We classified levels of direct response of brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) to aircraft, watercraft, and groups of people on the O'Malley River area of Kodiak Island, Alaska. General public use occurred on the area in 1991 and 1993, whereas structured bear viewing programs used the area in 1992 and 1994. Brown bears displayed high (running) or moderate (walking away) response on 18 (48%) occasions when fixed-wing aircraft flew over the animals <100 m above ground. Three of 4 helicopter flights <200 m overhead and 9 interactions with watercraft at ≤200 m distance also elicited strong response. Encounters between people and bears resulted in strong responses from bears more frequently (37%, n = 134) during years of general public use than in years of structured bear viewing (6%, n = 72, P < 0.0001). We suggest that higher levels of low or neutral response by bears to encounters with guided bear viewing groups was the result of consistent and predictable patterns of human activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","usgsCitation":"Wilker, G.A., and Barnes, V.G., 1998, Responses of brown bears to human activities at O'Malley River, Kodiak Island, Alaska: Ursus, v. 10, p. 557-561.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"561","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bearbiology.com/index.php?id=ursvol9_20","text":"Volume 10 on Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island, O'Malley River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.05921936035156,\n 57.24924472842805\n ],\n [\n -153.9459228515625,\n 57.24924472842805\n ],\n [\n -153.9459228515625,\n 57.30557149205643\n ],\n [\n -154.05921936035156,\n 57.30557149205643\n ],\n [\n -154.05921936035156,\n 57.24924472842805\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","publicComments":"This volume is titled \"A selection of papers from the Tenth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Fairbanks, Alaska, July 1995, and Mora, Sweden, September 1995.\"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba425e4b0849ce97dc7be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilker, Gregory A.","contributorId":89811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Victor G. Jr.","contributorId":95113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Victor","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":35655,"text":"Kodiak Brown Bear Trust, Westcliffe, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70194238,"text":"70194238 - 1998 - Review of 'The golden eagle' by Jeff Watson","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-19T15:59:58","indexId":"70194238","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Review of 'The golden eagle' by Jeff Watson","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
1. The gelatinous cyanobacterial Collema tenax is a dominant lichen of biotic soil crusts in the western United States. In laboratory experiments, we studied CO2 exchange of this species as dependent on water content (WC), light and temperature. Results are compared with performance of green-algal lichens of the same site investigated earlier.
2. As compared with published data, photosynthetic capacity of C. tenax is higher than that of other cyanobacterial and green-algal soil-crust species studied. At all temperatures and photon flux densities of ecological relevance, net photosynthesis (NP) shows a strong depression at high degrees of hydration; maximal apparent quantum-use efficiency of CO2 fixation is also reduced. Water requirements (moisture compensation point, WC for maximal NP) are higher than that of the green-algal lichens. Collema tenax exhibits extreme ‘sun plant’ features and is adapted to high thallus temperatures.
3. Erratic rain showers are the main source of moisture for soil crusts on the Colorado Plateau, quickly saturating the lichens with liquid water. High water-holding capacity of C. tenax ensures extended phases of favourable hydration at conditions of high light and temperature after the rain for substantial photosynthetic production. Under such conditions the cyanobacterial lichen appears superior over its green-algal competitors, which seem better adapted to habitats with high air humidity, dew or fog as prevailing source of moisture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00192.x","usgsCitation":"Lange, O., Belnap, J., and Reichenberger, H., 1998, Photosynthesis of the cyanobacterial soil-crust lichen Collema tenax from arid lands in southern Utah, USA: Role of water content on light and temperature responses of CO2 exchange: Functional Ecology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 195-202, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00192.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"202","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00192.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":349108,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a612735e4b06e28e9c25ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lange, Otto L.","contributorId":17193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lange","given":"Otto L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":722800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichenberger, H.","contributorId":87482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reichenberger","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70194236,"text":"70194236 - 1998 - Influence of habitat, sex, age, and drought on the diet of Townsend's ground squirrels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-19T10:30:01","indexId":"70194236","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of habitat, sex, age, and drought on the diet of Townsend's ground squirrels","docAbstract":"We assayed diets of Townsend's ground squirrels (Spermophilus townsendii) in a semi-arid shrub steppe in Idaho by analyzing 1,432 fecal samples during 1991–1994. Dietary composition differed between adults and juveniles but not between males and females. Sand-berg's bluegrass (Poa secunda), a perennial bunchgrass, was the most common item in diets. Diets varied among habitats that differed in plant cover. Diets also broadened progressively during the active season of this hibernating species (February–June) to include more shrub material, annuals, and other foods. A drought at the end of the active season in 1992 caused lower body mass and survival of individuals because there were fewer annual plants during the mid- and late-season periods and fewer seeds in the late-season than in non-drought years. Sandberg's bluegrass was consumed in higher proportions during the late-season of the drought year, but most of it was senescent with reduced levels of essential fatty acids and other nutrients. Among native shrubs, winterfat (Ceratoides lanata) was preferred over big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). Adults in habitats that lacked shrubs had a lower probability of being recaptured the year following the drought. We conclude that preferred native shrub species provided a relatively constant food source under drought conditions, compared with perennial grasses and annual plants. Perennial grasses were the most commonly eaten food, and habitats dominated by them provided a good food resource except under drought conditions. Low germination rates of annual plants under drought conditions and their short period of succulence make them a poor food source, and habitats dominated by them are unlikely to sustain viable populations of ground squirrels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1382983","usgsCitation":"Van Horne, B., Schooley, R.L., and Sharpe, P., 1998, Influence of habitat, sex, age, and drought on the diet of Townsend's ground squirrels: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 79, no. 2, p. 521-537, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382983.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"537","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1382983","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":349107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a612735e4b06e28e9c25ceb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Horne, Beatrice","contributorId":59001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Horne","given":"Beatrice","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schooley, Robert L.","contributorId":85934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schooley","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharpe, Peter B.","contributorId":93451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Peter B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014933,"text":"1014933 - 1998 - Effect of water acceleration on downstream migratory behavior and passage of Atlantic salmon smolts and juvenile American shad at surface bypasses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-20T16:36:15.666542","indexId":"1014933","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of water acceleration on downstream migratory behavior and passage of Atlantic salmon smolts and juvenile American shad at surface bypasses","docAbstract":"Behavior and passage rate of smolts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and juvenile American shad Alosa sapidissima were compared between a standard (sharp‐crested) and a modified surface bypass weir that employs uniform flow velocity increase (1 m·s−1·m−1 of linear distance). Within the first 30 min after release, significantly more smolts passed the modified weir than the standard weir, but no differences in passage rate between weir types were noted for juvenile American shad. More Atlantic salmon smolts and juvenile American shad were passed by the modified weir in groups of two or more than were passed by the standard weir. Mean lengths of passed and nonpassed smolts were not significantly different between weir types, but American shad passed by the sharp‐crested weir were significantly smaller than nonpassed fish. Most individuals of both species that passed the modified weir maintained positive rheotaxis and strong swimming throughout the length of the weir. In addition to acceleration, visual cues may be an important factor in avoidance behaviors near bypass entrances. The observed reduction of delay time before passage and maintenance of school integrity may facilitate appropriate timing of emigration and enhance passage survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0118:EOWAOD>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haro, A., Odeh, M., Noreika, J., and Castro-Santos, T., 1998, Effect of water acceleration on downstream migratory behavior and passage of Atlantic salmon smolts and juvenile American shad at surface bypasses: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 127, no. 1, p. 118-127, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0118:EOWAOD>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"127","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130894,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6253eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haro, A.","contributorId":6792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odeh, M.","contributorId":95413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odeh","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noreika, J.","contributorId":51249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noreika","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Castro-Santos, T. 0000-0003-2575-9120","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":12416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70187530,"text":"70187530 - 1998 - Ecological, morphological, genetic and life history characteristics of two sockeye salmon populations, Tustumena Lake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-07T13:23:03","indexId":"70187530","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Ecological, morphological, genetic and life history characteristics of two sockeye salmon populations, Tustumena Lake, Alaska","docAbstract":"Populations can differ in both phenotypic and molecular genetic traits. Phenotypic differences likely result from differential selection pressures in the environment, whereas differences in neutral molecular markers result from genetic drift associated with some degree of reproductive isolation. Two sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, populations were compared using both phenotypic and genotypic characters, and causal factors were examined. Salmon spawning in a short (<3 km), shallow (<21 cm), clear, homogenous spring-fed study site spawned later, were younger, smaller, and produced fewer and smaller eggs than salmon spawning in a longer (∼80 km), deeper, stained, diverse, precipitation-dominated stream. Run timing differences were associated with differences in stream thermal regimes. Age and size at maturity differences are likely due to differences in age-specific mortality rates. Fish in the shallow spring-fed system suffered higher adult predation rates and exhibited greater egg to fry survival compared to fish in the precipitation-fed system. Salmon in both streams exhibited non-random nest site selection for deeper habitats and smaller substrates (≥2 to <64 mm mean diameter) relative to available habitat; fish from the precipitation system avoided low velocity habitats containing fine (<2 mm) substrates. Genetic comparisons of six microsatellite loci indicated that run time was a more effective reproductive isolating mechanism than geographical distance. Differences between and within the tributary spawning populations are discussed in terms of selection, genetic drift, and the homogenizing effects of gene flow. This study indicates important adaptive differences may exist between proximate spawning groups of salmon which should be considered when characterizing populations for conservation or management purposes.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Washington","usgsCitation":"Woody, C.A., 1998, Ecological, morphological, genetic and life history characteristics of two sockeye salmon populations, Tustumena Lake, Alaska, vii, 117 p.","productDescription":"vii, 117 p.","numberOfPages":"134","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/5398?show=full"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tustumena Lake","publicComments":"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Washington.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59103226e4b0e541a03a857c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woody, Carol Ann","contributorId":172548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woody","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020794,"text":"70020794 - 1998 - Humic acids as electron acceptors for anaerobic microbial oxidation of vinyl chloride and dichloroethene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T20:48:01.300754","indexId":"70020794","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Humic acids as electron acceptors for anaerobic microbial oxidation of vinyl chloride and dichloroethene","docAbstract":"Anaerobic oxidation of [1,2-14C]vinyl chloride and [1,2-14C]dichloroethene to 14CO2under humic acid-reducing conditions was demonstrated. The results indicate that waterborne contaminants can be oxidized by using humic acid compounds as electron acceptors and suggest that natural aquatic systems have a much larger capacity for contaminant oxidation than previously thought.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.64.8.3102-3105.1998","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., Chapelle, F.H., and Lovley, D.R., 1998, Humic acids as electron acceptors for anaerobic microbial oxidation of vinyl chloride and dichloroethene: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 64, no. 8, p. 3102-3105, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.8.3102-3105.1998.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3102","endPage":"3105","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479730,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.8.3102-3105.1998","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231005,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3289e4b0c8380cd5e8aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020689,"text":"70020689 - 1998 - Pleistocene to Holocene contrasts in organic matter production and preservation on the California continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T23:47:14.837108","indexId":"70020689","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene to Holocene contrasts in organic matter production and preservation on the California continental margin","docAbstract":"Organic matter in sediments from cores collected from the upper continental slope (200–2700 m) off California and southern Oregon shows marked differences in concentration and marine character between the last glacial interval (ca. 24–10 ka) and either Holocene time or last interstadial (oxygen isotope stage 3, ca. 60–24 ka). In general, sediments deposited during Holocene time and stage 3 contain higher amounts of marine organic matter than those deposited during the last glacial interval, and this contrast is greatest in cores collected off southern California. The most profound differences in stage 3 sediments are between predominantly bioturbated sediments and occasional interbeds of laminated sediments. The sediments are from cores collected within the present oxygen minimum zone on the upper continental slope from as far north as the Oregon-California border to as far south as Point Conception. These upper Pleistocene laminated sediments contain more abundant hydrogen-rich (type II) marine algal organic matter than even surface sediments that have large amounts of nonrefractory organic matter. The stable carbon-isotopic composition of the organic matter does not change with time between bioturbated and laminated sediments, indicating that the greater abundance of type II organic matter in the laminated sediments is not due to a change in source but rather represents a greater degree of production and preservation of marine organic matter. The presence of abundant, well-preserved organic matter supports the theory that the oxygen minimum zone in the northeastern Pacific Ocean was more intense, and possibly anoxic, during late Pleistocene time as a result of increased coastal upwelling that enhanced algal productivity.
A study of organophosphorus (OP) insecticide exposure was conducted on a declining population of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) associated with agricultural lands at Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR) during the summers of 1990–92. Findings at TLNWR were compared with a nearby pheasant population at Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR) not subjected to intensive farming or OP insecticide applications. Direct toxicity of anticholinesterase (antiChE) compounds (in this case methamidophos) killed 2 young pheasants (91 and 92% brain acetylcholinesterase [AChE] inhibition), but no deaths of adult radio-equipped hens were ascribed to direct insecticide intoxication. However, within 20 days postspray of OP insecticides, 68% (28 of 41) of the adult pheasants collected at TLNWR were exposed to antiChE insecticides, and exhibited brain AChE inhibition of 19–62%, with 15% (6 of 41) showing >55% brain AChE inhibition. The lack of radio-equipped hens dying was unexpected because >50% brain AChE inhibition has been frequently used as a ‘diagnostic tool’ for evaluating cause of death from antiChE insecticides. No young were radio-equipped, so the extent of the effects of insecticide exposure on the survivorship of young was unknown. It is concluded that insecticide exposure was not the major factor impacting the pheasant population (see Grove et al., in press), although some young were acutely intoxicated. However, the loss of insects killed by insecticide use may have contributed to food shortages of young pheasants, indirectly influencing survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1023/A:1008836817910","usgsCitation":"Grove, R.A., Buhler, D.R., Henny, C.J., and Drew, A.D., 1998, Declining ring-necked pheasants in the Klamath Basin, California: I. Insecticide exposure: Ecotoxicology, v. 7, no. 5, p. 305-312, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008836817910.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134215,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge, Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.8617161329993,\n 42.00099312502107\n ],\n [\n -121.8617161329993,\n 41.80803984558128\n ],\n [\n -121.3635146864145,\n 41.80803984558128\n ],\n [\n -121.3635146864145,\n 42.00099312502107\n ],\n [\n -121.8617161329993,\n 42.00099312502107\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672645","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grove, Robert A.","contributorId":52134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buhler, D. R.","contributorId":33290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drew, A. D.","contributorId":25126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drew","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008634,"text":"1008634 - 1998 - Estimating species richness: The Michaelis-Menten model revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-02T15:52:44.852844","indexId":"1008634","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating species richness: The Michaelis-Menten model revisited","docAbstract":"The Michaelis-Menten model has been widely used to estimate the richness (S) of species pools, but is largely untested. We tested whether (1) species accumulation curves follow the form predicted by the model, (2) the model gives unbiased estimates (Ŝ and B̂, respectively) of S and of the sample size, B, needed to detect S/2 species, and (3) performance is robust to community structure. Performance varied with community structure. For model communities with species-abundance distributions based on MacArthur's broken-stick model with 100 or 1000 species, deviations from predicted accumulation curves were slight, and Ŝ and B̂ were unbiased (P ≥ 0.18). For broken-stick communities with 10 species, Ŝ and B̂ overestimated S and B by an average of 17% and 63%, respectively (P < 0.001). For model communities with species-abundance distributions based on Tokeshi's (1990) random-fraction model with 10, 100, or 1000 species, deviations from predicted accumulation curves were large; on average, Ŝ underestimated S by 7-37% (P < 0.001), and (for S = 100 or 1000) B̂ underestimated B by 67-80% (P < 0.001). Vascular plant inventories (S = 42 to 99 species) also showed large deviations from predicted curves; on average, Ŝ underestimated S by 35% (P < 0.001) and B̂ underestimated B by 72% (P < 0.001). Because most natural communities are better described by the random-fraction than the broken-stick model, we suggest the Michaelis-Menten model will typically yield poor estimates of S. Moreover, we argue that accepted criteria for evaluating estimators of S are inadequate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3547060","usgsCitation":"Keating, K., and Quinn, J., 1998, Estimating species richness: The Michaelis-Menten model revisited: Oikos, v. 81, p. 411-416, https://doi.org/10.2307/3547060.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"416","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132554,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keating, K.A.","contributorId":44500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keating","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, J.F.","contributorId":76251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007974,"text":"1007974 - 1998 - Fuel bed characteristics of Sierra Nevada conifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-01T23:01:20.605365","indexId":"1007974","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3744,"text":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fuel bed characteristics of Sierra Nevada conifers","docAbstract":"A study of fuels in Sierra Nevada conifer forests showed that fuel bed depth and fuel bed weight significantly varied by tree species and developmental stage of the overstory. Specific values for depth and weight of woody, litter, and duff fuels are reported There was a significant positive relationship between fuel bed depth and weight. Estimates of woody fuel weight using the planar intercept method were significantly related to sampled values. These relationships can be used to estimate fuel weights in the field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/wjaf/13.3.73","usgsCitation":"van Wagtendonk, J., Benedict, J., and Sydoriak, W., 1998, Fuel bed characteristics of Sierra Nevada conifers: Western Journal of Applied Forestry, v. 13, no. 3, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/13.3.73.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479794,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/13.3.73","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129896,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.47913952270089,\n 35.40932290444138\n ],\n [\n -117.22241560679059,\n 35.58604344505433\n ],\n [\n -119.61438771329615,\n 39.350991990965184\n ],\n [\n -121.32609259050204,\n 38.90622830495093\n ],\n [\n -119.58610836997481,\n 37.27334675006179\n ],\n [\n -118.47913952270089,\n 35.40932290444138\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4439","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Wagtendonk, J. W.","contributorId":85111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Wagtendonk","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benedict, J.M.","contributorId":20693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sydoriak, W.M.","contributorId":99506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sydoriak","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189290,"text":"70189290 - 1998 - Identification of polar bear den habitat in northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T18:18:40","indexId":"70189290","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5410,"text":"Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Comission (SSC)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"seriesNumber":"19","title":"Identification of polar bear den habitat in northern Alaska","docAbstract":"The goal of this project is to refine the information collected previously on maternal denning, into digital maps that show where polar bears are likely to create future dens in northern Alaska. Such maps will allow a priori recommendations regarding timing and geographic locations of proposed human developments; and hence provide managers with an important mitigation and management tool.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Polar bears: Proceedings of the twelfth Working meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group (Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Group (SSC) no. 19)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"12th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group","conferenceDate":"February 3-7, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Oslo, Norway","language":"English","publisher":"IUCN","publisherLocation":"Gland, Switzerland","isbn":"2-8317-0459-6","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., and Garner, G.W., 1998, Identification of polar bear den habitat in northern Alaska, in Polar bears: Proceedings of the twelfth Working meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group (Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Group (SSC) no. 19), Oslo, Norway, February 3-7, 1997, p. 141-145.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"145","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343490,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343489,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/7509"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59634097e4b0d1f9f059d80c","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Derocher, Andrew E.","contributorId":96189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Derocher","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12980,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703963,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703964,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lunn, Nicholas J.","contributorId":78421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunn","given":"Nicholas J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703965,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiig, Oystein","contributorId":192053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiig","given":"Oystein","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703966,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4}],"editors":[{"text":"Derocher, Andrew E.","contributorId":96189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Derocher","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12980,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703959,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703960,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lunn, Nicholas J.","contributorId":78421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunn","given":"Nicholas J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703961,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiig, Oystein","contributorId":192053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiig","given":"Oystein","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703962,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007973,"text":"1007973 - 1998 - A new Lepidodactylus (Squamata:Gekkonidae) from Vanuatu","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:16","indexId":"1007973","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1892,"text":"Herpetologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new Lepidodactylus (Squamata:Gekkonidae) from Vanuatu","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetologica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ota, H., Fisher, R., Ineich, I., Case, T.J., and Zug, G., 1998, A new Lepidodactylus (Squamata:Gekkonidae) from Vanuatu: Herpetologica, v. 54, p. 325-332.","productDescription":"p. 325-332","startPage":"325","endPage":"332","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129895,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abf87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ota, H.","contributorId":79425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ota","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ineich, I.","contributorId":99505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ineich","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Case, T. J.","contributorId":77078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Case","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zug, G.R.","contributorId":72743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zug","given":"G.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1012977,"text":"1012977 - 1998 - Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in waterfowl (family Anatidae): Characterization of a sex-linked (Z-specific) and 14 autosomal loci","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-17T06:53:33","indexId":"1012977","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":776,"text":"Animal Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in waterfowl (family Anatidae): Characterization of a sex-linked (Z-specific) and 14 autosomal loci","docAbstract":"Canada goose (Branta Canadensis) and harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) DNAs were digested with Sau3AI, and size selected (300-700 bp) fragments were ligated into BamHI-digested pBluscriptII KS+. The enrichment protocol of Ostrander et al.1 was followed. The resulting libraries were screened using a [ƴ-32P]ATP end-labelled (CA)20 oligonucleotides as a hybridization probe. Positive clones were sequenced using cycle-sequencing protocols (Epicentre Technologies, Madison, WI) and primers flanking the inserts. PCR primers were designed to amplify the repeat and yield amplification products of ≈100-200 bp. DNA samples were screened for variation at these loci using [ƴ-32P]ATP end-labelled primers. The products were resolved using 6% denaturing polyacrylamide gels and autoradiography.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00247.x","usgsCitation":"Buchholz, W., Pearce, J.M., Pierson, B.J., and Scribner, K.T., 1998, Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in waterfowl (family Anatidae): Characterization of a sex-linked (Z-specific) and 14 autosomal loci: Animal Genetics, v. 29, no. 4, p. 323-325, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00247.x.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"323","endPage":"325","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ac98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchholz, W.G.","contributorId":56603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buchholz","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierson, Barbara J. 0000-0001-8233-874X bpierson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-874X","contributorId":194939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Barbara","email":"bpierson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":95434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1007916,"text":"1007916 - 1998 - Pathology of diseases in wild desert tortoises from California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-03T00:09:58.393476","indexId":"1007916","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pathology of diseases in wild desert tortoises from California","docAbstract":"Twenty-four ill or dead desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) were received between March 1992 and July 1995 for necropsies from the Mojave and Colorado deserts of California (USA). Diseases observed in these animals included cutaneous dyskeratosis (n = 7); shell necrosis (n = 2); respiratory diseases (n = 7); urolithiasis (n = 3); and trauma (n = 5). In tortoises with cutaneous dyskeratosis the horn layer of shell was disrupted by multiple crevices and fissures and, in the most severe lesions, dermal bone showed osteoclastic resorption, remodeling, and osteopenia. In tortoises with shell necrosis, multiple foci of necrotic cell debris and heterophilic inflammation within the epidermal horn layer were subtended by necrotic dermal bone colonized by bacteria and fungi. Of the seven tortoises with respiratory disease, five were diagnosed with mycoplasmosis. The diagnosis of mycoplasmosis was based on the presence of chronic proliferative rhinitis and positive serologic tests and/or isolation of Mycoplasma sp. Chronic fungal pneumonia was diagnosed in one tortoise with respiratory disease. In the three tortoises with urolithiasis, two were discovered dead, and the live tortoise had renal and articular gout. Traumatic injuries consisted of one tortoise entombed within its burrow, one tortoise burned in a brush fire, two tortoises struck by moving vehicles, and one tortoise attacked by a predator. While the primary cause of illness could be attributed to one or two major disease processes, lesions were often found in multiple organ systems, and a variety of etiologies were responsible for morbidity and mortality.
A modification of previously documented force‐feeding procedures resulted in the renewal of appetite by several wild‐caught juvenile Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus. Four of four fish under controlled laboratory conditions responded positively to this technique within 1 month. These fish exhibited negative mean growth rates of −2.71 g/d before force‐feeding and gained an average of 2.61 g/d at 285 d after initiation of force‐feeding. Mean lengths, weights, and coefficients of condition (K) also increased after force‐feeding. This method may be useful in other situations in which the holding of juveniles or adults is necessary, such as in zoos and public aquaria.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060%3C0311:ROVFBW%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"DiLauro, M.N., 1998, Renewal of voluntary feeding by wild‐caught Atlantic sturgeon juveniles in captivity: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 60, no. 4, p. 311-314, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060%3C0311:ROVFBW%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiLauro, M. N.","contributorId":75475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLauro","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008000,"text":"1008000 - 1998 - Mechanism of smoke-induced seed germination in a post-fire chaparral annual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T19:55:41.30383","indexId":"1008000","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanism of smoke-induced seed germination in a post-fire chaparral annual","docAbstract":"1 Smoke-stimulated germination in the post-fire flora of California chaparral does not appear to be triggered by nitrate. Application of freshly prepared unbuffered KNO3 solutions (pH c. 6.2) failed to enhance germination of five populations of Emmenanthe penduliflora or one Phacelia grandiflora population, regardless of light or stratification conditions.
2 KNO3 buffered at acidic pH (or unbuffered solutions equilibrated with atmospheric CO2) did induce germination, but KNO3 solutions at pH 7 failed to induce germination. Induction of germination is therefore not due to the nitrate ion per se, but rather to high [H+], although buffered controls gave weak germination at low pH, suggesting a role for H+ plus nitrate. However, other anions such as sulphate were equally as effective as nitrate at breaking dormancy.
3 The germination response to KNO3 was affected by the type of filter paper used and this may be linked to differences in pH.
4 NO2, at concentrations present in biomass smoke, was highly effective at inducing germination, and other oxidizing agents also induced germination.
5 Several growth regulators, including nitrite and gibberellin, were stimulatory only at acidic pH, but KCN was stimulatory across a broad pH range.
6 Germination decreased at smoke exposures longer than a few minutes. Also, smoked water samples effective at breaking dormancy were acidic and were less effective when buffered to pH >7.
7 Physical scarification of the seed coat induced germination but the effect was not due to penetration of a water barrier, or to enhanced oxygen uptake or to wound responses such as CO2 or ethylene production.
8 Different effects of the gibberellin inhibitor CCC (chlorocholine chloride) suggested that the mechanisms of scarification-induced and smoke-induced germination may differ.
9 We conclude that either oxidizing gases in smoke and/or acids generated on burnt sites play a role in germination of post-fire annuals in chaparral.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00230.x","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., and Fotheringham, C.J., 1998, Mechanism of smoke-induced seed germination in a post-fire chaparral annual: Journal of Ecology, v. 86, p. 27-36, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00230.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489982,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00230.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130079,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fotheringham, C. J.","contributorId":63334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fotheringham","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007999,"text":"1007999 - 1998 - Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T17:43:47.280259","indexId":"1007999","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers","docAbstract":"A study of fuels of Siena Nevada conifer species showed that percent ash content, heat content with ash, and heat content without ash of needle and duff fuels significantly varied by species, fuel component, and developmental stage of the overstory. Ash and heat contents of woody fuels varied by species and fuel component but not by developmental stage. Bark fuels significantly differed by species, while no factor significantly affected cone fuels. Regional variation in ash and heat content was evident but small. However, the values reported here for heat content with ash for fine fuels averaged 2.50 MJ kg-1 higher than the standard values used in fire behavior prediction systems. Using standard values can result in significant under predictions of fireline intensity of an average of 16 percent for all species of up to 47 percent for Pinus albicaulis.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/WF9980147","usgsCitation":"van Wagdendonk, J.W., Sydoriak, W., and Benedict, J., 1998, Heat content variation of Sierra Nevada conifers: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 8, no. 3, p. 147-158, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF9980147.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130078,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ae4b07f02db63d071","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Wagdendonk, J. W.","contributorId":334164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van Wagdendonk","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sydoriak, W.M.","contributorId":99506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sydoriak","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benedict, J.M.","contributorId":20693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013311,"text":"1013311 - 1998 - Reproductive performance of female Alaskan caribou","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T10:49:57","indexId":"1013311","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive performance of female Alaskan caribou","docAbstract":"We examined the reproductive performance of female caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in relation to age, physical condition, and reproductive experience for 9 consecutive years (1987-95) at Denali National Park, Alaska, during a period of wide variation in winter snowfall. Caribou in Denali differed from other cervid populations where reproductive performance has been investigated, because they occur at low densities (≥0.3/km2) and experience high losses of young to predation. Females first gave birth at 2-6 years old; 56% of these females were 3 years old. Average annual natality rates increased from 27% for 2-year-olds to 100% for 7-year-olds, remained high for 7-13-year-olds (98%), and then declined for females ≥14 years old. Females ≥2 years old that failed to reproduce were primarily sexually immature (76%). Reproductive pauses of sexually mature females occurred predominantly in young (3-6 yr old) and old (≥14 yr old) females. Natality increased with body mass for 10-month-old females weighed 6 months prior to the autumn breeding season (P = 0.007), and for females >1 year old and weighed during autumn (late Sep-early Nov; P = 0.003). Natality for 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-year-olds declined with increasing late-winter snowfall (Feb-May; P ≤ 0.039) during the winter prior to breeding. In most years, a high percentage of sexually mature females reproduced, and lactation status at the time of breeding did not influence productivity the following year. However, following particularly high snowfall during February-September 1992, productivity was reduced in 1993 for cows successfully rearing calves to autumn the previous year. High losses of calves to predators in 1992 may have increased productivity in 1993. Losses of young-of-the-year to predation prior to the annual breeding season can be an important influence on subsequent productivity for ungulate populations where productivity varies with lactation status of females at the time of breeding.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801982","usgsCitation":"Adams, L., and Dale, B.W., 1998, Reproductive performance of female Alaskan caribou: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 62, no. 4, p. 1184-1195, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801982.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1184","endPage":"1195","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e4a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dale, Bruce W.","contributorId":6769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007915,"text":"1007915 - 1998 - Rana aurora draytonii (California red-legged frog). Egg predation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:30","indexId":"1007915","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1898,"text":"Herpetological Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rana aurora draytonii (California red-legged frog). Egg predation","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetological Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, G.B., 1998, Rana aurora draytonii (California red-legged frog). Egg predation: Herpetological Review, v. 29, no. 3.","productDescription":"p. 165","startPage":"165","numberOfPages":"165","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6496e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007920,"text":"1007920 - 1998 - Sexual Segregation in sea otters and its role in range expansion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:22","indexId":"1007920","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3576,"text":"The Otter Raft","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sexual Segregation in sea otters and its role in range expansion","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Otter Raft","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Jameson, R., 1998, Sexual Segregation in sea otters and its role in range expansion: The Otter Raft, v. 60, p. 6-8.","productDescription":"p. 6-8","startPage":"6","endPage":"8","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jameson, R.J.","contributorId":56581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1007937,"text":"1007937 - 1998 - Coluber infernalis Blainville,1835 and Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia Cope in Yarrow, 1875 (currently Thamnophis s. tetrataenia and T. s. infernalis; Reptilia, Squamata): Proposed conservation of usage of the subspecific names by the designation of a neotype for T. s. infernalis. (Case 3012)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-09T12:29:51.081176","indexId":"1007937","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1110,"text":"Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coluber infernalis Blainville,1835 and Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia Cope in Yarrow, 1875 (currently Thamnophis s. tetrataenia and T. s. infernalis; Reptilia, Squamata): Proposed conservation of usage of the subspecific names by the designation of a neotype for T. s. infernalis. (Case 3012)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature","doi":"10.5962/bhl.part.193","usgsCitation":"Barry, S., and Jennings, M., 1998, Coluber infernalis Blainville,1835 and Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia Cope in Yarrow, 1875 (currently Thamnophis s. tetrataenia and T. s. infernalis; Reptilia, Squamata): Proposed conservation of usage of the subspecific names by the designation of a neotype for T. s. infernalis. (Case 3012): Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, v. 55, no. 4, p. 224-228, https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.193.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"228","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479763,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.193","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129912,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae7a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barry, S.J.","contributorId":99088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barry","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, M.R.","contributorId":18296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014809,"text":"1014809 - 1998 - An individual-based, spatially-explicit simulation model of the population dynamics of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-14T15:30:46.471729","indexId":"1014809","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"An individual-based, spatially-explicit simulation model of the population dynamics of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis","title":"An individual-based, spatially-explicit simulation model of the population dynamics of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis","docAbstract":"Spatially-explicit population models allow a link between demography and the landscape. We developed a spatially-explicit simulation model for the red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis, an endangered and territorial cooperative breeder endemic to the southeastern United States. This kind of model is especially appropriate for this species because it can incorporate the spatial constraints on dispersal of helpers, and because territory locations are predictable. The model combines demographic data from a long-term study with a description of the spatial location of territories. Sensitivity analysis of demographic parameters revealed that population stability was most sensitive to changes in female breeder mortality, mortality of female dispersers and the number of fledglings produced per brood. Population behavior was insensitive to initial stage distribution; reducing the initial number of birds by one-half had a negligible effect. Most importantly, we found that the spatial distribution of territories had as strong an effect on response to demographic stochasticity as territory number. Populations were stable when territories were highly aggregated, with as few as 49 territories. When territories were highly dispersed, more than 169 territories were required to achieve stability. Model results indicate the importance of considering the spatial distribution of territories in management plans, and suggest that this approach is worthy of further development.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00019-6","usgsCitation":"Letcher, B., Priddy, J., Walters, J.R., and Crowder, L., 1998, An individual-based, spatially-explicit simulation model of the population dynamics of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis: Biological Conservation, v. 86, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00019-6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131721,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Sandhills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.3945788012611,\n 34.818880586998134\n ],\n [\n -79.66211033931289,\n 34.80194002557678\n ],\n [\n -78.95027479178532,\n 34.90353113485962\n ],\n [\n -78.74394564757431,\n 35.04301392230171\n ],\n [\n -78.82647730525883,\n 35.47263766097372\n ],\n [\n -79.67242679652291,\n 35.51883344420203\n ],\n [\n -80.09540154215557,\n 35.13165194172102\n ],\n [\n -80.3945788012611,\n 34.818880586998134\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68460a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Letcher, B. H. 0000-0003-0191-5678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":48132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"B.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Priddy, J.A.","contributorId":73962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priddy","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walters, J. R.","contributorId":91061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crowder, L.B.","contributorId":104437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1007953,"text":"1007953 - 1998 - Metal and trace element burdens in two shorebird species at two sympatric wintering sites in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T12:03:26.216113","indexId":"1007953","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal and trace element burdens in two shorebird species at two sympatric wintering sites in southern California","docAbstract":"In January and November, 1994, ten willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) and ten black-bellied plovers (Pluvialis squatarola) were collected at a south-facing sandy beach at the North Island Naval Air Station (NASNI) and ten willets and three plovers were collected at the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge (TSNWR), 16 km to the southeast. Concentrations of 19 inorganic analytes were determined in the livers. Differences between sexes in diet or abilities to retain some analytes are indicated because male willets tend to have greater levels of Cd than females and male plovers tend to have greater levels of Fe, Hg, and Mn than females. Concentrations of Hg and Mg in willets decreased from January to November. If this decrease is a part of an annual cycle, then the birds may be acquiring those elements while at NASNI. The differences between sites shows higher levels of As and Se but lower levels of Mn in willets at NASNI while plovers have lower levels of Cu, Mg and Zn at NASNI. There were no correlations between Hg and Se concentrations in the livers of any sample group of birds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1005850112994","usgsCitation":"Hui, C.A., 1998, Metal and trace element burdens in two shorebird species at two sympatric wintering sites in southern California: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 50, p. 233-247, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005850112994.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"247","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130211,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Diego","otherGeospatial":"Naval Air Station North Island, Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.22680535989673,\n 32.69236958341307\n ],\n [\n -117.22680535989673,\n 32.68039050616812\n ],\n [\n -117.19324674344884,\n 32.68039050616812\n ],\n [\n -117.19324674344884,\n 32.69236958341307\n ],\n [\n -117.22680535989673,\n 32.69236958341307\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.12999274061988,\n 32.55303573767819\n ],\n [\n -117.12999274061988,\n 32.533339421090005\n ],\n [\n -117.06466629368356,\n 32.533339421090005\n ],\n [\n -117.06466629368356,\n 32.55303573767819\n ],\n [\n -117.12999274061988,\n 32.55303573767819\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fddfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hui, Clifford A.","contributorId":68252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hui","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021416,"text":"70021416 - 1998 - Rapid-estimation method for assessing scour at highway bridges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:51","indexId":"70021416","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Rapid-estimation method for assessing scour at highway bridges","docAbstract":"A method was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for rapid estimation of scour at highway bridges using limited site data and analytical procedures to estimate pier, abutment, and contraction scour depths. The basis for the method was a procedure recommended by the Federal Highway Administration for conducting detailed scour investigations, commonly referred to as the Level 2 method. Using pier, abutment, and contraction scour results obtained from Level 2 investigations at 122 sites in 10 States, envelope curves and graphical relations were developed that enable determination of scour-depth estimates at most bridge sites in a matter of a few hours. Rather than using complex hydraulic variables, surrogate variables more easily obtained in the field were related to calculated scour-depth data from Level 2 studies. The method was tested by having several experienced individuals apply the method in the field, and results were compared among the individuals and with previous detailed analyses performed for the sites. Results indicated that the variability in predicted scour depth among individuals applying the method generally was within an acceptable range, and that conservatively greater scour depths generally were obtained by the rapid-estimation method compared to the Level 2 method. The rapid-estimation method is considered most applicable for conducting limited-detail scour assessments and as a screening tool to determine those bridge sites that may require more detailed analysis. The method is designed to be applied only by a qualified professional possessing knowledge and experience in the fields of bridge scour, hydraulics, and flood hydrology, and having specific expertise with the Level 2 method.","largerWorkTitle":"International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1998 International Water Resources Engineering Conference. Part 2 (of 2)","conferenceDate":"3 August 1998 through 7 August 1998","conferenceLocation":"Memphis, TN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","usgsCitation":"Holnbeck, S.R., 1998, Rapid-estimation method for assessing scour at highway bridges, in International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings, v. 1, Memphis, TN, USA, 3 August 1998 through 7 August 1998, p. 222-227.","startPage":"222","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9507e4b0c8380cd81776","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holnbeck, Stephen R. 0000-0001-7313-9298 holnbeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-9298","contributorId":1724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holnbeck","given":"Stephen","email":"holnbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":389796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}