck densities were relatively high. Predation in that area was likely increased by environmental factors, especially intensive agriculture that concentrated nesting and reduced prey abundance.
\nPredation by red foxes and other predators severely reduces duck production in the midcontinent area. Effective management to increase waterfowl production will necessitate coping with or reducing high levels of predation.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Sargeant, A.B., Allen, S.H., and Eberhardt, R.T., 1984, Red fox predation on breeding ducks in midcontinent North America: Wildlife Monograph 89, 41 p.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Iowa, Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin","county":"Barnes County, Kidder County, Stutsman County","otherGeospatial":"Prairie Pothole Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.1513671875,\n 50.54136296522161\n ],\n [\n -101.513671875,\n 50.51342652633956\n ],\n [\n -101.42578124999999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -104.19433593749999,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -92.8125,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n -93.603515625,\n 48.545705491847464\n ],\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 48.66194284607008\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -100.1513671875,\n 50.54136296522161\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635370","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sargeant, Alan B.","contributorId":89185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargeant","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Stephen H.","contributorId":46620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberhardt, Robert T.","contributorId":156332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":8913,"text":"ofr84454 - 1984 - Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 1, eastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T21:17:30.451514","indexId":"ofr84454","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-454","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 1, eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data at 335 streamgaging sites are presented in this two volume report to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Oregon. Records for 31 gaging stations were compiled into separate periods owing to changes in regulation during the period of data collection. The periods before and after regulation are presented for comparison. A brief station description is given describing the physical and operational features for each gaging station. Following the station description are tables of monthly and annual flow statistics, flood frequency data, low-flow and high-flow frequency data, and flow-duration information. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84454","usgsCitation":"Friday, J., and Miller, S.J., 1984, Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon; Volume 1, eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-454, Report: iii, 150 p.; 1 Plate: 21.96 x 21.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84454.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 150 p.; 1 Plate: 21.96 x 21.76 inches","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416685,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13414.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":36519,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36520,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":141611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0454/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.62552231910621,\n 46.08638618051495\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 46.08638618051495\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 41.97364185360769\n ],\n [\n -116.62552231910621,\n 41.97364185360769\n ],\n [\n -116.62552231910621,\n 46.08638618051495\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e19f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friday, John","contributorId":19160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friday","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, S. J.","contributorId":54198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006919,"text":"70006919 - 1984 - Monocrotophos and dicrotophos residues in birds as a result of misuse of organophosphates in Matagorda county Texas USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-28T17:06:14.439619","indexId":"70006919","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2533,"text":"Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monocrotophos and dicrotophos residues in birds as a result of misuse of organophosphates in Matagorda county Texas USA","docAbstract":"About 1100 birds of 12 spp. [Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus), brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), mourning dove (Zenaida macrours), Eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), common snipe (Gallinago gallinago), blue-winged teal (Anas discors), mottled duck (Anas fulvigula), common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), redhead (Aythya americana) and ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres)] died from organophosphate poisoning in Matagorda County on the Texas Gulf Coast in March and May 1982. Birds died from feeding on rice seed that was illegally treated with dicrotophos or monocrotophos and placed near rice fields as bait to attract and kill birds. Brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition of affected birds averaged 87% (range 82-89%), and contents of gastrointestinal tracts contained residues of dicrotophos (5.6-14 ppm) or monocrotophos (2.1-13 ppm). Rice seed collected at mortality sites contained 210 ppm dicrotophos or 950 ppm monocrotophos. Mortality from dicrotophos poisoning continued for almost 3 wk. The practice of illegally treating rice seed with either of the 2 organophosphates appears to be infrequent but widespread at present.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"AOAC International","publisherLocation":"Gaithersburg, MD","doi":"10.1093/jaoac/67.4.827","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Flickinger, E.L., White, D.H., Mitchell, C.A., and Lamont, T.G., 1984, Monocrotophos and dicrotophos residues in birds as a result of misuse of organophosphates in Matagorda county Texas USA: Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, v. 67, no. 4, p. 827-828, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/67.4.827.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"827","endPage":"828","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/67.4.827","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":263440,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Matagorda County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.3774,28.4001 ], [ -96.3774,29.2292 ], [ -95.5044,29.2292 ], [ -95.5044,28.4001 ], [ -96.3774,28.4001 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"67","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e07632e4b0fec3206ed566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flickinger, Edward L.","contributorId":48907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flickinger","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Donald H.","contributorId":97868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mitchell, C. A.","contributorId":54543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lamont, T. G.","contributorId":51252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013346,"text":"70013346 - 1984 - Sm-Nd, K-Ar and petrologic study of some kimberlites from eastern United States and their implication for mantle evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70013346","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sm-Nd, K-Ar and petrologic study of some kimberlites from eastern United States and their implication for mantle evolution","docAbstract":"We provide new data on Sm-Nd systematics, K-Ar dating and the major element chemistry of kimberlites from the eastern United States (mostly from central New York State) and their constituent mineral phases of olivine, clinopyroxene, garnet, phlogopite and perovskite. In addition, we report Nd-isotopes in a few kimberlites from South Africa, Lesotho and from the eastern part of China. The major element compositions of the New York dike rocks and of their constituent minerals including a xenolith of eclogite are comparable with those from the Kimberley area in South Africa. The K-Ar age of emplacement of the New York dikes is further established to be 143 Ma. We have analyzed the Nd-isotopic composition of the following kimberlites and related rocks: Nine kimberlite pipes from South Africa and Lesotho, two from southern India; one from the U.S.S.R., fifteen kimberlite pipes and related dike rocks from eastern and central U.S. and two pipes from the Shandong Province of eastern China. The age of emplacement of these kimberlites ranges from 1300 million years to 90 million years. The initial Nd-isotopic compositions of these kimberlitic rocks expressed as e{open}NdIwith respect to a chondritic bulk-earth growth-curve show a range between 0 and +4, with the majority of the kimberlites being in the range 0 to +2. This range is not matched by any other suite of mantle-derived igneous rocks. This result strengthens our earlier conclusion that kimberlitic liquids are derived from a relatively primeval and unique mantle reservoir with a nearly chondritic Sm/Nd ratio. ?? 1984 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00373709","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Basu, A.R., Rubury, E., Mehnert, H., and Tatsumoto, M., 1984, Sm-Nd, K-Ar and petrologic study of some kimberlites from eastern United States and their implication for mantle evolution: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 86, no. 1, p. 35-44, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373709.","startPage":"35","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205000,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373709"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b917de4b08c986b31992b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Basu, A. R.","contributorId":99697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basu","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubury, E.","contributorId":71692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubury","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehnert, H.","contributorId":52326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013255,"text":"70013255 - 1984 - Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R-Control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:16:08.308122","indexId":"70013255","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R-Control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of ferromanganese nodules from the three nodule-bearing MANOP sites in the Pacific can be accounted for in a qualitative way by variable contributions of distinct accretionary processes. These accretionary modes are:
(1) hydrogenous, i.e., direct precipitation or accumulation of colloidal metal oxides in seawater,
(2) oxic diagenesis which refers to a variety of ferromanganese accretion processes occurring in oxic sediments; and
(3) suboxic diagenesis which results from reduction of Mn+4 by oxidation of organic matter in the sediments. Geochemical evidence suggests processes (1) and (2) occur at all three MANOP nodule-bearing sites, and process (3) occurs only at the hemipelagic site, H, which underlies the relatively productive waters of the eastern tropical Pacific.
A normative model quantitatively accounts for the variability observed in nearly all elements. Zn and Na, however, are not well explained by the three end-member model, and we suggest that an additional accretionary process results in greater variability in the abundances of these elements. Variable contributions from the three accretionary processes result in distinct top-bottom compositional differences at the three sites. Nodule tops from H are enriched in Ni, Cu, and Zn, instead of the more typical enrichments of these elements in nodule bottoms. In addition, elemental correlations typical of most pelagic nodules are reversed at site H.
The three accretionary processes result in distinct mineralogies. Hydrogenous precipitation produces δMnO2. Oxic diagenesis, however, produces Cu-Ni-rich todorokite, and suboxic diagenesis results in an unstable todorokite which transforms to a 7 Å phase (“birnessite”) upon dehydration. The presence of Cu and Ni as charge-balancing cations influence the stability of the todorokite structure. In the bottoms of H nodules, which accrete dominantly by suboxic diagenesis, Na+ and possibly Mn+2 provide much of the charge balance for the todorokite structure.
Limited growth rate data for H nodules suggest suboxic accretion is the fastest of the three processes, with rates at least 200 mm/106 yr. Oxic accretion is probably 10 times slower and hydrogenous 100 times slower. Since these rates predict more suboxic component in bulk nodules than is calculated by the normative analysis, we propose that suboxic accretion is a non-steady-state process. Variations in surface water productivity cause pulses of particulate flux to the sea floor which result in transient Mn reduction in the surface sediments and reprecipitation on nodule surfaces.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Dymond, J., Lyle, M., Finney, B., Piper, D., Murphy, K., Conard, R., and Pisias, N., 1984, Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP Sites H, S, and R-Control of mineralogical and chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, no. 5, p. 931-949, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90186-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"931","endPage":"949","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220526,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f87e4b0c8380cd53937","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dymond, J.","contributorId":98461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dymond","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyle, M.","contributorId":40344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyle","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finney, B.","contributorId":72125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finney","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murphy, K.","contributorId":89865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Conard, R.","contributorId":63531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conard","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pisias, N.","contributorId":25290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pisias","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70168849,"text":"70168849 - 1984 - Earthquakes; September-October 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-24T15:47:01","indexId":"70168849","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes; September-October 1983","docAbstract":"Two major earthquakes (magntidue 7.0-7.9) occurred during the month of October. The first was on October 4 in northern Chile. the second occurred in the United States in the State of Idaho on October 28. This was the first major earthquake in the conterminous United States since a magnitude 7.2 event occurred near the coast of northern California on November 8, 1980, and was the first earthquake to cause fatalities in the conterminous United States since February 9, 1971. The most deadly earthquake occurred in eastern Turkey on October 30.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1984, Earthquakes; September-October 1983: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 16, no. 3, p. 148-151.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"148","endPage":"151","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabfd8e4b015c306f84c77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013939,"text":"70013939 - 1984 - Geochemistry of tholeiitic and alkalic lavas from the Koolau Range, Oahu, Hawaii: Implications for Hawaiian volcanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-01T18:41:29.620455","indexId":"70013939","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of tholeiitic and alkalic lavas from the Koolau Range, Oahu, Hawaii: Implications for Hawaiian volcanism","docAbstract":"Lavas of the post-erosional, alkalic Honolulu Volcanics have significantly lower 87Sr/86Sr and higher 143Nd/144Nd than the older and underlying Koolau tholeiites which form the Koolau shield of eastern Oahu, Hawaii. Despite significant compositional variation within lavas forming the Honolulu Volcanics, these lavas are isotopically (Sr, Nd, Pb) very similar which contrasts with the isotopic heterogeneity of the Koolau tholeiites. Among Hawaiian tholeiitic suites, the Koolau lavas are geochemically distinct because of their lower iron contents and Sr and Nd isotopic ratios which range to bulk earth values. These geochemical data preclude simple models such as derivation of the Honolulu Volcanics and Koolau tholeiites from a common source by different degrees of melting or by mixing of two geochemically distinct sources. There may be no genetic relationship between the origin and evolution of these two lava suites; however, the trend shown by Koolau Range lavas of increasing 143Nd/144Nd and decreasing 87Sr/86Sr with decreasing eruption age and increasing alkalinity also occurs at Haleakala, East Molokai and Kauai volcanoes. A complex mixing model proposed for Haleakala lavas can account for the variations in Sr and Nd isotopic ratios and incompatible element abundances found in lavas from the Koolau Range. This model may reflect mixing and melting processes occurring during ascent of relatively enriched mantle through relatively depleted MORB-related lithosphere. Although two isotopically distinct components may be sufficient to explain Sr and Nd isotopic variations at individual Hawaiian volcanoes, more than two isotopically distinct materials are required to explain variations of Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic ratios in all Hawaiian lavas.
The first report of avian cholera in North America occurred in northwestern Texas in winter 1944 (Quortrup et al. 1946). In 1975, mortality from avian cholera occurred for the first time in waterfowl in the Rainwater Basin of Nebraska when an estimated 25,000 birds died (Zinkl et al. 1977). Avian cholera has continued to cause mortality in wild birds in specific areas of the Basin each spring since. Losses of waterfowl from avian cholera continue to be much greater in some of the wetlands in the western part of the Basin than in the east. Several wetlands in the west have consistently higher mortality and are most often the wetlands where initial mortality is noticed each spring (Figure 1). The establishment of this disease in Nebraska is of considerable concern because of the importance of the Rainwater Basin as a spring staging area for waterfowl migrating to their breeding grounds. The wetlands in this area are on a major migration route used by an estimated 5 to 9 million ducks and several hundred thousand geese. A large portion of the western mid-continental greater white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) population stage in the Basin each spring. Occasionally, whooping cranes (Grus americana) use these wetlands during migration, and lesser sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) staging on the nearby Platte River sometimes use wetlands where avian cholera occurs (Anonymous 1981). Our objectives were to determine whether certain water quality variables in the Rainwater Basin differed between areas of high and low avian cholera incidence. These results would then be used for laboratory studies involving the survivability of Pasteurella multocida, the causative bacterium of avian cholera. Those studies will be reported elsewhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","usgsCitation":"Windingstad, R.M., Hurt, J.J., Trout, A.K., and Cary, J., 1984, Avian cholera in Nebraska's Rainwater Basin: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 49, p. 576-583.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"576","endPage":"583","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e484de4b07f02db4fbf42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Windingstad, Ronald M.","contributorId":46046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windingstad","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hurt, J. J.","contributorId":93854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trout, A. K.","contributorId":12019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trout","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cary, J.","contributorId":37305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cary","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":20922,"text":"ofr83170E - 1984 - Geomorphic domains and linear features on Landsat images, Circle quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-24T20:19:08.896426","indexId":"ofr83170E","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-170","chapter":"E","title":"Geomorphic domains and linear features on Landsat images, Circle quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"A remote sensing study using Landsat images was undertaken as part of the Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP). Geomorphic domains A and B, identified on enhanced Landsat images, divide Circle quadrangle south of Tintina fault zone into two regional areas having major differences in surface characteristics. Domain A is a roughly rectangular, northeast-trending area of relatively low relief and simple, widely spaced drainages, except where igneous rocks are exposed. In contrast, domain B, which bounds two sides of domain A, is more intricately dissected showing abrupt changes in slope and relatively high relief. The northwestern part of geomorphic domain A includes a previously mapped tectonostratigraphic terrane. The southeastern boundary of domain A occurs entirely within the adjoining tectonostratigraphic terrane. The sharp geomorphic contrast along the southeastern boundary of domain A and the existence of known faults along this boundary suggest that the southeastern part of domain A may be a subdivision of the adjoining terrane. Detailed field studies would be necessary to determine the characteristics of the subdivision. \r\n\r\nDomain B appears to be divisible into large areas of different geomorphic terrains by east-northeast-trending curvilinear lines drawn on Landsat images. Segments of two of these lines correlate with parts of boundaries of mapped tectonostratigraphic terranes. On Landsat images prominent north-trending lineaments together with the curvilinear lines form a large-scale regional pattern that is transected by mapped north-northeast-trending high-angle faults. The lineaments indicate possible lithlogic variations and/or structural boundaries. \r\n\r\nA statistical strike-frequency analysis of the linear features data for Circle quadrangle shows that northeast-trending linear features predominate throughout, and that most northwest-trending linear features are found south of Tintina fault zone. A major trend interval of N.64-72E. in the linear feature data, corresponds to the strike of foliations in metamorphic rocks and magnetic anomalies reflecting compositional variations suggesting that most linear features in the southern part of the quadrangle probably are related to lithologic variations brought about by folding and foliation of metamorphic rocks. A second important trend interval, N.14-35E., may be related to thrusting south of the Tintina fault zone, as high concentrations of linear features within this interval are found in areas of mapped thrusts. Low concentrations of linear features are found in areas of most igneous intrusives. High concentrations of linear features do not correspond to areas of mineralization in any consistent or significant way that would allow concentration patterns to be easily used as an aid in locating areas of mineralization. \r\n\r\nThe results of this remote sensing study indicate that there are several possibly important areas where further detailed studies are warranted.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr83170E","usgsCitation":"Simpson, S.L., 1984, Geomorphic domains and linear features on Landsat images, Circle quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-170, Report: iii, 31 p.; 1 Plate: 37.23 x 22.84 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83170E.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 31 p.; 1 Plate: 37.23 x 22.84 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":50512,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0170e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":50513,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0170e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153918,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0170e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":420135,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13921.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Circle quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 66\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c553","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, S. L.","contributorId":46508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012800,"text":"70012800 - 1984 - Lithotectonic assemblages as portrayed on the new bedrock geologic map of Massachusetts.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-03T17:59:47.825307","indexId":"70012800","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithotectonic assemblages as portrayed on the new bedrock geologic map of Massachusetts.","docAbstract":"Scale of 1:250,000. The map units are grouped into eight lithotectonic packages. Five \"zones\" of older rocks that cover the whole state are, from west to east, the Taconic-Berkshire, Rowe-Hawley, Bronson Hill, Nashoba, and Milford-Dedham. In central and western Massachusetts, these zones are overlain by the Connecticut Valley and Merrimack \"belts\" of Silurian-Devonian, and local Carboniferous, strata; the two belts are distinguished from each other on the basis of the lithofacies of the Silurian strata. In eastern Massachusetts, the Milford-Dedham Zone also includes Silurian-Devonian, Carboniferous, Mesozoic, and Tertiary strata. A Mesozoic \"basin\" is separately identified in the Connecticut Valley region
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.284.9.1026","usgsCitation":"Hatch, N.L., Zen, E., Goldsmith, R., Ratcliffe, N.M., Robinson, P., Stanley, R.S., and Wones, D.R., 1984, Lithotectonic assemblages as portrayed on the new bedrock geologic map of Massachusetts.: American Journal of Science, v. 284, no. 9, p. 1026-1034, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.284.9.1026.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1026","endPage":"1034","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480548,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.284.9.1026","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222498,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"284","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48a9e4b0c8380cd6801d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Norman L. Jr.","contributorId":34926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Norman","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zen, E-An","contributorId":47064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zen","given":"E-An","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldsmith, Richard","contributorId":33283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldsmith","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ratcliffe, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7922-5784 nratclif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-5784","contributorId":4167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Nicholas","email":"nratclif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":364559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robinson, Peter","contributorId":31458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stanley, Rolfe S.","contributorId":62661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Rolfe","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wones, David R.","contributorId":47455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wones","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70013869,"text":"70013869 - 1984 - Paleogene geology and chronology of southwestern Umnak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-25T19:03:27.398425","indexId":"70013869","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleogene geology and chronology of southwestern Umnak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"The rocks of southwestern Umnak Island (Nikolski area) consist mainly of a slightly deformed marine sedimentary sequence intruded by hypabyssal quartz diorite sills and small plutons. Laminated and thin-bedded argillaceous and tuffaceous mudstone and siltstone reflect volcanic arc sedimentation from late Eocene to early Oligocene time. Zeolite facies minerals formed during diagenesis include heulandite, analcime, quartz, chlorite, and smectite. Radiometric dates from sill rock and plutons yield apparent ages of about 30 Ma, i.e, middle Oligocene. Chemical data from igneous rocks exhibit calc-alkaline and tholeiitic volcanic arc differentiation trends. Dikes of pyroxene basalt yield K/Ar apparent ages as old at 17 Ma, and a columnar-jointed plug of pyroxene basalt is as young as 1 Ma. The fossil ages and radiometric dates from southwestern Umnak Island are similar to those reported from other central and eastern Aleutian islands, and indicate uniformity in the chronology and tectonic development of the archipelago during the Paleogene. Paleomagnetic data suggest possible northward movement but remain equivocal and more work is indicated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e84-018","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"McLean, H., and Hein, J., 1984, Paleogene geology and chronology of southwestern Umnak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 21, no. 2, p. 171-180, https://doi.org/10.1139/e84-018.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Islands, Umnak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.3540069569559,\n 53.277232548936325\n ],\n [\n -168.34871152521723,\n 53.26377335774001\n ],\n [\n -168.36592167836776,\n 53.25427020096612\n ],\n [\n -168.3751886839104,\n 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]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73eae4b0c8380cd77307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLean, H.","contributorId":11212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013604,"text":"70013604 - 1984 - Modification of wave-cut and faulting-controlled landforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-27T16:24:22.78454","indexId":"70013604","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modification of wave-cut and faulting-controlled landforms","docAbstract":"From a casual observation that the form of degraded fault scarps resembles the error function, this investigation proceeds through an elementary diffusion equation representation of landform evolution to the application of the resulting equations to the modern topography of scarplike landforms. The morphologic observations can be analyzed either in the form of one or more cross-strike elevation profiles or in the form of the slope-offset plot, a point plot of maximum scarp slope versus scarp offset. Working with either or both of these data representations for nine geologic structures, which range in age from 3 to 400 ka B.P. and in offset from 1 to 50 m, we apply analytical solutions for the vertical initial value scarp, the vertical continuous offset scarp, and the finite slope, initial value scarp. The model calculations are intrinsically ambiguous, yielding as the final answer only the product κt (in the case of the initial value problem) or the product κA−1 (in the case of the repeated faulting problem); here t is the age of a single scarp-forming event, 2A is the vertical slip rate, and κ is the “mass diffusivity.” A single profile across three sea cliffs along the Santa Cruz, California, coast is analyzed as three separate initial value problems. A reasonably constrained age for the sea cliff standing above the Highway 1 platform returns κ = 11 GKG (1 GKG = 1 m2/ka). With this κ, we can date the two older sea cliffs. In fact, we do the converse: age estimates for these two older sea cliffs based on a uniform rate of uplift both yield the same κ as for the lower sea cliff. We treat a single profile of the Raymond fault in Pasadena/San Marino in terms of the repeated faulting problem; for it the uplift rate of R. Crook and others yields κ = 16 GKG. The very substantial preexisting offset across the Raymond fault must have been buried/leveled some 230 ka B.P., when the modern topography began to form. Our analysis of the Lake Bonneville shoreline scarps reveals a dependence of κt on 2a, suggestive of nonlinear modification processes. This appearance is treated with the finite slope initial value scarp model to determine κ=1.1 GKG for the Lake Bonneville shoreline scarps. The suggestion of M. N. Machette that approximately 100,000-year-old, meter-high scarps are “unobservable” in weakly consolidated alluvial terranes of the Basin and Range and Rio Grande Rift Valley provinces can be formulated as κ ≳ 1 GKG. The coincidence between this inequality and the Lake Bonneville shoreline κ is striking, and it suggests that the value of κ = 1 GKG may be generally applicable, as a good first approximation, to the modification of alluvial terranes within the semiarid regions of the western United States. The Lake Bonneville shoreline κ is the basis for dating four sets of fault scarps in west-central Utah. The Drum Mountains fault scarps can be modeled in several different circumstances, but the most likely interpretation is that these fault scarps formed as the result of a single episode of normal faulting 3.6 to 5.7 ka B.P. The younger age is associated with quite low initial slope angles (25°). The other three sets of fault scarps show no evidence for finite initial value slopes. Fault scarps along the eastern base of the Fish Springs Range are very young, 3 ka B.P. We estimate the age of fault scarps along the western flank of the Oquirrh Mountains to be 32 ka B.P., which meets the weak geologic constraint that they be older than the Lake Bonneville shoreline. Fault scarps along the northeastern margin of the Sheeprock Mountains are even older, 53 ka B.P. An intriguing consequence of our single-event analysis of these scarps is that an 11.5-m offset occurred in a single earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB07p05771","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., Bucknam, R., Lajoie, K.R., and Wallace, R.E., 1984, Modification of wave-cut and faulting-controlled landforms: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 89, no. B7, p. 5771-5790, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p05771.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"5771","endPage":"5790","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cb4e4b0c8380cd6feb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bucknam, R.C.","contributorId":35744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lajoie, K. R.","contributorId":6828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallace, R. E.","contributorId":6823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21188,"text":"ofr84101 - 1984 - Geochemical assessment of mineral resources in the Goshute Canyon Survey Area (NV 040-015), east-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T19:35:16.979417","indexId":"ofr84101","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-101","title":"Geochemical assessment of mineral resources in the Goshute Canyon Survey Area (NV 040-015), east-central Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84101","usgsCitation":"Tucker, R.E., Day, G., and Goodhue, C., 1984, Geochemical assessment of mineral resources in the Goshute Canyon Survey Area (NV 040-015), east-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-101, iii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84101.","productDescription":"iii, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":50775,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153073,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":414648,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13267.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Goshute Canyon Survey Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.961,\n 40.117\n ],\n [\n -114.961,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -114.75,\n 40.117\n ],\n [\n -114.961,\n 40.117\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae65f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tucker, R. E.","contributorId":50520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, G.W.","contributorId":63363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodhue, Christopher","contributorId":90328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodhue","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6516,"text":"pp1151E - 1984 - Lithostratigraphy of Upper Ordovician strata exposed in Kentucky, with a section on biostratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-27T20:15:18.328772","indexId":"pp1151E","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1151","chapter":"E","title":"Lithostratigraphy of Upper Ordovician strata exposed in Kentucky, with a section on biostratigraphy","docAbstract":"Ordovician formations above the Lexington Limestone crop out in the Blue Grass region of Kentucky and along the Cumberland River and its tributaries. The formations are all conformable and in places intertongue and intergrade.
The major Ordovician units above the Lexington Limestone in the Blue Grass region are: The Clays Ferry Formation, the Kope Formation, the Garrard Siltstone, the Fairview Formation, the Calloway Creek Limestone, the Grant Lake Limestone, the Ashlock Formation, the Bull Fork Formation, and the Drakes Formation. The Clays Ferry Formation is made up of subequal amounts of fossiliferous limestone and shale and minor siltstone; the Clays Ferry is as much as 300 ft thick and intertongues with the Lexington Limestone and the Kope Formation. The Kope Formation resembles the partly equivalent Clays Ferry but has a higher shale content (60-80 percent) and thicker layers of shale; the Kope, as much as 275 ft thick, is mostly restricted to the northern part of the State. The Garrard Siltstone, which consists of very calcitic siltstone and minor shale, overlies the Clays Ferry Formation in the southeastern part of the Blue Grass region; the Garrard, as much as 100 ft thick, feathers out into the upper part of the Clays Ferry in southern central and northern east-central Kentucky.
The Fairview Formation is characterized by even-bedded limestone interlayered with nearly equal amounts of shale and minor siltstone. The Fairview crops out in the northern part of the Blue Grass region, where it generally overlies the Kope Formation or the Garrard Siltstone; it grades southward into the Calloway Creek Limestone. The Calloway Creek contains more limestone (generally at least 70 percent) and is more irregularly and thinner bedded than the Fairview.
The Grant Lake Limestone is composed of nodular-bedded limestone (70-90 percent), interlayered and intermixed with shale; it overlies the Fairview Formation in the northern part of the Blue Grass region and the Calloway Creek Limestone in the western and central parts. In east-central Kentucky, the Grant Lake is classified as a member of the Ashlock Formation, an assemblage of lithologically distinct units that were combined to facilitate mapping in the southeastern and southern part of the region. The Ashlock consists of the following members, in ascending order: The Tate (calcitic and dolomitic mudstone), the Grant Lake, the Gilbert (micrograined limestone and shale), the Stingy Creek (nodular-bedded mudstone and limestone), the Terrill (dolomitic and calcitic mudstone), the Sunset (micrograined limestone), and the Reba (nodular-bedded limestone and shale).
The Bull Fork Formation, which overlies the Grant Lake Limestone, is made up of subequal amounts of thin-bedded highly fossiliferous limestone and shale; limestone makes up about 80 percent of the basal part of the formation and decreases in abundance irregularly upward to only 20 percent of the top part. On the east side of the Blue Grass region, the Bull Fork grades into the Reba Member of the Ashlock Formation; on the west side, it grades into the Grant Lake.
The uppermost formation in the region is the Drakes Formation, which in east-central Kentucky consists of the Rowland Member (calcitic to dolomitic mudstone) overlain by the Preachersville Member (dolomitic to calcitic mudstone and dolomite and dolomitic siltstone). In northeast Kentucky, the Drakes is represented by only the Preachersville Member. In most of central and north-central Kentucky, the formation consists of three members: the Rowland at the base (dolomitic mudstone to muddy limestone), the Bardstown (fossiliferous limestone and shale), and the Saluda Dolomite (dolomite, in part calcitic and muddy). In northern north-central Kentucky, the Drakes is represented by only the Saluda Dolomite Member.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1151E","usgsCitation":"Weir, G.W., Peterson, W.L., Swadley, W.C., and Pojeta, J., 1984, Lithostratigraphy of Upper Ordovician strata exposed in Kentucky, with a section on biostratigraphy: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1151, v, 121 p.; 7 Plates: 37.00 x 21.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1151E.","productDescription":"v, 121 p.; 7 Plates: 37.00 x 21.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104561,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4738.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4738"},{"id":33985,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1151e/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33984,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1151e/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33983,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1151e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33982,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1151e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33989,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1151e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33988,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1151e/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33987,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1151e/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33986,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1151e/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121559,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1151e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.333,\n 39.1\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 39.1\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 36.61568653049616\n ],\n [\n -83.333,\n 36.61568653049616\n ],\n [\n -83.333,\n 39.1\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635f33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weir, Gordon Whitney","contributorId":59790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weir","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"Whitney","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, Warren Lee","contributorId":68303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swadley, W. C.","contributorId":46940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swadley","given":"W.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pojeta, John Jr.","contributorId":44514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pojeta","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":888718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":10136,"text":"ofr83930 - 1984 - Preliminary map showing the difference between the potentiometric surfaces of the Aquia aquifer of April 1979 and September 1982 in southern Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-05T21:47:19.916652","indexId":"ofr83930","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-930","title":"Preliminary map showing the difference between the potentiometric surfaces of the Aquia aquifer of April 1979 and September 1982 in southern Maryland","docAbstract":"A map was prepared that shows the net change in the potentiometric surface of the Aquia aquifer in southern Maryland between April 1979 and September 1983. During this period, the potentiometric surface declined (1) at least a few feet throughout the entire southern Maryland area, and (2) more than 10 feet in the eastern Charles County area and in a few scattered localized areas. The network of observation wells was part of the cooperative program between the U.S. Geological Survey, the Maryland Geological Survey, and the Maryland Energy Administration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr83930","usgsCitation":"Mack, F.K., Wheeler, J.C., and Curtin, S.E., 1984, Preliminary map showing the difference between the potentiometric surfaces of the Aquia aquifer of April 1979 and September 1982 in southern Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-930, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83930.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":37986,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0930/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143617,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0930/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":416791,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_14281.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Aquia aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77,\n 39.2\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 39.2\n ],\n [\n -77,\n 39.2\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, F. K.","contributorId":93471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wheeler, J. C.","contributorId":66225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Curtin, S. E.","contributorId":17235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013700,"text":"70013700 - 1984 - The Kingak shale of northern Alaska—regional variations in organic geochemical properties and petroleum source rock quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T16:44:43.862263","indexId":"70013700","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Kingak shale of northern Alaska—regional variations in organic geochemical properties and petroleum source rock quality","docAbstract":"The Kingak Shale, a thick widespread rock unit in northern Alaska that ranges in age from Early Jurassic through Early Cretaceous, has adequate to good oil source rock potential. This lenticular-shaped rock unit is as much as 1200 m thick near the Jurassic shelf edge, where its present-day burial depth is about 5000 m. Kingak sediment, transported in a southerly direction, was deposited on the then marine continental shelf. The rock unit is predominantly dark gray Shale with some interbeds of thick sandstone and siltstone.
The thermal maturity of organic matter in the Kingak Shale ranges from immature (<0.6%R0) on the Barrow arch to postmature (>2.0%R0) in the Colville basin toward the south. Its organic carbon and hydrogen contents are highest in the eastern part of northern Alaska south of and around the Kuparuk and Prudhoe Bay oil fields. Carbon isotope data of oils and rock extracts indicate that the Kingak Shale is a source of some North Slope oil, but is probably not the major source.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90076-7","usgsCitation":"Magoon, L.B., and Claypool, G., 1984, The Kingak shale of northern Alaska—regional variations in organic geochemical properties and petroleum source rock quality: Organic Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 533-542, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90076-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"533","endPage":"542","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220497,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"northern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.98696842826936,\n 69.94847907298609\n ],\n [\n -166.6492872958367,\n 68.77233325870091\n ],\n [\n -145.71248264033215,\n 69.39962318192082\n ],\n [\n -141.04972996145256,\n 69.28061812453656\n ],\n [\n -141.3420843077143,\n 69.91408668992455\n ],\n [\n -156.4977076439097,\n 71.42955836169733\n ],\n [\n -160.29783311683522,\n 70.7955991556672\n ],\n [\n -163.98696842826936,\n 69.94847907298609\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba79de4b08c986b3216aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":366669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013142,"text":"70013142 - 1984 - Chromite from the Blue Ridge province of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-06T17:24:41.688724","indexId":"70013142","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chromite from the Blue Ridge province of North Carolina","docAbstract":"Accessory chromite in dunite shows a variety of textures that indicate alteration. One group, type A, consists of four types of chromite: clean chromite; lattice chromite, in which the invading chlorite occurs along three directions in the (100) plane; optically zoned chromite; and poikiloblastic chromite. Most of type A chromites are surrounded by chromian clinochlore. The other group, type B, consists of euhedral to subhedral chromite grains which are included in olivine or pyroxene. The accessory chromites define a trend exhibited by chromite from other areas that have undergone metamorphism. Olivine-spinel geothermometry indicates equilibration temperatures near 700 degrees C, roughly consistent with mineral assemblages in the host gneisses. Thus, the Blue Ridge dunites are metamorphic rocks and not primary mantle peridotites.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.284.4-5.507","usgsCitation":"Lipin, B.R., 1984, Chromite from the Blue Ridge province of North Carolina: American Journal of Science, v. 284, no. 4-5, p. 507-529, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.284.4-5.507.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"529","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220465,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Blue Ridge province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.33171420337254,\n 35.16172419965186\n ],\n [\n -80.3549144361715,\n 36.498699563512446\n ],\n [\n -81.74146209797348,\n 36.584654476715144\n ],\n [\n -82.80252728344371,\n 35.94894466653062\n ],\n [\n -84.26280999082724,\n 35.237774229031075\n ],\n [\n -84.35734406944783,\n 35.017268463518306\n ],\n [\n -83.03490976176494,\n 34.9746276516219\n ],\n [\n -82.33171420337254,\n 35.16172419965186\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"284","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5e2e4b0c8380cd4c489","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipin, Bruce R. blipin@usgs.gov","contributorId":5723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipin","given":"Bruce","email":"blipin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":365391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012724,"text":"70012724 - 1984 - Long-term observations of bottom conditions and sediment movement on the Atlantic continental shelf; time-lapse photography from instrumented tripod","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T14:37:16","indexId":"70012724","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Long-term observations of bottom conditions and sediment movement on the Atlantic continental shelf; time-lapse photography from instrumented tripod","docAbstract":"An instrument system that measures bottom current, temperature, light transmission, and pressure, and that photographs the bottom at 2- to 6-hour intervals has been developed to study sediment transport on the Atlantic Continental Shelf. Instruments have been deployed extensively along the United States East Coast Continental Shelf for periods of from 2 to 6 months to study the frequency, direction, and rate of bottom sediment movement, and the processes causing movement. The time-lapse photographs are used to (1) characterize the bottom benthic community and surface microtopography; (2) monitor changes in the bottom topography and near-bottom water column caused by currents and storms (for example, ripple generation and migration, sediment resuspension); and (3) monitor seasonal changes in the bottom benthic community and qualitative effects of this community on the bottom sediments.","conferenceTitle":"Underwater Photography: Scientific and Engineering Applications.","conferenceLocation":"Woodshole, MA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Van Nostrand Reinhold Co","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0442279620","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., Bryden, C.G., Pfirman, S.L., Strahle, W.J., and Noble, M.A., 1984, Long-term observations of bottom conditions and sediment movement on the Atlantic continental shelf; time-lapse photography from instrumented tripod, Underwater Photography: Scientific and Engineering Applications., Woodshole, MA, USA, p. 414-415.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"415","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40efe4b0c8380cd65170","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryden, Cynthia G.","contributorId":45837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryden","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pfirman, Stephanie L.","contributorId":52723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfirman","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strahle, William J.","contributorId":55962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":364356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Noble, Marlene A. mnoble@usgs.gov","contributorId":1429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"Marlene","email":"mnoble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70013888,"text":"70013888 - 1984 - Geology of the Devonian black shales of the Appalachian Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T16:16:22.132948","indexId":"70013888","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the Devonian black shales of the Appalachian Basin","docAbstract":"Black shales of Devonian age in the Appalachian Basin are a unique rock sequence. The high content of organic matter, which imparts the characteristic lithology, has for years attracted considerable interest in the shales as a possible source of energy. The recent energy shortage prompted the U.S. Department of Energy through the Eastern Gas Shales Project of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center to underwrite a research program to determine the geologic, geochemical, and structural characteristics of the Devonian black shales in order to enhance the recovery of gas from the shales. Geologic studies by Federal and State agencies and academic institutions produced a regional stratigraphic network that correlates the 15 ft black shale sequence in Tennessee with 3000 ft of interbedded black and gray shales in central New York. These studies correlate the classic Devonian black shale sequence in New York with the Ohio Shale of Ohio and Kentucky and the Chattanooga Shale of Tennessee and southwestern Virginia. Biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic markers in conjunction with gamma-ray logs facilitated long-range correlations within the Appalachian Basin. Basinwide correlations, including the subsurface rocks, provided a basis for determining the areal distribution and thickness of the important black shale units. The organic carbon content of the dark shales generally increases from east to west across the basin and is sufficient to qualify as a hydrocarbon source rock. Significant structural features that involve the black shale and their hydrocarbon potential are the Rome trough, Kentucky River and Irvine-Paint Creek fault zone, and regional decollements and ramp zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(84)90011-1","usgsCitation":"Roen, J.B., 1984, Geology of the Devonian black shales of the Appalachian Basin: Organic Geochemistry, v. 5, no. 4, p. 241-254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(84)90011-1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"254","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-89.5391,36.498201],[-89.55264,36.577178],[-89.493495,36.4787],[-89.236542,36.566824],[-89.041263,37.202881],[-88.476127,37.068223],[-88.482612,37.354915],[-88.109417,37.472369],[-88.125033,37.707094],[-87.940069,37.88767],[-87.672397,37.829127],[-87.380247,37.935596],[-87.14195,37.816176],[-86.794985,37.988982],[-86.604624,37.858272],[-86.431749,38.126121],[-86.271802,38.137874],[-86.048458,37.959369],[-85.823764,38.280569],[-85.425787,38.52873],[-85.456978,38.689135],[-84.835672,38.784289],[-84.806082,41.696089],[-83.504334,41.731547],[-82.513827,41.384257],[-81.768898,41.491663],[-79.148723,42.553672],[-78.868556,42.770258],[-79.061388,43.251349],[-78.370221,43.376505],[-76.952174,43.270692],[-76.235834,43.529256],[-76.133697,43.940356],[-76.360306,44.070907],[-76.312647,44.199044],[-75.26825,44.855119],[-74.868663,45.001274],[-73.343124,45.01084],[-73.430325,43.590532],[-73.247631,43.51924],[-73.276421,42.746019],[-73.508142,42.086257],[-73.482709,41.21276],[-73.727775,41.100696],[-73.782577,40.837601],[-72.635374,40.990536],[-72.245348,41.161217],[-72.273657,41.051533],[-72.116368,40.999796],[-71.869558,41.075046],[-73.145266,40.645491],[-73.934512,40.545175],[-74.013784,40.756601],[-73.896479,40.981697],[-74.694914,41.357423],[-74.838366,41.277286],[-75.135526,40.973807],[-75.19872,40.705298],[-75.061489,40.422848],[-74.733804,40.174509],[-75.140006,39.888465],[-75.662822,39.82115],[-75.788395,39.700287],[-75.693521,38.460128],[-75.053483,38.451274],[-75.87767,37.135604],[-76.023664,37.268971],[-75.712065,37.936082],[-75.846621,37.925785],[-75.938577,38.272329],[-76.188644,38.267434],[-76.320843,38.459862],[-76.190902,38.621092],[-76.308922,38.813346],[-76.205063,38.892726],[-76.333703,38.984607],[-76.168332,38.996546],[-76.27566,39.160304],[-75.986298,39.510398],[-76.497977,39.204697],[-76.438845,39.0529],[-76.559697,38.767443],[-76.329433,38.073986],[-77.040638,38.444618],[-77.256412,38.396755],[-77.175969,38.604113],[-77.26443,38.582845],[-77.286202,38.347025],[-77.024866,38.386791],[-76.910832,38.197073],[-76.265998,37.91138],[-76.339892,37.655966],[-76.722156,37.83668],[-76.252415,37.447274],[-76.475927,37.250543],[-76.300352,37.00885],[-76.780532,37.209336],[-76.482407,36.917364],[-76.058154,36.916947],[-75.867044,36.550754],[-81.680137,36.585518],[-81.718282,36.350388],[-82.02664,36.130222],[-82.325169,36.119363],[-82.531292,35.972188],[-82.701065,36.034404],[-82.955751,35.809802],[-83.880074,35.518745],[-84.052612,35.269982],[-84.28252,35.227877],[-84.321869,34.988408],[-90.309297,34.995694],[-90.09061,35.118287],[-90.166594,35.274588],[-89.992975,35.560774],[-89.923161,35.514428],[-89.915491,35.754917],[-89.68182,35.88999],[-89.699677,36.230821],[-89.534507,36.261802],[-89.5391,36.498201]],[[-77.038598,38.791513],[-77.002498,38.96541],[-77.0915,38.95651],[-77.038598,38.791513]]],[[[-74.144428,40.53516],[-74.219787,40.502603],[-74.120186,40.642201],[-74.144428,40.53516]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kentucky\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a256fe4b0c8380cd588db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roen, John B.","contributorId":14425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44047,"text":"ofr84235 - 1984 - Water-table contour map of the carbonate rocks of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania, October 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-05T21:33:36.423201","indexId":"ofr84235","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-235","title":"Water-table contour map of the carbonate rocks of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania, October 1983","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84235","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 1984, Water-table contour map of the carbonate rocks of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania, October 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-235, 1 Plate: 30.00 x 21.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84235.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 30.00 x 21.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":172358,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415305,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13322.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":20993,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0235/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.4,\n 40.083\n ],\n [\n -75.597,\n 40.083\n ],\n [\n -75.597,\n 40.031\n ],\n [\n -75.4,\n 40.031\n ],\n [\n -75.4,\n 40.083\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28191,"text":"wri834126 - 1983 - Chemical and hydrologic assessment of the Caloosahatchee River basin, Lake Okeechobee to Franklin Lock, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-13T20:49:16.597178","indexId":"wri834126","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-12T20:40:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4126","title":"Chemical and hydrologic assessment of the Caloosahatchee River basin, Lake Okeechobee to Franklin Lock, Florida","docAbstract":"Annual discharge (1970-79 water years) from Lake Okeechobee to the Caloosahatchee River averaged 51 percent of the total river discharge at Franklin Lock and ranged from 10 to 71 percent of total discharge. Excluding rainfall on the river surface and upstream seepage, surface and subsurface runoff from the basin accounted for the remaining total river discharge at Franklin Lock. Nitrogen and phosphorus were in sufficient supply most of the time to support algal growth in the river. During algal blooms, however, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen was depleted and probably became limiting. Nitrite plus nitrate was the predominant form of inorganic nitrogen in the river and in most tributaries. Average concentrations in the river were 0.18 to 0.21 milligram per liter. Average concentrations in most tributaries were less than those in the river. Average concentrations of total phosphorus in many tributaries fell within the same range as that in the river (0.08 to 0.15 milligram per liter), but some tributaries in the eastern part of the basin had greater average concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri834126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Lee County","usgsCitation":"La Rose, H., and McPherson, B.F., 1983, Chemical and hydrologic assessment of the Caloosahatchee River basin, Lake Okeechobee to Franklin Lock, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4126, vi, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834126.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57028,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4126/wri834126.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 83-4126"},{"id":123966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4126/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":411916,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35791.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Caloosahatchee River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.711,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -81,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -81,\n 27\n ],\n [\n -81.711,\n 27\n ],\n [\n -81.711,\n 26.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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Samples of brown and white fat from hibernating bats (big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus; little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus; and eastern pipistrelle, Pipistrellus subflavus) collected in western Maryland, USA, were analysed to determine lipid and DDE content. Amounts of brown fat, expressed as percentages of total bat weight, were the same for all three species. Lipid content of brown fat was significantly less than that of white fat. Lipids of brown fat contained significantly higher (28%) concentrations of DDE than did lipids of white fat. In our mixed-species sample of 14 bats, concentrations of DDE increased exponentially in both brown and white fat as white fat reserves declined. Brown fat facilitates arousal from hibernation by producing heat through rapid metabolism of triglycerides. The question is raised whether organochlorine residues, such as DDE, may be concentrated and then liberated in lethal amounts by the processes of hibernation and arousal.
Analysis of heavy-mineral distribution in modern sediments of Willapa Bay, Washington, indicates a dominance of two mineralogic assemblages, one with approximately equivalent amounts of hornblende, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, the other dominated by clinopyroxene. The hornblende-orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene suite is derived from the Columbia River, which discharges into the ocean a short distance south of the bay. The clinopyroxene suite is restricted in modern sediments to sands in rivers flowing into the bay from the east. The heavy-mineral distributions suggest that sand discharged from the Columbia River, borne north by longshore transport, and carried into the bay by tidal currents accounts for most of the sand within the interior of Willapa Bay.
Three heavy-mineral assemblages are present in the surrounding Pleistocene deposits; two of these are identical to the modern assemblages described above. These heavy-mineral assemblages reflect the relative influence of tidal and fluvial processes on the Late Pleistocene deposits; their relative influences are consistent with those inferred on the basis of sedimentary structures and stratigraphic relations in about two-thirds of the samples examined. The anomalies can be explained by recycling of sand from older deposits. The persistence of the two heavy-mineral assemblages suggests that the pattern of estuarine sedimentation in Late Pleistocene deposits closely resembled that of the modern bay.
The third heavy-mineral suite, dominated by epidote, occurs in a few older Pleistocene units. On the north side of the bay, the association of this suite with southwest-directed foresets in crossbedded gravel indicates derivation from the northeast, perhaps from an area of glacial outwash. The presence of this suite in ancient estuarine sands exposed on the east side of the bay suggests that input from this northerly source may have intermittently dominated bay deposition in the past.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(83)90060-X","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Luepke, G., and Clifton, H.E., 1983, Heavy-mineral distribution in modern and ancient bay deposits, Willapa Bay, Washington, U.S.A.: Sedimentary Geology, v. 35, no. 4, p. 233-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(83)90060-X.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"247","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220693,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Willapa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.0937343147915,\n 46.746899656305146\n ],\n [\n -124.0937343147915,\n 46.648829449792714\n ],\n [\n -123.82927626347455,\n 46.648829449792714\n ],\n [\n -123.82927626347455,\n 46.746899656305146\n ],\n [\n -124.0937343147915,\n 46.746899656305146\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3026e4b0c8380cd5d3ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luepke, Gretchen","contributorId":91827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luepke","given":"Gretchen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clifton, H. Edward","contributorId":46503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clifton","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}