This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure BOLTTH00150015 on Town Highway 15 crossing Joiner Brook, Bolton, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in north central Vermont. The 9.6-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture (lawn) downstream of the bridge and on the upstream right bank. The surface cover on the upstream left bank is shrub and brushland.
In the study area, Joiner Brook has an incised, straight channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 61 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to cobble with a median grain size (D50) of 43.6 mm (0.143 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on June 27, 1996, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 15 crossing of Joiner Brook is a 39-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of one 36-foot concrete tee-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, November 3, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 34.6 ft. The bridge is supported by nearly vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 10 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
A scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed at the downstream end of the right abutment and along the downstream right wingwall during the Level I assessment. A second scour hole 1.2 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed at the upstream end of the left abutment and along the upstream left wingwall. The left abutment footing is exposed in the area of the scour hole. Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) at the upstream end of the upstream left wingwall and at the downstream end of the downstream right wingwall and type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the downstream left bank. There is also type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) along the upstream left and right banks. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.8 to 3.5 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 6.9 to 15.1 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results.” Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98423","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Weber, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (STOCTH00050029) on Town Highway 5, crossing Lilliesville Brook, Stockbridge, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-423, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98423.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Stockbridge","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50186,"text":"ofr98421 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (CONCTH00110020) on Town Highway 11, crossing Miles Stream, Concord, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:52:37","indexId":"ofr98421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-421","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (CONCTH00110020) on Town Highway 11, crossing Miles Stream, Concord, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98421","usgsCitation":"Wild, E., and Flynn, R.H., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 20 (CONCTH00110020) on Town Highway 11, crossing Miles Stream, Concord, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-421, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98421.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280066,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0421/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a834a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, E.C. 0000-0001-6157-7629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":71227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, R. H.","contributorId":44946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50324,"text":"ofr98781 - 1998 - Comparison of offshore and onshore gas occurrences, Eel River basin, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T13:31:41","indexId":"ofr98781","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-781","title":"Comparison of offshore and onshore gas occurrences, Eel River basin, northern California","docAbstract":"The Eel River basin of northern California is a upper Cenozoic depocenter containing more than 3,000 meters of sedimentary rock located near the Mendocino triple junction. Active tectonism has resulted in folding, faulting and rapid sedimentation. Both thermogenic and microbial hydrocarbons are known to be present in the sediments. In August 1997, we sampled two submarine gas seeps, one at a water depth of 520 m that supports a chemosynthetic-based ecosystem very near an area of previously recovered gas hydrate. Another vent site was sampled in sand covered with white bacterial mats at a water depth 41 m. We compared the hydrocarbon gas composition and methane isotopic composition of these seeps with land-based gas occurrences that include: 1) a gas seep and 2) gas from a 2360 m-deep gas well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98781","usgsCitation":"Lorenson, T., McLaughlin, R.J., Kvenvolden, K.A., Orange, D.L., Davisson, M.L., Brewer, P., and Martin, J., 1998, Comparison of offshore and onshore gas occurrences, Eel River basin, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-781, 1 Sheet: 60.0 x 36.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98781.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 60.0 x 36.0 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98781.PNG"},{"id":308759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0781/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eel River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.2716064453125,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -125.2716064453125,\n 41.05035951931887\n ],\n [\n -123.8653564453125,\n 41.05035951931887\n ],\n [\n -123.8653564453125,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -125.2716064453125,\n 40.44694705960048\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae30b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenson, T.D. tlorenson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"tlorenson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLaughlin, Robert J. 0000-0002-4390-2288 rjmcl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2288","contributorId":1428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Robert","email":"rjmcl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orange, Daniel L.","contributorId":23309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orange","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davisson, M. Lee","contributorId":106248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davisson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brewer, Peter G.","contributorId":121505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Peter G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Martin, J.B.","contributorId":32923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":50183,"text":"ofr98418 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 50 (FFIETH00490050) on Town Highway 49, crossing Black Creek, Fairfield, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:53:59","indexId":"ofr98418","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-418","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 50 (FFIETH00490050) on Town Highway 49, crossing Black Creek, Fairfield, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98418","usgsCitation":"Olson, S., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 50 (FFIETH00490050) on Town Highway 49, crossing Black Creek, Fairfield, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-418, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98418.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280069,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0418/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5e29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, S.A.","contributorId":58681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50234,"text":"ofr98568 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2 (RTLCCYRIVR0002) on River Street, crossing Otter Creek, Rutland City, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:34:50","indexId":"ofr98568","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-568","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2 (RTLCCYRIVR0002) on River Street, crossing Otter Creek, Rutland City, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98568","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E.M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 2 (RTLCCYRIVR0002) on River Street, crossing Otter Creek, Rutland City, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-568, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98568.","productDescription":"56 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280024,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0568/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a81c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, Erick M.","contributorId":96303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"Erick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57183,"text":"ofr9841 - 1998 - 1982-83 El Nino coastal erosion, San Mateo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:48","indexId":"ofr9841","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-41","title":"1982-83 El Nino coastal erosion, San Mateo County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9841","usgsCitation":"Lajoie, K.R., and Mathieson, S.A., 1998, 1982-83 El Nino coastal erosion, San Mateo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-41, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9841.","productDescription":"61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5652,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/elnino/SMCO-coast-erosion/introtext.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4913e4b0b290850eedcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lajoie, Kenneth R.","contributorId":18057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mathieson, Scott A.","contributorId":26576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathieson","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50238,"text":"ofr98154 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (WRUTTH00060015) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Castleton River, West Rutland, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:31:15","indexId":"ofr98154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-154","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (WRUTTH00060015) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Castleton River, West Rutland, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98154","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 15 (WRUTTH00060015) on Town Highway 6, crossing the Castleton River, West Rutland, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-154, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98154.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280020,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0154/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a829c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50274,"text":"ofr9812 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (CHESTH00100052) on Town Highway 10, crossing the South branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T15:29:26","indexId":"ofr9812","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-12","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (CHESTH00100052) on Town Highway 10, crossing the South branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure CHESTH00100052 on Town Highway 10 crossing the South Branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in southeastern Vermont. The 4.05-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is forest upstream and downstream of the bridge.
In the study area, the South Branch Williams River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.03 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 35 ft and an average bank height of 4 ft. The channel bed material ranges from gravel to boulders with a median grain size (D50) of 82.1 mm (0.269 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on August 21, 1996, indicated that the reach was unstable, as a result of the moderate bank erosion.
The Town Highway 10 crossing of the South Branch Williams River is a 32-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 29-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 31, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 27.6 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 25 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 20 degrees.
A scour hole 1.0 ft deeper than the mean thalweg depth was observed at the downstream end of the right abutment during the Level I assessment. The only scour protection measure at the site was type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream left and right banks, the upstream end of the upstream right wingwall and the entire base length of the upstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 0.8 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 5.2 to 10.8 ft. The worst-case abutment scour also occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9812","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 52 (CHESTH00100052) on Town Highway 10, crossing the South branch Williams River, Chester, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-12, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9812.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9812.JPG"},{"id":279986,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0012/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Chester","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6038","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50240,"text":"ofr98278 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 11 (BELVTH00080011) on Town Highway 8, crossing the North Branch Lamoille River, Belvidere, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:30:30","indexId":"ofr98278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-278","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 11 (BELVTH00080011) on Town Highway 8, crossing the North Branch Lamoille River, Belvidere, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98278","usgsCitation":"Boehmler, E., and Degnan, J., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 11 (BELVTH00080011) on Town Highway 8, crossing the North Branch Lamoille River, Belvidere, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-278, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98278.","productDescription":"49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280018,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0278/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8405","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Degnan, J.R.","contributorId":18423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50177,"text":"ofr98263 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 5 (BRNETH00020005) on Town Highway 2, crossing East Peacham Brook, Barnet, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T10:00:38","indexId":"ofr98263","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-263","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 5 (BRNETH00020005) on Town Highway 2, crossing East Peacham Brook, Barnet, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98263","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Medalie, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 5 (BRNETH00020005) on Town Highway 2, crossing East Peacham Brook, Barnet, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-263, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98263.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280073,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0263/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6110","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50245,"text":"ofr9810 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 64 (MTHOTH00170064) on Town Highway 17, crossing an unnamed tributary of Mill River, Mount Holly, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:27:37","indexId":"ofr9810","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-10","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 64 (MTHOTH00170064) on Town Highway 17, crossing an unnamed tributary of Mill River, Mount Holly, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9810","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Boehmler, E., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 64 (MTHOTH00170064) on Town Highway 17, crossing an unnamed tributary of Mill River, Mount Holly, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-10, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9810.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280013,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0010/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a57be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boehmler, E.M.","contributorId":88405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehmler","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50246,"text":"ofr9891 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (RYEGTH00500025) on Town Highway 50, crossing the Wells River, Ryegate, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:22","indexId":"ofr9891","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-91","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (RYEGTH00500025) on Town Highway 50, crossing the Wells River, Ryegate, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9891","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Hammond, R., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (RYEGTH00500025) on Town Highway 50, crossing the Wells River, Ryegate, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-91, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9891.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8032","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, R.E.","contributorId":56292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50261,"text":"ofr9824 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16 (STRATH00180016) on Town Highway 18, crossing the West Branch of the Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:21:53","indexId":"ofr9824","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-24","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16 (STRATH00180016) on Town Highway 18, crossing the West Branch of the Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9824","usgsCitation":"Striker, L., and Ivanoff, M., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 16 (STRATH00180016) on Town Highway 18, crossing the West Branch of the Ompompanoosuc River, Strafford, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-24, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9824.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279999,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0024/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8294","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striker, L.K.","contributorId":55872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striker","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50167,"text":"ofr98197 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (STOCTH00360025) on Town Highway 36, crossing Stony Brook, Stockbridge, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T10:05:06","indexId":"ofr98197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-197","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (STOCTH00360025) on Town Highway 36, crossing Stony Brook, Stockbridge, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98197","usgsCitation":"Ivanoff, M., and Striker, L., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 25 (STOCTH00360025) on Town Highway 36, crossing Stony Brook, Stockbridge, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-197, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98197.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280083,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0197/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivanoff, M.A.","contributorId":45758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striker, L.K.","contributorId":55872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striker","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21990,"text":"ofr97832 - 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1998 - Southeastern Pennsylvania ground water protected area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T14:41:51.656436","indexId":"ofr98571","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-571","title":"Southeastern Pennsylvania ground water protected area","docAbstract":"Geographical Information System data sets were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC). These data are related to groundwater resources for the DRBC's Southeastern Pennsylvania Groundwater Protected Area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98571","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998, Southeastern Pennsylvania ground water protected area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-571, 1 CD, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98571.","productDescription":"1 CD","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392854,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.state.nj.us/drbc/programs/project/gwpa-data.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e730b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50310,"text":"ofr98486 - 1998 - Major and trace element concentrations and correlations in mine dump samples from mining districts in Sierra, Socorro, and Otero counties, south-central New Mexico--Mockingbird Gap, Lava Gap, Salinas Peak, Goodfortune Creek, Bearden Canyon, and Sulfur Canyon mining districts of the northern San Andres Mountains, Sierra and Socorro County; Lake Valley mining district of Sierra County; and Tularosa and Orogrande mining districts of Otero County","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-486","title":"Major and trace element concentrations and correlations in mine dump samples from mining districts in Sierra, Socorro, and Otero counties, south-central New Mexico--Mockingbird Gap, Lava Gap, Salinas Peak, Goodfortune Creek, Bearden Canyon, and Sulfur Canyon mining districts of the northern San Andres Mountains, Sierra and Socorro County; Lake Valley mining district of Sierra County; and Tularosa and Orogrande mining districts of Otero County","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98486","usgsCitation":"Herring, J., Marsh, S., and McLemore, V., 1998, Major and trace element concentrations and correlations in mine dump samples from mining districts in Sierra, Socorro, and Otero counties, south-central New Mexico--Mockingbird Gap, Lava Gap, Salinas Peak, Goodfortune Creek, Bearden Canyon, and Sulfur Canyon mining districts of the northern San Andres Mountains, Sierra and Socorro County; Lake Valley mining district of Sierra County; and Tularosa and Orogrande mining districts of Otero County: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-486, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98486.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herring, J. 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T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50300,"text":"ofr98108 - 1998 - Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr98108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-108","title":"Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98108","usgsCitation":"Dawson, P., Dietel, C., Chouet, B., Honma, K., Ohminato, T., and Okubo, P., 1998, Digitally Telemetered Broadband Seismic Network at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-108, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98108.","productDescription":"121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64acb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietel, C.","contributorId":27916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietel","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Honma, K.","contributorId":72849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honma","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ohminato, T.","contributorId":53021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohminato","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":50166,"text":"ofr98196 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 47 (PLYMTH00540047) on Town Highway 54, crossing Pinney Hollow Brook, Plymouth, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:21:04","indexId":"ofr98196","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-196","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 47 (PLYMTH00540047) on Town Highway 54, crossing Pinney Hollow Brook, Plymouth, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure PLYMTH00540047 on Town Highway 54 crossing Pinney Hollow Brook, Plymouth, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, gathered from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the Green Mountain section of the New England physiographic province in south-central Vermont. The 7.9-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the study site, the surface cover is pasture upstream and downstream of the bridge while the immediate banks have dense woody vegetation.
In the study area, Pinney Hollow Brook has an incised, straight channel with a slope of approximately 0.01 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 57 ft and an average bank height of 7 ft. The channel bed material ranges from sand to cobbles with a median grain size (D50) of 45.7 mm (0.150 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on March 30, 1995 and Level II site visit on October 2, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 54 crossing of Pinney Hollow Brook is a 30-ft-long, two-lane bridge consisting of a 27-foot steel-stringer span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 22, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 25.7 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with wingwalls. The channel is not skewed to the opening and the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
Scour protection measures at the site included type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches diameter) along the upstream left wingwall, the upstream right wingwall and the downstream end of the downstream left wingwall. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. In addition, the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge was determined and analyzed as another potential worst-case scour scenario. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 0.0 to 2.0 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the incipient roadway-overtopping discharge, which was less than the 100-year discharge. Left abutment scour ranged from 3.4 to 6.7 ft. The worst-case left abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Right abutment scour ranged from 8.9 to 9.6 ft. The worst-case right abutment scour occurred at the 100-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98196","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Weber, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 47 (PLYMTH00540047) on Town Highway 54, crossing Pinney Hollow Brook, Plymouth, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-196, iv, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98196.","productDescription":"iv, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98196.JPG"},{"id":280084,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0196/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Plymouth","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a60bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50196,"text":"ofr98537 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 22 (BRADTH00270022) on Town Highway 27, crossing the Waits River, Bradford, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T15:18:33","indexId":"ofr98537","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-537","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 22 (BRADTH00270022) on Town Highway 27, crossing the Waits River, Bradford, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure BRADTH00270022 on Town Highway 27 crossing the Waits River, Bradford, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (FHWA, 1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in appendix E of this report. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, obtained from Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II analyses and is found in appendix D.
The site is in the New England Upland section of the New England physiographic province in east-central Vermont. The 153-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. However, in the vicinity of the study site, the upstream and downstream left banks are suburban and the upstream and downstream right banks are shrub and brushland.
In the study area, the Waits River has an incised, sinuous channel with a slope of approximately 0.0002 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 125 ft and an average bank height of 4 ft. The channel bed material ranges from silt and clay to bedrock with a median grain size (D50) of 0.393 mm (0.00129 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on September 7, 1995, indicated that the reach was stable.
The Town Highway 27 crossing of the Waits River is a 109-ft-long, one-lane bridge consisting of a 104-ft steel-truss span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written communication, March 16, 1995). The opening length of the structure parallel to the bridge face is 99.2 ft. The bridge is supported by vertical, laid-up stone abutments. The channel is skewed approximately 30 degrees to the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is zero degrees.
No evidence of scour was observed during the Level I assessment. Scour protection measures at the site included type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches diameter) along the upstream right and downstream left banks and type-3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter) along the left and right abutments. Additional details describing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and appendices D and E.
Scour depths and recommended rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described in Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and Davis, 1995) for the 100- and 500-year discharges. Total scour at a highway crossing is comprised of three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation; 2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge) and; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is the sum of the three components. Equations are available to compute depths for contraction and local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.
Contraction scour for all modelled flows ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 ft. The worst-case contraction scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 11.8 to 18.8 ft. The worst-case abutment scour occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional information on scour depths and depths to armoring are included in the section titled “Scour Results.” Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated scour depths, are presented in tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour computed at the bridge is presented in figure 8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size distribution.
It is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour) gives “excessively conservative estimates of scour depths” (Richardson and Davis, 1995, p. 46). Usually, computed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but not limited to) historical performance during flood events, the geomorphic stability assessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses. Therefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values documented herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr98537","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Ivanoff, M.A., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 22 (BRADTH00270022) on Town Highway 27, crossing the Waits River, Bradford, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-537, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98537.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr98537.JPG"},{"id":280057,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0537/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Bradford","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8200","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ivanoff, Michael A.","contributorId":27105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivanoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50228,"text":"ofr9888 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (JAMATH00300029) on Town Highway 30, crossing Ball Mountain, Jamaica, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:36:49","indexId":"ofr9888","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-88","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (JAMATH00300029) on Town Highway 30, crossing Ball Mountain, Jamaica, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9888","usgsCitation":"Degnan, J., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 29 (JAMATH00300029) on Town Highway 30, crossing Ball Mountain, Jamaica, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-88, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9888.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280029,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0088/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Degnan, J.R.","contributorId":18423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50227,"text":"ofr9857 - 1998 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 24 (BERLTH00600024) on Town Highway 60, crossing Cox Brook, Berlin, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-02T09:37:23","indexId":"ofr9857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-57","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 24 (BERLTH00600024) on Town Highway 60, crossing Cox Brook, Berlin, Vermont","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9857","usgsCitation":"Degnan, J., 1998, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 24 (BERLTH00600024) on Town Highway 60, crossing Cox Brook, Berlin, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-57, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9857.","productDescription":"50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280030,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0057/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a7fda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Degnan, J.R.","contributorId":18423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}