As a part of the U.S. Geological Survey Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative, metal-mining related wastes in the Boulder River study area in northern Jefferson County, Montana, have been evaluated for their environmental effects. The study area includes a 24-km segment of the Boulder River in and around Basin, Montana and three principal tributaries to the Boulder River: Basin Creek, Cataract Creek, and High Ore Creek. Mine and prospect waste dumps and mill wastes are located throughout the drainage basins of these tributaries and in the Boulder River. Mine-waste material has been transported into and down streams, where it has mixed with and become incorporated into the streambed sediments. In some localities, mine waste material was placed directly in stream channels and was transported downstream forming fluvial tailings deposits along the stream banks. Water quality and aquatic habitat have been affected by trace-element-contaminated sediment that moves from mine wastes into and down streams during snowmelt and storm runoff events within the Boulder River watershed.
Present-day trace element concentrations in the streambed sediments and fluvial tailings have been extensively studied. However, in order to accurately evaluate the impact of mining on the stream environments, it is also necessary to evaluate the pre-mining trace-element concentrations in the streambed sediments. Three types of samples have been collected for estimation of pre-mining concentrations: 1) streambed sediment samples from the Boulder River and its tributaries located upstream from historical mining activity, 2) stream terrace deposits located both upstream and downstream of the major tributaries along the Boulder River, and 3) cores through sediment in overbank deposits, in abandoned stream channels, or beneath fluvial tailings deposits. In this report, we present geochemical data for six stream-terrace samples and twelve sediment-core samples and lead isotopic data for six terrace and thirteen core samples. Sample localities are in table 1 and figures 1 and 2, and site and sample descriptions are in table 2.
Geochemical data have been presented for cores through fluvial tailings on High Ore Creek, on upper Basin Creek, and on Jack Creek and Uncle Sam Gulch. Geochemical and lead isotopic data for modern streambed-sediment samples have been presented by Fey and others.
Lead isotopic determinations in bed sediments have been shown to be an effective tool for evaluating the contributions from various sources to the metals in bed sediments. However, in order to make these calculations, the lead isotopic compositions of the contaminant sources must also be known. Consequently, we have determined the lead isotopic compositions of five streambed-sediment samples heavily contaminated with fluvial mine waste immediately downstream from large mines in the Boulder River watershed in order to determine the lead isotopic signatures of the contaminants. Summary geochemical data for the contaminants are presented here and geochemical data for the streambed-sediment samples are given by Fey and others.
Downstream from the Katie mill site and Jib tailings, fluvial deposits of mill tailings are present on a 10-m by 50-m bar in the Boulder River below the confluence with Basin Creek. The source of these tailings is not known, but fluvial tailings are also present immediately downstream from the Katie mill site, which is immediately upstream from the confluence with Basin Creek. Nine cores of fluvial tailings from this bar were analyzed.
Dendrochronology samples were taken at several stream terrace localities to provide age control on the stream terrace deposits. Trees growing on the surfaces of stream terraces provide a minimum age for the terrace deposits, although floods subsequent to the trees' growth could have deposited post-mining overbank deposits around the trees. Historical data were also used to provide estimates of minimum ages of cultural features and to bracket the age of events.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0038","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Unruh, D., Fey, D.L., and Church, S.E., 2000, Chemical data and lead isotopic compositions of geochemical baseline samples from streambed sediments and smelter slag, lead isotopic compositions in fluvial tailings, and dendrochronology results from the Boulder River watershed, Jefferson County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-38, Report: i, 75 p.; 11 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0038.","productDescription":"Report: i, 75 p.; 11 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340574,"rank":11,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table9.xls","text":"Table 9","size":"17 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 9","linkHelpText":"- Dendrochronology results from selected sites, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":340575,"rank":12,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_tableA1.xlsx","text":"Table A1","size":"15.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table A1","linkHelpText":"- PB isotopic compositions of geochemical baseline samples from streambed sediments and smelter slag, lead isotopic compositions in fluvial tailings, and dendrochronology results from the Boulder Rover watershed. Jefferspm Coungy Montana"},{"id":340568,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table3.xls","text":"Table 3","size":"71 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 3","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace element data from total digestions of stream terrace and core samples of sediments, Boulder River, Montana"},{"id":340569,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table4.xls","text":"Table 4","size":"24.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 4","linkHelpText":"- Lead Isotopic data from streambed sediments in stream terrace deposits and core samples, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":340573,"rank":10,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table8.xls","text":"Table 8","size":"17.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 8","linkHelpText":"- Statistical summary of ore-related trace-element concentrations in sampled mine wasted, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":340576,"rank":13,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_tableA2.xls","text":"Table A2","size":"21 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table A2","linkHelpText":"- Lead isotopic compositions in NIST standards SRM 2704, SRM 2709, SRM 2710, and SRM 2711"},{"id":341928,"rank":14,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0038/"},{"id":339782,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table1.xls","text":"Table 1","size":"102 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 1","linkHelpText":"- - Sample localities of stream terrace and core samples, smelter slag, and sampled mine wastes, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":339783,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table2.xls","text":"Table 2","size":"47.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 2","linkHelpText":"- Site and sample descriptions of stream terrace and core samples of bed sediments, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":340572,"rank":9,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table7.xls","text":"Table 7","size":"17.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 7","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace element data from the Bullion Smelter slag sample, Jack Creek drainage, Boulder "},{"id":340570,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table5.xls","text":"Table 5","size":"27 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 5","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace element data from total digestions of fluvial tailings deposited on a bar in the Boulder River, Boulder River watershed, Montana"},{"id":340571,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/ofr20000038_table6.xls","text":"Table 6","size":"19.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 6","linkHelpText":"- Lead Isotopic data from fluvial tailings and contaminated streambed-sediment samples from the Boulder River watershed, Montana River watershed, Montana "},{"id":158256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53781,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0038/OFR-00-038.pdf","text":"Report","size":"874 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2000-0038"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":" Boulder River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
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Denver, CO 80225
Over the past 40 years, antipollution laws have greatly reduced discharges of toxic substances into our coastal waters. This effort, however, has focused largely on point-source pollution of industrial and municipal effluent. No comparable effort has been made to restrict the input of nitrogen (N) from municipal effluent, nor to control the flows of N and phosphorus (P) that enter waterways from dispersed or nonpoint sources such as agricultural and urban runoff or as airborne pollutants. As a result, inputs of nonpoint pollutants, particularly N, have increased dramatically. Nonpoint pollution from N and P now represents the largest pollution problem facing the vital coastal waters of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America ","usgsCitation":"Howarth, R., Anderson, D., Cloern, J., Elfring, C., Hopkinson, C., Lapointe, B., Malone, T., Marcus, N., McGlathery, K., Sharpley, A.N., and Walker, D., 2000, Nutrient pollution of coastal rivers, bays, and seas: Issues in Ecology, v. 7, p. 1-15.","productDescription":"15 p. 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Hydrologists, field technicians, or locally hired stream ob- servers involved in water-data collection are often unable to reach streams quickly enough to observe or measure these rapid changes. Therefore, in hydrologic studies designed to describe changes in water quality, a combination of manual and automated sampling methods have commonly been used manual methods when flow is relatively stable and automated methods when flow is rapidly changing. Auto- mated sampling, which makes use of equipment programmed to collect samples in response to changes in stage and flow of a stream, has been shown to be an effective method of sampling to describe the rapid changes in water quality (Graczyk and others, 1993). Because of the high cost of automated sampling, however, especially for studies examining a large number of sites, alternative methods have been considered for collecting samples during rapidly changing stream conditions. One such method employs the siphon sampler (fig. 1). also referred to as the \"single-stage sampler.\" Siphon samplers are inexpensive to build (about $25- $50 per sampler), operate, and maintain, so they are cost effective to use at a large number of sites. Their ability to collect samples representing the average quality of water passing though the entire cross section of a stream, however, has not been fully demonstrated for many types of stream sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs06700","usgsCitation":"Graczyk, D., Robertson, D.M., Rose, W., and Steur, J.J., 2000, Comparison of water-quality samples collected by siphon samplers and automatic samplers in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 067-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06700.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":845,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-067-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0067/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane","city":"Middleton","otherGeospatial":"Pheasant Branch Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.48132514953613,\n 43.126609264645346\n ],\n [\n -89.49162483215332,\n 43.12667190770115\n ],\n [\n -89.49213981628417,\n 43.11144775893178\n ],\n [\n -89.49445724487303,\n 43.10750013906385\n ],\n [\n -89.49531555175781,\n 43.104993581605505\n ],\n [\n -89.48973655700684,\n 43.10424159435386\n ],\n [\n -89.48621749877928,\n 43.10474292021466\n ],\n [\n -89.48390007019042,\n 43.10994393376548\n ],\n [\n -89.48278427124023,\n 43.11169839286719\n ],\n [\n -89.4806385040283,\n 43.11414201994837\n ],\n [\n -89.47840690612793,\n 43.116397589114314\n ],\n [\n -89.47711944580078,\n 43.118214514926\n ],\n [\n -89.47840690612793,\n 43.11996873693199\n ],\n [\n -89.48055267333984,\n 43.12028198556927\n ],\n [\n -89.48141098022461,\n 43.122599975640405\n ],\n [\n -89.48149681091309,\n 43.12397819837346\n ],\n [\n -89.48132514953613,\n 43.126609264645346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graczyk, David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":152911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steur, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":44137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steur","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":6751,"text":"fs03000 - 2000 - Magnitude and distribution of flows into northeastern Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T20:51:35.421893","indexId":"fs03000","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"030-00","title":"Magnitude and distribution of flows into northeastern Florida Bay","docAbstract":"Changes in water-management practices have been made to accommodate a large and rapidly growing urban population along the Atlantic Coast and to meet the demand for intensive agricultural activities. These changes have resulted in a highly managed hydrologic system consisting of numerous canals, levees, control structures, and pumping stations that have altered the hydrology of the Everglades and Florida Bay ecosystems. Over the past decade, Florida Bay has experienced sea-grass die-off and algal blooms, which are indicators of ecological change attributed primarily to the increase in salinity and nutrient content of bay waters. Because plans are to restore sheetflow in the Everglades wetlands to its natural state, water managers anticipate a change in the magnitude and timing of freshwater exiting the mainland through the creeks that cut through the embankment or as sheetflow into Florida Bay.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs03000","usgsCitation":"Patino, E., and Hittle, C.D., 2000, Magnitude and distribution of flows into northeastern Florida Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 030-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs03000.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":563,"text":"South Florida Information Access","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403691,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_31433.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":34121,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0030/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 030-00"},{"id":118147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0030/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 24.81166755546185\n ],\n [\n -80.45013427734375,\n 24.81166755546185\n ],\n [\n -80.45013427734375,\n 25.2918878849706\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 25.2918878849706\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 24.81166755546185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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There are seven types of aquatic resources on the Grand Portage Reservation. An ecological monitoring program was proposed for these resources. Some of the resources are pristine, while others have been affected by development. Each type of resource has physical (habitat, sediment, and hydrology), chemical, and biological (fish, invertebrates, and algae) characteristics that are monitored in a consistent manner so that change may be detected. Not all aspects of the physical, chemical, and biotic components are monitored at each resource type. Monitoring is focused on those aspects most susceptible to change. Replication and comparison with pristine components are a significant part of the program so that actual change can be determined from natural temporal and spatial variability.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr200069","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Grand Portage Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, R.M., 2000, Grand Portage Reservation Environmental Monitoring Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-69, ii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr200069.","productDescription":"ii, 13 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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and Crystal Mine waste samples and bed sediments from a small tributary to Jack Creek and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder River watershed, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T17:28:37","indexId":"ofr0031","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-31","title":"Analytical results for Bullion Mine and Crystal Mine waste samples and bed sediments from a small tributary to Jack Creek and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder River watershed, Montana","docAbstract":"Metal-mining related wastes in the Boulder River basin study area in northern Jefferson County, Montana affect water quality as a result of acid-generation and toxic-metal solubilization. Mine waste and tailings in the unnamed tributary to Jack Creek draining the Bullion mine area and in Uncle Sam Gulch below the Crystal mine are contributors to water quality degradation of Basin Creek and Cataract Creek, Montana. Basin Creek and Cataract Creek are two of three tributaries to the Boulder River in the study area. The bed sediment geochemistry in these two creeks has also been affected by the acidic drainage from these two mines. Geochemical analysis of 42 tailings cores and eleven bed-sediment samples was undertaken to determine the concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn present in these materials. These elements are environmentally significant, in that they can be toxic to fish and/or the invertebrate organisms in the aquatic food chain. Suites of one-inch cores of mine waste and tailings material were taken from two breached tailings impoundments near the site of the Bullion mine and from Uncle Sam Gulch below the Crystal mine. Forty-two core samples were taken and divided into 211 subsamples. The samples were analyzed by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy) using a mixed-acid (HC1-HNO3-HC1O4-HF) digestion. Results of the core analyses show that some samples contain moderate to very high concentrations of arsenic (as much as 13,000 ppm), silver (as much as 130 ppm), cadmium (as much as 260 ppm), copper (as much as 9,000 ppm), lead (as much as 11,000 ppm), and zinc (as much as 18,000 ppm). Eleven bed-sediment samples were also subjected to the mixed-acid total digestion, and a warm (50°C) 2M HC1-1% H2O2 leach and analyzed by ICP-AES. Results indicate that bed sediments of the Jack Creek tributary are impacted by past mining at the Bullion and Crystal mines. The contaminating metals are mostly contained in the 2M HC1-1% H2O2 leachable phase, which are the hydrous amorphous iron- and manganese-hydroxide coatings on detrital sediment particles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0031","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Fey, D.L., Church, S.E., and Finney, C.J., 2000, Analytical results for Bullion Mine and Crystal Mine waste samples and bed sediments from a small tributary to Jack Creek and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder River watershed, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-31, Report: i, 63 p.; 8 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0031.","productDescription":"Report: i, 63 p.; 8 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339795,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table6.xls","text":"Table 6","size":"16 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 6","linkHelpText":"- Field numbers, depths to midpoints of intervals, and interval sample descriptions for cores from Uncle Sam Gulch fluvial tailings deposits below Crystal Mine"},{"id":340566,"rank":9,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table11.xls","text":"Table 11","size":"24.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 11","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data following 2M HCl-1%H2O2 leach digestions of bed-sediment samples from unamed tributary to Jack Creek, and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":340567,"rank":10,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table12.xls","text":"Table 12","size":"25.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 12","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data of total digestion of residues of the 2M HCl-1%H2O2 leach digestions of bed-sediment samples from unamed tributary to Jack Creek, and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":340563,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table8.xls","text":"Table 8 ","size":"42 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 8","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from total digestions of core samples from lower tailings impoundment below Bullion Mine, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":339794,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table5.xls","text":"Table 5","size":"45 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 5","linkHelpText":"- Field numbers, depths to midpoints of intervals, and interval sample descriptions for cores from Bullion Mine tailings impoundments"},{"id":340564,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table9.xls","text":"Table 9","size":"25.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 9","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from core samples analyzed by ICP-AES, Uncle Sam Gulch below Crystal Mine, Montana"},{"id":340562,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table7.xls","text":"Table 7","size":"57.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 7","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from core samples analyzed by ICP-AES, upper tailings impoundment below Bullion Mine, Boulder Watershed Montana"},{"id":340565,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table10.xls","text":"Table 10","size":"25 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 10","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from total digestions of bed-sediment samples from unamed tributary to Jack Creek, and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":155138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52408,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0031/OFR-00-031.pdf","text":"Report","size":"838 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2000-0031"},{"id":341932,"rank":11,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0031/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Boulder River watershed, Bullion Mine, Crystal Mine, Jack Creek, Uncle Sam Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225
This paper, the first of two parts [see Abrams and Loague, this issue], takes the compartmentalized approach for the geochemical evolution of redox zones presented by Abrams et al. [1998] and embeds it within a solute transport framework. In this paper the compartmentalized approach is generalized to facilitate the description of its incorporation into a solute transport simulator. An equivalent formulation is developed which removes any discontinuities that may occur when switching compartments. Rate‐limited redox reactions are modeled with a modified Monod relationship that allows either the organic substrate or the electron acceptor to be the rate‐limiting reactant. Thermodynamic constraints are used to inhibit lower‐energy redox reactions from occurring under infeasible geochemical conditions without imposing equilibrium on the lower‐energy reactions. The procedure used allows any redox reaction to be simulated as being kinetically limited or thermodynamically limited, depending on local geochemical conditions. Empirical reaction inhibition methods are not needed. The sequential iteration approach (SIA), a technique which allows the number of solute transport equations to be reduced, is adopted to solve the coupled geochemical/solute transport problem. When the compartmentalized approach is embedded within the SIA, with the total analytical concentration of each component as the dependent variable in the transport equation, it is possible to reduce the number of transport equations even further than with the unmodified SIA. A one‐dimensional, coupled geochemical/solute transport simulation is presented in which redox zones evolve dynamically in time and space. The compartmentalized solute transport (COMPTRAN) model described in this paper enables the development of redox zones to be simulated under both kinetic and thermodynamic constraints. The modular design of COMPTRAN facilitates the use of many different, preexisting solute transport and geochemical codes. The companion paper [Abrams and Loague, this issue] presents examples of the application of COMPTRAN to field‐scale problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900110","usgsCitation":"Abrams , R., and Loague, K., 2000, A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: 1. Theory and development: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 8, p. 2001-2013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900110.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2001","endPage":"2013","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900110","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba421e4b0849ce97dc780","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abrams , Robert H.","contributorId":189399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrams ","given":"Robert H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loague, Keith","contributorId":178119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loague","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185199,"text":"70185199 - 2000 - A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: 2. Field‐scale simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T10:03:36","indexId":"70185199","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: 2. Field‐scale simulations","docAbstract":"This paper, the second of two parts [see Abrams and Loague, this issue], reports the field‐scale application of COMPTRAN (compartmentalized solute transport model) for simulating the development of redox zones. COMPTRAN is fully developed and described in the companion paper. Redox zones, which are often delineated by the relative concentrations of dissolved oxygen, have been observed around the globe. The distribution of other redox‐sensitive species is affected by redox zonation. At the U.S. Geological Survey's Cape Cod research site, an anoxic zone containing high concentrations of dissolved iron has been observed. Field data were abstracted from the Cape Cod site for the one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional COMPTRAN simulations reported in this paper. The purpose of the concept‐development simulations was to demonstrate that the compartmentalized approach reported by Abrams et al. [1998] can be linked with a solute transport model to simulate field‐scale phenomena. The results presented in this paper show that COMPTRAN successfully simulated the development of redox zones at the field scale, including trends in pH and alkalinity. Thermodynamic constraints were used to prevent lower‐energy redox reactions from occurring under infeasible geochemical conditions without imposing equilibrium among all redox species. Empirical methods of reaction inhibition were not needed for the simulations conducted for this study. COMPTRAN can be extended easily to include additional compartments and reactions and is capable of handling complex velocity fields in more than one dimension.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900111","usgsCitation":"Abrams , R., and Loague, K., 2000, A compartmentalized solute transport model for redox zones in contaminated aquifers: 2. Field‐scale simulations: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 8, p. 2015-2029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900111.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"2015","endPage":"2029","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900111","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba421e4b0849ce97dc77e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abrams , Robert H.","contributorId":189399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrams ","given":"Robert H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loague, Keith","contributorId":178119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loague","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6840,"text":"fs16699 - 2000 - Sleepers River, Vermont: a Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets Program site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-28T15:07:30","indexId":"fs16699","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"166-99","title":"Sleepers River, Vermont: a Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets Program site","docAbstract":"The Sleepers River Research Watershed in northeastern Vermont was established by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1959 and is now operated jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), will collaboration from several other Federal Agencies and Universities. The USGS has contributed to the understanding of hydrological processes and added a major biogeochemical cycling research component in the last 10 years of Sleepers River's 40-year history as a field laboratory. The USGS uses hydrologic measurements and chemical and isotopic tracing techniques to determine how water moves from the hillslope to the stream, and what processes cause chemical changes, such as neutralization of acid rain. Research results provide insights on how pollutants move through ecosystems, and how ecosystems may respond to climatic change.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs16699","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., 2000, Sleepers River, Vermont: a Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets Program site: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 166-99, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16699.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_166_99.bmp"},{"id":860,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/fs-166-99/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Sleepers River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.258222,44.53134 ], [ -72.258222,44.173004 ], [ -71.587162,44.173004 ], [ -71.587162,44.53134 ], [ -72.258222,44.53134 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eec60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, James B. 0000-0002-4234-3437 jshanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3437","contributorId":1953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"James","email":"jshanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21913,"text":"ofr004 - 2000 - Leaching studies of schwertmannite-rich precipitates from the Animas River Headwaters, Colorado and Boulder River Headwaters, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:32:16","indexId":"ofr004","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4","title":"Leaching studies of schwertmannite-rich precipitates from the Animas River Headwaters, Colorado and Boulder River Headwaters, Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr004","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., Leinz, R.W., Sutley, S.J., Briggs, P., Swayze, G., Smith, K., and Breit, G.N., 2000, Leaching studies of schwertmannite-rich precipitates from the Animas River Headwaters, Colorado and Boulder River Headwaters, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-4, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr004.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19403,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, 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W.","contributorId":89885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leinz","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sutley, S. J.","contributorId":91484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swayze, G.A. 0000-0002-1814-7823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":21570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, K. S. 0000-0001-8547-9804","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":47779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Breit, G. N.","contributorId":94664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":6847,"text":"fs05400 - 2000 - Borehole-radar methods: Tools for characterization of fractured rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T18:03:33","indexId":"fs05400","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"054-00","title":"Borehole-radar methods: Tools for characterization of fractured rock","docAbstract":"Locating and characterizing bedrock fractures and lithologic changes is an important component of studies of ground water supply and contamination in fractured-rock aquifers. Borehole-radar reflection methods provide information on the location, orientation, and lateral extent of fracture zones that intersect the borehole, and can identify fractures in the rock surrounding the borehole that are not penetrated by drilling. Crosshole radar logging provides crosssectional maps of the electromagnetic properties of bedrock between boreholes that can identify fracture zones and lithologic changes and can also be used to monitor tracer tests.
Borehole-radar logs can be integrated with results of surfacegeophysical surveys and other borehole-geophysical logs, such as acoustic or optical televiewer and flowmeter, to distinguish transmissive fractures from lithologic variations or closed fractures. Integrated interpretation procedures provide results that can be used to develop conceptual and numerical models, design monitoring and sampling programs, and monitor implementation of contamination remediation measures, such as blast-fracturing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs05400","usgsCitation":"Singha, K., Kimball, K., and Lane, J.W., 2000, Borehole-radar methods: Tools for characterization of fractured rock: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 054-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05400.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34172,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0054/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6029ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singha, Kamini","contributorId":76733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singha","given":"Kamini","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, Kari","contributorId":81486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Kari","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. jwlane@usgs.gov","contributorId":1738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":153445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6796,"text":"fs08900 - 2000 - Climatology and potential effects of an emergency outlet, Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T13:47:43","indexId":"fs08900","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"089-00","title":"Climatology and potential effects of an emergency outlet, Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The Devils Lake Basin is a 3,810-square-mile subbasin in the Red River of the North Basin. At an elevation of about 1,447 feet above sea level, Devils Lake begins to spill into Stump Lake; and at an elevation of about 1,459 feet above sea level, the combined lakes begin to spill through Tolna Coulee into the Sheyenne River.
Since the end of glaciation about 10,000 years ago, Devils Lake has fluctuated between spilling and being dry. Research by the North Dakota Geological Survey indicates Devils Lake has overflowed into the Sheyenne River at least twice during the past 4,000 years and has spilled into the Stump Lakes several times (Bluemle, 1991; Murphy and others, 1997). John Bluemle, North Dakota State Geologist, concluded the natural condition for Devils Lake is either rising or falling, and the lake should not be expected to remain at any elevation for a long period of time.
Recent conditions indicate the lake is in a rising phase. The lake rose 24.7 feet from February 1993 to August 1999, and flood damages in the Devils Lake Basin have exceeded $300 million. These damages, and the potential for additional damages, have led to an effort to develop an outlet to help control lake levels. Therefore, current and accurate climatologic and hydrologic data are needed to assess the viability of the various options to reduce flood damages at Devils Lake.
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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board (OWRB) began a study of the High Plains aquifer in 1996. One purpose of the study was to develop a ground-water flow model that the OWRB could use to allocate the amount of water withdrawn from the a aquifer. The study area in Oklahoma covers all or parts of Beaver, Cimarron, Dewey, Ellis, Harper, Texas, and Woodward Counties. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs06200","usgsCitation":"Buxton, H.T., 2000, USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 062-00, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06200.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0062/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31922,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611394","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5504,"text":"fs16299 - 2000 - Panola Mountain, Georgia: A Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets Program Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-13T10:10:02","indexId":"fs16299","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"162-99","title":"Panola Mountain, Georgia: A Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets Program Site","docAbstract":"The Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) is a 41-hectare forested watershed in the southern Piedmont physiographic province near Atlanta, Georgia. The watershed contains a naturally regenerated second-growth forest on abandoned agricultural land, typical of the Piedmont. Research at PMRW has focused on how streamflow is generated, and in particular, on how water and solutes move from hillslopes to the stream. The research shows that streamflow and solute concentrations of precipitation, throughfall, soil water and streamwater change rapidly during rainstorms. Furthermore, these variations are strongly associated with the soil-moisture conditions, the soil type and thickness, and the rainfall intensity, all of which effect the chemical interactions and mixing of water traveling along hydrological pathways over and through the bedrock and soils.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs16299","usgsCitation":"Peters, N.E., Hooper, R.P., Huntington, T.G., and Aulenback, B.T., 2000, Panola Mountain, Georgia: A Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets Program Site: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 162-99, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16299.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_162_99.jpg"},{"id":680,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/fs-162-99/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Panola Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.60575555447343\n ],\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.654066160697056\n ],\n [\n -84.12368774414062,\n 33.654066160697056\n ],\n [\n -84.12368774414062,\n 33.60575555447343\n ],\n [\n -84.19046401977539,\n 33.60575555447343\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6893fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Norman E. nepeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Norman","email":"nepeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":151096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, Richard P.","contributorId":19144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":1884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":151097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aulenback, Brent T.","contributorId":67500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenback","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5426,"text":"fs07700 - 2000 - A simple device for measuring differences in hydraulic head between surface water and shallow ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T16:45:55","indexId":"fs07700","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"077-00","title":"A simple device for measuring differences in hydraulic head between surface water and shallow ground water","docAbstract":"This fact sheet describes a simple device for measuring the vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG) of shallow ground water beneath a stream bed. The VHG can be used to determine whether a stream is receiving or losing water at the point of measurement. Used as part of a spatial or temporal survey, such measurements can yield valuable information about the local hydrology of a stream/ground-water system. This device also can be used to withdraw shallow subsurface water for chemical analyses. The device is inexpensive and lightweight, but lacks the precision and range of measurement of other probes, such as those described by Winter and others (1988) and Duff and others (1998).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs07700","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, A simple device for measuring differences in hydraulic head between surface water and shallow ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 077-00, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs07700.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":32052,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":564,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0077-00/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0077/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4968e4b0b290850ef23f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21873,"text":"ofr0053 - 2000 - Hydrologic and water-quality data at selected sites in the Upper Animas River watershed, southwestern Colorado, 1997-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-25T06:50:08","indexId":"ofr0053","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-53","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data at selected sites in the Upper Animas River watershed, southwestern Colorado, 1997-99","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b1e4b07f02db530467","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, J. B.","contributorId":77182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leib, K.J.","contributorId":62236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, W. G.","contributorId":19582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5226,"text":"fs06100 - 2000 - Mercury contamination from historic gold mining in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:33:48","indexId":"fs06100","displayToPublicDate":"2000-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"061-00","displayTitle":"Mercury Contamination from Historic Gold Mining in California","title":"Mercury contamination from historic gold mining in California","docAbstract":"Mercury contamination from historic gold mines represents a potential risk to human health and the environment. This fact sheet provides background information on the use of mercury in historic gold mining and processing operations in California, and describes a new USGS project that addresses the potential risks associated with mercury from these sources, with emphasis on historic hydraulic mining areas.\r\n\r\nMiners used mercury (quicksilver) to recover gold throughout the western United States at both placer (alluvial) and hardrock (lode) mines. The vast majority of mercury lost to the environment in California was from placer-goldmines, which used hydraulic, drift, and dredging methods. At hydraulic mines, placer ores were broken down with monitors (or water cannons, fig. 1) and the resulting slurry was directed throughsluices and drainage tunnels, where goldparticles combined with liquid mercury to form gold?mercury amalgam. Loss ofmercury in this process was 10 to 30 percent per season (Bowie, 1905), resulting in highly contaminated sediments at mine sites (fig. 2). Elevated mercury concentrations in present-day mine waters and sediments indicate thathundreds to thousands of pounds of mercury remain at each of the many sites affected by hydraulic mining. High mercury levels in fish, amphibians, and invertebrates downstream of the hydraulic mines are a consequence of historic mercury use. On the basis of USGS studies and other recent work, a better understanding is emerging of mercury distribution, ongoing transport, transformation processes, and the extent of biological uptake in areas affected by historic gold mining. This information will be useful to agencies responsible for prudent land and resource management and for protecting public health.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs06100","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., and Hunerlach, M.P., 2000, Mercury contamination from historic gold mining in California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 061-00, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06100.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_061_00.bmp"},{"id":11163,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/fs06100/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61509e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunerlach, Michael P.","contributorId":66668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunerlach","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073338,"text":"70073338 - 2000 - Mississippi Basin nitrogen flux believed to cause Gulf hypoxia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T16:55:24.843824","indexId":"70073338","displayToPublicDate":"2000-07-18T10:48:30","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mississippi Basin nitrogen flux believed to cause Gulf hypoxia","docAbstract":"An expanding hypoxic zone develops each spring and summer on the Louisiana-Texas shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, and nitrogen from the Mississippi River Basin has been implicated as one of the principal causes. Hypoxic conditions, which occur when dissolved oxygen concentrations are less than 2 mg/L, can cause stress or death in bottom-dwelling organisms that cannot leave the zone.
\nThe mid-summer extent of the hypoxic zone has more than doubled since it was first systematically mapped in 1985 [Rabalais et al., 1999]. The largest hypoxic zone measured to date occurred in 1999, when it reached ∼20,000 km2, about the size of the state of New Jersey [Rabalais, 1999].
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.1029/00EO00244","usgsCitation":"Goolsby, D.A., 2000, Mississippi Basin nitrogen flux believed to cause Gulf hypoxia: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 29, p. 321-327, https://doi.org/10.1029/00EO00244.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/00eo00244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -77.783203125,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -77.783203125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 24.046463999666567\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd67c9e4b0b290851019b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goolsby, Donald A.","contributorId":46083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70093563,"text":"70093563 - 2000 - Flowmetering of drainage wells in Kuwait City, Kuwait","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-07T08:58:23","indexId":"70093563","displayToPublicDate":"2000-07-01T08:53:39","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flowmetering of drainage wells in Kuwait City, Kuwait","docAbstract":"A heat-pulse flowmeter was used in six drainage wells in Kuwait City for flow profiling under both ambient and pumping conditions. The data collected were used in: (a) estimating the cross-flow among the screened intervals under ambient conditions; (b) estimating the relative transmissivity adjacent to the individual screen zones; and (c) determination of the hydraulic heads at the far boundaries of the large-scale aquifer zones. These inferences were cross-checked against known hydrogeology of the aquifer-aquitard system in the study area, and the calibration results of numerical flow modeling. The major conclusions derived from the flow measurements were: (a) the presence of natural downward cross-flow under ambient condition supported the hypothesis that the upper part of the Kuwait Group aquifer in the study area was divided into a series of permeable units (aquifers), separated by confining or semi-confining beds (aquitards); (b) the head differences between the different screened zones, derived through modeling of the flowmeter data of the wells, provided additional confirmation for the division of the upper part of the Kuwait Group aquifer into compartments in the study area; (c) flowmeter data indicated that the second and third aquifers were contributing most of the water to the well bores, compared with the uppermost (first) and the lowermost (fourth) aquifers; and (d) inflow to the wells during pumping was associated with discrete sub-intervals in the screened zones, controlled by local aquifer heterogeneity, and possibly clogging of screens and gravel pack.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00261-4","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., Senay, Y., Mukhopadhyay, A., and Szekely, F., 2000, Flowmetering of drainage wells in Kuwait City, Kuwait: Journal of Hydrology, v. 234, no. 3-4, p. 208-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00261-4.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"208","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282093,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00261-4"}],"country":"Kuwait","city":"Kuwait City","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 46.5565,28.5138 ], [ 46.5565,30.1038 ], [ 48.6723,30.1038 ], [ 48.6723,28.5138 ], [ 46.5565,28.5138 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"234","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5a00e4b0b290850f90d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Senay, Y.","contributorId":13534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mukhopadhyay, A.","contributorId":57762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mukhopadhyay","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Szekely, F.","contributorId":79795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szekely","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}